ENERGY BALANCE &

ENTHALPY OF A PROCESS

BY:
MARIA YULIANA
ODD SEMESTER 2018/2019
DO YOU REMEMBER ?

ENERGY OF ENERGY OF
RAW FINAL
MATERIALS PRODUCT
INPUT OUTPUT

2 TYPE OF STATES

STEADY STATE
INPUT = OUTPUT → INPUT – OUTPUT = 0

UNSTEADY STATE
INPUT ≠ OUTPUT → INPUT – OUTPUT ≠ 0
2
HERE IS THE GENERAL EQUATION…

The transfer through

the system Accumulation
bound-aries refers to term refers to a
inputs and outputs of change in energy
the system. Unsteady
Steady
within the system
state
state
with respect to
time (dE/dt).
A SIMPLE CONCEPT
“WHAT COMES IN MUST GO OUT”

When energy generated = energy consumed

then Generation – Consumption = 0. The energy
flowing in and out must remain the same, even in
the presence of a chemical reaction.
4
ENERGY BALANCE - SYSTEMS
Adiabatic
Isobaric

Isochoric

Isothermic
No heat
exchange Constant
between pressure Constant
system volume Constant
and temperature
surround
-ing
DO YOU KNOW WHAT HEAT IS ?
The energy flow across the system boundaries
that is caused by temperature difference
between system and surrounding

Q > 0 (energy transfer TO system)

Q < 0 (energy transfer FROM system
Q = 0 (ADIABATIC sysem)
HOW ABOUT WORK ?
Transfer of energy between system and
surrounding
Q > 0 (energy transfer from surrounding TO system)
Q < 0 (energy transfer FROM system to surrounding)

MECHANICAL
ELECTRICAL
SHAFT
FLUID

WORK
• Mechanical work – move the boundary of system

• Electrical work
– Electrical current pass through a electrical resistance
• System generates current, W < 0
• An outside voltage work inside, W > 0
• Shaft work
– A shaft turns against an external mechanical
resistance
• External water leads the shaft work, W > 0
• Shaft pump water out, W < 0
• Flow work
– Fluid pushed into the system by the surrounding
• Fluid enters system W > 0 8
CALCULATION OF MECHANICAL WORK

• A ideal gas at 300 K and 200 kPa in a cylinder by a

frictionless piston
– Gas expends from 0.1 to 0.2 m3
• Calculate the work by the gas on the piston

9
– Path A: the expansion occur at constant pressure
• Isobaric, p = 200kPa (Irreversible work)

– Path B: the expansion occur at constant temperature

• Isothermal, T = 300 K

10
ENERGY BALANCE - VARIABLES
Path variables State variables

Depends on Depends on
the process the state of
and different process
in every case
HEAT INTERNAL ENERGY (U)
WORK ENTHALPY (H)
KINETIC VS POTENTIAL ENERGY
Energy of a system is Energy of a system
due to its velocity is due to the
relative to the interaction of
gravitational or
surrounding electromagnetic
field
INTERNAL ENERGY (∆U)
Molecular, atomic and subatomic energy OR
energy inside the system
ENTHALPY
Often called :

Latent heat : HEAT CAPACITY

when a phase transitions occur

Example :
Heat of FUSION, VAPORIZATION, CONDENSATION,
SUBLIMATION

HOW TO
Sensible heat :
DETERMINE
ENTHALPY
when the transition ? phase
happens in single
HEAT CAPACITY (CP)

Represent the amount of energy required to

increase the temperature of a substance by 1
degree.
Expressed as a function of temperature in a power
series, with constant a, b, c, and so on.
Himmelblau, Appendix E
HEAT CAPACITY (CP) – IDEAL GAS MIXTURE

The composition of dry air is:

N2 79.0% mol
O2 21.0%
100%
What is the enthalpy difference for dry air in
Btu/(lb mol) if heated from 200°F to 300°F?
HEAT CAPACITY (CP) – IDEAL GAS MIXTURE

For nonideal mixtures, particularly LIQUIDS, you

should refer to experimental data or some of the
estimation techniques.
ENTHALPY – USING TABLE OF ENTHALPY
Himmelblau, Appendix D.

Calculate the enthalpy change for 2 kg mol of

nitrogen gas that is heated from 25°C to 1000°C
at atmospheric pressure !

Calculate the enthalpy change for steam that is

cooled from 640°F and 92 psia down to 480°F
and 52 psia ! (Use the steam table in Geankoplis)
19
ENTHALPY – USING P-H CHART
Abbreviation of Pressure-Enthalpy Chart

Calculate the enthalpy, volume and temperature

change for 1 lb of saturated vapor n-butane when
it was compressed from 2 atm to 20 atm !
ENTHALPY – USING P-H CHART
ENTHALPY – WITH LATENT HEAT

Latent heat of a substance can be found on

Himmelblau Appendix D
ANY QUESTIONS
??

23
CRACK THESE PROBLEMS
----THE CHEM-E WAY !
1. Calculate the enthalpy change of 24 gr
nitrogen when heated from 300 K to 1500 K
at constant pressure. Use heat capacity
equation.
2. What is the enthalpy change when 2 lb of
n-butane gas is cooled from 320°F and 2 atm
to saturated vapour at 6 atm ? Use butane
chart.
 ∆H = ∆U + ∆PV
ENERGY BALANCE For physical work, W = ∆PV

General equation
∆E = Q + W - ∆((H + KE + PE) m)
No mass transfer → Steady state, closed
closed / batch system system
∆E = Q + W ∆E = 0 → Q = - W
Steady state, open system with mass flow
∆E = 0 → Q + W = ∆((H + KE + PE) m)
Steady state, open system with negligible works, PE, KE
∆E = 0 → Q = ∆(H) m
ENERGY BALANCE –W/O REACTION
Antiviral agent, acidovir, flows at rate of 1.67
g/min. The initial temperature is 24oC and the
solution exits at temperature of 37oC. How many
watts must be used to warm the solution? Use Cp
of water = 4.18J/g-K
ENERGY BALANCE –W/O REACTION

– Assume no heat transfer from/to surrounding (Q = 0)

– Condition : Open system, steady state (∆E = 0)
– W = m. ∆U = m. ∆H - ∆(pV) → Volume of liquid won’t
= m . Cp (T2 – T1) change a lot during heating
ENERGY BALANCE –W/O REACTION
Ten pounds of CO2 at room temperature (80°F)
are stored in a fire extinguisher having a volume
of 4.0 ft3. How much heat per lb must be
removed from the extinguisher so that only 40%
of CO2 becomes liquid ?
– Condition : closed system (∆E = Q + W), No work applied
onto / from system (∆E = Q)
– Q = ∆U = ∆H - ∆(pV)
– Check the specific volume, enthalpy, pressure and
vapour fraction data of CO2 from Appendix J.
– Calculate the result
ANY QUESTIONS
??

29
CRACK THESE PROBLEMS
----THE CHEM-E WAY !
1. Air is being compressed from 100 kPa and
255 K (Enthalpy = 489 kJ/kg) to 1000 kPa and
278 K (Enthalpy = 509 kJ/kg). The exit velocity
of compressed air is 60 m/s. What is the
power required (in kW) for the compressor if
the load is 100 kg/hr of air ?
CRACK THESE PROBLEMS
----THE CHEM-E WAY !
2. Hot gas stream is cooled from 500oC to
300oC by transferring heat to liquid water that
enters at 20oC and exits at 213oC (still as liquid
water). The heat exchanger is properly
insulated. Calculate the value of flow rate of
water.
ENERGY BALANCE –WITH REACTION

DO REACTION PROCESS NEED HEAT OR

RELEASE HEAT ?

EXOTHERMIC
HEAT OF
FORMATION
ENDOTHERMIC

YES
 

HEAT (EITHER NEEDED OR RELEASED)

PRODUCED WHEN A FORMATION OF
CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE OCCURED IN A
STANDARD STATE (ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
& 25°C)
 

Heat of formation / combustion

can be found on Himmelblau
Appendix F
 
 

Calculate the standard heat of formation for the

following reaction of 4 moles of ammonia gas.
4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) → 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g)
 

If the standard heat of formation for liquid water

is -285.838 kJ/g mol and the heat of evaporation
is 44.012 kJ/g mol at 25°C and atmospheric
pressure. Calculate the standard heat of
formation for water vapour.
SUM IT

H2O (l) → H2O (g)

ENERGY BALANCE – W/REACTION EXAMPLE
(1)

An iron pyrite ore containing 85% FeS2 and 15%

gangue (inert dirt, rock, etc.) is roasted with an
amount of air equal to 200% excess air according
to the reaction :
4 FeS2 (s) + 11 O2 (g) → 2 Fe2O3 (s) + 8 SO2 (g)
In order to produce SO2. All the gangue plus
Fe2O3 end up in the solid waste product (cinder),
which analyses 4%wt FeS2. Determine the heat
transfer per kilogram of ore to keep the product
stream at 25°C if entering stream are at 25°C.
ENERGY BALANCE – W/REACTION EXAMPLE
(1) Basis : 100 kg of pyrite ore

PERFORM MASS BALANCE

All composition and stream are

ENERGY BALANCE – W/REACTION EXAMPLE
(1)

Analyze the energy system : steady state, open

system, no work → Q = ∆H
PERFORM ENTHALPY CALCULATION
ENERGY BALANCE – W/REACTION EXAMPLE
(2)

Carbon monoxide at 50°F is completely burned at

atmospheric pressure with 50% excess that is at
1000°F. The product of combustion leave the
combustion chamber at 800°F. Calculate the
heat evolved from the combustion chamber
expressed as Btu/lb of CO entering.
ENERGY BALANCE – W/REACTION
EXAMPLE (2)

PERFORM MASS BALANCE

All composition and stream are

ENERGY BALANCE – W/REACTION
EXAMPLE (2)

REMEMBER : THIS IS A SYSTEM WHERE THE

TEMPERATURE CHANGES TAKES PLACE.
APPLY THIS EQUATION

Analyze the energy system : steady state, open

system, no work → Q = ∆H
OR USE TABLE / GRAPHIC
PERFORM ENTHALPY CALCULATION
ANY QUESTIONS
??

44
CRACK THESE PROBLEMS
----THE CHEM-E WAY !
1. These data are obtained for a process of CaO
conversion from CaCO3
– The energy from the combustion of CH4 using 50%
excess air.
– CaCO3, air, and CH4 enter at 25 oC and CaO exits at
900 oC
– The product gas exits at 500 oC
– Cp CaCO3 = 56.0 Btu/lb mol-oF
– Cp CaO = 26.7 Btu/lb mol-oF
Calculate the maximum mass in pounds of CaCO3
that can be processed per 1000 ft3 of CH4 at 0 oC and
1 atm. Use basis : 1 g mol of CH4.
46
 CRACK THESE PROBLEMS
----THE CHEM-E WAY !
2. 30% glucose (gl) solution at 25 oC is introduced and enough
air is mixed by a 100 hp aerator to produce biomass (BM),
citric acid (CA), carbon dioxide (CO2) and polyols (pl). The
reaction occurs as follows :
Early idiophase at 32 oC
1 gl + 1.5 O2 ➔ 3.81 BM + 0.62 CA + 0.76 CO2 + 0.37 pl
Mid idiophase at 35 oC
1 gl + 2.4 O2 ➔ 1.54 BM + 0.74 CA + 1.33 CO2 + 0.05 pl
Late idiophase at 25 oC
1 gl + 3.91 O2 + 0.42 pl ➔ 0.86 CA + 2.41 CO2
Only 60% overall glucose is converted to citric acid. Determine
the net heat added or removed during the production of
10,000 kg citric acid. Assume it is a batch process with time
consumption of 220 hours and no energy content in polyols.
CRACK THESE PROBLEMS
----THE CHEM-E WAY !