ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are grateful to Mr. Abhay Kumar (manager) and Mr. Anurag

(Sr.Engineer) for providing important information, advice and
helpful suggestion at various stage of this project.
We are thankful to our project guide for his guidance throughout
this project. His help and support has been invaluable modeling to
this project.
Last but not the least we would thank the entire member to whom
we interacted during our project for the support and co-operation
without there support we would have not been possible to collect
data for this project.

Power grid, the central transmission utility (CTU) of the country and one of the largest
transmission utilities in the world, is playing a strategic role in the Indian power sector and is
considered as the nerve center of power sector establish in 1989 as a government of India
enterprise, Power Grid Corp. of India Ltd. is today among the world’s largest and best managed
power transmission utilities, committed to lighting up the nations landscape. The corporation’s
core competency lies in bulk transmission of electricity across the nation as well as the
establishment and operation of regional and national power grid.

This is the first power utility in India to be certified an ISO-9001: 1994 in the year 1995.

As of today, Power grid’s expensive network comprises of 55,121 circuit kms of transmission
lines and 93 substations accounting for nearly 45% of total power transmitted.

Best operation and maintenance practices at par with international utilities; ensure over 99.74%
availability of the transmission system on an annual basis, exceeding MOU targets.

Leveraging its immense intellectual capital, Power Grid today is renowned global consultant,
executing consultancies rupees 50,000 million, beyond the countries shores.

Looking beyond power, Power Grid with a view to its massive infrastructure has setup a
nationwide broadband telecom network of 20,000kms, connecting about 60 major cities/metros.

Power grid has following regions for proper handling of power:

1. Northern Region

(1) NR-1

(2) NR-2

2. Eastern Region

(1) ER-1

(2) ER-2

3. North Eastern Region

4. Southern Region

(1) SR-1

(2) SR-2

5. Western Region

MISSION:

Establishment and operation of regional and national power grids to facilitate transfer of power
within and across the regions with reliability, security and economy on sound commercial
principles.
OBJECTIVES:
The corporation has set following objectives in line with its mission
 Efficient operation and maintenance of transmission .
 Strengthen regional power grids and establish inter-regional links leading to formation of
national power grid.
 Establish/augment regional load dispatch centers and communication facilities.
 Introduce national tariffs structure for exchange of power.
 Establish power pools to facilitate exchange of power between state/regions leading to
formation of national power grids.
 Achieve constructive co-operation and build professional relations with stake holder ,
peers and other related organizations.

NORTHERN REGION – I :

CONSUMERS OF NR – I
1) UPPCL (Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd.)
2) DVB
3) RVPNL (Rajasthan Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd.)
4) Uttaranchal
5) Railway

ALLAHABAD S/S:

400/220 kV, Allahabad sub-station is located on national highway 27 Allahabad-Rewa road at

16 km from Allahabad city near village Sarangapur. The sub-station evacuates central sector
generation of NTPC at Rihand-Singaraulli complex. This sub-station is sanctioned and
constructed under system improvement scheme of northern region-1. This sub-station has the
unique distinction of serving as a gateway for inter-region transmission link between northern
and southern region. During the peak hour, power transmitted through this sub-station exceeds
2000 MW.

The following feeders are terminating/ emanating from Allahabad sub-station.

400 KV lines

a. Singraulli -Allahabad-I
b. Singraulli -Allahabad-II
c. Allahabad -Kanpur-I
d. Allahabad -Kanpur-II
e. Allahabad-Sasaram
f. Allahabad-Sarnath
g. Allahabad-Rihand-I with 50 Mvar L/R
h. Allahabad-Rihand-II with 50 Mvar L/R
i. Allahabad-Manpuri-I with 50Mvar switchable L/R
j. Allahabad-Manpuri-II with 50Mvar switchable L/R

220 KV lines
 a) Allahabad-Rewa Road-I
b) Allahabad-Rewa Road-II
c) Allahabad-Phoolpur

ICTs and bus reactor:

1. 315 MVA 400/220/.33 KV ICT-I

2. 315 MVA 400/220/.33 KV ICT-II
3. 420 KV 80 Mvar bus reactor

VOLTAGE LEVEL IN AC SUB-STATIONS

A substation receives power via incoming transmission lines and delivers power via
the outgoing lines. The switchyards at sending-end of lines have step-up
transformer and switchyard at the receiving end step-down transformer. The long
distance transmission is generally at extra high voltages such as 132 kV, 220 kV,
400 kV AC. The sub-transmission is at medium high voltage such as 33kV, 11kV AC.
The sub-station receive power at distribution voltage such as 11kV and step it down
to 415 volts AC. Larger factories receive power at 132kV and have internal
distribution at 415 volts AC.

ELECTRICAL SUB-STATION
An Electrical Sub-station is an assemblage of electrical components including
busbars switchgear, power transformers, auxiliaries etc,. Busbars are conducting
bars to which a number of incoming and outgoing circuits are connected. Each
circuit has certain electrical components such as circuit breakers, isolators, earth
switches, current transformers, voltage transformers etc. These component are
connected in a definite sequence such that a circuit can be switched on/off during
normal operation by manual/remote command and also automatically during
abnormal condition such as short circuit. A sub-station receives electrical power
from generating station via incoming transmission lines and deliver electrical power
by outgoing transmission lines. Sub-station are the integral part of a power system
important link between the generating stations, transmission and distribution
system load points.

FUNCTIONS
The task associated with a major sub-station in the transmission system includes
the following:

• Controlling the exchange of energy.

• Protection of transmission system.
• Ensuring steady state and transmission stability.
• Load shading and prevention of loss of synchronism. Maintaining the system
frequency within targeted limits.
• Data transmission via power line carrier for the purpose of network
monitoring, control and protection.
• Determining the energy transfer through transmission lines and tie lines.

SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENTS AND THEIR DETAILS

1. BUS-BARS
When a number of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly
connected electrically, bus-bars are used as the common electrical components.
Bus-bars are copper or aluminium bars and operate at constant voltage. The
incoming and outgoing lines in a sub-station are connected to the bus-bars. The
most commonly used bus-bar arrangements in sub-station are:

1. Single bus-bars arrangement.

2. Single bus-bar system with sectionalisation
3. Double bus-bar arrangement.

Bus-bars are either in the form of aluminium tubes or ACSR conductors. Aluminium
tubular bus bars are mounted on post insulators. ACSR bus bars are flexible and are
supported on strain insulators.

The main functional requirements of bus-bars system is:

1. To carry normal current and over load currents continuously with

temperature rise within specified limits.

2. To withstand normal system voltage, specified transient over voltage without

flashover.

3. To withstand mechanical stresses due to wind, icing short-circuits etc.

without damage.
4. To provide low resistance path for current flow.
5. Ease of maintenance.
6. Taking out of components for maintenance without loss of feeder and with
ease of changeover.
7. Limitation of short circuit level.
8. Simplicity of protection arrangement.
9. Ease of extension.
10. Availability/requirement of land
11. Low cost.

FEATURES OF SUBSTATION
400 KV SYSTEMS

S/S BUS BAR SCHEME……………………………………………………….ONE AND HALF

BREAKER SCHEME

NO. OF BUSES…………………………………………………………………..02

BAY COMMISIONED………………………………………………………..26

BAY IN FUTURE………………………………………………………………..03

NO. OF TRANSMISSION LINE…………………………………………..10

220 KV SYSTEMS

S/S BUS BAR SCHEME………………………………………………………….DOUBLE MAIN

AND TRANSFER BUS

NO. OF BUSES……………………………………………………………………..03

BAY COMMISIONED…………………………………………………………...07

BAY PROVISIONAL………………………………………………………………02

NO. OF TRANSMISSION LINE………………………………………………03