ine at a Ac Sn A 12 Bone Growth and Maturation ALEX F. ROCHE ‘Shestot Mein, Yolow Springs Oke318 latter has been described in detail by several a,b, 1961; Coleman, 1969). Attention Auer noone me growth these have received ade- ‘quate attention elsewhere (Bourne, 1971), 2 Prenatal Growth and Maturation of a Long Bone ‘The following description is appropriate for most long bones, altho timing of changes differs among tom from the deep layer of the nds it completely. This epposi SAlcancetlousbone Wl compact bone320 The ossinied area extends he ends of the model both within the model Jochondral) and on its surface (subperiosteal: Figure 1C,D), The endochondral r bone consists of tabeculne (epicules) with cores of ealified cartilage. ‘These trabeculae are separate each other by vascular tissue, The subperiosteal bone bone,” although itis penetrated by numerous laversian systems). Near each end of the there isa narrow zone of calcified carilage and Which the ehondrocytes are hypertrophied n extends more rapidly than endochondral oss aches the level of the zone of hypertrophied chondrocytes. Whi rea is extending to occupy relatively more ofthe e intercellular substance. In the humenss, forex ‘ofthe model increases from 17 weeks, and 79% at tem (Gray and Gardner, 1969), on the central trabeculae are absorbed withthe formation of a marrow cavity tht elongates toward the ends of the bone and enlarges laterally as the bone ‘becomes wider (Figure 1D), The trabeculae around this marrow cavity widen 2s ‘on their surfaces. By about the if, the bone relatively fixed nti bith or ater (Figure the generalization that organogenesis occurs mainly trophic eels are in columns i ofthe bone. The col bone is depo later. The radiographic appearance of the hand-wrist area Petiod is uswated in Figure 2. one growth is dependent not only on appesition but resorption. Without the ter, a normal jon will be considered the early prenatal ihe cartilaginous end of the longates and the wider area rarrower part of the shat. Tis reduction in resorption of bone from the external surface ofthe cortex and deep surface. Due to these processes, the cortex which i of periosteal ‘origin. In some areas, this change isso marked replaced by endochondral bone Remodeling, which occurs by a combination of apposition and resorption, necessary also to retain the relative positions of muscular prominences and other eon the external surfaces of bones (Amprino and Cattaneo, 1937. Lacroix, Enlow, 1963; Gardner and Gray, 1970). Without this remodeling, features arer the midpoint of the diaphysis than the epiphyseal zone would become latvely closer to this midpoint. There is also considerable internal remodeling c rabeculae. Further discussion of this important aspe but the reader is referred to the early work of Amprino and Bairat recent review by Lacroix (1971), 3. Postnatal Growth and Maturation of a Long Bone ‘The major early change from the prenatal tae i the onset of ossifeation in the canilaginous ends of the bone. These endochondral centers develop separately shaft and are called “epiphyses" or “epiphyseal centers of reater tuberosity, and lesser tuber fuse, forming a compound epiphys [At the site where ossification will occur, the chondrocytes e vesiular. The inter vascular buds from adjacent cartilage canals (Figure 1E). Most ofthe calcified cartilage is removed; bone forms around the remnants (Figure IF). Histologically, these changes are the same as those that occur when an endochondtal centet of ossification forms in the shaft. The ossifid epiphyseal area enlarges rapidly,