CEGE Journal

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IMPACT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN

CONSTRUCTION WORKPLACE AS REFLECTED
IN ATTITUDES OF VARIOUS CONSTRUCTION
CATEGORY

Ferdinand Jr. G. Rasos, Godwin S. Toribio

MAPÚA UNIVERSITY
School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
ferdinandjrrasos@yahoo.com, godwintoribio@gmail.com
+639179290794, +639158470268

June 2017
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Abstract
Metro Manila is the largest waste producer in the Philippines which accounted to a fourth of overall
waste of all types in the country. This research shows the impact of waste management limited to
construction workplace and top construction managers on how their attitudes may affect the
amount of waste produces in the workplace. Included in this paper are the significance of having
proper waste management in every construction site because to the benefits it contributes in
different segment such as in environment, workplace, lessening of greenhouse gases in
atmosphere, and the construction workplace in totality. In determination of attitudes and waste
management method used by the top construction managers, certain questionnaires and survey
were given to number companies of various category to attain the data and information regarding
the subject of this study. With the aid of Central Measures of Tendency (CMT) and Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA) the attitudes and rankings of most common waste management method of the
respondents proved that attitudes of top management in construction workplace have direct effect
in production.

Keywords: Central Measure of tendency, waste management, top management, ANOVA,

Cronbach’s Alpha

Acronyms/Abbreviations

CMT – Central of Measures of Tendency

ANOVA – Analysis of Variance

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1 Introduction

Waste management is significant in construction due to the benefit it contributes in a

company in terms of profit, and in the environment especially as to increasing threat resulted by
waste discarded in the environment. However, not all company in the industry have extent in waste
management and materials recycling due to several factors like lacking attention in management
of waste in totality. The study intends to investigate the supervisors’ and project manager’s
attitudes, personality and knowledge about construction waste management by conducting a
questionnaire survey regarding their personal behavior and attitude about the subject. This study
is done to analyze if there are effects in an individual’s attitude and personality in implementing
the waste management plan in the construction site. The study is beneficial to different companies
for a better understanding with regards to waste management and to show that there can be ways
like creating a training program which best helps them in their waste management plan given that
they have understood the effect of attitude towards waste management.

Manila is the most populous city in the Philippines with a population of 1,780,148 as of
2016, according to National Statistics Office census data. In average, there are 42,857 people per
square kilometer. It produces an amount of factored wastes from different sections of about 7,896
tons per day. In year 2025, the expected amount of waste that will be generated in the Philippines
will approximately reached 80 thousand tons per day due to exponential increase of population in
all cities of the country and by then, Manila City will be the major waste contributor in a large
scope of the country.

In order to implement strategies in waste management by the local construction companies

around Metro Manila, an investigation in attitudes, influence, and habits of workers, personnel,
and authority in different construction sites is imperative. In definition, attitude is the perception
and outlook towards a certain subject in an evaluative way. Influence is the capacity to let other
individual with different interest in field agrees upon oneself. Habit is the commonly routine of
behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to occur subconsciously.

The researchers aim to determine the environmental perception, attitudes of the target
respondent in the construction site mainly, the top management whose responsible for the
implementation, authorization, and the responsible for the program regarding administration of
waste that is being produced. Waste generator attitude and influence regarding collection of
wastes, recycling and other issues related in the subject will be a significant factor in effective
waste management process.

In addition, the study covers the importance of waste management in the construction
industry and its profound effect on construction companies and project sites. Align with this, the
research intends to lessen the waste production around Metro Manila by acknowledging waste
management in the construction site in order to generate lesser volume of construction waste. The
researchers have limited the scope of the study particularly in Manila and its neighboring cities
due to the huge number of registered contractors, construction firms, and construction projects on
going. The time allotted for this study is not enough to cover larger scope within Metro Manila.
Lastly, there will be no design of material recovery facility would be tackle in this paper.
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2 Review of Related Literature

This Section present some significant past related works and studies which would aid in
the investigation of construction waste management and attitudes effect on waste management.

2.1 Waste Management

Waste Management is the process of eliminating waste when possible; minimizing waste
where achievable; and reusing materials which might otherwise become waste. In the construction
industry, Waste management is perceived as a low project priority, and there is an absence of
appropriate resources and incentives to support it. On average, Philippines produce 29,315
tons/day and is expected to scale up to 77,776 tons/day in 2025. The waste made is comprised of
41% - Organic, 19% - Paper, 14% - Plastic, 3% - Glass, 5% - Metal and 18% - Others.

The biggest challenge to growing LGUs is to come up with solid waste and pollution
control strategies that would effectively reduce the rubbish released to the environment. LGUs
need to combine their technical and engineering expertise, and their regulatory and enforcement
powers with public education, awareness, and involvement campaigns to be able to properly
implement solid waste and pollution control program. Citizens and corporations will likely need
to assume more responsibility for waste generation and disposal, specifically, product design and
waste separation. Also, likely to emerge will be a greater emphasis on ‘urban mining’ as the largest
source of materials like metal and paper may be found in cities.

Construction waste means any substance, matter ort thing which is generated because of
construction work and abandoned whether it has been processed or stockpiled before being
abandoned. It is a mixture if surplus materials arising from site clearance, excavation, construction,
refurbishment, renovation, demolition and road works. Construction waste is one of the main solid
waste generators, its impact on the environment has become an imperative issue but construction
waste management has been receiving increase attention since the early 1980s. An important
component that needs to be considered is construction and demolition waste (C&D), such as
building rubble, concrete and masonry. In some cities, this can represent as much as 40% of the
total waste stream. Construction and Demolition debris frequently comprises 10-30% of the waste
received at many landfill sites around the world. Recycling construction waste rather than
manufacturing products from natural raw materials can substantially reduce their environmental
impacts. Effective management of building-related waste involves corresponding action of the
government, the owner, the contractors and sub-contractors, and their activities. Throughout the
life cycle of a construction project, there are several factors leading to the production of wastes.
The causes of waste generation in the construction site can be view from these following five
phases. They are design, procurement, material handling, construction and demolition.

1
Napier, T. (2012). Waste Management
2
Hoornweg, D., & Tata, P.B. (2012). What a Waste: A Global Review of Waste Management.
Urban Development Series Knowledge Papers, 15-17
3
Torres, E.O. (2009). Solid Waste Management in the Philippines
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1. Design

Carelessness at design stage leads to excessive cutting wastes and shortages of materials on site.
Architectural design and rare standard formwork affects the constructability and assemblies of a
building. Plan and detail errors because of time constraint can cause variations that require input
of additional materials.

2. Procurement

Faults in taking-off, unfinished detailing and small quantity of materials required in renovation
work are the main cause of over-ordering. Lack of care during transportation can result in materials
damage.
3. Material Handling
Lack of confined space always causes storage problem for materials. Consequently, waste results
from bad stacking, rusting of steel, damaging and aging of formwork.
4. Construction/Renovation
The construction process accounts for the physical generation of waste materials. Poor supervision
by the main contractors over the labor and sub-contractors by can result in Human error that can
also result in waste generation. Over-mixing and materials surplus frequently occurs for wet trades
like concreting. Malfunction of equipment and its use by the laborer could cause damage to
materials.
5. Demolition Works
This is contrasted with deconstruction which is the pulling down of building. It is done when the
structure is no longer safe to be used by the public. The dumping of materials from demolition
creates a large proportion of wastes. t takes several weeks or months to prepare a building for
implosion. All items of value, such as copper wiring, are stripped from a building. Some materials
must be removed, such as glass that can form deadly projectiles, and insulation that can scatter
over a wide area. A new approach to demolition is the deconstruction of a building with the goal
of minimizing the amount of materials going to landfills. This "green" approach is applied by
removing the materials by type material and segregating them for reuse or recycling. With proper
planning this approach has resulted in landfill diversion rates that exceed 90% of an entire building
and its contents in some cases.

4
Laquatra, J., & Pierce, M. (2011, August 23). Waste Management at the Construction Site
5
Hao, J.L. (2007). A Simulation Model using Systematic Dynamic Method for Construction and
Demolition Waste Management. Construction Innovation.
6
Fishbein, B. K. (2004). Building for the Future: Strategies to Reduce Construction and
Demolition Waste in Municipal Projects.
7
Graham, P., & Smithers, G. (1996). Construction Minimizing Waste for Australian Residential
Development. Asia Pacific Building and Construction Management Journal 2, 14-19.
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2.2 Management of Waste Materials

Waste management is a concern to top management. For plans to succeed, commitment of the
top management and involvement of senior site staff are essential. This indicates that waste
management must be a top-down approach, as workers, by themselves, are not motivated to
minimize waste. Construction waste management is becoming a pressing problem worldwide. The
management of construction waste is no longer just the responsibility of the municipal or the
government authorities but that of the developer of the land area (Faniran & Caban, 1998). Below
are the indications to manage waste:
 Source reduction in minimizing the amount and toxicity of solid waste that is generated must
be disposed in proper procedure.
 Reuse of materials is an important form of pollution prevention. These changes reduce the
amount of waste generated per year. The method is usually adopted in well developed countries.
 Reuse materials such as metals, glass and paper from solid waste. The recyclable materials are
then processed and returned to the economy as part of other products. Recycling contributes
much benefits including reduced environmental impacts, improvement in the cost effectiveness
of waste handling and disposal by providing income from recycled materials and products, and
lastly conservation of natural resources and energy savings in production of new material.
 In the incineration process, wastes are burned at very high temperatures and by-products are
released into the atmosphere and concentrated into incineration ash. The by-products which are
released into the atmosphere contain dust, acidic gases, vaporized metals and toxic chemical
such as dioxin which have been linked to public health hazard and environmental degradation.
Incineration is therefore not a modern day best practice for waste disposal.
 Landfilling is the main method of disposal of municipal solid wastes in most countries. It is not
capital intensive and does not require skilled laborer’s unlike incineration. However gaseous
emissions from landfills have been known to contribute to pollution landfills have also been
associated with contamination of ground water resource around them. A dump is like a landfill
except that it is not a systematic waste disposal method, as such no special space, valley or land
is provided for the deposition of waste under this approach as with landfills. The waste is
deposited more indiscriminately so it is worse than land fill in terms of its contribution to
environmental hazard.
 Construction waste recycling is limited to several waste materials although there are many
recycling schemes. To consider recycling materials properties are the major areas to be
considered
 Recycling on-site is a process where the contractor reuses wastes materials or reprocesses them
with the use of machines.

8
Faniran, O. O., & Caban, G. (1998). Minimizing Waste on Construction Project Sites.
Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, 182-188.
9
Skoyles, E. R., & Skoyles, J.R. (1987). Waste Prevent on Site. London: Mitchell Publishing.
10
Begum, R.A., Chamhuri, S., & Pereira, J. (2009, April). Attitudes and Behavioral Factors in
Waste Management in the Construction Industry of Malaysia. Resources Conservation and
Recycling.
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2.3 Attitudes Towards Waste Management

Attitude is a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically one
that is reflected in a person’s attitudes of environmental concern are rooted in a person’s concept
of self and degree to which an individual perceives him or herself to be an integral part of the
natural environment. Therefore, attitude represents what a person’s like or dislike.
Demonstrated that posture, which includes awareness and attitude, leads to action and
performance regarding environmental management issues. Demonstrated that understanding
behavior is critical to minimizing municipal solid waste, but there are very significant barriers,
such as a lack of knowledge among the public as well as social standards that badly affect waste
practices. A research found out that attitudes toward waste reduction are one of the reasons for
difficulties in waste management in the construction industry. stated that the labor-intensive nature
of construction activities means that behavioral impediments are likely to significantly effects
waste levels. the attitudes and perceptions of the construction workforce is vital to gain the
maximum benefits from waste management practices.
2.4 Behavior

Behavior is the inborn attribute of an organism controlled by the nervous system, which
diffuse and come outside in the form of actions of an individual. Behavior is the set of responses
coming from vital emotions specific to a person. People behave differently in each situation; some
behave well and appropriately, while others do not. Behavior is simply defined as the actions by
which an organism adjusts to its environment. To understand people's behavior you must know
that every behavior serves a very important role in maintaining the psychological balance of the
person even if the behavior appeared so odd. The behavior of construction workforce in the actual
scenario indicates a lack of effort in practicing their positive attitudes and perceptions towards
waste minimization. The reasons behind this lack of practice of waste management applications
were found to be other priorities during the pre- and post-construction stages, such as profit, time,
cost, etc. Changing people's wasteful behavior can make a significant contribution.
2.5 Motivational Behavior
Multiple surveys states that only half of all Americans claim to recycle every day, while
13 percent are willing to admit that they never do. Of those that recycle, their diligence and
consistency is unknown. Moving everyone to recycle consistently will not happen quickly. There
is no single tactic by a group that will be effective. Motivating consumers to act on their increasing
sense of responsibility toward the environment will require sustained, combined efforts tailored to
different communities considering demographics, social mores, and other factors.

9
Skoyles, E. R., & Skoyles, J.R. (1987). Waste Prevent on Site. London: Mitchell Publishing.
10
Begum, R.A., Chamhuri, S., & Pereira, J. (2009, April). Attitudes and Behavioral Factors in
Waste Management in the Construction Industry of Malaysia. Resources Conservation and
Recycling.
11
Molete, L., Mbachu, J., Nkado, R. (2000). Investigation into Materials Wastages on Building
Sites. CIDB 1st Postgraduate Conference. Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
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3 Methodology

Introduction

Waste management is significant in construction due to the benefit it contributes in a

company in terms of profit, and in the environment especially as to increasing threat resulted by
waste discarded in the environment. The study intends to investigate the supervisors’ and project
manager’s attitudes, personality and knowledge about construction waste management by
conducting a questionnaire survey regarding their personal behavior and attitude about the subject.
This study is done to analyze if there are effects in an individual’s attitude and personality in
implementing the waste management plan in the construction site. The study is beneficial to
different companies for a better understanding with regards to waste management and to show that
there can be ways like creating a training program which best helps them in their waste
management plan given that they have understood the effect of attitude towards waste
management.

Statement of the Problem

The disposal of used construction materials in most construction firms around Metro
Manila are not properly considered due to different factors such as behavioral and attitude, it turns
out to be a hazard regarding health of the workers and other people involve inside the site without
them realizing. Due to this certainty, the research aimed to investigate the impact of attitudes of
top management in a large group that greatly affect the waste management in their workplace in
totality.

Objective of the Study

Main Objectives:

The main objective of the study is to determine the impact of the attitudes and other
behavioral aspects of top management in construction sites on waste management, using the
hypothesis below for testing. This is in consideration with the following conditions:

𝐻𝑂 ∶ There is no significant difference in a range of factors regarding waste management

,,,,,,,,among the different Construction Company Categories.
𝐻1 ∶ There is a significant difference of at least one Construction Company Category in a
,,,,,,,,range of factors regarding waste management.

Significance of the Study

The study benefits construction companies around Metro Manila with regards to the waste
management in their respective construction sites. It will allow them to develop and improve their
waste management program with the help of their worker despite the differences of attitudes and
behaviors. Hence, once executed, it would benefit them in terms of having lesser total direct cost
resulting to an increase in profit and lesser contribution of pollutants in the environment.
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Scope and Limitations of the Study

This research paper is limited to chosen construction companies in Metro Manila due to a
large number of registered contractors in the Philippine Contractors Accreditation Board. The
study could have been better if other factors aside from attitudes and behaviors were considered
such as the management, budget, and facilities, but the study only focuses on the, attitudes, and
behaviors of the employees that have concern and regards in waste management in construction
sites stated.

Methodology

This part of research paper illustrated the methods used to conduct this study, the scope
covered in the study. Targeted construction companies which are classified into triple A, double
A, and single A categories are to convey the survey, to achieve the objectives of this research.
Moreover, distributed questionnaires using descriptive statistic and experimental tool of the data
gathered by the respondents were administered and expression of results followed to come up with
conclusions and recommendations that had led to the completion of this research paper.

Phase 1: Development of Idea on how attitude have affected on Waste Management

Research and study on the idea of how the attitudes of a person assigned in the waste
organization in top management directly affected their production of wastes in totality. The phase
has led the study to the introduction of ideas on minimizing waste if project managers’ attitudes
towards waste had been positive and influential.

Phase 2: Sampling and Data Gathering

Data Collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables
in systematic fashion which would have led to the evaluation of outcomes and answer questions
relevant to the case of study.

Phase 3: Results, Statistical analysis of data, and Conclusion

Assessment had followed the collection of data, information and insights is done using the
questionnaire distribution. Results had been interpreted by the aid of central measures of
tendencies, a statistical way of analyzing Likert-type scale data types.

Phase 4: Determination of attitudes and other factors that influence people in the
construction sites around Metro Manila to work about waste management and its
importance.
With the required information at hand, the determination of attitudes and components of
the respondents had been close to success. Hence, the application of how it had affected the waste
management in their workplace had been the final assessment. The implications of final statement
were dependent on the knowledge gained and theory known through various and continuous
research.
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Conceptual Framework

• Compilation of all information and related studies on Waste Management in

PHASE 1 the construction industry.
Development of
• Development of idea that there are attitudes that influence top management to
idea on how sort and manage the waste produced in the construction site.
Attitudes have
effect on Waste
Management
• Identification of construction companies
• Distribution of validation of research instruments
PHASE 2 • Questionnaire distribution method
Sampling and
• Administering of the responses of the respondents.
Data Gathering • Data collection method and analysis

• Descriptive statistical analysis of the waste management and categorizing

PHASE 3 different companies.
Results, • Conclusion and implication of the analyzed data
Statistical
Analysis of
Data, and
Conclusion

PHASE 4 • Determination of attitudes affecting waste management in the construction

industry of Manila.
Determination
of attitude of
people in the
construction site
along the setting Figure 3.1 Conceptual Framework

Research Setting
The study was conducted around the cities of Metro Manila particularly Manila City,
Bonifacio Global City, Pasig City, Makati, and the neighboring cities of the said places. Regarding
the category of contractors, the researchers targeted three types of categories such as AAA, AA,
A construction companies.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents from the different companies where from the management of the
constructions sites. Project Managers, Project-in-charge, Sites Engineers and Safety Officers were
the main target respondents of the survey questionnaires. The total number of respondents in
conducting this study is thirty. Hence, distribution happen to equal number of respondents from
every category.
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Data Gathering Procedures

This methodology intends to determine the personality common in most personnel in top
management of construction companies and the positive attitudes that drive them to manage their
wastes produced in the constructing process. In getting results, the researchers utilized
questionnaires to the target respondents to obtain their insights and knowledge about construction
waste management. The questionnaires and surveys had been administered by the researchers
using descriptive and experimental design analysis that would utilized in conducting and defining
the factors that affect the personnel from considering waste management in construction
workplace.
Data Analysis Instruments
Descriptive statistics is used to outline the features of the data in a study. It grants simple
summaries about the sample and the measures. Together, with the transparent graphic analysis, it
forms the substructure of virtually whole quantitative data analysis. Applying descriptive statistics
in the Likert scale procedure made it advantageous for the research to draw conclusions, results,
reports, and graphs from the response. In addition, because Likert scale uses a scale, the
respondents are not forced to express an either-or opinion, rather allowing them to be neutral as
they answer the questions given. In addition, the researchers interpret the data gathered using
analysis of variance statistical model. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) had an important use in
conducting results since the respondents of this study have mostly, but not all, positive attitudes
and insights towards waste management. Variance measures the volatility or measurement of a
risk from a mean. It helps the researcher to come up with a strong claim that would result to strong
findings. When the value of variance is zero, it indicates that the values obtain are perfectly
identical. A non-zero variance, on the other hand, indicates the opposite which differ from one
another although the claim is more likely the same, they still differ. In addition, having a non-zero
variance expresses how far or how close the numbers in the set of values in each other, in our case,
which is the mean. The researchers used variance to relate all the values gathered in the survey
and to come up with a firm conclusion.
Alongside with the study, it is inevitable for the researchers to determine what waste
management is being implemented or practiced in the workplace or company, this is enumerated
into groups such as waste disposal, waste reduction, waste minimization, and reuse and recycle
method.
Validity of the Instrument
The validity of this study was determined using Cronbach’s Alpha. Cronbach’s Alpha or
Coefficient Alpha measures the reliability or internal consistency of a psychometric instruments.
Reliability defines how well a test consistently measure what is supposed to measure. In
conducting this study, Likert scales were used to gather data. Hence, the tool used in validating
the questionnaire gave the study a firm legitimacy that the set of data to be gathered will be correct
and true. The general formula for Cronbach’s formula is:
𝑁∗∁
𝛼= (3.1)
𝑉 + (𝑁 − 1) ∗ 𝐶
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Where:
α = Cronbach’s coefficient
N = number of items
V = average variance
C = average covariance

Table 3.1 Statistical data points using Cronbach’s Alpha program in MS Excel
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-Value FCrit
Rows 67.05641 29 2.3123 5.4 7.9x10-18 1.4778
Columns 29.29231 38 0.7709 1.8 0.0025 1.4159
Error 474.1436 1102 0.4303

Total 570.4923 1169

Table 3.1 proves the accuracy of the implored Cronbach’s Alpha method. It presents the
data collected as well as the program in application, which indicates an increase in sample size as
the degree of freedom decreases.

Table 3.2 Measures of Cronbach’s Alpha Internal Consistency

Cronbach's Alpha Internal Consistency
α ≥ 0.9 Excellent
0.9 > α ≥ 0.8 Good
0.8 > α ≥ 0.7 Acceptable
0.7 > α ≥ 0.6 Questionable
0.6 > α ≥ 0.5 Poor
0.5 > α Unacceptable

Shown in table 3.2 is the measures and remarks of the values of the Cronbach’s alpha or
coefficient. It shows that a reliable instrument must at least 80 percent to prove that the tool used
in gathering data is reliable and acceptable.
𝑀𝑆 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 (3.2)
α= 1−
𝑀𝑆 𝑅𝑜𝑤𝑠
0.430257
α= 1−
2.31229
α = 0.813926
Using MS excel in conducting this, researchers attained a result of α = 0.813926 or
81.3926%. Hence, the validity of the instrument is shown to be acceptable and reliable as shown
above.
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Results and Discussion

The researchers calculated the attitudes by using Likert scale to rank the level of concern.
To determine the attitudes, a scale of 1-5 was used as shown in table 3.3.
Table 3.3 Remarks of Respondents in Accordance to Grade Input
REMARK ,GRADE
Strongly Disagree 1.0 to 1.4
Disagree 1.5 to 2.4
Neutral 2.5 to 3.4
Agree 3.5 to 4.4
Strongly Agree 4.5 to 5.0

MEAN
AAA AA A

4.78
4.48
4.43

4.43
4.38

4.38
4.33

4.33

4.28
4.27

4.25
4.23

4.23

4.23

4.23
4.4

4.18
4.15
4.13
4.3
4.08

3.98
4.1

3.85

3.78
3.73

3.9

3.8

3.8

3.53

Figure 3.3 Histogram model in determining the mean using MCT

Measure of Central Tendency (MCT) was used to determine the differences of levels of
attitudes of every project manager, supervisors, and personnel in top management of different
classifications of construction companies. It shows in figure 3.3 that the mean of every attitudes
of the respondents have slightly differences that won’t range above 1.5. There are variables in the
illustration where triple A companies are more positive among the other two. As we can see in the
attribute of consciousness, triple A companies were higher compared to double A and single A,
this is due to the reason that triple A have more requirement and conditions in waste management
and other in other sector to retain their status or accreditation.
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MEDIAN
AAA AA A

5
4.5

4.5
4.5

4
4
4
4
4

4
4

4
4
4

4
4
4

4
4
4

4
4
4

4
4
4

4
4
Figure 3.4 Histogram model in determining median using MCT
The respondents, despite of the differences in their classification as contractors, have the
same recognition in different traits provided. Aside from awareness and barriers to construction
section, they were all similar considering that they agreed upon compliance and works about waste
management activities in the construction workplace. Median works an important role in this
sector due to its capability to determine the average or most common points in every data set.
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MODE
AAA AA A

5
5

5
4
4
4
4

4
4

4
4

4
4
4

4
4
4

4
4
4

4
4
4

4
4
3

Figure 3.5 Histogram model of determining mode using MCT

Mode is the value the have the most occurrence on a set of values. It shows in figure 3.5
that among the ten traits or attitude, the construction companies and contractors all agreed upon to
the factors regarding waste management. In terms of consciousness, social issue, and barriers to
construction waste management, the triple A contractors have more edge among the three by being
aware of every aspect in waste management in which single A companies tend to agree while
double A companies have less awareness compared to triple A.
Using the scale of 1 to 4 where 1 is being the lowest and 4 being the highest, the respondents
were requested to rank the methods of waste management according to what they prioritize more.
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AAA

Waste Minimization

Waste Reduction

Recycle Reuse

Waste Disposal

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Figure 3. 6 Regulation of waste management method of triple A contractors
Triple A companies tends to recycle more compared to the other two classifications of
contractors’ due to number of their waste materials produce is higher among the two. Triple A
companies have larger in size and it is directly proportional to their waste produced.

AA

Waste Minimization

Waste Reduction

Recycle Reuse

Waste Disposal

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Figure 3.7 Regulation of waste management method of double A contractors
Waste minimization is the process of elimination of waste that involves construction waste
materials that is being produced in the workplace. Double A companies, according to data
gathered, had been prioritizing waste minimization among the other methods to reduce the cost of
materials generated in doing projects. Having a rating of more than 3.5, it can be concluded that it
is significant for double A companies to reduce more.
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Waste Minimization

Waste Reduction

Recycle Reuse

Waste Disposal

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Figure 3.8 Regulation of waste management method of single A contractors
Asd
Recycle and reuse method is the priority of single A companies in terms of waste
management method. Single A companies produce lesser construction waste materials compared
to the two classification of contractors. Since their size is smaller and the relationship of production
of waste to it is directly proportional, it is concluded that their production of waste is lower.
Ranking of Waste Management

Waste Minimization

Waste Reduction

Recycle Reuse

Waste Disposal

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Figure 3.9 Regulation of waste management method
Overall, the different contractors favor Recycle & Reuse as a waste management method
in their respective construction site. Recycle & Reuse has an average ranking score of 4.0. Waste
disposal and waste reduction comes next to the most used method in managing waste, for it is the
most common in method in our country. Waste disposal and waste reduction have an average
ranking score of 2.0 each. Waste minimization is the last with the average ranking score 1.0.
Using One-Way Analysis of Variance Test (ANOVA Test) to answer the hypothesis:

𝐻𝑂 ∶ There is no significant difference in a range of factors regarding waste

,,,,,,,,management among the different Construction Company Categories.
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𝐻1 ∶ There is a significant difference of at least one Construction Company

,,,,,,,,Category in a range of factors regarding waste management
Table 3.4 Summary Testing Using ANOVA Single Factor
ANOVA: Single Factor α =0.5
Summary
Group Count Sum Average Variance
AAA 10 43.2 4.32 0.043755556
AA 10 42.94 4.294 0.013426667
A 10 38.83 3.883 0.043778889

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-Value Fcrit

-5
Between Groups 1.20189 2 0.60094 17.8567 1.15x10 3.35413
Within Groups 0.90865 27 0.03365
Total 2.11054 29

Using one-way analysis of variance test (ANOVA test) with an alpha of 0.05, we computed
that the P-value for the ANOVA test is 0.00001 which is less than the alpha value therefore we
reject the null hypothesis. Also, from our computations we noticed that the F value, 17.86, is higher
than the F critical value, 3.35, which implies that the null hypothesis is rejected. Using one-way
ANOVA test we have determined that there is a significant difference among the different
company categories when it comes to the attitude of the management of the different company
categories toward construction waste management. Since a is greater than P-value (0.05>0.00001),
then reject null hypothesis. Fcrit has a smaller value than F value, therefore there is a significant
difference among each construction categories.

4 Conclusion

This chapter presents the conclusion based on the summary of results and findings that the
researchers had from recent chapters and addresses the objectives of the study.
After reviewing the related literatures, interviewing supervisors, contractors, head of safety
department of different construction sites and company, analyzing the data gathered using different
statistical tools such as measures of central tendency, ANOVA, and Cronbach’s alpha, the
researchers were able to determine the attitudes of the project managers, supervisors and high
personnel regarding the implementation in methods of waste management. These information
helps the management of every construction company to be aware of the importance and beneficial
effects of implementing such methods regarding their management of construction waste. Some
effects can lessen the expenses of the company if proper waste management is applied. The
efficiency and usage of materials can be maximized. Hence, there will be much savings in budget
without sacrificing its quality.
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Awareness have strong correlation with positive impact in the traits of recycling,
willingness, thoughtfulness to co-worker, involvement, responsibility, hygienic, and barriers to
construction waste management due to their values obtained range from 0.7 but less than 1.0.
Recycling to the traits of willingness, thoughtfulness to co-worker, involvement, responsibility,
hygienic, barriers to construction waste management is strong with positive impact due to their
values that ranges above 0.5. Willingness to the traits of thoughtfulness to co-worker, involvement,
responsibility, and hygienic is strong with positive impact due to values ranging above 0.5.
Regarding the barriers to construction waste management, there is a strong correlation but with
negative impact. Thoughtfulness to co-worker to the involvement, responsibility, and hygienic is
strong with positive impact while its correlation to barriers to construction waste management is
strong with negative impact. Involvement to responsibility, hygienic, and barriers to construction
waste management are all strong with a very positive impact since its value is almost close to 1.0
mark. Responsibility to hygienic and barriers to construction waste management is strong with a
very positive impact due to their value that is near 1.0 mark. Hygienic to the barriers to construction
waste management is strong with very positive impact since the Pearson coefficient obtained is
0.9607 which is near the 1.0 mark.
Overall, this research study is considered success since the objective of the study were met
and based on the results, the imposition of waste management in different companies varies
directly to the attitudes of the personnel with high position and top management. Hence, the
outcome of waste management imposition will be either positive or negative. The practice of waste
management in the company will always reflect on the attitude of the contractor or personnel
responsible for the assigned work.

5 Recommendations

Based on the conclusion of the study, the researchers came up with some
recommendations:
- As of now, the respondents such as contractors, project managers, safety officers of the
company interviewed will be different on the following years to come. The researchers
recommend having another assessment regarding the attitudes of the new respondents and
conduct a study with the aid of this research to strengthen up the claim that attitudes in
waste management does vary directly to the positivity or negativity trait of the respondents.
- There are companies that gives importance to waste management by giving priority to the
allocation and segregation of their produced waste in the construction site. The researchers
recommend continuing and enhance this study by identifying the effects and advantages of
good construction waste management in construction workplace.
- Imposition of training programs and conducting of seminars towards self-development of
the workers and personnel that will give them an insight and shifting their attitude into
positive one. Hence, it will make them aware that positive attitudes lead to a better
workplace.
- Instead of Likert Scale questionnaire, the researchers may recommend using other
psychometric instrument in other form of conducting attitudes and somehow personality
of the new targeted respondents.
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