1.

Introduction
Many engineering systems during their operation generate heat. If this generated heat
is not dissipated rapidly to its surrounding atmosphere, this may cause rise in
temperature of the system components. This heat cause serious overheating problems
in system and leads to system failure, so the generated heat within the system must be
rejected to its surrounding to maintain the system at recommended temperature for its
efficient working. The techniques used in the cooling of high power density electronic
devices vary widely, depending on the application and the required cooling capacity.
The heat generated by the electronic components has to pass through a complex
network of thermal resistances to the environment. Various systems used the cooling
techniques as per their application and use of the system. Extended surfaces are used
for natural convection and forced convection cooling. In the computers, laptops used
the heat pipe for the cooling the system. But the extended surfaces are the very low in
prize hence the extended surfaces are using in allover application like automobile
radiator, heat sink, air cooled IC engine, electric transformer, reciprocating air
compressor, refrigerator, evaporator etc.
Natural convection heat transfer in a fluid layer confined in a closed enclosure with
partitions like fins is encountered in a wide variety of engineering applications. Such
as in power and automotive sectors where heat exchangers, economizers used to heat
the feed water to boiler and the activities like cooling of internal combustion engine,
also removal of heat from integrated circuits in the electronic circuits or exchange of
heat between two fluids as in nuclear power plants, passive cooling of electronic
equipment such as compact power supplies, portable computers and
telecommunications enclosures. In the design of electronic packages, there are strong
incentives to mount as much electronic components as possible in a given enclosure.
This leads to high power generation density and this may raise the temperature of the
packages above the allowable limit. Therefore, there is need to increase heat transfer
rate for working a device at designed efficiency. Many researchers have been
mentioned through their literature, heat transfer rate is increased by increasing heat
transfer coefficient or by heat transfer area. In case of natural convection there is only
scope for increasing heat transfer area by providing finned surfaces. The enhancement
ratio of heat transfer depends on the fins orientations and the geometric parameters of
fin arrays. The most common configurations of using fin arrays in heat sinks involve

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horizontal or vertical surface plate to which fin arrays are attached. Using fins is one of
the most inexpensive and common ways to dissipate unwanted heat and it has been
successfully used for many engineering applications. Increasing the heat transfer rate
of fin array then providing the perforation on fin array.
Convective heat transfer between a hot solid and the surrounding colder fluid is
governed by the Newton’s law of cooling which states that “the rate of convection heat
transfer is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the hot surfaces
and the surrounding fluid and is also directly proportional to the area of contact or
exposure between them”
Qconv  hA(Ta  T )
Where, h = convection heat transfer coefficient, Ta = Hot surface temperature, T∞ =
Fluid temperature, A = area of contact to surface

Therefore, convection heat transfer can be increased by either of the following ways:

1. Increasing the temperature difference (Ta - T∞) between the surface and the fluid.

2. Increasing the convection heat transfer coefficient by enhancing the fluid flow over
the body.

3. Increasing the area of contact between the surface and the fluid.

But sometimes to control the temperature difference is not possible and increase of
heat transfer coefficient may require installation of a pump or a fan or replacing the
existing one with a new one having higher capacity, the alternative is to increase the
effective surface area by extended surfaces or fins.

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2. Literature Review
A.V. Zoman et al. [1] investigated experimental analysis of natural convective heat
transfer performance from rectangular fin array with perforations. In this experiment
different rectangular perforated fin array is compare with the sample of rectangular fin
array. The seven-test sample of aluminum fin array is produced by machining then
different perforations are made on lateral surface on the fin of six test sample. In these
experiments checked what effect of number of perforation, increasing and decreasing
the diameter of perforation on the heat transfer rate of fin array. In experimental
studies concluded that rectangular fin array with circular perforation gives more heat
transfer rate than the solid fin array. All rectangular fin arrays with circular perforation
of 12 mm diameter gives more heat transfer rate than 10 mm diameter for same
number of perforation. Highest heat transfer rate is achieved using 5 number of
perforation of 12 mm diameter. Less is the value of temperature difference more is
heat transfer coefficient. Fins with more number of perforations increase the heat
transfer rate reducing the area as well as weight of system.

Ashok T. Pise et al. [2] studied Investigation of enhancement of natural convection

heat transfer from engine cylinder with permeable fins. Experimental studies were
conducted to analyze the natural convection heat transfer of form solid and permeable
fins. In that the rate of heat transfer of permeable fin is compared with solid fin array.
It was found that the heat transfer rate of permeable fin array is improved by about
5.63per cent and average heat transfer coefficient 42.3percent as compared to solid fin.
Also the reduction of cost of the material is 30 per cent.

Ansari Tohid et al. [3] study that Heat transfer enhancement through perforated fin. In
that experimental studies the solid and circular fin array are comparing each other.
Then the increase in surface area heat transfer rate is increases, Nusselt number
increases. The main impact is the reduction of the weight of fin array by making the
perforation on the fin array up to 10-30 per cent. The perforation increases the
convective area of the heat transfer by virtue of the heat transfer rate increases by
perforated fin as compared to non-perforated fin in forced convection.

Wadhah Hussein et al. [4] investigated enhancement of natural convection heat

transfer from rectangular fins by circular perforations. In this experimental study was

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conducted to investigate the heat transfer by natural convection in rectangular fin plate
with circular perforation as heat sink. The pattern of perforation for first fin for 24 and
is increased by 8 up to 56 in the fifth fin. The result carried out the heat transfer rate
and the coefficient of heat transfer increased with an increasing the number of
perforations on the fin plate.

Kavita H. Dhanawade et al. [5] investigated Thermal analysis of square and circular
perforated fin array by forced convection. In that experimental studies solid fin array
comparing with the circular and square perforated fin array by forced convection. Size
of perforation is 6mm, 8mm, and 10mm. It concludes that circular perforation gives
better performance than square and solid fin array. Nusselt number of perforated fin
array as well as solid fin array is increased with Reynolds number. Size of perforation
is increased increasing the heat transfer rate and minimum material is required. Save
material up to 10-30 %.

Pooja P. Shirjose [6] studies that Numerical investigation of elliptical and triangular
perforated fins under forced convection. In that the perforation is in the form of
triangular and elliptical. In that the fin array at various flow velocities with Re= 21000
to Re=87000 getting the temperature distribution. Elliptical configuration provides
better thermal performance. The triangular perforation also gives improvement in heat
transfer enhancement.

Raaid R. Jassem [7] Studies that the Effect the form of perforation on the heat transfer
in the perforated fins in that experimental studies five fins array are used with various
perforation i.e. circle, triangle, square, hexagon and another is solid. Having same
cross sectional area 113mm sq. and perforation distributed on 3 columns and 6 rows.
Then the result shows that the triangular perforation gives best value of heat transfer
coefficient as comparing to other perforation then circular, square, hexagonal, and
non-perforated fin array respectively. Heat transfer coefficient for perforated fin that
contained a large numbers of perforation higher than the contained a small number of
perforations. Number of perforation is increased then increasing the heat transfer
coefficient of fin array and number of perforation is decreased then decreasing the heat
transfer coefficient.

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3. Cooling Technique
I) Indirect technique
II) Direct technique
3.1 Indirect technique
The passive technique mainly deals with surface modification by altering its
geometries in flow passage to enhance the heat transfer by incorporating the inserts or
fins. This modification alters the flow pattern over the geometry of surface to achieve
maximum possible pressure drop for enhancing the heat transfer rate. The passive
techniques do not require any external power to enhance the heat transfer rate as of
active techniques. The passive technique the extended surfaces are used to increase the
heat transfer rate maintain maximum possible pressure gradient across the flow
channel.
The extended surface mainly retards the flow rate of the fluid in channel and alters the
flow pattern that ultimately leads to enhanced heat transfer rate. The direct techniques
does not require any external agency to empower the heat transfer through the surface
rather the surface alternation are done in various fashion such as geometrical
modification, incorporating various inserts to alter the flow behaviour that leads to
pressure drop across the channel for increasing the heat transfer
The following methods are employed for heat transfer by the means of indirect
techniques:
1) Rough surface
2) Extended surface
3) Surface treatment
4) Coiled tube

3.2 Direct technique

Direct technique is also called as active cooling technique. This technique is quite
complicated as compared to passive technique. Passive cooling technique required
external power input to achieve the desired modification in flow rate of fluid as well as
heat transfer rate. It is complicated manufacturing and design and also high cost as
compared to active cooling technique. It required more space due to additional
arrangement.

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The following methods are employed for heat transfer by the means of direct
techniques:
1) Surface vibration
2) Fluid vibration
3) Electrostatic field
4) Injection
5) Mechanical aids

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4. Extended Surfaces
Extended surface means the fins. Fins are the surface protruding from a surface or
body and they are meant for increasing the heat transfer rate between the surface and
the surrounding fluid by increasing heat transfer area. Finned surfaces are widely used
in
1) Air cooled IC engine
2) Radiator of automobile
3) Economizers for steam power plant
4) Electric transformers
5) Electric motor bodies
6) Small capacity compressors
7) Cooling coils and condenser coils in refrigerator and air conditioners
8) Electronic equipments

4.1 Types of Fins

Fins are broadly classified as:
1) Uniform straight fin
2) Tapered straight fin
3) Splines
4) Annular fin
5) Pin fin

Fig. 1.1 Uniform straight fin Fig. 1.2 Tapered straight fin

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 Fig.1.3 Splines Fig.1.4 Annular fin

Fig.1.5 Pin fin

Fig1 Types of fin [1]
The fins which are attached to plane walls are called straight fins. These fins may be of
constant cross sectional area or it may be of varying cross sectional area like tapered
fins.

An annular fin is a fin attached circumferentially to a cylinder. The pin fin is an

extended surface of circular cross-section. Usually the diameter of pin fins is much
less than its length. Pin fin may be uniform or varying cross-section according to the
requirement and application. Geometry of fins is selected based on the cost, efficiency,
performance, weight, availability of space, pressure drop in the heat transfer fluid etc.
The following assumptions are made for the analysis of heat flow through the fin:
1) Steady state heat conduction
2) No heat generation within the fin
3) Negligible contact thermal resistance

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 4) Heat conduction one dimensional
5) Negligible radiation
6) Homogeneous and isotropic fin material
Fins are used for the cooling the system which is generating the heat. But now a days
the fin having high effectiveness for the cooling the system, hence for increasing the
heat transfer rate of the fin have to increase the surface area which is in contact with
the fluid.Making perforationincrease the area of contact surface of fin array. There will
be perforation are circular, triangular, square, hexagonal, elliptical etc.

4.2 Different Types of Perforation

Fig. 2 a) Circular perforation [5] Fig. 2 b) Rectangular perforation [5]

Fig. 2 c) Triangular perforation [6] Fig. 2 d) Elliptical perforation [6]

Fig. 2 e) Types of perforation [7]

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5. Case Study
Above we studied different geometry of the fin array. Now we see the one case study
of perforated fin array. Case study on Experimental analysis of natural convective heat
transfer performance from rectangular fin array with perforation [1]. In that
experiment researcher investigated steady state natural convection heat transfer from
vertical base rectangular perforated fin. The different samples of seven fin array are
manufactured in the format of one is the solid fin array and other is the diameter of
10mm and 12mm of perforation. These 10mm and 12mm perforation are made in line
but number of perforation will be 3, 4, and 5. Hence they are having 6 perforated fin
arrays of 3, 4, and 5 perforations of 10mm and 12mm diameter. The other fin
specification is the same for all geometry i.e. fin length, fin height, spacing between
fins, fin thickness and number of fins.
5.1 Fin Array Dimension
Base plate = 200mm  95mm.
Height of fin = 25mm.
Thickness of fin = 3mm.
Spacing of fin = 7mm.
Diameter of perforation = 10mm and 12mm.
No. of perforation = 5, 4, 3.
The solid fin surface area is 94250.0 mm 2 and the maximum material removed fin
array surface area is 90290.0 mm 2 . Area of removal is 5% as compared to solid fin
array. The area remover is decreased in the term of number of perforation from 5, 4
and 3 and diameter of perforation 12mm to 10mm.
Table 1: Calculation of surface area of test samples
Sr. No. N d mm Ar mm2 A mm2 Ar %
1 5 12 3957.90 90290.0 5
2 4 12 3166.32 91083.7 4.2
3 3 12 2374.74 91875.3 3.15
4 5 10 2199.06 92051.0 2.9
5 4 10 1759.20 92490.0 2.3
6 3 10 1319.40 92930.6 1.75
7 Solid fin - - 94250.0 0

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5.2 Fin Geometries
Fin geometries as say above perforation diameter will be 10mm and 12mm and the
number of perforation will be 3, 4 and 5. The figures are shown in bellow.

Fig.2 .1 5 perforation of dia. 12 mm perforated fin [1]

Fig.2.2 5 perforation of dia. 10mm perforated fin [1]

Fig.2.3 solid fin [1]

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5.3 Experimental Setup
The material used for the manufacturing fin array is aluminum 6063 with thermal
conductivity of 130 W/m. K and emissivity is 0.2 at 20°C. Setup was fabricated in
workshop for measuring the natural convection heat transfer from fin array as shown
in figure 3. Setup include the enclosure made with the plywood having thermal
conductivity 0.12 W/m. K and thickness is 19mm. Using the heater base plate of
aluminum made of nicrome wire sandwiched in mica sheets of 200W, 50Hz capacity
is used to heat fin array. Concrete block having thermal conductivity0.15W/m. K is
mounted on enclosure support on MS frame has built four bolts to tight fin array over
heater plate vertically. The experimental setup is shown in fig.3.

Fig.3 Experimental setup [1]

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6. Result and Discussion
In that experimental studies the fin geometric parameters are kept constant but the
perforation parameter is varied. Here the perforated samples with different perforation
diameter and number of holes are studied experimentally and compared with solid one.
In figure 4 effect of number of perforation is investigated. As number of perforation is
increases, temperature difference decreases. For solid fin it is 89°C for lower input
while 5 perforation and 12mm diameter is 46°C. This is due to increasing the area of
contact of fin array by adding the perforation.

Fig.4 Variation of Temperature difference vs. Heat flux [1]

Fig. 5 shows the heat transfer coefficient which is maximum for highest perforation
diameter i.e. 12 mm which is 3.17, 2.69 and 1.95 for lower heat input for number of
perforation 5, 4 and 3 respectively compared to 10mm. Because due to the air
circulates more through 12mm perforation diameter and small turbulence is created
which increase the heat transfer compared to 10mm and solid fin array.

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 Fig. 5 Variation of heat transfer coefficient vs. Temperature difference [1]

Fig. 6 shows the comparison of heat flux vs. Nu. no. for fin with different perforation.
Fins with 5 number of perforation show maximum heat flux than 4 and 3 number of
perforations. As more area is removed, so area in contact with fin is less so heat flux
increases. The difference in the surface area is less hence the curves are closure to each
other shows the increase in heat transfer.

Fig. 6 Variation of heat flux vs. Nusselt number [1]

As the area in contact with air is less for 5 number of perforation than for solid
respectively but the disruption of boundary layer which is more in case of five number
of perforation than for 4, 3 and solid respectively which enhance heat transfer and
shows higher value of Nu. Number Fig. 7 shows the variation of the heat transfer
coefficient vs. heat input for 12mm diameter and Fig. 8 shows the variation of the heat
transfer coefficient vs. heat input for 10mm diameter. As decreasing the removed area

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for 12mm for 5, 4, 3 number of perforation heat transfer rate decreases. For solid fin
heat transfer rate is least among all fin samples. Hence heat transfer coefficient is less
for solid fin as compared to perforated fin for given heat input as shown in fig. 7 and
greater for more number of perforations. Also heat transfer coefficient increases with
increase in heat input for all fin arrays. Same is the case for 10mm diameter as shown
in fig. 8.

Fig. 7 Variation of heat transfer coefficient vs. Heat input for

12mm diameter [1]

Fig. 8 Variation of heat transfer coefficient vs. Heat input for

10mm diameter [1]

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7. Summary
Fins with more number of perforations increase the heat transfer rate reducing the area
as well as weight of system. Less is the value of temperature difference more is heat
transfer rate. Decreasing the perforation dimensions reduce the rate of temperature
drop along the perforated fin. The Nusselt number of perforated fin array is increased
as compared to solid fin array is up to 53.There is a reduction in area, which means
reduction in cost material which is about 10-30 %. For the same heat transfer, the
material removed by mass in perforated fins is 10 to 30 %. Thus the cost of material
saved is considered approximately 10 to 30 %. Save material up to 20 – 30 %. The
more effective perforation is the triangular perforation after circular, elliptical and
rectangular. But the manufacturing consideration circular perforations having less
manufacturing cost and give better performance.

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References
[1] A. V. Zoman, D. D. Palande, Experimental Analysis of Natural Convective Heat
Transfer Performance From Rectangular Fin Array With Perforations, International
Engineering Research Journal (IERJ) Special Issue Page 504-511, June 2016, ISSN
2395-1621.
[2] A. T. Pise et al. Investigation of Enhancement of Natural Convection Heat Transfer
From Engine Cylinder with Permeable Fins, International Journal of Mechanical
Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976-6359, ISSN 0976-6340(print),
ISSN 0976-6359(online), volume 1, July – august 2010.
[3] Ansari Tohodet al. Heat Transfer enhancement through Perforated Fins, IOSR-
JMCE, e-ISSN: 2278-1684, p-ISSN: 2320-334X, PP. 72-78, 18 mar 2017
[4] W. Hussain Abdul Razzak Al-Doori (2011), Enhancement of Natural Convection
Heat Transfer From The Rectangular Fins ByCircular Perforations, International
Journal Of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Volume 4, pp. 428-436.
[5] Kavita H. Dhanawade et al. Thermal Analysis of Square and Circular Perforated
Fin Array by Forced convection. International Journal of Current engineering and
Technology, E-ISSN 2277-4106, P-ISSN 2347-5161, 07 January 2014.
[6] Pooja P. Shirjose, Numerical Investigation of elliptical and Triangular Perforated
Fins Under Forced Convection, International Journal of Scientific Research
Engineering and Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278-0882, Volume 5, 4 April 2016.
[7] Raaid R. Jassem, Effect the Form Of perforation On the Heat Transfer in the
Perforated Fins, ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944, Vol. 4 No. 3 may 2013.

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