File: ASAJ104-1914.

pdf
[094] Title: Vortex Sound in Bass-Reflex Ports of Loudspeakers. Part I. Observation
of Response to Harmonic Excitation and Remedial Measures
Author: N. Bert Roozen
Affiliation: Philips Research Labs, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Author: Marije Bockholts
Affiliation: Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Author: Pascal van Eck
Affiliation: Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Author: A. Hirschberg
Affiliation: Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Publication: ASA-J, Vol. 104, No. 4 (Oct-1998), pp. 1914-1918, DOI:
10.1121/1.423760
Abstract: At high sound pressure levels a bass-reflex port produces blowing sounds,
especially in the case of small loudspeaker boxes with narrow bass-reflex ports.
The blowing sounds are caused by vortex shedding of the acoustic flow at the end of
the port at high flow velocities. It has been found that acoustic standing waves in
the longitudinal direction of the port are excited in a pulsatile manner by the
periodically generated vortices.
Abstract: This is demonstrated by time history measurements of the blowing sounds
of a loudspeaker system with a bass-reflex port driven by a harmonic signal.
Broadband turbulence sound appears to be weaker than these deterministic sounds.
Abstract: It has been found that, near the 1-kHz port resonance frequency, the
power level of the blowing sounds can be reduced by 8 dB by using a port cross
section that diverges gradually toward both port ends with a slope angle at the
port ends of about 6°, and rounding the edges at both port ends.

File: ASAJ104-1919.pdf
[095] Title: Vortex Sound in Bass-Reflex Ports of Loudspeakers. Part II. A Method
to Estimate the Point of Separation
Author: N. Bert Roozen
Affiliation: Philips Research Labs, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Author: Marije Bockholts
Affiliation: Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Author: Pascal van Eck
Affiliation: Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Author: A. Hirschberg
Affiliation: Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Publication: ASA-J, Vol. 104, No. 4 (Oct-1998), pp. 1919-1924 , DOI:
10.1121/1.423762
Abstract: In part I of this paper, the vortex shedding that may occur in a bass-
reflex port of a loudspeaker system was discussed. At the Helmholtz frequency of
the bass-reflex port, air is pumped in and out at rather high velocities, vortex
shedding occurs at the end of the port, and blowing sounds are generated. It was
explained that the key in the design of a port with a minimum of blowing sounds is
the point of flow separation from the wall at which vortices are formed.
Abstract: This paper presents a method for estimating the point of separation for
an unsteady flow like the flow through a bass-reflex port. Assuming that the flow
can be described by a potential flow up to the point where flow separation occurs,
it was found that the point of separation can be estimated on the basis of
measurement of the sound pressure inside the loudspeaker box and measurement of the
sound pressure at a distance of 1 m from the port exit.
Abstract: Application of the proposed technique to a cylindrical port with rounded
edges at both port ends revealed that the point of separation is determined by the
particle displacement rather than by the particle velocity. It was also found that
a good indicator of the onset of severe vortex shedding is the Strouhal number
based on the radius of curvature of the port edges.

Title: The Acoustic Reactance of Small Circular Orifaces

Author: R.H. Bolt
Author: S. Labate
Author: U. Ingard
Publication: ASA-J, Vol. 21, No. 2, Mar-1949
Abstract: A precise experimental study of the reactive component of the complex
impedance of small circular orifices has been made for a number of orifices varying
in diameter from 2 cm down to 0.357 cm, with diameter/ thickness ratios from 4 to
40, over the frequency range from 200 to 1000 c.p.s. The measurement of the
impedance is performed with a precision impedance tube.
Abstract: A theoretical correction for the influence of the tube walls is applied
by considering the orifice to act as a plane piston and taking into account the
influence of all possible higher order modes of the tube in the neighborhood of the
orifice.
Abstract: Comparison between calculated and measured values of reactance shows
that, as far as this quantity is concerned, the assumption that the orifice acts
like a plane piston appears valid for radii equal to or greater than 1 cm for
"thin" orifices within the range of variables specified above. For orifices of
radii less than 1 cm, however, a modification of the radius is necessary to make
the classical theoretical equation for orifice reactance fit the measured data.
Abstract: The observations and analyses reported here are restricted to wave
lengths much greater than the hole diameter and to the low velocity region where
reactance is independent of particle velocity.

Title: Exact Solutions for Sound Radiation from a Circular Duct

Publication: NASA, Ames Research Center, Type: PDF, Size: 262 kb
URL: http://jit.arc.nasa.gov/atrs/97/cho/...976769_cho.pdf
Author: Y. C. Cho
K. Uno Ingard
Abstract: This paper presents a method of evaluation of Wiener-Hopf technique
solutions for sound radiation from an unflanged circular duct with