Third International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology
Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units with the
Impact of Wind Power plant.
S.P.Agrawal, student, M.Tech, and K.B.Porate, Assistant Professor, Electrical Department,
G.H.Raisoni college of Engg.
 of On-line units (unit commitment) and optimal output levels
ABSTRACT-
As wind power penetrations increase in current
power systems, its impacts to conventional thermal unit should
be investigated. Development of better wind-thermal co-
ordination economic dispatch is necessary to determine the
optimal dispatch scheme that can integrate wind power reliably
& efficiently. This paper proposes co-ordination of
Synchronous Generator (SG) and Induction Generator
(IG) by a simulation method that can fully assess the impacts of
large-scale wind power on system operations from cost,
reliability & environmental perspectives.
But, IG has synchronization and stability
problems. Hence, STATCOM is suggested. It is reported
that STATCOM can significantly decrease voltage fluctuations
of grid connected fixed speed wind generators. Moreover, its
reactive power output can also be controlled to keep the wind
farm terminal voltage constant. Simulation results clearly show
that the STATCOM unit can smooth well the wind-generator
output power & also maintain the terminal voltage at rated
level. Comprehensive results are presented to assess the
performance of the STATCOM connected with IG at steady-
state where the simulations have been done by
Simulink/MATLAB.
Gradient method (Newton-Raphson method) is
utilized to co-ordinate the wind & thermal generation dispatch
& to minimize the total generation cost in the economic dispatch
considering wind power generation. Three conventional thermal
units system alongwith two Non-conventional units is utilized for
numerical solution. Different simulation scenarios with &
without wind power production are simulated . Simulation
results show the effect of wind power generation in reducing
total fuel cost. The Simulink/MATLAB software is used for
simulation.
Index Terms—Economic Dispatch, SG, IG, STATCOM,
Gradient method.
I. INTRODUCTION
In a number of European countries and around the world,
wind power is rapidly becoming a generation technology of
significance. Wind power is commonly regarded as
problematic for power system operation due to its limited
predictability and variability. In particular, optimal selection
978-0-7695-4246-1/10 $26.00 © 2010 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/ICETET.2010.142
of committed units (dispatch procedures) for conventional
generation need to be revised. Assessment of the wind
power’s impact on thermal generation unit commitment and
dispatch is, therefore, a fundamental issue when integrating
more wind power into power systems [1].
With increasing fuel prices & environmental concerns,
the governments all over the world has commissioned
research & application on renewable energy applications
under the consideration of diversifying energy sources. Many
country set up their renewable energy target. Due to clean &
economical energy generation, a huge number of wind farms
are going to be connected with the existing network in the
near future.
Induction Generator (I.G) is widely used as wind generator
due to its simple, rugged & maintenance free construction.
But, as it has some stability problem, it is necessary to
investigate the stability aspect of I.G while connected to the
power grid. The voltage recovery after the network
disturbance can be assisted by dynamic slip control & Pitch
control in a Wound rotor I.G based Wind power generation
system (WPGS). [2]
One of the problems that wind energy will create in
electrical power systems is the dependence of the injected
power on the wind speed. Other major problem in wind
generator output power smoothing is setting of the reference
output power. Constant output power reference is not a good
choice because there can be some cases where wind-speed is
very low & then sufficient power cannot be obtained. If the
sharing of renewable energies in gross domestic energy
consumption is to be achieved, efforts should be directed to
the power quality related problems when fluctuating power
from renewable sources is tapped into the power network.
Power system operators are reluctant to accept the fluctuating
& largely undispatchable generating resource of renewables
in their pool because of their concern about the quality of
power. Voltage quality is one of the technical problems to be
faced when high amounts of renewables are penetrating the
power network.
Recently voltage-source or current-source inverters based
flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices such as
static var compensator (SVC), static reactive compensator
(STATCOM), dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) and unified
power flow controller (UPFC) have been use for flexible
power flow control, secure loading and damping of power
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system oscillation. In this paper, we propose the STATCOM, Generator, DFIG) is connected with the network via a
based on voltage source converter (VSC) to stabilize grid transformer and transmission line.
connected wound rotor wind generator system. Simulation A. Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG);-
results are presented where steady-state stability of IG is
The advantage of the DFIG technology is the ability for
analyzed with thermal unit.
power electronic converters to generate (or) absorb reactive
The Economic Dispatch (ED) of electric power generation
power, thus eliminating the need for installing capacitor
is one of the most important optimization problems in power banks as in the case of squirrel-cage induction generators.
system. Its task is to allocate load over the set of dispatchable Wind turbines use a DFIG consisting of a wound rotor
units so that the required power is generated at the least cost. induction generator & an AC/DC/AC IGBT-based PWM
Since wind power does not consume fossil fuel, hence converter. The pitch angle is controlled in order to limit the
adoption & variation of high penetration wind power will Generator output power at its nominal value for winds
have notable impact to economic dispatch of power system. exceeding the nominal speed.
This paper proposes co-ordination of Synchronous Generator parameters are shown in Table 1.
Generator (SG) and Induction Generator (IG) by a simulation The mathematical relation for the mechanical power
method that can fully assess the impacts of large-scale wind power extraction from the wind can be expressed as follows:-
on system operations from cost, reliability & environmental
perspectives. Economic Dispatch of a three units along with Pw = 0.5ρπR2Vw3CP ( λ, β)………………….(1)
two wind power plant is analyzed using Gradient method
(Newton-Raphson method) in this paper. Also, verified using Where, Pw is the extracted power from the wind, ρ is the air
MATLAB programming. density [kg/m3], R is the blade radius [m], Vw is the wind
speed [m/s] and CP is the power co-efficient which is a
II. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY. function of both tip speed ratio, λ , and blade pitch angle, β
In India most of the power generation is from coal- [deg].
based thermal power plant & coal is the main fossil fuel
which emits large amount of pollutants in environment. To
reduce the pollution is the main objective. To achieve this, SG LOAD
Transmission Line
renewable energy source plant has to be connected with the 100MVA 90MVA 90MVA
50Hz 11kV / 66kV 66 / 11kV
conventional power plant. Therefore, in this study thermal
generation unit is coupled with wind power generating unit so
as to reduce the burden on thermal generation unit.
STATCOM
Though wind power is considered as a very prospective DFIG
energy source due to its clean and economical characteristics,
10MVA
output power fluctuation due to randomly varying wind speed 50Hz
20MVA
690V / 66kV
is still a serious problem for wind turbine manufacturers and
power grid companies, especially in the case of fixed speed Fig.1. Model System.
wind generators. Induction generators are used, in general, as
fixed speed wind generator due to their superior
characteristics such as brushless and rugged construction, TABLE 1. GENERATOR PARAMETERS.
maintenance and operational simplicity and low cost.
Therefore, many researches have been performed for
smoothing output power generated from fixed speed wind
generators.
As STATCOM has been identified as the fastest
responding device that can assist in improving the power
quality and stability of the wind farms. Hence, STATCOM is
connected at the coupling point[4].

III. MODEL SYSTEM.

Fig.1 shows the model system used for simulation of
the steady-state of power system. Here, one synchronous
generator (SG) is connected to load through a transformer
and a 3-phase transmission line. In the figure, 3-phase In this work, the CP equation shown below is taken from
transmission line parameters are numerically shown in the MOD2 wind turbine characteristic [5].
form of R+jX, where R and X represents the resistance and
reactance, respectively. One wind farm (Doubly-fed induction

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 Case 3. When both Generators are coupled.

(λ – 0.022 β 2 - 5.6) e—0 . 17λ ……… (3) S.G (at 66Kv) I.G (at 66Kv) Load (at 11Kv)

Where, ωB is rotational speed [rad/s]. V = 1p.u V = 1p.u V = 1p.u

The system base power is 100 MVA. The STATCOM is
Pg = 38MW Pg = 9.6MW P = 47MW
connected at the coupling point of Fig.1. The power rating of
STATCOM has been determined as 50 MVA.
Ig = 463.4A Ig = 119A IL = 3490.8A
IV SIMULATION ANALYSIS.
For simulation purpose steady-state condition is considered. Total Current at 66Kv = 582.4A
The simulation time have been chosen 50 sec respectively.
Simulations have been done by Simulink/MATLAB. We
considered 3 cases for steady-state analysis. The initial values used Thus, it can be seen from 3 cases that, when there was
in the simulation are as shown: only Synchronous Generator (Thermal power plant) in a
system the current at 66Kv was 582A and the
INITIAL CONDITIONS OF GENERATORS & TURBINES.
corresponding load current is 3500A. But due to the impact
of DFIG (Wind power plant) the current at coupling point
SG IG
P(pu) 1.0 0.1 of 66Kv of Synchronous Generator is 463.4A and the
V(pu) 1.03 1.0 corresponding load current reduces to 3490.8A.
Q(pu) 0.334 0.00 Hence, it can be proved that with the impact of wind
(0.24)* generating units, the load on the Synchronous generator
Efd(pu) 1.803 -
Tm(pu) 1.003 - can be reduced.
Load angle (deg) 50.71 -
Slip 0.00 -1.09% V. PROBLEM FORMULATION.
Vw(m/s) - 11.79 The ED of generation in a power system incorporating wind
β(deg) - 0
power plant involves the allocation of generation among
*Reactive power drawn by Induction Generator wind and thermal plants so as to minimize the total
generation costs while satisfying various constraints. The
Case 1. Only when Synchronous Generator is present. generation cost of wind power generation is ignored in the
optimization process since renewable energy law regulate that
At 11Kv At 66Kv At Load side
(11Kv) all of them must be adopted and there is not fossil fuel cost.
I= 3500Amp I= 582Amp I = 3500Amp The objective of ED is to minimize the total generation cost
of the power system within a defined interval (i.e. 1 hour)
Pg= 48MW Pg = 48MW Pg = 46.7MW while satisfying various constraints[6].
The ED problem can be formulated as a constrained
V = 1p.u V = 1p.u V = 1p.u optimization problem of the form

Where ‘n’ is the total number of generating units; FT is the

total generation cost; Fi is the power generation cost function
of the ith unit.
Case 2. Only when Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Generally, the fuel cost of a thermal generation unit is
is present. considered as a second order polynomial function

Corresponding At Load side

At 66Kv Where αi , βi , and γi are the cost co-efficients of the ith
At 11Kv (11Kv)
I = 717.8Amp I = 119Amp I = 378.3Amp generating unit;
This model is subject to the following constraints.
V = 1p.u V = 1p.u V = 1p.u
 Power loss constraints:

Where Pi is the real power at the ith bus, Bij is the nxn matrix
of quadratic loss coefficients, B0i is the dimensionless vector

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of linear loss coefficients and B00 is the constant loss S.G V1 = 1.06
S.G I.G
coefficients. 100MVA
100MVA V3 = 1.03 10MVA
50Hz V4 = 1.025
 Unit capacity constraint: 50Hz 50Hz
3
Slack1 4
0.08 + j0.24 0.01 + j0.03
Where Pi(t) is the present output power,Pimin and Pimax
are the Load 4
th Load 3
minimum and maximum power outputs of the i generating 0.02 + j0.06
unit, respectively. 0.06 + j0.18
0.08 + j0.24
0.06 + j0.18

VI. SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM USING GM. 0.04 + j0.12

Economic dispatch of power generation is a complex and 2 5
highly nonlinear optimization problem with heavy equality I.G
S.G 10MVA
and inequality constraints. In this paper, Gradient method 100MVA
Load 2 Load 5
50Hz
(GM) is utilized for economic dispatch of power system with 50Hz V5 = 1.02
V2 = 1.045
the impact of wind power generation. The following
equations are utilized for iterative process in Gradient method Figure 2. 5-Bus system
[10-11].

TABLE 3. LOAD DEMAND FOR 24HRS.

VII. NUMERICAL SIMULATION.

The simulated system contains three conventional generation
units (Synchronous Generators) and two Non- Conventional
generation units (Induction Generators) as shown in figure 2
[7]. The demand of the system is divided into 24 intervals for
a whole day. Units data are listed as Table 2 and the load
demand are listed as Table 3. The forecast output of the wind
power generation for I.G1 and I.G.2 are shown as figure 3
and figure 4. Economic dispatch is optimized using GM as
section VI. Two economic dispatch scenarios with and
without wind turbine generation are calculated for 6 trials as
shown in Table 4 and Table 5.

Figure 3. Average Wind Energy Output of Induction

Generator (Wind plant) 1 For Different Interval.

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 Table 5. Economic Generator Scheduling with wind Generation:

Figure 4. Average Wind Energy Output of Induction

Generator (Wind plant) 2 For Different
Interval.

Table 4.
Economic Generator Scheduling without wind Generation:

VIII. CONCLUSION.

In this study, the STATCOM topology for DFIG as wind

power application is presented at steady-state condition. As
wind is fluctuating in nature, the output power and terminal
voltage of wind generator also fluctuate randomly. The
proposed control system can maintain constant voltage
magnitude at wind farm terminal.
Also, in this paper, we have successfully employed the
GM to solve the ED problem of a power system alongwith
wind generating units. The comparative simulations
with/without wind power production show that the stress on
Synchronous generators (considered as Thermal Power plant)
has been reduced. Also, impact of wind power generation on
thermal generating units show that, the consumption of fossil
fuel, emission exhaust and total thermal generating costs can
be reduced. In the future study, we will analyze also the
transient stability of wind turbine generator system using
STATCOM topology.

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 IX. REFERENCES.
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[2] S.M.Muyeen, Mohammad Abdul Mannan, Mohd. Hasan Ali, Rion

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[7] Caisheng Wang, member, IEEE, & M.Hashem Nehrir, senior member,
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[8] Z.Chen.Frede Blaabjerg., Y. Hu,“Stability Improvement of Wind Turbine

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[11] Dhillon-Kothari, “Power System Optimization”, Prentice hall of India

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