Question 1: Assume there are 950 BTS related to cellular communication in Kathmandu

Valley. Each BTS consumes 1.5 kW and 1.2 kW during active mode ( from 06:00 hrs to
24:00 hrs) and passive mode (00:00 hrs to 06:00 hrs) respectively. Find out the total
CO2 (carbon-dioxide) emitted to atmosphere if 50% of total energy consumed is based
on coal based thermal power plant. Consider efficiency of thermal power plant is 60 %
and energy content of coal is 9 kWhth/kg (kilowatthour thermal /kg).

Solution:

950 BTS consumes = 1.5 kW for 18 hrs and 1.2 kW for 6 hrs

so 1 BTS consumes 1.5 x 18 + 1.2 x 6 = 34.2 kWhr per day.

Hence, 950 BTS consumes 34.2 x 950 = 32490 kWhr per day.

Now according to the question, 50 %of total energy consumed is based on coal based thermal power
plant, energy produced from coal based thermal power is 50 % of total consumed energy by BTS
= 32490 / 2 = 16245 kWhr

now again, since the thermal power plant has efficiency of 60 % then, energy consumed from coal
i.e 60 % of thermal power = 16245 kWhr
so, thermal power 16245 / 0.6 = 27075 kWhr per day.

From table we have Co2e = 1.406

also, energy content of coal is

Hence Carbon dioxide emission CO2e = (27075 / 9) x 1.406 = 4229.71 kg.

Question 2: How much energy is required to charge 39 million mobile phones per year
if each mobile contains 4000 mAh capacity battery which needs to be charged at 5.2 V
DC once every 24 hrs? How can you reduce energy by half?

Solution:
No of mobile phone = 39 million
battery capacity of single mobile battery = 4000 mAh
charging voltage for a mobile battery = 5.2 V
now, since mobile is charged in a day I.e 24 hours,
Avergae energy consumed in charging a battery in a day = 5.2 V x 4000mAh = 20.8 Avh

now, Energy required to charge 39 Million phone per year = 20.8 x 39,000,000 x 365
= 296,088 Mwh
To reduce the energy by half, we have to use high efficient battery and also we can use low power
processor so the charge won’t drain quickly.
Also we can use alternate source of energy such as solar energy.

Question 3: How much energy do you use in terms of food intake, ICT use,
transportation etc per day? How can you reduce your energy consumption? Given that
Food intake per day as

Solution:
From above table, total energy from food intake = 0.135 + 1.56 + 1.72 + …… + 0.52 + 0.09
= 7.085 kWh.

For a day, From calorific value of fuels LPG Net calorific value by mass = 12.9 kwh/kg
LPG consumption = 0.27kg = 12.9 kwh/kg x 0.27 kg = 3.484 kwh
Energy in charging laptop and mobile = 5.4 V x 3300 mAh + 75 Wh
= 92.82 wh
= 0.09282 kWh

Energy used in light = 4W x 14 hr = 56 Wh = 0.056 kWh

Hence, total energy consumed = 7.085 + 3.484 + 0.09282 + 0.056 = 10.7168 Kwh

By using the resources like LPG gas, electricity in a efficient manner, limiting the usage of these
resources in efficient manner can reduce the energy consumption.

Question 4: How many laptops consuming 15 Wh per hour can be powered generating
solar electricity from the sunny cricket/football ground situated at Pulchowk Campus
complex. Assume working time is from 11:00 to 16:00hrs. How can Pulchowk Campus
benefit from this activity.

Solution:
Let length of football ground be 80 m and breadth be 60 m.
Hence area of football ground = 80 x 60 = 4800 m2.

Likewise, the cricket ground is square with length be 100m.

So area of cricket ground = 100 x 100 = 10,000 m2

thus, total area = 4800 + 10000 = 14,800 m2.

Taking solar irradiance as 1000 Watt/m2 and peak sun as 5hrs, we get total solar insolation as 5Kwatt
hr /m2 /day.

Let all the solar incident on the ground is converted to electrical energy and stored in solar cells.

Taking 12 % efficienct, we get

Total energy stored per day in solar cells = efficiency x solar irradiance per hr . m2 x hour x area
= 0.12 x 1000 x 5 x 14800 = 8,800,000 Wh per day

To get the maximum number of laptops that can be charged with this souce of energy, let, all the energy
stored in a day is used in charging laptops from 11:00 to 16:00. Then,

Total no of laptops that can be used on a day = 8,880,000 / ( 15 x 5 hrs) = 118400.

Question 5: Design a simple Photo Voltaic power system (identify PV module and
batteries and accessories) for a remote area where 20 computers have to be operated for
6 hours a day for following given data. Show the required size of wires to be used.
Prepare a working drawing of this power supply system.

- Power consumption of computer is 45 W, input voltage 220 V AC

- 4 LED lamps of 10 W, input voltage 12 V DC
- Insolation Value 5 kWhr/m2/day for summer and 4 kWh/m2/day for winter
- Battery is allowed to discharge upto 50 %
- Efficiency of mono-crystalline of solar cells is 12%

Solution:

Energy consumption by devices on a day:

For 20 computers = 20 x 45 x 6 = 5400Wh
For 4 LED lamps = 10 x 8 = 80Wh. (Assuming 4 LEDS light upto 8 hrs)

Total per day consumption = 5400 + 80 = 5.48 kWh

Since battery is to be allowed to discharge upto 50 % only, total storage of a battery for a day must be
greater than 2 x 5.48 Kwh = 10.96 Kwh. Hence 10.96 Kwh is the minimum amount of battery to be
stored in the battery.

Since the solar efficiency is 12 % , minimum solar energy that needs to be incident on the solar pannel
per day = 10.96 / 0.12 = 91.33 Kwh.

Now, the Insolation for winter is less than for summer and considering that the power consumption
remains same all year, we have to take design to meet demands for winter.

Thus, minimum area of panel to be used = 91.33 / 4 = 22 m2.

(5 m2 is not used because insolation of solar per m2 is 5kW/hr on summer, but for same power
consumption for all year, minimum insolation is used)

Designing PV module:
Specifications for PV modules required:
Area to be covered = 22 square meters.
Battery specifications:
Voltage = 12V
capacity = 100 Ah
Energy stored = 12 x 100 wh = 1.2 kWh.

Hence, no of batteries required = 10.96 / 1.2 = 9.133. Since the efficiency of battery is not 100 %, so
let’s consider 10 batteries are required.

Question 6: Design a simple Photovoltaic Power System (identify PV module and

batteries and accessories) for a remote area where 20 computers have to be operated for
6 hours a day for following given
data. Power consumption of computer is 45 W, input voltage 220 V AC
- 45 Watt Computers, 20 Computers, 220 V AC, operating 6 hours/day
- 20 Watt, 20 computers, operating 6 hours/day
- 36” LED TV, 60 Watt, 220 V AC, operating 3 hours/day
- 4 LED lamps of 10 W, input voltage 12 V DC
- Insolation Value 5 kWh/m2/day for summer and 4 kWh/m2/day for winter
- Battery is allowed to discharge up to 50%
- Efficiency of mono crystalline of solar cell is 12%

Solution:

Energy consumption by devices on a day by:

computers = 20 x 45 x 6 + 20 x 20 x 6 = 7800 Kwh
TV = 60 x 3 = 180 Wh
LED lamps = 4 x 10 x 8 = 320 Wh. (say LEDS lit for 8 hours a day)

Total per day consumption = 7800 + 180 + 320 = 8.3 Kwh

Since the battery is to be allowed to discharge up to 50 % only, total storage of a batter for a day must
be greater than 2 x 8.3 kwh = 16.6 kwh. Hence 16.6 Kwh is the minimum amount of energy to be
stored in the battery.

Since the efficiency of solar cell is 12 %, minimum solar energy that needs to be incident on the solar
panel per day = 16.6/ 0.12 = 138.33 kWh.

Insolation for winter is less than for summer and considering that the power consumption remains same
all year, we have to take design to meet demands for winter.
Thus, minimum area of panel to be used = 138.33 / 4 = 34.5 square meters.

Designing PV moudle:

Specifications for PV modules required:

Area to be covered = 34.5 square meters.

Battery specifications:
Voltage = 12 V
capacity = 100 Ah
Energy stored = 12 x 100 Ah = 1.2 Kwh

Hence no of batteries required = 16.6 / 1.2 = 13.83. Since the efficiency is slightly less than 100 % , so
let’s consider 14 batteries are required.

Question 7: You are asked to power a communication center in a remote area with the
help of a rivulet with
the following data:
Net head available: 10 meters
Discharge: 0.1 m3 /sec during wet season and 0.05 m3 /sec during dry season
Density of water: 1 ton/m3
acceleration due to gravity : 9.8 m/sec2
Efficiency of the system: 60%.
Find out power that can be used operate electronic equipment throughout the year. What
type
of
hydropower system is this?
Given,
Density of water (d) = 1000 kg/m3.
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.8 m/sec2
Efficiency of the sytem (e) = 60 %.
Net head available (h) = 10 meters

In wet season:
Discharge(v) = 0.1 m3/sec
Power = e * d * v * g * h = 0.6 x 1000 x 0.1 x 9.8 x 10 = 5880 Watt.

In dry season:
Discharge = 0.05 m3/sec during dry season
Power = 5880/ 0.1 * 0.05 = 2940 Watt.

The power that can be used to operate electronic equipment throughout the year is 2940 Watt.

Since the head height lies in between 3 to 40 m, it’s low head hydropower. Similarly, the power that is
generated in winter is only 2.9 kw which is below 5KW, it’s pico hydropower.

Question 8: Find out how much power can be produced in a location with a uniform
wind speed of 5 m/sec, effective cross sectional area of wind rotor 10 m2 , density of air
1.2 kg/m3 and assume power coefficient to be fifty percent. What type of electronic
equipment can you run with this wind power?
Solution:
uniform wind speed (v) = 5 m/sec
effective cross sectional area of wind rotor (A) = 10 m2
density of air(d) = 1.2 kg/m3
power coefficient(e) = 50%

Now,
Power generated by the windmill = e x ½ x d x A x v ^ 3 = 0.5 x 0.5 x 1.2 x 10 x 5 ^3 =
0.375 Watt.

It can run electric bulbs, TV and charge mobiles, laptops etc.

Question 9: Mention the working principle of a super capacitor. Find out the energy
content in Ampere Hour in a super capacitor of 1500 Farad, 5.4 Volt. For how long this
capacitor can deliver energy at 250 mA discharge rate?

Solution:
Working principle of super capacitor:
Capacitors use static electricity ( electrostatics) rather than chemistry to store energy.
Inside a capacitor, there are two conducting metal plates with an insulating material
called a dielectric in between them – it’s a dielectric sandwich, if you prefer! Charging a
capacitor is a bit like rubbing a balloon on your jumper to make it stick. Positive and
negative electrical charges build up on the plates and the separation between them,
which prevents them coming into contract, is what stores the energy. The dielectric
allows a capacitor of a certain size to store more charge at the same voltage, so you
could it makes the capacitor more efficient as a charge-storing device.

Given,

Capacitance of given super capacitor ( C ) = 1500 Farad.

Voltage across the capacitor ( V ) = 5.4 Volt

Now,

Q = C x v = 1500 x 5.4 = 8100 columb = 8100 As

Discharge rate ( r ) = 250 mA/s

Time to discharge = 8100 / 0.25 = 32400 s = 9hr.

Hence, this capacitor can deliver energy at 250 mA discharge rate for 9hrs .

Submitted By – Abhish Khanal (072bex402)