LAVANYA SEMINAR DOCCUMENTATION 24 New 2

ABSTRACT
It has been found in a survey that 80% losses caused due to fire would have been avoided .If the
fire was detected immediately. Arduino platform based IOT enabled fire detector and monitoring
system is the solution to this problem.
In this project, we have built fire detector using Arduino Uno which is interfaced with a
temperature sensor, a smoke sensor and buzzer. The temperature sensor senses the heat and
smoke sensor senses any smoke generated due to burning or fire. Buzzer connected to Arduino
gives us an alarm indication. Whenever fire triggered, it burns objects nearby and produces
smoke. A fire alarm can also be triggered due to small smoke from candlelight or oil lamps used
in a household. Also, whenever heat intensity is high then also the alarm goes on. Buzzer or
alarm is turned off whenever the temperature goes to normal room temperature and smoke level
reduces. We have also interfaced LCD display to the Arduino board. With the help of IOT
technology , we have tried to make it smarter by connecting the whole monitoring process to the
webpage naming-“ Fire Security System“ created by the PHP tool and controlled by the Arduino
programming done in the software- Arduino.
Arduino fire monitoring system serves for industrial purpose as well as for household purpose.
Whenever it detects fire or smoke then it instantly alerts the user about the fire through the
Ethernet module. For this purpose, we are using Arduino Uno which is from Arduino family.
Also, the Arduino interfacing with LCD display is done to display the status of the system
whether the Smoke and Overheat is detected or not. And Arduino interfacing with Ethernet
module is done so that user gets to know about the prevailing condition message. It intimates the
user about the fire detection. This system is really useful whenever the user is not in the
proximity of control centre. Whenever a fire occurs, the system automatically senses and alerts
the user by sending an alert to an app installed on user’s Android mobile or webpage accessible
through internet.
KEYWORDS:
Internet of things, Radio Frequency, Transmitter, Receiver, SPI (Serial phase Interface), Ethernet
shield, Sensors.
IOT Enabled Forest Firing Detection
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
Owing to a paradigm shift toward Internet of Things (IOT), researches into IOT services have
been conducted in a wide range of fields. As a major application field of IOT, Forest fire
detection has become one such issue. The havoc due to forest fire has caused serious
environmental problems and devastation of flora and fauna. Within the current turbulent global
economic, demographic, social and ecologic context, governments, local administrative
authorities, researchers and commercial companies or even individuals have to recognize the
importance of the resources contained in the forest environment - not only from the perspective
of the biodiversity, but also from the point of view of the economic resources which forests
enclose. Therefore, any major threat posed to this essential component of the environment should
be identified, studied and fought through the most efficient and modern economic policies and
technological means. One of the most dangerous phenomena, which jeopardize forests, is
represented by forest fires.
1.2 Related Works:
Ahmed Imteaj et al designed and implemented a fire detection system for factories using
Raspberry pi3. They used temperature, flame and smoke sensors for sensing fire. The system
also can extinguish fire in 20 seconds and they used the air-conditioning system for
extinguishing fire. Abhinav Kumar et al have proposed Forest fire detection system is proposed
to detect the fire by monitoring the values of CO2 level and temperature. In this project, we have
built fire detector using Raspberry PI which is interfaced with a temperature sensor, a smoke
sensor and buzzer. Whenever fire triggered, it burns objects nearby and produces smoke. In this
project, we have built fire detector using Raspberry PI which is interfaced with a temperature
sensor, smoke sensor and buzzer. With the help of IOT technology, we have tried to make it
smarter by connecting the whole monitoring process to the webpage naming “Fire Security
System “created by the PHP tool and controlled by the Arduino programming. Wireless sensor
network is a network in which a large number of sensors are deployed and data is collected from
them some of those techniques had been included for fire detection using image processing and
sensors in this work. Fire detection using ZigBee is a kind of personal area network.
In the proposed system is capable of early detection of fire and generating alarm in case of
emergencies. The period of computation is too small for the fire to spread from one pillar to
another. To increase the dynamics of the fire detection, a pre-alert for the nodes is generated
which can potentially captured during fire, in the next computation stage.
A soft intermediate threshold between sensing threshold and proximity threshold is used called
Threshold warning.
Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 1

1.3 Preliminaries:
In the field of IOT applications for the control of forest fires, several kinds of systems can be
used for the warning, prevention and monitoring of these natural disasters. For example, this is
the case of the application Forest Fire Danger Meter available for Android. It stands out mainly
because it is a calculator to find the fire hazard according to the classification of McArthur Forest
Fire Danger Index, taking as reference the following parameters: temperature, relative humidity,
wind speed, dryness factor, vegetation and pending. In the same field, Incendios CyL beta
application is under development. Although it currently only provides data for the province of
Soria, this application has as its fundamental objective to realize a meteorological forecast which
indicates in which recreational areas tourists are allowed to make a fire, prohibitions and
recommendations of how to act in nature, etc.
1.4 Literature Survey:

Numerous answers for identification of out of control fire are displayed and executed in recent
years. Video Surveillance System is most generally utilized for identification of wild fire. It is
isolated into four classifications: Video Cameras delicate in un mistakable range in light of
acknowledgment of smoke amid sunlight and fire blazes at night, Infrared (IR) Thermal Imaging
cameras in view of discovery of warmth transition from the fire, IR Spectrometer which
distinguish unearthly attributes of smoke gases and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR)
system which measures the laser light back scattered by smoke particles. The limitation of these
systems was high false alert rate as a result of climatic conditions, for instance, proximity of fog,
shadows, clean particles etc. Another strategy is the utilization of Visual Cameras that take
depictions of the forest to identify the fire. These cameras were mounted on the highest point of
correspondence towers. A turning engine is introduced to give a full round perspective of the
forest. The pictures got from the camera are prepared utilizing project or MATLAB code and are
contrasted and the reference pictures taken at introductory stage. This framework additionally
had impediment of high false caution rate. Additionally the cost of establishment of visual
cameras on correspondence towers was high. Another technique is the utilization of satellite
framework to distinguish the wild fire. The primary segments of the framework are satellite(s)
and the base station that gathers the information send by the satellite(s) and runs the dissecting
calculation.


CHAPTER-2
TYPES OF FORESTS
2.1 Forest fires:
Forest fires always start by one of two ways - naturally caused or human caused. Natural fires are
generally started by lightning, with a very small percentage started by spontaneous combustion
of dry fuel such as sawdust and leaves. On the other hand, human-caused fires can be due to any
number of reasons.
On a hot summer day, when drought conditions peak, something as small as a spark from a train
car's wheel striking the track can ignite a raging wildfire. Sometimes, fires occur naturally,
ignited by heat from the sun or a lightning strike. However, the majority of wildfires are the
result of human carelessness.
2.2 Major Factors in wild fire behavior:

The three sides of the fire behavior triangle are weather, topography and fuels.
Weather includes wind, temperature, cloudiness, and moisture and air pressure. High
temperatures and low humidity cause vegetation to dry and wildfires to burn rapidly.
2.3 Causes:
Forest fires are caused by Natural causes as well as manmade causes
 Natural causes- Many forest fires start from natural causes such as lightning which set
trees on fire. However, rain extinguishes such fires without causing much damage. High
atmospheric temperatures and dryness (low humidity) offer favorable circumstance for a
fire to start.
 Man made causes- Fire is caused when a source of fire like naked flame, cigarette or,
electric spark or any source of ignition comes into contact with inflammable material.
2.4 classifications:
Forest fire can broadly be classified into three categories;
 Natural or controlled forest fire.

 Forest fires caused by heat generated in the litter and other biomes in summer through
carelessness of people (human neglect) and
 Forest fires purposely caused by local inhabitants.
2.5 Prevention:
Be certain to completely extinguish cigarettes before disposing of them. Follow local ordinances
when burning yard waste. Avoid backyard burning in windy conditions, and keep a shovel,
water, and fire retardant nearby to keep fires in check. Remove all flammables from yard when
burning.
2.6 Types:
There are three basic types of forest fires:
 Crown fires burn trees up their entire length to the top. ...
 Surface fires burn only surface litter and duff. ...
 Ground fires (sometimes called underground or subsurface fires) occur in deep
accumulations of humus, peat and similar dead vegetation that become dry enough to
burn.
1) Crown Fires:
Crown Fire- The other type of forest fire is a crown fire in which the crown of trees and shrubs
burn, often sustained by a surface fire. A crown fire is particularly very dangerous in a
coniferous forest because resinous material given off burning logs burn furiously. On hill slopes,
if the fire starts downhill, it spreads up fast as heated air adjacent to a slope tends to flow up the
slope spreading flames along with it. If the fire starts uphill, there is less likelihood of it
spreading downwards.

2) Surface fires:
Surface Fire-A forest fire may burn primarily as a surface fire, spreading along the ground as the
surface litter (senescent leaves and twigs and dry grasses etc) on the forest floor and is engulfed
by the spreading flames.
3) Ground Fires:
A ground fire can occur in any conditions and is where peat, coal, tree roots or other materials
ignite and burn under the ground. Ground fires can burn through to the surface and become
surface fires. Surface fires are low to high intensity fires that burn on the surface of the ground.

2.7 Precautions:
The followings are the important precautions against fire:
 To keep the source of fire or source of ignition separated from combustible and
inflammable material.
 To keep the source of fire under watch and control.
 Not allow combustible or inflammable material to pile up unnecessarily and to stock the
same as per procedure recommended for safe storage of such combustible or inflammable
material.
 To adopt safe practices in areas near forests viz. factories, coalmines, oil stores, chemical
plants and even in household kitchens.
 To incorporate fire reduces and fire fighting techniques and equipment while planning a
building or coal mining operation.
 In case of forest fires, the volunteer teams are essential not only for firefighting but also
to keep watch on the start of forest and sound an alert. To arrange fire fighting drills
frequently.
2.8 Impacts of Forest Fires on Biological Environment:

Forest fires also pose serious health hazards by producing smoke and noxious gases, as the
events in Indonesia after the forest fires on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo in 1977 have
shown

The burning of vegetation gives off not only carbon dioxide but also a host of other, noxious
gases (Green house gases) such as carbon monoxide, methane, hydrocarbons, nitric oxide and
nitrous oxide, that lead to global warming and ozone layer depletion. Consequently, thousands of
people suffered from serious respiratory problems due to these toxic gases. Burning forests and
grasslands also add to already serious threat of global warming. Recent measurement suggest
that biomass burning may be a significant global source of methyl bromide, which is an ozone
depleting chemical.
2.9 Reconnaissance:
In order to fight a forest fire successfully, a thorough survey of the site is a must. The key focus
areas are determined according to the following tactical priorities:
 Protection of people
 Protection of animals
 Protection of structures (buildings, streets, utility lines)
 Protection of endangered or fast burning vegetation When investigating the type of fire
(crown, ground or surface fire), geographic and topographic particulars (main direction
of spread of blaze, terrain specifics, entry and escape points for water tenders, wind
direction and any expected changes) also play an important role. Conclusions can also be
drawn about the fire by observing the column of smoke (already when driving to the
site).
The color and form of the column of smoke provides information about the fire’s behavior.
Based on all this information a decision is made during the operational planning about how the
fire will be fought. A defensive or offensive method of fire fighting is possible.
2.10 Environmental Hazards of Forest Fires:

Environmental hazards of forest fires must be investigated in order to prevent further fires, to
develop appropriate techniques for fire-fighting and for the proper restoration of damaged,
burned forest areas after forest fires. In the following we will describe the harmful effects of
forest fires on different elements of the environment in a timely manner. Either the fire is natural
or man-made; it can disturb and strongly change the structures and functional processes of forest
ecosystems. Consequences of fires are hard to describe in general, because they are functions of
their characteristics.

Some of these are: frequency of their repetition in time, volume of fires, their intensity (fire on
dead fallen leaves, on shrubs or on the tree-tops) and duration, in which season were they
occurred, climatic circumstances during fires and precipitation intensity before and after the
fires. Forest fires can have very serious economic and environmental impacts. There are different
ways to measure the economic impact; however measuring the environmental impact is very
difficult. Environmental impact of forest fires can be categorized in many ways. Classification is
important, because certain harms could be prevented together in the future with the use of a
common method by the recognition of similarities. The base of the classification can be their
duration, the size of threatened territory, their harmful effects on the vegetation, animal kingdom,
soil, air, water or other distinguished categories.
 Vegetation:
One of the reasons of raising frequency and seriousness of forest fires is the desiccation process
emanating from “global climate change”. As a consequence of this desiccation process, the
amount of annual precipitation in Hungary decreased by approximately 100 millimeters in the
last 4–5 years. The humidity of plants has also decreased, and this resulted in a lower flash-point
of the vegetation. Resistance of species is different; some plants are regenerating faster after a
forest fire and so will spread on larger territories than before. Vegetation species that cannot
regenerate themselves must be replanted to restore ecological balance in the forest. Effects on
boreal plants. Fires have less intensity on parklands mostly with frondiferous trees and bushes,
where burnable, dry material is in a lesser amount so burning can be only partial on plants and on
the terrain. This means that one part of the branches of trees and bushes survives while the other
falls because of the heat stress. These trees and bushes have a chance to regenerate depending on
the damage cropping up from their trunks, branches, sprigs, stumps or roots. Forest parts dense
in pine-tree and juniper are more sensitive to fire and can strongly feed it. The fire can grow tall
here quickly causing total destruction. Tine trees and junipers totally burn away together with
other neighboring frondiferous trees, bushes and perpetual. Perpetual, frondiferous trees and
bushes living together with junipers burn more or less, and in the vicinity of heavily burning
junipers they can suffer total burning destruction, so all their parts above the ground are damaged
by the fire. After the fire the environment is lifeless for a year. Then different apexes, sprits start
to grow very quickly and in a large amount, the area grows green proving the surviving and
renewing capability of nature even after a fire catastrophe. Rejuvenation of the vegetation,
natural greening of the burned terrain can happen also with seeds.

Seeds can survive fires in the soil or can come from neighboring territories with the wind, or by
the birds, insects or other animals. Sprits and apexes of some plants fruit soon and producing lots
of seeds to ensure their proliferation. Pines however cannot regenerate after heavy burning, their
rejuvenation comes very slowly with their seeds only, and so settling them back needs human
help. Effects on non-boreal (herbaceous) plants. Herbaceous plants are necessary to cover and
protect soil. After a fire, rejuvenation of the vegetation, growing of plants start only next spring.
For the meantime soil remains uncovered so the Sun can burn, the wind can dry and rain can
degrade it. This way remaining minerals from burned plants and part of the degraded topsoil can
lapse to lower grounds to produce very favoring production environment there. Herbaceous
plants after a fire are regenerated in a vegetative way, with turions. Appearance of turions is very
spectacular in a year. Every plant after a fire, even those species which are unwanted at the given
ecosystem are completing a very important protection task. In their presence, the young, 1–2
years old arboreal together with surviving seeds and others from neighboring territories can
breed and settle back. So herbaceous plants are indispensable to cover and protect topsoil.
 Animals:
Direct effects of fires on animals can be:
• Fires can destroy animals living on the territory;
• Fires can change ecological features of the biotope this way becoming unsuitable for species
living there before but helping to settle new species with different demands. Extent of direct
destruction effect for different species depends on their position in the zootaxy. In general the
greater, quick moving mammals and birds can escape successfully to safer grounds. So their
destruction rate is low, only younger, weaker ones die, but the young of birds nesting on the
ground are heavily affected. Mortality is much greater within smaller or slow moving animals
such as frogs, lizards, snails, spiders. Forest fires can cause dramatic destruction among their
populations. Soil surprisingly has a good heat insulation effect, so ant-hills and larva forms of
insects growing in the ground generally survive forest fires. Indirect effects of fires, elimination
or damage of animal biotopes cause more obvious, permanent changes in forest fauna. The
reason is that most of animal species have greater specific demands concerning their biotopes
than we can estimate based upon our first investigation of a forest environment. Resistance of the
fauna species is only limited by their escape capabilities and this depends on the spreading speed
of the fire.

In case of a high speed running fire even quicker, larger animals cannot escape. In general, nests
and animal hideouts are totally destroyed in burned areas. This drives the local fauna to
migration.
Because of the destroyed vegetation and the replaced fauna, the balance of the micro
environment upsets, and the local natural environment changes.
 Soil:
Erosion of the soil speeds up after a forest fire due to partially or totally destroyed vegetation, the
upper fertile soil layer can disappear. In absence of the cohesion power of fibrous root systems
soil becomes loose and washable. After a forest fire soil can easily and quickly be washed by
rains from hillsides. On plains, ash layers generated by the fire can be washed from the surface
into the deep soil making the soil alkaline that leads to the extinction of plants that cannot
tolerate alkalinity. A further problem is that the heat generated by the fire kills microorganisms
useful to plants, so replacement of vegetation becomes slower. Due to burning and scorching of
seeds rejuvenation of the flora is only possible with newly arriving seeds into the soil. Those
plants that cannot tolerate alkalified soil will die in a short time. This harm will be one of the
obstacles against the restoration of the original ecosystem. The origin of the tree species is
indifferent in the formation of the soil fauna diversity. The layer of the dead fallen leaves above
the populations and physical-chemical parameters of the soil are more important. In general,
populations of some natural, native soil fauna species are richer in numbers (in number of
individuals and number of species also) than fauna of regenerated soils after forest fires. An
additional consequence of forest fires is that soil erosion can speed up due to partly or totally
destroyed flora, this way topsoil can be heavily degraded or totally eliminated. After burning the
parts of the plants above the ground fire does not stop, it slowly destroys in brand 14 AARMS
(15) 1 (2016) Laszlo FÖLDI, Rajmund KUTI: Characteristics of Forest Fires and their Impact on
the Environment form even the roots, underground parts. This way the soil cohesion force of the
roots disappears and soil becomes easily washable. This problem typically exists in mountain
areas. Materials used for fire-fighting or possibly applied fire retardants, foams can penetrate into
the soil and change the original balancing chemical processes in it, this way causes acidification
or alkalization and changes the soil’s chemical composition. These features of fire-extinguishing
materials were not investigated, because in the development phase their primary use was not
planned in a natural environment.

We do not know all the environmental impacts of these chemicals in details, although they are
called “chemically natural”, they will change natural chemical composition ratios in the soil. For
example, artificial acidification can mobilize heavy metal salts in underground water, which
were insoluble in natural circumstances before. Thus heavy metals can be incorporated into the
plants and get into the food chains. Atmosphere A large amount of organic micro particles in the
atmosphere emanating from incomplete burning can pollute the air. During forest fires, huge
quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) go into the atmosphere aggravating the growing tendencies of
the greenhouse effect accelerating global warming. Because of forest fires, territories of
woodlands and an amount of trees reduce together their photosynthetic performance and oxygen
production, making the situation even worse. Due to incomplete burning carbon monoxide (CO)
also goes into the atmosphere causing serious health risks to animals and fire-fighters. With the
burning of vegetation additional toxic products of combustion are formed and enter the
atmosphere in a large amount. Such chemicals are the different volatile oils, benzene and its
derivatives that come out during burning and decomposition of wooden materials. As the burning
is incomplete, a lot of remaining organic micro particles in the air also pollute the atmosphere.
These micro particles form during the partial breakdown of organic materials. These air
pollutants are dangerous and harmful not only at the site of the forest fire and its vicinity, but can
be transported with the air movements generated by the fire (mentioned before) to longer
distances and higher altitudes. Reaching some kilometers of altitude these chemicals can be
transmitted 50–100 kilometers and spread pollution into distant territories. Water Forest fires
have direct and indirect pollution effects on waters due to the harmful chemicals formed by fires
first going into the atmosphere later to the waters by precipitation or sedimentation. Ash, scale
and small plant pieces can cause direct surface pollution in nearby waters. Indirectly, the
pollution can spread longer distances by the wind polluting distant waters. Water used for fire-
fighting can wash other fire extinguishing chemicals into the neighboring surface waters,
polluting rivers and lakes in the vicinity. Those chemicals that are neutral in soil and only change
the chemical composition ratio but are otherwise inactive, can be activated in water by a series of
chemical reactions, causing dangerous pollution on much larger territories e.g. alongside a river.
These pollutants can endanger or even exterminate water ecosystems. Due to suddenly
spreading, large amounts of water used in fire-fighting Laszlo FÖLDI, Rajmund KUTI:
Characteristics of Forest Fires and their Impact on the Environment AARMS (15) 1 (2016) 15
(especially from air), water balance of the territory collapses, biological balance of natural
surface and underground waters tumbles down, animals and vegetation rarify due to rapid
modification of living conditions, in the worst case life perishes from the area.

Beneficial Environmental Effects of Forest Fires:

Surprisingly, forest fires have some beneficial effects on the environment and to the
development of forest ecosystems.
It must be emphasized that these are only minor benefits; they exist only from a certain point of
view and cannot be compared with the serious negative consequences mentioned before. Such a
benefit is, for example, that the life cycle of some plant species needs repetitive forest fires. Fir-
cones of some pine-trees of North America and Europe open only in extreme heat caused by the
fire and spread their seeds only in that case. These pine species have strong, thick barks
efficiently resisting the fire so forest fires are integral parts of their reproduction process.
Another interesting fact is that frequent forest fires are parts of the reproduction process of some
animals and insects also. Larva forms of some insects under the barks of trees can be born only
in case of a fire; otherwise they are waiting in pupation form for years. After a forest fire there is
a chance to force back unwanted plant species using conscious methods of forestry. Another
beneficial consequence of forest fires is that burned remnants of vegetation remain on site. Partly
degraded organic materials enter the food chain for later utilization as ingredients of rejuvenated
vegetation. This way organic material remains in the recycling process. So only the bigger parts
of trees must be transported from the site, small pieces must remain for further utilization as
biomass for nature’s benefit over the flames with a fire-fighting aircraft while some seconds later
nothing can be seen because of the heavy smoke.
Reasons of Forest Fires:

When drought causes dryness, or after every large scale forest fire the attention turns to the
forests, to the investigation of natural fires’ prevention, fire-fighting, it’s technical and
organizational issues and the reasons and consequences of forest fires. Forests can be divided
into 3 categories by the types of their trees and undergrowth:
 Deciduous forest (oak, beech, poplar trees);

 Coniferous forest (pine trees, juniper bushes);
 Mixed forest (mixture of deciduous and coniferous species).
The fires’ ignition and spreading parameters of forest types are different. Undergrowth of a
deciduous forest has more humidity in general, so it does not catch fire easily.

But there is a high resin content in the leaves and trunks of coniferous trees causing easier
kindling and burning. These forests are dryer, in general. Approximately 75% of forest fires
happen in pine woods and only 25% in deciduous forests. Concerning the reasons and
consequences of forest fires the following categories can be investigated in details:
 Abiotic factors;
 Biotic factors;
 Economic factors;
 Human factors.
 Abiotic factors:
From the elements of the climate, the amount of precipitation and the temperature are the key
components in the development of forest fires. Additional parameters can be:
 Amount of daily sunlight;

 Atmospheric circumstances;
 Prevailing wind speed and wind direction.
Relief forms on the surface are also important, because fires in general can rapidly spread from
lower terrains uphill. Also ragged surface with rifts, rocks or watercourses can stop vegetation
fires.
 Biotic factors:
Populations of species and interactions among the individuals are the key aspects during
forestation to select proper tree species. It is especially important in our country to handle
coniferous species with care, because they are affected with fires the most, and have influence on
the range and seriousness of forest fires. Age of forests, quality and quantity of undergrowth and
thickness of dead fallen leaves are also important biotic factors.
 Economic factors:
Environmentally friendly, secure and responsible sylviculture plays an important role, because it
has a great role in minimizing development and spread of forest fires. Neatness of forests,
clearness of forest passes, tracts and trenches are also important, because forests become more
opened and transparent this way. [6] Woodcutting and burning of cutting waste also affect forest
fires. Regulated and sustainable economics is important, together with the observation of rules
and capabilities for effective fire-fighting.

 Human factors:
One of the most common reasons of forest fires is inappropriate human activity. Most of the
forest fires start because of human faults, carelessness or intentional fire-raising.
Characteristics of Forest Fires and their Impact on the Environment:

Most common human activities causing forest fires:
• Forbidden or irregular firing;
• Growing tourism by car or motorcycle;
• Smoking in forests;
• burning of agricultural waste or stubble in the vicinity of forests

PROPOSED METHODS
3.1 Proposed Work:
In this system, we are recognizing the problems of detecting animals in forest border areas using
IOT.The main objective of the syst4em is to alert and protect the people across the forest
borders. Once the animal is detected across a particular range, it is sensed and a notification is
sent and an alarm is produced which indicates that the animal is approaching the human life. A
GSM notification is enabled if the animals are captured. The animals are monitored using camera
and are detected by using PIR sensor which signifies the motion of an animal. The distance of
the animal is done by using the Ultrasonic sensor. The notification can be in the form of SMS,
twitter, telegram; etc.Verification is done as soon as alarm is produced. Verification may be in
the form of, if the animal is detected, the notification and alarm is sent if not the same process is
continued until the animal is found. The location of the animal can also be observed and is stored
in Ubidots. Forest fire is an important threat and it can be reduced to a maximum extent in our
system. The humidity sensor is used to sense the climate and stores the value. The environmental
monitoring is also done on a regular basis. The temperature of the forest can be monitored and
the disaster management is informed if any consequence takes place. The location of the forest is
detected and the humidity is monitored using DHT sensor.
Fig: operation

A. IOT devices:
Every IOT device distributed in the environment communicates wirelessly through 4G with the
Web service, which is the responsible for storing and processing all data.
So, these devices have integrated 3 different sensors that are able to interact with the
environment and collect multiple variables: temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure and
pollutant gases, such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (indicators of air quality).
In addition, they are based on Arduino and are composed of a motherboard that is assembled
with a 4G module to send the collected data. Other hardware elements are also necessary to
integrate the multiple sensors that allow registering the atmospheric variables. The use of a 4G
module allows registering the location of each distributed device guaranteeing their visualization
and representation through interactive maps. Once the IOT device is in the environment, the
atmospheric variables and the pollutant gases of the area where it is located are captured.
Temperature, humidity and pressure measurements have been registered by a same digital
sensor. Regarding the temperature, the operational range is situated between -40°Cand +85°C. In
the case of humidity, the measurement range of relative humidity is 0 - 100%, taking into
account the temperature values. Regarding atmospheric pressure, measures are situated between
30 - 110 kPa, based on the sensor sensing capacity. Furthermore, CO2 and CO data have been
collected using 2 other different sensors. In the case of carbon monoxide gas, the measurement
range limits the registration of data between 30 - 1000 particles per million (ppm) every second.
Finally, the CO2 sensor can register values from 350 ppm to10000 ppm. Overall, measurement
values change depending on each monitored zone and other factors, such as altitude, typical
climate or the presence of human activities (car pollution, industries, etc.). For example, taking
into account CO2 and CO gases, some tests developed have evidenced that measurements are
decrease at outdoor areas than at indoor areas or cities. While in forests the sensors register
values around 8 ppm (CO) and 350 ppm (CO2), these results are usually higher in cities or
indoor areas (CO2 and CO concentrations above 400 ppm and10 ppm, respectively). The
increase of the concentrations of these gases is much more evident from the burning of biomass
in forest fires.
B. Web service:
Once all the required data is available, the information is sent to the Web service that manages
the resources. In this sense, it is responsible for database management of the entire information
system: new measurements, users and active IOT devices. In addition, the Web service stores
measures and manages their visualization through graphs and other interactive elements (graphs,
indicators, gauges, etc.) that allow the interpretation of meteorological conditions and
contamination levels of each registered area by users. Other functionalities of the Web service
could be to synchronize all system information among all users in real-time by connecting IOT
devices, mobile devices and the Web application.
However, the data synchronization process needs information that system obtains by a
continuous monitoring of new measurements. This aspect allows activating alerts depending on
whether registered values represent a potential hazard for forest fire generation or other
emergency situations. In this case, notifications will be sent to the active users through the
mobile application. In addition to these notifications, new information about activated alerts and
the state of variables (temperature, humidity, etc.) will be updated in the Web application.
The Web service has been configured to allow bidirectional real time communication based on
events through any platform or browser.
Web sockets are used in order to satisfy this requirement. So, the server will send data to the
connected users without the need of making client requests. When new data is processed (new
measurements, activation of alerts, new IOT devices, etc.), the server transmits it to all listening
sockets, so the information accessed by users is updated automatically. This advantage offered
by this technology avoids the need to manually update the application to see new changes.
Continuous availability of updated information is an essential requirement for prevention,
detection and extinction of forest fires or other emergency situations. The system configuration is
exposed to users through automatic updating of graphs and gauges, interactive maps or updating
information that is associated with the state of each monitored environmental variable. Every
security failure or unusual system event is stored in database for future security audits. This data
is sent in real time thanks to the use of sockets to the system administrator who can display this
information through a special management interface. In addition to having access to registered
failures, the administrator can also add new IOT devices, changes their configuration parameters
and changes variable atmospheric limits depending on the weather conditions of each zone. Only
the role of the administrator has the specific privileges to perform these operations and to see this
type of information.
B. Mobile application:
Finally, an Android mobile application has been developed with the objective of representing
locations of IOT devices, measures and averages for each variable monitored through graphs that
users could interpret easily. Moreover this applications responsible for synchronizing
notifications and activated alerts that have been sent from the server (when a measure registered
recently represented a potential hazard for the generation of an emergency situation). In the
application, the authenticated users can interact with a map that represents locations of IO T
devices through latitude and longitude parameters and markers. When one of them clicks on a
marker, a new interface will be displayed showing all available information
About the device selected: location, description, level of the battery in addition to all registered
measures of each monitored variable in that day (Figure 3). Users can also access a bar chart that
represents the real time averages of measurements for each atmospheric variable or pollutant
gases. However, another important element is the alert control panel. This section is used for
representing all notifications and alerts activated from the server when a measurement involves a
danger for forest fires generation.
Each notification received informs the users about the exact zone associated with the danger, the
variable and a description to identify which alert level has been increased. This functionality has
been configured through the cloud messaging Firebase services and an identification token that
the server needs to identify each mobile device when it’s necessary to notify and synchronize a
new alert. Only notifications or alerts that are associated with the mobile device location can be
received. In addition, notifications are controlled by a time period. In this sense, assume alert that
repeats constantly will not be sent from the
Server to the same mobile device until 10 minutes have passed since last notification was sent.
This rule was set to avoid overloading the application.
Finally, this mobile application has been considered especially useful for emergency teams
located in affected areas when forest fires or emergency situations are active. For that, it has also
an operational panel integrated to show all actions and required operations for fire extinction.
C. Alerts management:
One of the features of the developed information system is the introduction of an alarm
management component that is activated every time when a new measurement arrives at the
server. To this end, the system verifies if the value associated with each monitored variable
(temperature, humidity, CO2, etc.) represents a potential danger that indicates the proximity of
an adverse weather event that could favor the occurrence of a forest fire or another type of
emergency situation. For this reason, some reference limits and ranges have been defined for
each atmospheric variable and pollutant gas. So, when a new measurement does not increase
these limits, the value is considered as normal or stable, in addition to the fact that it does not
indicate any danger or the need to activate any alerts. There are three main alert levels associated
with these ranges or limits (Table I).
In the case of temperatures, all values above 30°C have been considered as reference to activate
a level 3 alert taking into account ”the rule of 30” that considers zones characterized by
temperatures above 30°C and humidity values below 30% as risk areas for forest fires.
Temperatures below this limit are situated in a normal range and are not considered a risk factor
to activate any type of alert. An increase of the registered measurements above 37°C means that
environmental conditions have aggravated, so a level 2 alerts is established. Finally,
temperatures above 40°C imply potentially dangerous meteorological values for the activation of
forest fires. In these cases, a level 1 alert is activated. Humidity values considered normal and
beneficial to the health of people are between 40 % and 60 %. Taking into account ”the rule of
30” again, measures below 30 % involve the activation of a level 3 alert. Most radical values
below 20% and 30 % imply the generation of a level 2 and level 1alerts, respectively.
Atmospheric conditions favor forest fires generation when relative humidity percent is lower
especially if temperature alerts have been established in the same area at the same time. Values
close to 0 % and 100 % are harmful to the health of people, because they can complicate
physiological processes, such as sweating or elimination of fluids.
For these reasons, activation of level 3, 2 and 1 alert has been considered in the same way when
the server receives measures of 70 %, 80 % and 90 % relative humidity, respectively. In the case
of atmospheric pressure, control of its variations is so relevant for detecting of storms and
anticyclones that could improve or aggravate forest fires generation conditions and their
advance. Activation of alerts for this variable has been configured taking into account the
occurrence of abrupt pressure changes: excessive rises of 1 mb/h in a period of 6 hours (evidence
of the proximity of strong winds) and excessive drops of 1 mb/h in a period of 6 hours too
(evidence of the storm generation).Other very important elements for early forest fire detection
are the air pollutant gases, such as CO2 and CO.
These chemicals are emitted during forest fire disasters and they can cause serious health issues
for people. In this sense, excessive rises of their concentrations are relevant factors at the time of
considering forest fire activation in a certain zone.
Carbon monoxide is fixed in the hemoglobin of blood and impedes the transport of oxygen. It
can cause death in people when its value is too high. The limit value considered in a time of 8
hours is around 10 ppm, so it is the reference for activating a level 3 alert. Taking into account
IOT devices are distributed in forest areas mainly (where air quality is better)and some studies of
CO measures emitted in forest fires ,level 2 alert is activated since 25 ppm values and level 1
alert for CO concentrations above 50 ppm.
Regarding CO2, the activation of level 3 alerts has been considered at 350 ppm, taking into
account multiple results that establish this value as the limit to be considered to prevent the
worsening of the climate change. From this value, other studies propose the establishment of
2000 ppm as reference for level 2 alert activation and CO2 measures over 5000 ppm for level 1
alert. With level 2, some health problems could be experimented (headaches, drowsiness, nausea,
tachycardia, etc.). Besides, oxygen privation could occur for level 1 alert
Each new measurement of each atmospheric variable or pollutant gas is analyzed taking into
account thresholds associated with these alert levels. Depending on each monitored zone, these
limits can change because of the weather conditions and environment. For these reasons, an
interface of system management has been configured in the Web service to manage alert levels
and their graphical representation. In agreement with common European criteria, each level of
alert is associated with a specific color. The coloring which each registered measurement is
situated. This code in addition to the graphic interface components allow for a quick
interpretation when a measurement value of an atmospheric variable or pollutant gas is normal or
dangerous.
Green color
Indicates all measurements that do not favor certain dangerous weather conditions for forest fires
generation. So, alerts are not activated.

Yellow color
. There is no meteorological risk for the general population. However, measurements could
Mean that there is some danger for some specific activities or locations. It is associated with a
level 3 alert.
Orange color.
It includes important and unusual meteorological risks. These weather conditions may be
dangerous for common activities. It is associated with a level 2 alert.
Red color.
Extreme weather risks. All unusual and very intense meteorological events that usually involve
dangerous situations for population. It is the riskiest alert, so this color refers to level 1 alert.
Since the server checks if an alert has been detected, the next step is to register it in the system
and to transmit in real-time the new data to all connected users through notifications (for the
mobile app) or update special information panels (for the Web application). The creation of a
new alert implies the declaration of some attributes, such as alert level (3, 2 or1) IOT device,
variable values that have activated the alert, a description, and the alert activation date.
E. Data visualization:
In the Web service, the visualization of information and resources are mainly focused on four
aspects: Geo location of IOT devices that are available, new registered measurements,
atmospheric variables and pollution levels (through the devices on each zone), activated alarms
in the server (when some of the processed values are out of the normal range for each monitored
variable) and the management of emergency teams that are situated in the zone affected by the
forest fire. Every new registered measurement by an IOT device can be represented in the Web
service through different types of graphics and gauges. Furthermore, there are two different
modules to represent them depending on the registration time. To represent these values from the
environment, some elements, such as charts and gauges, have been configured. Firstly, the Web
service interface shows to users independent line graphs to represent (through dotted lines)
variable values registered by devices for each atmospheric variable or pollutant gas. In addition,
bar diagrams are used to make real time comparisons between different magnitude groups: a
group for atmospheric variables (temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure) and another
group for pollution gases (CO2 and CO). Other important graphic elements are gauges. They are
Used to represent only the latest value available from each variable monitored from the
environment. Line graphs and gauges are organized together in a way to show all data associated
with magnitude measurements. Finally, there is an alert control panel that indicates to users the
real time state of each magnitude or variable registered in the monitored environment. Every
time that new values are collected by the server from IOT devices, this panel updates and
changes its information. Each linear graph is formed by a dotted line that shows each
measurement of the corresponding atmospheric variable, so users can interpret their variations
visually. Updating these graphs occurs automatically each time a new value is registered in the
system.
In addition to these aspects, each graph has got colored bands as background to represent
different ranges of values and limits that are defined depending on each atmospheric variable.
Colors have been used taking into account the same color code that was explained in the
previous section: green color (normal values), yellow color (level 3 alerts), orange color (level 2
alerts) and red color (level 1 alert). So, users have access to the exact value of the measurement
(through the dotted line), the time that measure was registered and the range of values in which it
was situated, in addition to which level alert was activated (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Temperature linear graphic

Other graph components have been developed, as follows: A special and interactive map that
changes typical markers to colored circles depending on the average of all registered
measurements on each zone, taking into account the same color codes and the defined limits or
alert levels for each atmospheric variable. Another interactive map that manages the emergency
teams location when a forest fire has been activated. A graph comparison module that allows
making comparisons and simultaneous reviews of the measurements registered by different IOT
devices.
3.2 Security:
System security has been divided in two different fields: IOT devices confidentiality and secure
authentication. Firstly, before sending each measurement registered through 4G by the sensors of
distributed devices, data values (temperature, humidity, latitude, longitude, IMEI, etc.) are
ciphered through the use of AES 128 key bits algorithm. Moreover, Cipher Block Chaining
(CBC) mode has been used so each block of plaintext is XORed with the previous cipher text
block before being ciphered. In this way, each ciphered block depends on all plaintext blocks
processed up to that point.
In addition to CBC mode, Zero padding has been used so the padding system is based on null
characters. When data reaches the cloud server, it is deciphered using the same algorithm. Then,
IOT device identification is verified by IMEI parameter and data measurements are processed
and stored in the database if verification is correct.
Secondly, secure authentication has been developed through Open Web Application Security
Project (OWASP) guidelines verification [21] in order to protect the system against different
attacks.
In this sense, each specified standard guideline has been verified in order to guarantee a secure
authentication process. In particular, the following aspects have been considered. It is a
requirement that all authentication processes are to be performed exclusively on the server.

CHAPTER-4
COMPONENTS
4.1 Hardware Components:
 LM35 TEMP SENSOR
 DHTII DIGITAL HUMIDITY &TEMP SENSOR
 LDR SENSOR
 ULTRA SONIC RANGE SENSOR
 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR
 ADXL335 ACCELEROMETER SENSOR
 ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER
 ESP8266 WIFI MODULE(OR)GSM SHIELD(OR)ETHERNET SHIELD
 BUZZER
 SMOKE SENSOR
 LCD
 FIRE SENSOR
 POWERSUPPLY
4.2 Software components:

 THING SPEAK CLOUD
 CLOUD API’s

CHAPTER-5
ARCHITECTURE OF IOT ENABLED SYSTEM
5.1 General Block diagram:
An IOT-based Forest fire detection system is proposed to detect the fire by monitoring the
Values of CO2 level and temperature. In this project, we have built fire detector using Arduino
Uno which is interfaced with a temperature sensor, a smoke sensor and buzzer. The temperature
sensor senses the heat and smoke sensor senses any smoke generated due to burning or fire.
Buzzer connected to Arduino gives us an alarm indication. Whenever fire triggered, it burns
objects nearby and produces smoke. In this project, we have built fire detector using Arduino
Uno which is interfaced with a temperature sensor, a smoke sensor and buzzer. We have also
interfaced LCD display to the Arduino platform. With the help of IOT technology , we have tried
to make it smarter by connecting the whole monitoring process to the webpage naming-“ Fire
Security System “ created by the PHP tool and controlled by the Arduino programming done in
the software- Arduino.
ETHERNET MODULE BUZZER
MCU
POWER SUPPLY SMOKE SENSOR
ARDUINO PLATFORM
PLATFORM
LCD FIRE SENSOR

5.2 Working:
First of all, sensors are connected to the Arduino, power supply is given to Arduino and when all
the sensors detect conditions of environmental like temperature, humidity, soil erosion, gases,
smoke and fires etc.whenever it is detected by Arduino through Ethernet shield given to LCD
and then it displays on LCD Display, when error occurs, buzzer will be on-condition and also
sends data or output to internet through IOT.
Smoke sensor:
Smoke sensor module is an easy tool to detect any type of gases or smoke occurred in the forest.
If there is no explosion of gas or smoke the values will range from 45-80. When there is
explosion of gas or smoke values certainly increases from 100-250.
ARDUINO UNO: LCD 16*2 DISPLAY:

FIRE SENSOR WIFI MODULE

5.3 BASIC SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE OF THE IOT ENABLED SYSTEM:-
LM35 Collect data Networking Recommendation

Temperature interfacing Data mining system
sensor options
DHT11 digital
humidity sensor
and temperature
ESP8266 Apply relevant
sensor
data mining
WIFI techniques like
module
classification,
(or)
LDR sensor Decision
Arduino Clustering,
GSM support
Microcontroller shield Association rule, System
Ultrasonic range (or) mining etc. to owner
sensor
Ethernet
shield
Soil moisture
sensor Owner
ADXL335
Use relevant
Accelerometer
cloud API’s
sensor

Working of it can be explained in 5 steps. They are:-
Employing Sensors serving as Data acquisition centre-
Temperature sensor and smoke sensor are employed that need to be placed at certain distances so
That a look can be kept on the entire forest area in order to detect the ignition alarming
temperature and the level of carbon dioxide gas (CO2). These sensors will send the signal or the
information to the microcontroller. These will all sense changes in the environment and react
automatically in the event of an emergency. New innovations in automatic initiating devices use
cameras and computer algorithms to analyze visible effects of fire and movement in ways that
other detection devices can’t. Number of fire sensors is to be employed in practical situation that
are needed to be placed at certain distances so that a look can be kept on the entire forest area.
Collection of data by the IC embedded in the Arduino of the Transmitter circuit:-
The IC AT Mega 328-p (microcontroller) embedded in Arduino platform present in the

Transmitter circuit receives the data sensed and collected by the temperature sensor and gas
sensor. Then, the controller performs the programmed action to it and passes them to the
transmitter for transmitting the data to the receiving station.
Transmission of the data by the transmitter:-
On receiving the data from the controller, transmitter transmits the data to a certain range where
The receiver station is optimized to be employed. Microcontroller is the central part of the
Hardware circuit; it controls and enables the functioning of the entire circuit, here transmitter
Circuit in this case.
Receiving of the data by the Receiving station:-
On receiving the data from the transmitter circuit, the receiver sends the data to the controller IC
of the attached Arduino Uno embedded in the receiver circuit in digital form making the
controller possible to do the programmed actions for the monitoring of temperature level and
CO2 level for fire detection.
Display of the levels of temperature and CO2 level in webpage accessible through locally
created network:-
When the data regarding the temperature and the CO2 level are processed in the IC of the
Receiver circuit’s Arduino which is programmed with different library functions of the Ethernet
Shield interfacing making it possible to create a webpage in the locally created network naming

Fire Security System‖ by the help of router. The Arduino Ethernet shield R3 (assembled)
Allows an Arduino board to connect to the internet.
It is based on the Wiz net W5100 Ethernet chip (datasheet). The Wiz net W5100 provides a
network (IP) stack capable of both TCP and UDP. Arduino Ethernet Shield 2 connects your
Arduino to the internet in mere minutes. Just plug. This module onto your Arduino Board,
connect it to your network with an RJ45 cable with features like:-
 Operating voltage 5V (supplied from the Arduino Board)

 Ethernet Controller: W5500 with internal 32K buffer
 Connection speed: 10/100Mb
 Connection with Arduino on SPI

CHAPTER-6
FLOWCHART
6.1 Design flow:
Sensor measure the
temperature, humidity, smoke
from environment
Set the threshold value for the

above sensors
NO YES
If anyone sensor
reading exceeds
the threshold value
Buzzer alarm
Message will be sent

Fire victim to forest department
Sensor keeping sensing
space
Use of satellite
imagery tool
Forest department
authority takes action.
Working of it can be explained in 5 steps. They are:-

Employing Sensors serving as Data acquisition centre-
Temperature sensor and smoke sensor are utilized that should be set at specific separations with
the goal that a look can be kept on the whole forest territory keeping in mind the end goal to

Distinguish the start disturbing temperature and the level of carbon dioxide gas (CO2). These
sensors will send the flag or the data to the microcontroller. These will all detect changes in the
earth and respond naturally in case of a crisis. New advancements in programmed starting
gadgets utilize cameras and PC calculations to examine obvious impacts of flame and
development in ways that other discovery gadgets can’t. Number of terminate sensors are to be
utilized in handy circumstance that are should have been set at specific separations with the goal
that a look can be kept on the whole forest region.
Gathering of information by the IC installed in the Arduino of the

Transmitter circuit:-
The IC AT Mega 328-p (microcontroller) inserted in Arduino stage display in the transmitter
circuit get the information detected and gathered by the temperature sensor and gas sensor. At
that point, the controller plays out the customized activity to it and passes them to the transmitter
for transmitting the information to the accepting station.
Transmission of the information by the transmitter:-

On getting the information from the controller, transmitter transmits the information to a specific
range where the beneficiary station is enhanced to be utilized. Microcontroller is the focal piece
of the equipment circuit; it controls and empowers the working of the whole circuit, here
transmitter circuit for this situation.
Accepting of the information by the Getting station:-

On accepting the information from the transmitter circuit, the recipient sends the information to
the controller IC of the appended Arduino Uno installed in the beneficiary circuit in
computerized frame making the controller conceivable to do the modified activities for the
checking of temperature level and CO2 level for flame identification.

CHAPTER-7
MERITS AND DEMERITS AND APPLICATIONS
7.1 Merits:
• Detects fire risks
• Stable in operation
• User friendly
• Avoid severe damage of disasters, when it happens
• Efficient and saves time
• Better quality of life
• Cloud computing and video interface are further modification required.
7.2 Demerits:
• Complexity
• Lesser employment of staff
• Compatibility
• Loss of privacy
7.3 Applications of forest firing detection:

• Monitoring of combustion gases and pre-emptive fire conditions to define alert zones.
• Land slide and avalanche prevention.
• Agricultural
• Surveillance
• Robotics as humanoid to detect in forests

CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION, FUTURE SCOPE AND REFERENCES
8.1 Conclusion:
• Early warning and immediate Response to a fire breakout are the only ways to avoid
great losses and environmental and cultural heritage damages. Hence, the most important
goals in fire Surveillance are quick and reliable detection and localization of the fire.
8.2 Future Scope:

• Development of micro-electrical systems (mems), wireless network systems is expected
to be widely in use.
• Moreover, IOT is expected to have dramatic impact in our lives in near future.
• WSN’s will be integrated into IOT and innumerable sensor nodes will join the internet.
They will co-operate with other nodes to sense and to monitor the environment.
• Robotics
8.3 References:
[1] Çelik T., Demirel H., 2009. Fire detection in video sequences using a generic color model,
Fire Safety Journal, Volume 44, Issue 2, pp. 147-158
[2] Cetin A.E., A khan M.B., Toreyin B.U., and Aksay A., 2004. Characterization of motion of
moving objects in video, US Patent-20040223652.
[3] Akyildiz IF, Melodia T, Chowdhury KR (2007) A survey on wireless multimedia sensor.
[4] Fernández-Berni J, Carmona-Galan R, Carranza-Gonzalez L (2008) A vision-based Mon

system for very early automatic detection of forest fires. In First Int. Conf. on Modeling,
Monitoring and Management of Forest Fires„, Toledo (Spain), 161-170.


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ABSTRACT

1.2 Related Works:

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 1

1.4 Literature Survey:

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 2

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 3

2.2 Major Factors in wild fire behavior:

 Natural or controlled forest fire.

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 4

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 5

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 6

2.8 Impacts of Forest Fires on Biological Environment:

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 7

2.10 Environmental Hazards of Forest Fires:

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 8

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 9

• Fires can destroy animals living on the territory;

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 10

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 11

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 12

Beneficial Environmental Effects of Forest Fires:

Reasons of Forest Fires:

 Deciduous forest (oak, beech, poplar trees);

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 13

 Amount of daily sunlight;

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 14

Characteristics of Forest Fires and their Impact on the Environment:

• Forbidden or irregular firing;

• Growing tourism by car or motorcycle;

• burning of agricultural waste or stubble in the vicinity of forests

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 15

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 16

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 20

Figure 4. Temperature linear graphic

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 23

4.2 Software components:

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 24

ETHERNET MODULE BUZZER

LCD FIRE SENSOR

ARDUINO UNO: LCD 16*2 DISPLAY:

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 26

FIRE SENSOR WIFI MODULE

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 27

5.3 BASIC SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE OF THE IOT ENABLED SYSTEM:-

LM35 Collect data Networking Recommendation

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 28

Working of it can be explained in 5 steps. They are:-

Employing Sensors serving as Data acquisition centre-

Collection of data by the IC embedded in the Arduino of the Transmitter circuit:-

The IC AT Mega 328-p (microcontroller) embedded in Arduino platform present in the

Transmission of the data by the transmitter:-

Receiving of the data by the Receiving station:-

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 29

 Operating voltage 5V (supplied from the Arduino Board)

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 30

Set the threshold value for the

Message will be sent

Working of it can be explained in 5 steps. They are:-

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 31

Gathering of information by the IC installed in the Arduino of the

Transmission of the information by the transmitter:-

Accepting of the information by the Getting station:-

Dept. of ECE, BVCITS 32