CP1 B9 Lecture No. 4 - Short Circuit Analysis PDF

Competency Training and Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Certificate in
Power System Modeling and Analysis
Training Course in
Short Circuit Analysis
U. P. NATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTER

NATIONAL ELECTRIFICATION ADMINISTRATION
Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis 2
Course Outline
1. Analysis of Faulted Power System by

Symmetrical Components
2. Bus Impedance Matrix Method
3. Short Circuit Analysis of Unbalanced
Distribution Feeders
4. Short Circuit Studies
U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

National Electrification Administration Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Analysis of Faulted Power System

by Symmetrical Components
Sources of Short Circuit Currents

Types of Fault
The Fault Point
Three-Phase Fault
Single-Line-to-Ground Fault
Line-to-Line Fault
Double-Line-to-Ground Fault

Sources of Short Circuit

Currents
G
Utility
MV Fault
LV
Fault Current Contributors

Types of Fault
Shunt Fault: Unintentional Connection between
phases or between phase and ground.
1. Single Line-to-Ground Fault
2. Line-to-Line Fault
3. Double Line-to-Ground Fault
4. Three Phase Fault
Series Fault: Unintentional Opening of phase

conductors
Simultaneous Fault
Types of Fault
Three Phase Line-to-Line
Double Line-to-Ground Single Line-to-Ground

Shunt Faults
The Fault Point

The system is assumed to be balanced, with
regards to impedances, except at one point called
the fault point.
F
a
b
c
Line-to- r r r r
r r Ia Ib Ic
ground Va Vb Vc Fault
voltages Currents
Ground

The Fault Point
Since we mentioned that various power system

components behave/respond differently to the flow
of the currents’ sequence components, it follows
that the there will be a unique power system model
for each of the sequence component. These are
called the sequence networks.
• Positive-Sequence Network
• Negative-Sequence Network
• Zero-Sequence Network

The Fault Point

The Thevenin equivalent of the power system at
the fault point is called the sequence network.
Positive Negative Zero
Sequence Sequence Sequence
F1 F2 F0
r r r
Ia1 Z + r Ia2 +
r Ia0 +
r
r+ 1 V Z2 Va2 Z0 Va0
V f = Vth a1
- - - -
N1 N2 N0
r r r r r r r
Va1 = Vth − Ia1Z1 Va2 = − Ia2Z2 Va0 = − Ia0Z0
Three Phase Fault
On a balanced three phase system, the

same magnitude of fault currents will
flow in each phase of the network if a
three phase fault occurs.
Since faults currents are balanced, the

faulted system can, therefore, be
analyzed using the single phase
representation.

Three-Phase Fault
a
b
c r r r
r r r I a Z f Ib Z f Ic Z f
Va Vb Vc r
Zg Ig
Ground
Note: The system is still balanced. Currents and

voltagesr are positive sequence only. The ground
current I g is zero.

Sequence Network Interconnection:

F1 F2 F0
+ r r r
r Z1 I a1 + Ia2 + Ia0
Va1 + r r
Zf Va 2 Z2 Va 0 Z0
Vf
- - - -
N1 N2 N0
Sequence currents
r Vf r r
I a1 = I a0 = I a2 = 0
Z1 + Z f

Three Phase Fault Currents:
Vf
I a = I a 0 + I a1 + I a 2 =
Z1 + Z f
a 2V f
I b = I a 0 + a I a1 + aI a 2 =
2
Z1 + Z f
aV f
I c = I a 0 + aI a1 + a I a 2 =
2
Z1 + Z f

Example:
Determine the fault current for a three phase

bolted fault in each bus for the 4 bus system
below.
G
LINE FB TB Z(p.u.)
1 Line1 1 4 j0.2
e 3
Line 2 Lin Line2 1 3 j0.4
e
Lin 1
Line3 1 2 j0.3
Line 5 Line 4
Line4 3 4 j0.5
2 3 4
Line5 2 3 j0.6
4-bus system
The generator is rated 100 MVA, 6.9 kV and has a

subtransient reactance of 10%. Base Values: 100 MVA, 6.9 kV

Solution:
Draw the impedance diagram
E 1.0
0.1
1
0.3 0.2
0.4
2 4
0.6 0.5
3

a) Fault @ Bus 4 R e d u c e t h e n e tw o r k
X a = X 12 + X 23
= 0 .3 + 0 .6
- = 0 .9
E 1.0
+ X a X 13
Xb =
0.1
If X a + X 13
1 ( 0 .9 ) ( 0 .4 )
=
0.3 0.2 0 .9 + 0 .4
0.4
= 0 .2 7 6 9 2 3
2
0.6 0.5 Xc = X b
+ X 34
4
3
= 0 .2 7 6 9 2 3 + 0 .5
= 0 .7 7 6 9 2 3
Xc X14
Xd =
Xc + X14
-
(0.776923) (0.2)
= E 1.0
0.776923 + 0.2 If
= 0.159055
+
Xequiv = X gen + Xd 0.25905

= 0.1 + 0.159055
= 0.259055 100 x1000
1.0 Ibase = = 8367.64 A
If = 3(6.9)
0.259055∂
If = 3.860184 x 8367.64
= 3.860184 p.u.
= 32,300.63 A

b) Fault @ Bus 3
X a = X 23 + X 12
= 0.3 + 0.6
-
E 1.0
= 0.9
+
Xb = X14 + X34
0.1
If = 0.2 + 0.5
1
0.3 0.2 = 0.7
0.4
2 0.6
3
0.5 4 Xequiv = (Xa||Xb ) ||X13
= 0.198425

X= Xgen + Xequiv
= 0.1 + 0.198425
= 0.298425 -
E 1.0
If
1.0 +
If =
0.298425 0.298425
= 3.350923 p.u.

c) Fault @ Bus 2
Xa = X14 + X34
-
E 1.0 = 0.2 + 0.5
+
= 0.7
0.1
If
1 a
X X13
0.3 0.2 X = a
b
0.4 X + X13
(0.7)( 0.4)
0.6 0.5 =
2 3 4
0.7 + 0.4
= 0.254545

Xc = Xb + X23
= 0.254545 + 0.6 -
= 0.854545 E 1.0
X c
X12 If +
X = c
d
X + X12 0.322047
(0.854545)( 0.3)
=
0.854545 + 0.3
= 0.222047
1.0
X = Xgen + Xd If =
0.322047
= 0.322047 = 3.095525 p.u.
d) Fault @ Bus 1
X = Xgen
-
E 1.0 = 0.1
+
0.1
If 1.0
1 If =
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.2
= 10.0 p.u.
0.6 0.5
2 3 4

Example: A three-phase fault occurs at point F.

Assuming zero fault impedance, find the fault
currents at fault point F. Determine the phase
currents in the line and the generator. Assume Eg
= 1.0 p.u.
T1 F T2
Line
G Open
G: X1 = 40% X2 = 40% X0 = 20%

T1, T2: X = 5%
Line: X1 = X2 = 15% X0 = 35%
Note: All reactances are in per-unit of a common MVA base.

Positive-Sequence Network:
F1
r
IA1 F1
j0.05 j0.15
r j0.05
Open r +
j0.4
IA1L j0.6 IA1 r
+ VA1
r + r 1.0
Eg Ia1g -
- -
N1
N1

F1
The sequence fault currents
r +
j0.6 IA1 r r Vf
Zf I a1 = =
+ VA1 Z1 + Z f
1.0 r
- - I a2 =
r
N1 I a0 =
The phase fault currents
Ia =
Ib =
Ic =
Single Line-to-Ground Fault

Assuming the fault is in phase a,
a
b
c r r
r r r r Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc Ia Zf
Ground
r r
Boundary Conditions: (1) V a = Z f I a
r r
(2) I = I = 0
b c

Transformation: From (2), we get

r −1
r
I 012 = A I abc
r r r
I a0 1 1 1 Ia Ia
r 1 1 r
I a1 = 1 a a2 0 = 3 Ira
r 3
Ia2 1 a2 a 0 Ia
r r r r
which means Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 = 1
I
3 a
From (1), we get

r r r r r r
V a 0 + V a1 + V a 2 = Z f ( I a 0 + I a 1 + I a 2 )
or r r r r
V a 0 + V a1 + V a 2 = 3 Z f I a 0

F1 F2 F0
+ r + r + r
r Z1 I a1 r Ia2 r I a0
Va1 + r Va 2 Va0 Z0 3Zf
Z2
Vf
- - - -
N1 N2 N0

r r r Vf
I a 0 = I a1 = I a 2 =
Z 0 + Z1 + Z 2 + 3Z f

Single-Line-to-Ground Phase Fault Currents:
3V f
I a = I a 0 + I a1 + I a 2 =
Z 1 + Z 2 + Z 0 + 3Z f
Ib = 0
Ic = 0

Example: A single line-to-ground fault occurs at

point F. Assuming zero fault impedance, find the
phase currents in the line and the generator.
Assume Eg = 1.0 p.u.
T1 F T2
Line
G Open
G: X1 = 40% X2 = 40% X0 = 20%

T1, T2: X = 5%
Line: X1 = X2 = 15% X0 = 35%
Note: All reactances are in per-unit of a common

MVA base.

F1
j0.05 j0.15 F1
j0.05
Open r +
j0.6 I a1 r
j0.4
+ Va1
r +
1.0
Eg -
- -
N1
N1

Negative-Sequence Network:
F2
j0.05 j0.15 F2
Open r +
j0.05 Ia2
r
j0.4 j0.6 Va 2
-
N2
N2

Zero-Sequence Network:
F0
j0.05 j0.35 F0
Open r +
j0.05 I a0
r
j0.2 j0.044 Va 0
N0 N0


F1 F2 F0
r r r
J0.6 IA1 IA 2 IA 0
+
J0.6 J0.044
1.0
-
N1 N2 N0
Sequence Fault Currents

r r r 1.0
IA0 = IA1 = IA2 =
j(0.6 + 0.6 + 0.044)
= − j0.804 p.u.

Phase Fault Currents

r r
IA = 3IA0 = − j2.411 p.u.
r r
IB = IC = 0

Line-to-Line Fault
Assuming the fault is in phases b and c,
a
b
c r r r
r r r Ia Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc
Zf
Ground
r
Boundary Conditions: (1) Ira = 0 r
(2) I b = − I c
r r r
(3) Vb − Vc = I b Z f

Transformation: From (1) and (2), we get

r
I 012 = A −1 I abc
r
I a0 1 1 1 0 0
r 1 r 1 r
I a1 = 1 a a2 Ib = (a − a ) I b
2
r 3 r 3 r
Ia2 1 a2 a − Ib (a − a) I b
2
which means r
Ia0 = 0
r r r r
I a1 = − I a 2 = 13 (a − a ) I b = j
2 1
I
3 b

From (3), we get

r r r
(Va 0 + a V a1 + a Va 2 )
2
r r r r r r
− (Va 0 + aVa1 + a Va 2 ) = ( I a 0 + a I a1 + aI a 2 ) Z f
2 2
r r r
Since I a 0 = 0 and I a1 = − I a 2 , we get
r r r
( a − a )Va1 + ( a − a )Va 2 = ( a − a ) I a1 Z f
2 2 2
or r r r
V a1 − V a 2 = I a1 Z f


F1 Zf F2 F0
+ r + r r
r Z1 I a1 r Ia2 Ia0
Va1 + Va 2 Z0
Vf Z2
- - -
N1 N2 N0
r
I a0 = 0
r r Vf
I a1 = − I a 2 =
Z1 + Z 2 + Z f

Line-to-Line Phase Fault Currents:
Ia = 0
I b = I a 0 + a 2 I a1 + aI a 2
= 0 + a 2 I a1 + a (− I a1 ) = (a 2 − a ) I a1 = − jI a1
Vf
Ib = − j 3
Z1 + Z 2 + Z f
Vf
Ic = + j 3
Z1 + Z 2 + Z f

Example: A line-to-line fault occurs at point F.

Assuming zero fault impedance, find the fault
currents at fault point F. Assume Eg = 1.0 p.u.
T1 F T2
Line
G Open
G: X1 = 40% X2 = 40% X0 = 20%

T1, T2: X = 5%
Line: X1 = X2 = 15% X0 = 35%


F1 F2 F0
r r r
J0.6 IA1 IA 2 IA 0
+
J0.6 J0.044
1.0
-
N1 N2 N0

Sequence Fault Currents:

Phase Fault Currents:

Double-Line-to-Ground Fault
Assuming the fault is in phases b and c,
a
b
c r r r
r r r Ia Ib Zf Z f Ic
Va Vb Vc r r
Zg Ib + Ic
Ground
r
Boundary Conditions: (1) Ira = 0 r r
(2) Vb = ( Z f + Z g ) I b + Z g I c
r r r
(3) Vc = ( Z f + Z g ) I c + Z g I b

Transformation: From (1), we get

r r r r
I a = 0 = I a 0 + I a1 + I a 2
From r r r r
Vb = V a 0 + a V a 1 + a V a 2
2
r r r r
Vc = Va 0 + aVa1 + a Va 2
2
we get
r r r r
Vb − Vc = ( a − a )Va1 + ( a − a )Va 2
2 2
Likewise, from
r r r r
I b = I a 0 + a I a1 + a I a 2
2
r r r r
I c = I a 0 + a I a1 + a I a 2
2

we get
r r r r
I b − I c = ( a − a ) I a1 + ( a − a ) I a 2
2 2
From boundary conditions (2) and (3), we get

r r r r
Vb − Vc = Z f ( I b − I c )
Substitution gives
r r
( a − a )Va1 + ( a − a )Va 2
2 2
r r
= Z f [( a − a ) I a1 + ( a − a ) I a 2 ]
2 2
Simplifying, we get
r r r r
Va 1 − Z f I a 1 = V a 2 − Z f I a 2

From boundary conditions (2) and (3), we get

r r r r
Vb + Vc = ( Z f + 2 Z g )( I b + I c )
We can also show
r r r r r
Vb + Vc = 2Va 0 − Va1 − Va 2
r r r r r
I b + I c = 2 I a 0 − I a1 − I a 2
Substitution gives
r r r r r r
2Va 0 − Va1 − Va 2 = Z f ( 2 I a 0 − I a1 − I a 2 )
r r r
+ 2 Z g ( 2 I a 0 − I a1 − I a 2 )

Rearranging terms, we get

r r r r r
2Va 0 − 2 Z f I a 0 − 4 Z g I a 0 = Va1 − Z f I a1
r r r r
+ V a 2 − Z f I a 2 − 2 Z g ( I a1 + I a 2 )
Earlier, we got
r r r r
Va1 − Z f I a1 = Va 2 − Z f I a 2
r r r
I a1 + I a 2 = − I a 0
Substitution gives
r r r r r
2Va 0 − 2 Z f I a 0 − 6 Z g I a 0 = 2(Va1 − Z f I a1 )
r r r r
Va 0 − (Z f + 3Z g )I a 0 = Va1 − Z f I a1
Zf Zf Zf+3Zg
+ F1 r F2 r F0 r
r Z1 I a1 + Ia2 + Ia0
Va1 + r r
Va 2 Z2 Va 0 Z0
Vf
- - - -
N1 N2 N0
Let Z 0 T = Z 0 + Z f + 3Z g
Z1T = Z1 + Z f
Z 2T = Z 2 + Z f

r Vf
I a1 =
Z 0T Z 2T
Z1T +
Z 0T + Z 2T
From current division, we get
r Z 0T r
I a2 = − I a1
Z 0T + Z 2T
From KCL, we get
r r r r Z 2T r
I a 0 = − I a1 − I a 2 or I a0 = − I a1
Z 0T + Z 2T

Double-Line-to-Ground Phase Fault Currents:
Ia = 0
I b = I a 0 + a 2 I a1 + aI a 2
V f (Z 0T − aZ 2T )
=−j 3
Z1T Z 2T + Z1T Z 0T + Z 2T Z 0T
I c = I a 0 + aI a1 + a 2 I a 2
=+j 3
(
V f Z 0T − a 2 Z 2T )
Z1T Z 2T + Z1T Z 0T + Z 2T Z 0T
Example: A double-line-to-ground fault occurs at

point F. Assuming zero fault impedance, find the
fault currents at fault point F. Assume Eg = 1.0 p.u.
T1 F T2
Line
G Open
G: X1 = 40% X2 = 40% X0 = 20%

T1, T2: X = 5%
Line: X1 = X2 = 15% X0 = 35%


F1 F2 F0
r r r
J0.6 IA1 IA 2 IA 0
+
J0.6 J0.044
1.0
-
N1 N2 N0

Sequence Fault Currents:

Phase Fault Currents:

Bus Impedance Matrix Method
Development of the Model

Rake Equivalent
Formation of Zbus
Analysis of Shunt Fault


Observations on Manual Network
Solution
The procedure is straight forward, yet tedious and
could be prone to hand-calculation error.
Is there a way for a computer to implement this

methodology?


Consider the three-bus system shown below. Let
us analyze the system for a three-phase fault in
any bus.
1 2
L1
G2
G1
L2
G1, G2 : X1=X2=0.2 X0=0.1

L1 : X1=X2=0.6 X0=1.2
L2 : X1=X2=0.24 X0=0.5

1 j0.6 2
j0 - r
.2
4 j0.2 EG
j0.2
+r
r + 3
+
EG1 EG2
- - j0.2 j0.2
j0.6
1 2
Combine the sources
and re-draw. Assume
EG = 1.0 per unit. j0.24 3

For a three-phase fault in bus 1 (or bus 2), we get

the positive-sequence impedance.
Z1 = j[0.2 //(0.2 + 0.6)] = j0.16
r EG 1
IF = = = − j6.25
Z1 Z1
For a three-phase fault in bus 3, we get
Z1 = j[0.24 + 0.2 //(0.2 + 0.6)] = j0.4

r EG 1
IF = = = − j2.5
Z1 Z1

Let us connect a fault switch to each bus. In order

to simulate a three-phase fault in any bus, close
the fault switch in that bus.
- r
EG
Next, use loop currents to +
describe the circuit with all
fault switches closed. j0.2 4 j0.2
Since there are four loops, j0.6
we need to define four r
j0. I4
loop currents. 24
1 3 2
r r r
I1 I3 I2

The loop equations are r r r

loop 1: 1.0 = j 0.2( I1 + I 3 − I 4 )
r r
loop 2: 1.0 = j 0.2( I 2 + I 4 )
r r r r
loop 3: 1.0 = j 0.2( I1 + I 3 − I 4 ) + j 0.24 I 3
r r r r r r
loop 4: 0 = j 0.2( I 2 + I 4 ) + j 0.6 I 4 + j 0.2( I 4 − I1 − I 3 )
or r
1.0 0 .2 0 0.2 − 0.2 I1
r
1.0 0 0.2 0 0 .2 I2
=j r
1.0 0 .2 0 0.44 − 0.2 I3
r
0 − 0.2 0.2 − 0.2 1.0 I4

Current I4 is not a fault current. It can be eliminated

using Kron’s reduction. We get
r r
V = Zbus I
(1)
where
Z(bus
1)
= Z1 − Z2Z4−1Z3
and
0.2 0 0.2 − 0.2
Z1 = j 0 0.2 0 Z2 = j 0.2
0.2 0 0.44 − 0.2
Z3 = j[-0.2 0.2 -0.2 ] Z4 = j[1.0]

Substitution gives
r
1.0 0.16 0.04 0.16 I1
r
1.0 = j 0.04 0.16 0.04 I2
r
1.0 0.16 0.04 0.40 I3
r r
V = Z(bus
1)
I
Note:
(1) The equation can be used to analyze a three-
phase fault in any bus (one fault at a time).
(1)
(2) Zbus is called the positive-sequence bus-
impedance matrix, a complex symmetric matrix.

Rake Equivalent
Consider the matrix voltage equation
r
1.0 Z11 Z12 Z13 I1
r
1.0 = Z12 Z22 Z23 I2
r
1.0 Z13 Z23 Z33 I3 -
Suppose we are asked to 1.0
find a circuit that satisfies +
the matrix equation. Z12 Z23
Z11 Z22 Z33
One possible equivalent r r Z13 r
circuit is shown. This circuit I I2 I3
1
is called a rake-equivalent.
Consider again the three-bus system. The circuit is

described by the matrix equation
r
1.0 0.16 0.04 0.16 I1
r
1.0 = j 0.04 0.16 0.04 I2
r
1.0 0.16 0.04 0.40 I3 -
1.0
The rake equivalent is +
shown. The diagonal
j0.04 j0.04
elements of the matrix are
j0.16 j0.16 j0.4
self impedances while the
off-diagonal elements are r r r
j0.16
I1 I2 I3
mutual impedances.

For the three-bus system, assume a fault in bus 3.

The equation for bus 3 is
r r r
1.0 = j0.16 I1 + j0.04 I2 + j0.4I3 -
Since only bus 3 is faulted, 1.0
+
I1=I2=0. We get
r j0.04 j0.04
1.0 = j0.4I3 j0.16 j0.16 j0.4
or j0.16
r 1 r
+ r
+ r
I3 = = − j2.5 V1
-
V2
-
I3
j0.4
From KVL, we get the voltage in bus 1.
r r Z13
V1 = 1.0 − Z13 I3 = 1.0 − = 0.6
Z33
Similarly from KVL, we get the voltage in bus 2.

r r Z23
V2 = 1.0 − Z23 I3 = 1.0 − = 0.9
Z33
Note: Once the voltages in all the buses are
known, the current in any line can be calculated.
In general, for a three-phase fault in bus k of a
system with n buses, the fault current is
r 1
Ik = k=1,2,…n
Zkk
The voltage in any bus j is given by
r Z jk
Vj = 1.0 − j=1,2,…n
Zkk
The current in any line, which is connected from

bus m to bus n,
r canrbe found using
r Vm − Vn
Imn =
zmn 1 2
j0.6
where zmn is the actual
j0
impedance of the line. .2 -j0.5
4 j0.2
j0.2 -j2.0 +r
For example, the r + 3
current in the line EG1 EG2
-j2.5 -
between buses 2 and -
1 is r r
r V2 − V1 0.9 − 0.6
I21 = = = − j0.5
z21 j0.6

Formation of Zbus
Zbus can be built, one step at a time, by adding one
branch at a time until the entire network is formed.
The first branch to be added must be a generator
impedance. This is necessary in order to establish
the reference bus.
Subsequent additions, which may be done in any
order, fall under one of the following categories:
(1) Add a generator to a new bus;
(2) Add a generator to an old bus;
(3) Add a branch from an old bus to a new bus;
(4) Add a branch from an old bus to an old bus.
Assume that r
at the current 1.0 Z11 Z12 … Z1n I
r1
stage, the 1.0 Z21 Z22 … Z2n I2
dimension of =
…
Zbus is n. r
1.0 Zn1 Zn2 … Znn In
- old
1.0 Zbus
+
Z12 Z2k Zkn Let us examine
Z11 Z22 Zkk Znn each category in
r 1 r 2 r k r n the addition of a
I1 I2 Ik In new branch.

Type 1: Add a generator to a new bus

-
Let Zg be the impedance of
1.0
the generator to be added.
+
Z12 Z2k Zkn
Z11 Z22 Zkk Znn Zg
r 1 r 2 r k r n r n+1
I1 I2 Ik In In +1
r
1.0 Z11 Z12 … Z1n 0 I1
r
1.0 Z21 0 Z …Z I2
22 2n
r
1.0 = Zn1 Zn2 … Znn 0 In
r The dimension
1.0 0 0 0 Zg In + 1 is (n+1).

Type 2: Add a generator -

to an old bus k 1.0 r
+ Iw
Let Zg be the
impedance of the Z12 Z2k
generator to be Z11 Z22 Zkk Zg Znn
added.
r 1 r 2 r k r n
I1 I2 Ik In
The new current in impedance Zkk is (Ik+Iw). The

new equations for buses 1 to n are
r r r r r
1.0 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 + ... + Z1k (Ik + Iw ) + ... + Z1n In
r r r r r
1.0 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 + ... + Z2k (Ik + Iw ) + ... + Z2n In
r r r r r
1.0 = Zn1I1 + Zn2 I2 + ... + Znk (Ik + Iw ) + ... + Znn In
For the added generator loop, we get

r r r r r r
0 = Zk1 I1 + Zk 2 I2 + ... + Zkk (Ik + Iw ) + ... + Zkn In + Zg Iw
In matrix form, we get
r
1.0 Z11 Z12… Z1k … Z1n Z1k I1
r
1.0 Z21 Z22… Z2k … Z2n Z2k I2
=
…
…
…
r
1.0 Zn1 Zn2… Znk … Znn Znk In
r
0 Zk1 Z … Z …Z
k2 kk Z kn w Iw
where Zw=Zkk+Zg. The last row is eliminated using

Kron’s reduction. The dimension remains as n.

Type 3: Add a branch -

from an old bus k to 1.0
a new bus +
Z12 Z2k Zkn
Z11 Z22 Zkk Zb Znn
r 1 r 2 r k r n r n+1
I1 I2 Ik In In +1
The new current in impedance Zkk is (Ik+In+1). The

new equations for buses 1 to n are
r r r r r
1.0 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 + ... + Z1k (Ik + In +1 ) + ... + Z1n In
r r r r r
1.0 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 + ... + Z2k (Ik + In +1 ) + ... + Z2n In
r r r r r
1.0 = Zn1I1 + Zn2 I2 + ... + Znk (Ik + In +1 ) + ... + Znn In
For the new rbus, wer get r r

1.0 = Zk1I1 + Zk 2 I2 + ... + Zkk (Ik + In+1 ) + ...
r r
+ Zkn In + Zb In +1
r
1.0 Z11 Z12… Z1k … Z1n Z1k I1
r
1.0 Z21 Z22… Z2k … Z2n Z2k I2
=
…
…
…
r
1.0 Zn1 Zn2… Znk … Znn Znk In
r
1.0 Zk1 Zk 2… Zkk … Zkn Zw In+1
where Zw=Zkk+Zb. Kron’s reduction is not required.
The dimension increases to (n+1).

Type 4: Add a
branch from an old -
bus j to an old bus k 1.0 r
+ Iw
Z12 Z2j Zkn
Z11 Z22 Zjj Zb Zkk Znn
r 1 r 2 r r k r n
I1 I2 Ij j Ik In
The new current in impedance Zjj is (Ij+Iw). The

new current in impedance Zkk is (Ik-Iw). The new
equations for buses 1 to n are
r r r r
1.0 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 + ... + Z1 j(Ij + Iw )
r r r
+ Z1k (Ik − Iw ) + ... + Z1n In
r r r r
1.0 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 + ... + Z2 j(Ij + Iw )
r r r
+ Z2k (Ik − Iw ) + ... + Z2n In
r r r r
1.0 = Zn1I1 + Zn2 I2 + ... + Znj(Ij + Iw )
r r r
+ Znk (Ik − Iw ) + ... + Znn In
For the added loop, we get
r r r r r r
0 = Z j1 I1 + Z j2 I2 + ... + Z jj(Ij + Iw ) + Z jk (Ik − Iw )
r r r r
+ ... + Z jn In + Zb Iw − [Zk1I1 + Zk 2 I2 + ...
r r r r r
+ Zkj(Ij + Iw ) + Zkk (Ik − Iw ) + ... + Zkn In ]


r
1.0 Z11 Z12 … Z1n Z1j − Z1k I1
r
1.0 Z21 Z22 … Z2n Z2j − Z2k I2
=
…
…
… r
1.0 Zn1 Zn2 … Znn Znj − Znk In
r
0 Zj1 − Zk1 Zj2 − Zk2 … Zjn − Zkn Zv Iw
where Zv=Zjj+Zkk-2Zjk+Zb. The last row is

eliminated using Kron’s reduction. The dimension
remains as n.

Example: For the network shown, use the step-by-

step building algorithm to form the bus impedance
matrix.
1 j0.6 2
Step 1. Add generator
j0
G1 to bus 1. .2
4 j0.2
j0.2
1
+ +
Xbus = 1 [0.2] 3 1.0
1.0
- -
Step 2. Add generator G2 to bus 2.

1 2
1 0 .2 0
Xbus =
2 0 0 .2

Step 3. Add the line from bus 1 to bus 2.

1 2
*
1 0.2 0 0.2
Xnew = 2 0 0.2 − 0.2
* 0.2 − 0.2 1.0
Apply Kron’s reduction to eliminate the last row

and column. We get
−1
0.2
X 2 X X3 = [0.2 -0.2]
− 0.2
4

−1 0.04 − 0 .04
X 2 X X3 =
4
− 0 .04 0.04
We get 1 2
−1
1 0 .16 0 .04
Xbus = X1 − X2X X3 = 4 2 0 .04 0 .16
Step 4. Finally, add the line from bus 1 to bus 3.
1 2 3
1 0.16 0.04 0.16
No Kron
Xbus = 2 0.04 0.16 0.04 reduction is
3 0.16 0.04 0.4 required.

Example: Determine the positive-sequence bus-

impedance matrix for the four-bus test system
shown. 1 T 2 3
L1
G1 G2
L2 L3
4
T: X=0.08
G1: X1=0.40 X2=0.40 X0=0.15
G2: X1=0.50 X2=0.50 X0=0.25
L1: X1=0.40 X2=0.40 X0=0.80
L2: X1=0.30 X2=0.30 X0=0.60
L3: X1=0.20 X2=0.20 X0=0.40

Positive-sequence network 4
1. Add G1 to bus 1. j0.3 j0.2

1
j0.08
Xbus = 1 [0.4]
1 2 j0.4 3
j0.4 j0.5
2. Add the transformer + +
from bus 1 to bus 2. 1.0 1.0
1 2 - N1 -
1 0 .4 0 .4
Xbus = 1 2 3
2 0 .4 0 .48
1 0.4 0.4 0.4
3. Add the line from X
bus = 0.4 0.48 0.48
2
bus 2 to bus 3.
3 0.4 0.48 0.88
Step 4. Add generator G2 to bus 3.

1 2 3
*
1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
2 0.4 0.48 0.48 0.48
Xnew =
3 0.4 0.48 0.88 0.88
* 0.4 0.48 0.88 1.38
Apply Kron’s reduction.
0.4
X2X 4−1X3 = 1
1.38 0.48 [0.4 0.48 0.88]
0.88

We get
0.1159 0.1391 0.2551
X2X 4−1X3 = 0.1391 0.1670 0.3061
0.2551 0.3061 0.5612
The new bus impedance matrix is
Xbus = X1 − X2X 4−1X3

1 2 3
1 0.2841 0.2609 0.1449
Xbus = 2 0.2609 0.3130 0.1739
3 0.1449 0.1739 0.3188


1 2 3 4
1 0 .2841 0 .2609 0 .1449 0 .2609
2 0 .2609 0 .3130 0 .1739 0 .3130
Xbus =
3 0 .1449 0 .1739 0 .3188 0 .1739
4 0 .2609 0 .3130 0 .1739 0 .6130
1 2 3 4
*
1 0.2841 0.2609 0.1449 0.2609 0.1159
2 0.2609 0.3130 0.1739 0.3130 0.1391
Xnew= 3 0.1449 0.1739 0.3188 0.1739 − 0.1449
4 0.2609 0.3130 0.1739 0.6130 0.4391
* 0.1159 0.1391 − 0.1449 0.4391 0.784

Apply Kron’s reduction. We get
1 2 3 4
1 0.2669 0.2403 0.1664 0.1959
2 0.2403 0.2884 0.1996 0.2351
X (1)
bus =
3 0.1664 0.1996 0.2920 0.2551
4 0.1959 0.2351 0.2551 0.3671
Note: This is the positive-sequence bus-impedance

matrix for the four-bus test system.

Negative- and Zero-Sequence Zbus

The same step-by-step algorithm can be applied to
build the negative-sequence and zero-sequence
bus impedance matrices.
The first branch to be added must be a generator
impedance. This is necessary in order to establish
the reference bus.
The negative-sequence and zero-sequence bus-
impedance matrices can also be described by a
rake equivalent circuit.

Example: Find the zero-sequence bus-impedance

4
Zero-sequence network
j0.6 j0.4
1. Add G1 to bus 1. 1 j0.08
1
2 j0.8 3
Xbus = 1 [0.15] j0.15 j0.25
2. Add the transformer N0
from bus 1 to bus 2.
1 2
Note: The impedance
is actually connected
1 0 .15 0 from bus 2 to the
Xbus =
2 0 0 .08 reference bus.

3. Add the line from

1 2 3
bus 2 to bus 3.
1 0.15 0 0
Xbus = 2 0 0.08 0.08
3 0 0.08 0.88
Step 4. Add generator
G2 to bus 3. 1 2 3
*
1 0.15 0 0 0
2 0 0.08 0.08 0.08
Xnew =
3 0 0.08 0.88 0.88
* 0 0.08 0.88 1.13

0 0 0
X2X 4−1X3 = 0 0.0057 0.0623
0 0.0623 0.6853
The new bus impedance matrix is
1 2 3
1 0.15 0 0
Xbus = 2 0 0.0743 0.0177
3 0 0.0177 0.1947


1 2 3 4
1 0 .15 0 0 0
2 0 0 .0743 0 .0177 0 .0743
Xbus =
3 0 0 .0177 0 .1947 0 .0177
4 0 0 .0743 0 .0177 0 .6743
1 2 3 4
*
1 0.15 0 0 0 0
2 0 0.0743 0.0177 0.0743 0.0566
Xnew= 3 0 0.0177 0.1946 0.0177 − 0.177
4 0 0.0743 0.0177 0.6743 0.6566
* 0 0.0566 − 0.177 0.6566 1.2336

Positive-Sequence Zbus
(1) (1) …
The positive-sequence Z11 Z12 Z1(1n)
bus-impedance matrix 1) …
Z(21
1)
Z(22 Z(21n)
describes the positive-
(1)
Z
bus =
…
sequence network.
Z(n11) Z(n12) … Z(nn
1)
- N1
1.0
+
(1) (1) (1)
Z 12 Z 2k Z kn Rake
(1) (1) (1) (1)
Z 11 Z 22 Z kk Z nn Equivalent
1 2 k n

1 2 3 4
1 0.15 0 0 0
2 0 0.0717 0.0258 0.0442
X (0)
bus =
3 0 0.0258 0.1693 0.1119
4 0 0.0442 0.1119 0.3248
Note: This is the zero-sequence bus-impedance


Negative-Sequence Zbus
(2) (2) …
The negative-sequence Z11 Z12 Z1(2n)
bus-impedance matrix Z(212) Z(222) … Z(22n)
bus =
(2)
describes the negative- Z
…
sequence network.
Z(n21) Z(n22) … Z(nn2)
N2
(2)
Z12 Z(22k) Z(kn2) Rake
(2)
Z 11 Z(222) Z(kk2) Z(nn2) Equivalent
1 2 k n

Zero-Sequence Zbus
(0 ) (0 ) …
The zero-sequence Z11 Z12 Z1(0n)
bus-impedance matrix (0) Z(210) Z(220) … Z(20n)
describes the zero- Zbus =
…
sequence network.
Z(n01) Z(n02) … Z(nn0)
N0
( 0) (0) (0)
Z 12 Z 2k Z kn Rake
( 0) (0) (0) (0)
Z 11 Z 22 Z kk Z nn Equivalent
1 2 k n

Analysis of Shunt Faults

The bus-impedance matrices can be used for the
analysis of the following shunt faults:
1. Three-Phase Fault
2. Line-to-Line Fault
3. Single Line-to-Ground Fault
4. Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Since the bus-impedance matrix is a representation
of the power system as seen from the buses, only
bus faults can be investigated.

Three-phase Fault at Bus k

The fault current is N1
r 1
Ik = (1)
Zkk (1)
Z11 Z(22
1)
Z(kk1) Z(nn1)
1 2 k n
The voltage at
any bus is
r Z jk
Vj = 1.0 −
Zkk r r
r Vm − Vn
The current in any line is Imn =
zmn

Example: Consider a three-phase fault at bus 4 of

the four-bus test system. Find all line currents.
The positive-sequence bus-impedance matrix is
1 2 3 4
1 0.2669 0.2403 0.1664 0.1959
2 0.2403 0.2884 0.1996 0.2351
X (1)
bus =
3 0.1664 0.1996 0.2920 0.2551
4 0.1959 0.2351 0.2551 0.3671
The fault current is
r 1 1
IF = (1) = = − j2.7241
Z44 j0.3671

The bus voltages are

r Z jk
Vj = 1.0 − j=1,2,…n
Zkk
r 0.1959
V1 = 1 − = 0.4663
0.3671
r 0.2351
V2 = 1 − = 0.3595
0.3671
r 0.2551
V3 = 1 − = 0.3051
0.3671
r
V4 = 0

r r
r Vm − Vn
The line currents are given by Imn =
zmn
r 1 − 0.4663
IG1 = = − j1.3344
j0.4
r 1 − 0.3051
IG2 = = − j1.3897
j0.5
r 0.4663 − 0.3595
I12 = = − j1.3342
j0.08
r 0.3595 − 0.3051
I23 = = − j0.1360
j0.4
r 0.3595 − 0
I24 = = − j1.1984
j0.3
r 0.3051 − 0
I34 = = − j1.5257
j0.2
r 4 r
IF
r I34
j0.3 I24 j0.2
1 j0.08 j0.4 3
r r 2
r r
j0.4 IG1 I12 I23 IG2 j0.5
+ +
1.0 1.0
- N1 -

Line-to-Line Fault at Bus k

N1 N2
(1) (1) (1) (1) (2)

Z 11 Z 22 Z kk Z nn Z11 Z(222) Z(kk2) Z(nn2)
1 2 k
r 1
r n
Ia1 n 2 k
Ia 2
Sequence Fault Sequence Voltages at bus j

r
r
Currents
Va0 = 0
Ia0 = 0 r r (1)
r r 1 Va1 = 1 − Ia1Z jk
Ia1 = − Ia2 = r r (2)
Z(kk1) + Z(kk2) Va2 = − Ia2Z jk

Example: Consider a line-to-line fault at bus 4 of

the four-bus test system. Find the phase currents
in lines L2 and L3.
The positive-sequence bus-impedance matrices is
1 2 3 4
1 0.2669 0.2403 0.1664 0.1959
2 0.2403 0.2884 0.1996 0.2351
X (1)
bus =
3 0.1664 0.1996 0.2920 0.2551
4 0.1959 0.2351 0.2551 0.3671
For this power system, Xbus = Xbus

(1) (2)

The sequence fault currents are

r
Ia0 = 0
r r 1 1
Ia1 = − Ia2 = (1) = = − j1.362
Z44 + Z44
(2)
j2(0.3671)
The sequence voltages in bus 4 are
r
Va0 − 4 = 0
r r (1)
Va1− 4 = 1 − Ia1Z44
= 1 − (− j1.362)( j0.3671) = 0.5
r r (2)
Va2 − 4 = − Ia2Z44 = 0.5


r
Va0 −2 = 0
r r (1)
Va1−2 = 1 − Ia1Z24 = 0.6798
r r (2)
Va2 −2 = − Ia2Z24 = 0.3202

r
Va0 −3 = 0
r r (1)
Va1−3 = 1 − Ia1Z34 = 0.6526
r r (2)
Va2 −3 = − Ia2Z34 = 0.3474

The sequence
r currents in line L3 are
Ia0 −L 3 = 0
r 0.653 − 0.5
Ia1−L 3 = = − j0.7628
j0.2
r 0.347 − 0.5
Ia2 −L 3 = = j0.7628
j0.2
The phase currents in line L3 are
r r r r
Ia −L 3 = Ia0 −L 3 + Ia1−L 3 + Ia2 −L 3 = 0
r r r r
Ib −L 3 = Ia0 −L 3 + a Ia1−L 3 + a Ia2 −L 3 = −1.3213
2
r r r r
Ic −L 3 = Ia0 −L 3 + a Ia1−L 3 + a2 Ia2 −L 3 = 1.3213

The sequence
r currents in line L2 are
Ia0 −L 2 = 0
r 0.68 − 0.5
Ia1−L 2 = = − j0.5992
j0.3
r 0.32 − 0.5
Ia2 −L 2 = = j0.5992
j0.3
The phase currents in line L2 are
r r r r
Ia −L 2 = Ia0 −L 2 + Ia1−L 2 + Ia2 −L 2 = 0
r r r r
Ib −L 2 = Ia0 −L 2 + a Ia1−L 2 + a Ia2 −L 2 = −1.0378
2
r r r r
Ic −L 2 = Ia0 −L 2 + a Ia1−L 2 + a Ia2 −L 2 = 1.0378
2

SLG Fault at Bus k N1

r r r
Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 (1)
Z11 Z(22
1)
Z(kk1) Z(nn
1)
1 r
= ( 0) 1 2 k
Ia 1
n
Zkk + Z(kk1) + Z(kk2) N2
Sequence Voltages
(2)
at bus j Z11 Z(222) Z(kk2) Z(nn2)
r r (0) 1 2 k r n
Va0 = − Ia0Z jk Ia 2
r r (1) N0
Va1 = 1 − Ia1Z jk
r r (2) (0 )
Va2 = − Ia2Z jk Z11 Z(220) Z(kk0) Z(nn0)
1
r
2 k n
Ia 0

Example: Consider a single line-to-ground fault at

bus 4 of the four-bus test system. Find the phase
currents in lines L2 and L3.
r r fault
The sequence r currents are
Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2
1
= ( 0) = − j0.9443
Z44 + Z44 + Z44
(1) (2)

r r (0)
Va0 − 4 = − Ia0Z44 = −0.3067
r r (1)
Va1− 4 = 1 − Ia1Z44 = 0.6534
r r (2)
Va2 − 4 = − Ia2Z44 = −0.3466


r r (0)
Va0 −2 = − Ia0Z24 = −0.0417
r r (1)
Va1−2 = 1 − Ia1Z24 = 0.778
r r (2)
Va2 −2 = − Ia2Z24 = −0.222

r r (0)
Va0 −3 = − Ia0Z34 = −0.1057
r r (1)
Va1−3 = 1 − Ia1Z34 = 0.7591
r r (2)
Va2 −3 = − Ia2Z34 = −0.2409

The sequence currents in line L2 are

r − 0.0417 + 0.3067
Ia0 −L 2 = = − j0.4417
j0.6
r 0.778 − 0.6534
Ia1−L 2 = = − j0.4154
j0.3
r − 0.222 + 0.3466
Ia2 −L 2 = = − j0.4154
j0.3
Therphase currents
r rin line L2
r are
Ia −L 2 = Ia0 −L 2 + Ia1−L 2 + Ia2 −L 2 = − j1.2725
r r r r
Ib −L 2 = Ia0 −L 2 + a Ia1−L 2 + a Ia2 −L 2 = − j0.0262
2
r r r r
Ic −L 2 = Ia0 −L 2 + a Ia1−L 2 + a Ia2 −L 2 = − j0.0262
2


r − 0.1057 + 0.3067
Ia0 −L 3 = = − j0.5026
j0.4
r 0.7591 − 0.6534
Ia1−L 3 = = − j0.5289
j0.2
r − 0.2409 + 0.3466
Ia2 −L 3 = = − j0.5289
j0.2
Therphase currents
r rin line L3
r are
Ia −L 3 = Ia0 −L 3 + Ia1−L 3 + Ia2 −L 3 = − j1.5603
r r r r
Ib −L 3 = Ia0 −L 3 + a2 Ia1−L 3 + a Ia2 −L 3 = j0.0262
r r r r
Ic −L 3 = Ia0 −L 3 + a Ia1−L 3 + a2 Ia2 −L 3 = j0.0262

Double Line-to-Ground Fault at Bus k

N2
N1 N0
(1)
Z11 Z(kk1) Z(nn
1) (2 )
Z11 Z(kk2) Z(nn2) (0 )
Z11 Z(kk0) Z(nn0)
1 k r n 1 k r n 1 k r n
Ia 1 Ia 2 Ia 0

r 1
Ia1 =
Z (1)
kk + (Zkk // Zkk )
(2) (0)

r Z(kk0) r
Ia2 = − I
(2) a1
Zkk + Zkk
(0)
r Z r
(2)
Ia0 = − kk
I
(2) a1
Zkk + Zkk
( 0)
Sequence Voltages at bus j

r r (0)
Va0 = − Ia0Z jk
r r (1)
Va1 = 1 − Ia1Z jk
r r (2)
Va2 = − Ia2Z jk

Example: Consider a double line-to-ground fault

at bus 4 of the four-bus test system. Find the
phase currents in lines L2 and L3.
r 1
Ia1 = = − j1.8538
Zkk + (Zkk // Zkk )
(1) (2) ( 0)
r Z(kk0) r
Ia2 = − (0) I = j0.8703
(2) a1
Zkk + Zkk
r r r
Ia0 = − Ia1 − Ia2 = j0.9835
r r r r (0)
Va0 − 4 = Va1− 4 = Va2 − 4 = − Ia0Z44 = 0.3195


r r (0)
Va0 −2 = − Ia0Z24 = 0.0435
r r (1)
Va1−2 = 1 − Ia1Z24 = 0.5641
r r (2)
Va2 −2 = − Ia2Z24 = 0.2046

r r (0)
Va0 −3 = − Ia0Z34 = 0.1101
r r (1)
Va1−3 = 1 − Ia1Z34 = 0.5271
r r (2)
Va2 −3 = − Ia2Z34 = 0.222


r 0.0435 − 0.3195
Ia0 −L 2 = = j0.46
j0.6
r 0.5641 − 0.3195
Ia1−L 2 = = − j0.8155
j0.3
r 0.2046 − 0.3195
Ia2 −L 2 = = j0.3828
j0.3
The phase
r currents
r inr line L2rare
Ia −L 2 = Ia0 −L 2 + Ia1−L 2 + Ia2 −L 2 = j0.0273
r
Ib −L 2 = −1.0378 + j0.6764
r
Ic −L 2 = 1.0378 + j0.6764


r 0.1101 − 0.3195
Ia0 −L 3 = = j0.5235
j0.4
r 0.5271 − 0.3195
Ia1−L 3 = = − j1.0383
j0.2
r 0.222 − 0.3195
Ia2 −L 3 = = j0.4874
j0.2
Therphase rcurrentsr in line L3
r are
Ia −L 3 = Ia0 −L 3 + Ia1−L 3 + Ia2 −L 3 = − j0.0273
r
I = −1.3213 + j0.799
rb −L 3
Ic −L 3 = 1.3213 + j0.799

Short Circuit Analysis of

Unbalanced Distribution System
Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Three-Phase Line Segment Model
Transformer Generalized Matrices
Analysis of Faulted Unbalanced Feeder


Equivalent system:
I ABC
Iabc
ABC
Source Z sys
ABC ABC abc
ELN VLN VLN
Thevenin equivalent circuit @ secondary bus:

Iabc
Eth Z th
abc
VLN

Primary transformer equivalent line-to-neutral voltages
ABC
VLN = ELN
ABC
− Z sys
ABC
⋅ IABC = ELN
ABC
− Z sys
ABC
⋅ dt ⋅ Iabc
Secondary line-to-neutral voltage:
abc
VLN = A t ⋅ VLN
ABC
− Bt ⋅ Iabc
Substituting,
abc
VLN = At ⋅ ELN
ABC
{
− Z sys
ABC
⋅ dt ⋅ Iabc − Bt ⋅ Iabc }
Thevenin equivalent voltages & impedances:
abc
Eth = At ⋅ ELN
ABC
abc
Zth = At ⋅ Z sys
ABC
⋅ dt + Bt


Node n a
I na I line zaa a
Im Node m
n m
Vag Vag
b
I nb I line zbb zab zca
b
Im
n m
Vbg Vbg
c
I nc I line zcc zbc c
Im
n m
Vcg Vcg
Iabc
c,n
Iabc
c,m
½ Yabc ½ Yabc
Voltages & currents at node n in terms of the voltages & currents at node m:
abc
VLG = a ⋅ V abc
+ b ⋅ Iabc
m
Iabc
n
abc
= c ⋅ VLG ,m + d ⋅ I abc
m
,n LG,m
a = U + 21 ⋅ Z abc ⋅ Yabc c = Yabc + 41 ⋅ Yabc ⋅ Z abc ⋅ Yabc
b = Z abc d = U + 21 ⋅ Z abc ⋅ Yabc


Voltages & currents at node m in terms of the voltages & currents at node n:
abc abc abc
VLG ,m = a ⋅ VLG,n − b ⋅ I n
Iabc
m = − c ⋅ V abc
LG,n + d ⋅ Iabc
n
Voltages at node m as a function of voltages at node n and currents

entering node m:
abc abc abc
VLG ,m = A ⋅ VLG,m − B ⋅ I m
A = a −1
B = a −1 ⋅ b


Generalized three-phase transformer bank:
IA Ia
V AN H1 X1 Van
IB Ib
VBN H2 X2 Vbn
IC Ic
VCN H3 X3 Vcn
IN In
H0 X0
ABC
VLN = at ⋅ VLN
abc
+ bt ⋅ Iabc
I ABC = c t ⋅ VLN
abc
+ dt ⋅ Iabc
abc
VLN = A t ⋅ VLN
ABC
− Bt ⋅ Iabc


Delta – Grounded Wye Step-Down Connection
VLL, rated high side
nt =
VLN , rated low side
⎡0 2 1⎤ ⎡ 0 2Z tb Z tc ⎤
− nt ⎢ − nt ⎢ a ⎥
at = ⋅ 1 0 2⎥ bt = ⋅ ⎢ Zt 0 2Ztc ⎥
3 ⎢ ⎥ 3
⎢⎣2 1 0⎥⎦ ⎢2Z ta Z tb 0 ⎥⎦
⎣
Z ta , Ztb , Z tc are referred to the low - voltage side
⎡0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 −1 0 ⎤
c t = ⎢0 0 0 ⎥
1 ⎢
dt = ⋅ 0 1 − 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ nt ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 0 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − 1 0 1 ⎥⎦


Delta – Grounded Wye Step-Down Connection
⎡ 1 0 − 1⎤ ⎡Zta 0 0⎤
⎢ ⎥
At = ⋅ − 1 1 0 ⎥
1 ⎢
Bt = ⎢ 0 Z tb 0⎥
nt ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 − 1 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢ Z tc ⎥⎦
⎣0 0


Ungrounded Wye – Delta Step-Down Connection
VLN , rated high side
nt =
VLL, rated low side
⎡ 1 −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ Z tab − Ztab 0⎤
n ⎢ ⎥
a t = nt ⋅ ⎢ 0 1 − 1⎥ bt = t ⋅ ⎢ Ztbc 2Z tbc 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ 3
⎢⎣ − 1 0 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢ − 2Ztca − Z tca 0⎥⎦
⎣
Z tab , Z tbc , Ztca are referred to the low - voltage side
⎡0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 − 1 0⎤
c t = ⎢0 0 0 ⎥
1 ⎢
dt = ⋅ 1 2 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ 3nt ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − 2 − 1 0⎥⎦


Ungrounded Wye – Delta Step-Down Connection
⎡2 1 0 ⎤
1 ⎢
At = ⋅ 0 2 1⎥
3nt ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 0 2⎥⎦
⎡ 2Ztab + Ztbc 2Z tbc − 2Z tab 0⎤
1 ⎢ bc ⎥
Bt = ⋅ ⎢2Zt − 2Ztca 4Z tbc − Ztca 0⎥
9
⎢ Ztab − 4Z tca − Z tab − 2Z tca 0⎥⎦
⎣


Grounded Wye – Gounded Wye Connection
nt =
VLN , rated low side
⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡Z ta 0 0⎤
⎢ ⎥
a t = nt ⋅ ⎢0 1 0⎥ bt = nt ⋅ ⎢ 0 Z tb 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢0 0 Ztc ⎥⎦
⎣
Z ta , Ztb , Z tc are referred to the low - voltage side
⎡0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤
c t = ⎢0 0 0 ⎥ dt = ⋅ 0 1 0⎥
1 ⎢
⎢ ⎥ nt ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1⎥⎦


Grounded Wye – Grounded Wye Connection
⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡Z ta 0 0⎤
⎢ ⎥
A t = ⋅ 0 1 0⎥
1 ⎢
Bt = ⎢ 0 Z tb 0⎥
nt ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢ Ztc ⎥⎦
⎣0 0


Delta – Delta Connection
VLL, rated high side
nt =
VLL, rated low side
⎡ 2 − 1 − 1⎤ ⎡2 1 0 ⎤
a t = ⋅ − 1 2 − 1⎥
nt ⎢
W = ⋅ 0 2 1⎥
1 ⎢
3 ⎢ ⎥ 3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ − 1 − 1 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 0 2⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡Z tab 0 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
AV = nt ⋅ ⎢0 1 0⎥ Z t = ⎢ 0 Z tbc
abc
0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢ 0 0 Ztca ⎥⎦
⎣


Delta – Delta Connection
⎡ Z tca − Ztbc 0⎤
1 ⎢ ⎥
G1 = ⋅⎢ Z tca Z tab + Ztca 0⎥
Z tab + Z tbc + Z tca
⎢ − Ztab − Z tbc − Ztbc 0⎥⎦
⎣
bt = W ⋅ AV ⋅ Ztabc ⋅ G1
⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 2 − 1 − 1⎤
dt = ⋅ ⎢0 1 0⎥
1 ⎢
⋅ − 1 2 − 1⎥
1
At =
nt ⎢ ⎥ 3nt ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − 1 2 2 ⎥⎦
Bt = W ⋅ Ztabc ⋅ G1


Open Wye – Open Delta Connection
nt =
VLL, rated low side
⎡1 − 1 0 ⎤ ⎡Ztab 0 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
a t = nt ⋅ ⎢0 1 − 1⎥ bt = nt ⋅ ⎢ 0 0 − Z tbc ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢ 0 0 0 ⎥⎦
⎣
Z tab , Z tbc are referred to the low - voltage side
⎡0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡1 0 0 ⎤
c t = ⎢0 0 0 ⎥ dt = ⋅ 0 0 − 1⎥
1 ⎢
⎢ ⎥ nt ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 0⎦⎥ ⎣⎢0 0 0 ⎥⎦

Open Wye – Open Delta Connection
⎡2 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2Z tab 0 − Z tbc ⎤
1 ⎢ 1 ⎢ ⎥
At = ⋅ − 1 1 0⎥ Bt = ⋅ ⎢ − Z tab 0 − Z tbc ⎥
3nt ⎢ ⎥ 3
⎢⎣ − 1 − 2 0⎥⎦ ⎢ − Z tab 0 2Z tbc ⎥⎦
⎣

Short-Circuit Analysis of
Unbalanced Feeders
1 2 3 4 5
ABC
Z sys ABC
Z sub ABC
ZeqS Z abc
xfm
abc
ZeqL
System Equivalent Substation Total In-line Total
Voltage System Transformer Primary Feeder Secondary
Source Impedance Line Transformer Line
Segment Segment
Impedance Impedance
System:
Z1 =
(kVLL )
2
Ω Z0 =
3(kVLL )
2
− 2Z 1 Ω
MVA 3φ MVA 1φ
⎡ 2Z 1 + Z 0 Z 0 − Z1 Z 0 − Z1 ⎤
= ⋅ ⎢ Z 0 − Z1 Z 0 − Z1 ⎥
1
ABC
Z sys 2Z 1 + Z 0
3 ⎢ ⎥
( approx )
⎣⎢ Z 0 − Z1 Z 0 − Z1 2Z1 + Z 0 ⎥⎦
Unbalanced Feeders
Thevenin equivalent voltages at points 2 and 3:
computed by multiplying the system voltages by the generalized
transformer matrix At of the substation transformer.
Thevenin equivalent voltages at points 4 and 5:

the voltage at node 3 multiplied by the generalized transformer
matrix At of the in-line transformer.
Thevenin equivalent phase impedance matrices:

sum of the phase impedance matrices of each device between the
system voltage source and the point of fault.

Unbalanced Feeders
Thevenin equivalent circuit:
Zf I fa a
Zf I fb Vax
ZTOT b x
Vbx
Zf I fc c
Vcx
Ea Eb Ec V xg
g
Ea, Eb, Ec = Thevenin equiv. line-to-ground voltages @ the faulted node

ZTOT = Thevenin equiv. phase impedance matrix @ the faulted node
Zf = fault impedance

Unbalanced Feeders
⎡E a ⎤ ⎡ Z aa Z ab Z ac ⎤ ⎡ I fa ⎤ ⎡Z f 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ I fa ⎤ ⎡Vax ⎤ ⎡V xg ⎤
⎢E ⎥ = ⎢ Z ⎥ ⎢ b⎥ ⎢ ⎢ b⎥ ⎢ ⎢ ⎥
Z bb Z bc ⎢I f ⎥ + 0 Zf ⎥
0 ⎢If ⎥ + Vbx ⎥ + ⎢V xg ⎥
⎢ b ⎥ ⎢ ba ⎥ c ⎢ ⎥ c ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣Ec ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ Zca Z cb Z cc ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ I f ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 Z f ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ If ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣Vcx ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣V xg ⎥⎦
In compressed form,
Eabc = ZTOT ⋅ Ifabc + Z F ⋅ Ifabc + Vabcx + Vxg
Combining terms,
Eabc = {ZTOT + Z F } ⋅ Ifabc + Vabcx + Vxg = Z EQ ⋅ Ifabc + Vabcx + Vxg
Solving for the fault currents,
Ifabc = Y ⋅ Eabc − Y ⋅ Vabcx − Y ⋅ Vxg
−1
Y = Z EQ
Unbalanced Feeders
Define IP abc
= Y ⋅ E abc
Substituting & rearranging,
IPabc = Ifabc + Y ⋅ Vabcx + Y ⋅ Vxg
Expanding,
⎡I Pa ⎤ ⎡ I fa ⎤ ⎡Yaa Yab Yac ⎤ ⎡Vax ⎤ ⎡Yaa Yab Yac ⎤ ⎡V xg ⎤
⎢ b⎥ ⎢ b⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢V ⎥ + ⎢Y ⎥ ⎢V ⎥
I = I
⎢ P ⎥ ⎢ f ⎥ ⎢ ba+ Y Y Ybc ⎥ ⎢ bx ⎥ Y Y bc ⎥ ⎢ xg ⎥
bb ⎢ ba bb
⎢I Pc ⎥ ⎢ I fc ⎥ ⎢⎣Yca Ycb Ycc ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣Vcx ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣Yca Ycb Ycc ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣V xg ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
I Pa = I fa + (YaaVax + YabV bx+YacVcx ) + YSaV xg
I Pb = I fb + (YbaVax + YbbV bx+YbcVcx ) + YSaV xg
I Pc = I fc + (YcaVax + YcbV bx+YaaVcx ) + YSaV xg
Unbalanced Feeders
where YS = Yaa + Yab + Yac
a
YSb = Yba + Ybb + Ybc

YSa = Yaa + Yab + Yac
3 equations, 7 unknowns - I fa , I fb , I fc ,Vax ,Vbx ,Vcx ,V xg
I Pa , I Pb , I Pc are functions of the total impedance &
the Thevenin voltages and are known
Needed: 4 additional equations

Unbalanced Feeders
Three-Phase Faults:
Vax = Vbx = Vcx = 0
I a + I b + Ic = 0
Three-Phase-to-Ground Faults:
Vax = Vbx = Vcx = V xg = 0
I a + I b + Ic = 0
Line-to-Line Faults (assume i-j fault with phase k
unfaulted):
Vix = V jx = 0
I fk = 0
I fi + I fj = 0
Unbalanced Feeders
Line-to-Ground Faults (assume phase k fault with
phases i and j unfaulted):
Vkx = V xg = 0
I fi = I fj = 0

Unbalanced Feeders
7 equations in matrix form:
⎡I Pa ⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0 Y11 Y12 Y13 YS1 ⎤ ⎡ I fa ⎤
⎢ b⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥⎢ b ⎥
⎢I P ⎥ ⎢0 1 0 Y21 Y22 Y23 YS ⎥ ⎢ I f ⎥
⎢I Pc ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 Y31 Y32 Y33 YS3 ⎥ ⎢ I fc ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥ = ⎢− − − − − − − ⎥ ⎢Vax ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢− − − − − − − ⎥ ⎢Vbx ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢− − − − − − − ⎥ ⎢Vcx ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − − − − − − − ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣V xg ⎥⎦
In condensed form:
IPs = C ⋅ X

Unbalanced Feeders
Solving,
X = C−1 ⋅ IPs
Example: 3-phase fault
C44 = 1 C55 = 1 C66 = 1
C71 = C72 = C73 = 1
All of the other elements in the last 4 rows of C will be set to zero.

Example
Infinite
bus I ABC Iabc
1
ABC
Z eqS 2 Z abc
eqL
3 4
Compute the short-circuit currents for a bolted line-to-line fault between

phases a and b at node 4.
Line-to-neutral Thevenin voltage at node 4:
Eth ,4 = At ⋅ ESLN
Thevenin equiv. impedance at secondary terminals (node 3):
Z th ,3 = A t ⋅ Z eqS
ABC
⋅ dt + Ztabc

Total Thevenin impedance at node 4:
Zth ,4 = ZTOT = Z th.3 + Z eqL

abc
Equivalent admittance matrix at node 4:

−1
Yeq ,4 = ZTOT
Equivalent injected currents at point of fault:
IP = Yeq ,4 ⋅ Eth ,4
For the a-b fault at node 4,
I fa + I fb = 0
I fc = 0
Vax = Vbx = 0
Unknowns are computed as
X = C−1 ⋅ ISP
Suppose that the phase impedance matrices for the 2 line segments are:
⎡0.1414 + j 0.5353 0.0361 + j 0.3225 0.0361 + j 0.2752 ⎤

ABC
Z eqS = ⎢ 0.0361 + j 0.3225 0.1414 + j 0.5353 0.0361 + j 0.2953 ⎥ Ω
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0.0361 + j 0.2752 0.0361 + j 0.2955 0.1414 + j 0.5353 ⎥⎦
⎡0.1907 + j 0.5035 0.0607 + j 0.2302 0.0598 + j 0.1751⎤

Z abc = ⎢0.0607 + j 0.2302 0.1939 + j 0.4885 0.0614 + j 0.1931⎥ Ω
eqL ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0.0598 + j 0.1751 0.0614 + j 0.1931 0.1921 + j 0.4970 ⎥⎦

The transformer bank consists of three single-phase transformers each

rated: 2000 kVA, 12.47-2.4 kV, Z = 1.0 + j6.0 %
Source line segment:
⎡1 0 0⎤
a1 = d1 = U = ⎢0 1 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1⎥⎦
ABC
b1 = Z eqS
⎡0.1414 + j 0.5353 0.0361 + j 0.3225 0.0361 + j 0.2752 ⎤
= ⎢ 0.0361 + j 0.3225 0.1414 + j 0.5353 0.0361 + j 0.2953 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0.0361 + j 0.2752 0.0361 + j 0.2955 0.1414 + j 0.5353 ⎥⎦
c1 = [0]

⎡ 1 0 0⎤
A1 = a1−1 = ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1⎥⎦
B1 = a1−1 ⋅ b1
⎡0.1414 + j 0.5353 0.0361 + j 0.3225 0.0361 + j 0.2752 ⎤
= ⎢ 0.0361 + j 0.3225 0.1414 + j 0.5353 0.0361 + j 0.2953 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0.0361 + j 0.2752 0.0361 + j 0.2955 0.1414 + j 0.5353 ⎥⎦

Load line segment: ⎡1 0 0⎤

a2 = d2 = ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡0.1907 + j 0.5035 0.0607 + j 0.2302 0.0598 + j 0.1751⎤
b2 = ⎢0.0607 + j 0.2302 0.1939 + j 0.4885 0.0614 + j 0.1931⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0.0598 + j 0.1751 0.0614 + j 0.1931 0.1921 + j 0.4970 ⎥⎦
c2 = [0]
⎡ 1 0 0⎤
A 2 = ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡0.1907 + j 0.5035 0.0607 + j 0.2302 0.0598 + j 0.1751⎤
B 2 = ⎢0.0607 + j 0.2302 0.1939 + j 0.4885 0.0614 + j 0.1931⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0.0598 + j 0.1751 0.0614 + j 0.1931 0.1921 + j 0.4970 ⎥⎦
Transformer:
Transformer impedance in ohms referenced to the low-voltage winding
2.4 2 ⋅ 1000
Z base = = 2.88 Ω
2000
Z tlow = (0.01 + j 0.06 ) ⋅ 2.88 = 0.0288 + j 0.1728 Ω
Transformer phase impedance matrix
⎡0.0288 + j 0.1728 0 0 ⎤
Z abc = ⎢ 0 0 . 0288 + j 0 . 1728 0 ⎥
t ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 0.0288 + j 0.1728 ⎥⎦
Turns ratio: Transformer ratio:
12.47 12.47
nt = = 5.1958 at = = 2.9998
2.4 3 ⋅ 2.4

Generalized matrices are:

⎡0 2 1⎤
⎡ 0 − 3.4639 − 1.7319 ⎤
− nt
at = ⋅ ⎢1 0 2⎥ =
⎢ − 1.7319 0 − 3.4639 ⎥
3 ⎢ ⎢⎥ ⎥
⎢⎣2 1 ⎢⎣− 3.4639 − 1.7319
0⎥⎦ 0 ⎥⎦
⎡ 0 2Zt Zt ⎤
− nt
bt = ⋅ ⎢ Zt 0 2Zt ⎥
3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣2Zt Zt 0 ⎥⎦
⎡ 0 − 0.0998 − j 0.5986 − 0.0499 − j 0.2993 ⎤
= ⎢− 0.0499 − j 0.2993 0 − 0.0998 − j 0.5986 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣− 0.0998 − j 0.5986 − 0.0499 − j 0.2993 0 ⎥⎦
⎡0 0 0 ⎤
c t = ⎢0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 0 ⎥⎦

⎡1 − 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0.1925 − 0.1925 0 ⎤
1 ⎢
dt = ⋅ 0 1 − 1⎥ = ⎢ 0 0.1925 − 0.1925 ⎥
nt ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣− 1 0 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣− 0.1925 0 0.1925 ⎥⎦
⎡1 0 − 1⎤ ⎡ 0.1925 0 − 0.1925 ⎤
1 ⎢
At = ⋅ −1 1 0 ⎥ = ⎢− 0.1925 0.1925 0 ⎥
nt ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 − 1 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 − 0.1925 0.1925 ⎥⎦
⎡0.0288 + j 0.1728 0 0 ⎤
Bt = Z abc =⎢ 0 0.0288 + j 0.1728 0 ⎥
t ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 0.0288 + j 0.1728 ⎥⎦

The infinite bus balanced line-to-line voltages are 12.47 kV, which leads to
balanced line-to-neutral voltages at 7.2 kV:
⎡ 12,470 ∠30 o ⎤ ⎡ 7199 .6∠0 o ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
ELL,s = ⎢12,470 ∠ − 90 o ⎥ V ELN ,s = ⎢7199 .6∠ − 120 o ⎥
⎢ 12,470∠150 o ⎥ ⎢ 7199 .6∠120 o ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
The line-to-neutral Thevenin circuit voltages at node 4 are:
⎡ 2400 ∠ − 30 o ⎤
⎢ o⎥
Eth,4 = A t ⋅ ELN ,s = ⎢2400 ∠ − 150 ⎥
⎢ 2400 ∠90 o ⎥
⎣ ⎦

The Thevenin equivalent impedance at the secondary terminals (node 3)

of the transformer consists of the primary line impedances referred
across the transformer, plus the transformer impedances:
ABC ABC
Z th,3 = A t ⋅ Z eqS ⋅ dt + B t = A t ⋅ Z eqS ⋅ dt + Z abc
t
⎡ 0.0366 + j 0.1921 − 0.0039 − j 0.0086 − 0.0039 − j 0.0106 ⎤

= ⎢− 0.0039 − j 0.0086 0.0366 + j 0.1886 − 0.0039 − j 0.0071⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣− 0.0039 − j 0.0106 − 0.0039 − j 0.0071 0.0366 + j 0.1906 ⎥⎦
Total Thevenin impedance at node 4:
Z th,4 = ZTOT = Z th,3 + Z abc

eqL
⎡0.2273 + j 0.6955 0.0568 + j 0.2216 0.0559 + j 0.1645 ⎤

= ⎢0.0568 + j 0.2216 0.2305 + j 0.6771 0.0575 + j 0.1860 ⎥ Ω
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0.0559 + j 0.1645 0.0575 + j 0.1860 0.2287 + j 0.6876 ⎥⎦

Equivalent admittance matrix at node 4:

−1
Yeq,4 = ZTOT
⎡ 0.5031 − j1.4771 − 0.1763 + j 0.3907 − 0.0688 + j 0.2510 ⎤
= ⎢− 0.1763 + j 0.3907 0.5501 − j1.5280 − 0.1148 + j 0.3133 ⎥ S
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢− 0.0688 + j 0.2510 − 0.1145 + j 0.3133 0.4843 − j1.4532 ⎥⎦
The equivalent injected currents at the fault point:
⎡4466 .8∠ − 96.4 o ⎤
⎢ o ⎥
I p = Yeq,4 ⋅ Eth,4 = ⎢ 4878 .9∠138.0 ⎥ A
⎢ 4440 .9∠16.4 o ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Sums of each row of the equivalent admittance matrix:
3
⎡0.2580 − j 0.8353 ⎤
Ys = ∑ Yeq,ik = ⎢0.2590 − j 0.8240 ⎥ S
⎢ ⎥
k =1
⎣⎢0.3007 − j 0.8889 ⎥⎦
For the a-b fault at node 4,

I fa + Ifb = 0 I fc = 0
Vax = 0 Vbx = 0
The coefficient matrix
⎡1 0 0 0.501 − j 1.477 − 0.176 + j 0.390 − 0.069 + j 0.252 0.258 − j 0.835 ⎤
⎢0 1 0 − 0.176 + j 0.390 0.550 − j1.528 − 0.115 + j 0.314 0.259 − j 0.824 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 1 − 0.069 − j 0.251 − 0.115 + j 0.313 0.484 − j 1.452 0.301 − j 0.889 ⎥
C = ⎢1 1 0 0 0 0 0
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ⎥⎦

The injected current matrix: The unknowns are computed by:

⎡4466 .8∠ − 96.4 o ⎤ ⎡ 8901 .7∠ − 8.4 o ⎤
⎢ o ⎥ ⎢ o ⎥
⎢ 4878 .9∠138 .0 ⎥ ⎢ 8901 .7∠171 .6 ⎥
⎢ 4440 .9∠16.4 o ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
s
Ip = ⎢ 0 ⎥ X = C −1 ⋅ Isp = ⎢7740 .4∠ − 90.6 o ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ o ⎥
⎣ 0 ⎦ ⎣ 2587 .9∠89.1 ⎦
The interpretation of the results are:
I fa = X1 = 8901 .7∠ − 8.4 o Vax = X 4 = 7740 .4∠ − 90.6 o
I fb = X 2 = 8901 .7∠171.6 o Vbx = X 5 = 0
I fc = X 3 = 0 Vcx = X 6 = 0
Vxg = X 7 = 2587 .9∠89.1o
Fault Current at Different Times

Clearing Time
of Molded
Breakers Clearing Time
of High Voltage
Breakers
Fault Current that

upstream overcurrent
Contact devices must withstand
Clearing Opening Time while downstream devices
Time of of High Voltage isolate the fault
Fuse Breakers


First (1/2) Cycle Fault Current
Short circuit ratings of low voltage equipment
Ratings of High Voltage (HV) switch and fuse
Close & Latch (Making) capacity or ratings of HV
Circuit Breakers
Maximum Fault for coordination of instantaneous
trip of relays


1.5 to 4 Cycles Fault Current
Interrupting (breaking) duties of HV circuit
breakers
Interrupting magnitude and time of HV breakers
for coordination
30 Cycles Fault Current

For time delay coordination

Application of Short Circuit Analysis
Comparison of Closed-and-Latch (Momentary

or Making) and Interrupting (Breaking) Duties
of Interrupting Devices
Comparison of Short-time or withstand
rating of system components
Selection of rating or setting of short circuit
protective devices
Evaluation of current flow and voltage levels
in the system during fault

Characteristic of
Short Circuit Currents
R L
di
Ri + L = E sin (ωt + φ )
E sin (ωt+φ) dt
E sin (ωt + θ − φ ) E sin(θ − φ ) −R ωt

i = + e X
R +X
2 2
R +X
2 2

Characteristic of
Short Circuit Currents
E sin (ωt + θ − φ ) E sin(θ − φ ) −R ωt
i = + e X
R2 + X 2 R2 + X 2
I total , RMS = I symmetrica l RMS • Asymmetric al Factor

ANSI/IEEE and IEC Standards
ANSI/IEEE: American National

Standards Institute/ Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEC: International Electrotechnical
Commission
Prescribes Test Procedures and

Calculation Methods
ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method

1.5-4 Cycle Network: the network used to
calculate interrupting short-circuit current and
protective device duties 1.5-4 cycles after the
fault.
Type of Device Duty
High Voltage CB Interrupting Capability
Low Voltage CB N/A
Fuse N/A
Switchgear and MCC N/A

Relay N/A


½ Cycle Network: also known as the subtransient
network because all rotating machines are
represented by their subtransient reactances
Type of Machine Xsc
Utility X”
Turbo generator Xd”
Hydro-generator with amortisseur windings Xd”
Hydro-generator without amortisseur windings 0.75 Xd’
Condenser Xd”
Synchronous motor Xd”
Induction Machine
> 1000 hp @ 1800 rpm or less Xd”
> 250 hp @ 3600 rpm Xd”
All other ≥ 50 hp 1.2 Xd”
< 50 hp 1.67 Xd”
Xd” of induction motor = 1/(per-unit locked-rotor current at rated voltage)

30 Cycle Network: also known as the steady-
state network
Type of Machine Xsc

Utility X’’
Turbo Generator Xd’
Hydro-generator w/ Amortisseur Winding Xd’
Hydro-generator w/o Amortisseur Winding Xd’
Condenser Infinity
Synchronous Motor Infinity
Induction Machine Infinity


ANSI Multiplying Factor: determined by the
equivalent X/R ratio at a particular fault location.
The X and the R are calculated separately.
Local and Remote Contributions
A local contribution to a short-circuit current is
the portion of the short-circuit current fed
predominantly from generators through no more
than one transformation, or with external
reactance in series which is less than 1.5 times
the generator subtransient reactance. Otherwise
the contribution is defined as a remote
contribution.

Momentary (1/2 Cycle) Short-Circuit Current
Peak Momentary Short-Circuit Current
Imom, peak = MFp ⋅ Imom,rms, symm

π
⎛ − ⎞
MFp = 2 ⎜ 1 + e X R
⎟⎟
⎜
⎝ ⎠


Momentary (1/2 Cycle) Short-Circuit Current
Asymmetrical RMS value of Momentary Short-
Circuit Current
Vpre − fault
Imom, rms, symm =
3Zeq
Imom, rms, asymm = MFm ⋅ Imom,rms, symm
2π
−
MFm = 1 + 2e X R


High Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty
(1.5-4 Cycle)
Adjusted RMS value of Interrupting Short-Circuit
Current (for total current basis CBs)
Vpre − fault
Iint, rms, symm =
3Zeq
I int,rms ,adj = AMFi ⋅ I int,rms ,symm
where AMFi = MFl + NACD (MFr − MFl )


No AC Decay (NACD) Ratio
The NACD ratio is defined as the remote
contributions to the total contributions for the
short-circuit current at a given location
I remote
NACD =
I total
• Total short circuit current Itotal = Iremote + Ilocal
• NACD = 0 if all contributions are local
• NACD = 1 if all contributions are remote


(1.5-4 Cycle)
4π
− t
MFr = 1 + 2e X R
Circuit Breaker Contact Parting

Rating in Cycles Time ( t ) in Cycles
8 4
5 3
3 2
2 1.5


(1.5-4 Cycle) Calculation
Multiplying factors (total current basis CBs) MFr for 3-phase &
line-to-ground faults.

(1.5-4 Cycle)
Multiplying factors (total current basis CBs) MFl for 3-phase faults.


(1.5-4 Cycle)
Adjusted RMS value of Interrupting Short-Circuit
Current (for symmetrically rated CBs)
AMFi ⋅ I int,rms ,symm
I int,rms ,adj =
S
Circuit Breaker Contact S Factor
Parting Time (Cycles)
4 1.0
3 1.1
2 1.2
1.5 1.3


Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty
(1/2 Cycle) Calculation
Adjusted asymmetrical RMS value of Interrupting
Short-Circuit Current
Vpre − fault
Iint, rms, symm =
3Zeq
I int,rms ,adj = MF ⋅ I int,rms ,symm


π
−
2(1 + e X R
)
MF = π
Unfused power
breakers
−
2(1 + e ( X R )test
)
π
−
1 + 2e X R
MF = Fused power
breakers &
π
− Molded Case
1 + 2e ( X R)test
Note: If calculated MF < 1.0, set MF = 1.0


Circuit Breaker Type (X/R)test

Power Breaker (Unfused) 6.59
Power Breaker (Fused) 4.90
Molded Case (> 20 kA) 4.90
Molded Case (10.001 – 20 kA) 3.18
Molded Case (10 kA) 1.73


Fuse Interrupting Short-Circuit Current
Calculation
- same procedure as Circuit Breaker Interrupting
Duty calculation.

IEC Calculation Method

An equivalent voltage source at the fault location
replaces all voltage sources. A voltage factor c is
applied to adjust the value of the equivalent voltage
source for minimum and maximum current
calculations.
All machines are represented by internal impedances
Line capacitances and static loads are neglected, except
for the zero-sequence network.
Calculations consider the electrical distance from the
fault location to synchronous generators.


Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current (I’’k) RMS
value of the AC symmetrical component of an available
short-circuit current applicable at the instant of short-circuit
if the impedance remains at zero time value.
Peak Short-Circuit Current (ip)

Maximum possible instantaneous value of the available
short-circuit current.
Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current (Ib)

RMS value of an integral cycle of the symmetrical AC
component of of the available short-circuit current at the
instant of contact separation of the first pole of a switching
device


Steady-state Short Circuit Current (Ik)
RMS value of the short-circuit current which remains after the
decay of the transient phenomena.
Subtransient Voltage (E’’) of a Synchronous Machine

RMS value of the symmetrical internal voltage of a
synchronous machine which is active behind the subtransient
reactance Xd’’ at the moment of short circuit.
Far-from-Generator Short-Circuit
Short-circuit condition to which the magnitude of the
symmetrical ac component of the available short-circuit
current remains essentially constant


Near-to-Generator Short-Circuit
Short-circuit condition to which at least one synchronous machine
contributes a prospective initial short-circuit current which is more
than twice the generator’s rated current or a short-circuit
condition to which synchronous and asynchronous motors
contribute more than 5% of the initial symmetrical short-circuit
current (I”k) without motors.
Subtransient Reactance (Xd’’) of a Synchronous
Machine
Effective reactance at the moment of short-circuit. MS value of
the symmetrical internal voltage of a synchronous machine which
is active behind the subtransient reactance Xd’’ at the moment of
short circuit.
(
ZK = KG R + jX d'' ) kVn = nominal voltage of the terminal bus
kVr = motor rated voltage
kVn cmax Xd” = subtransient reactance
KG =
kVr 1 + xd'' sin ϕr ϕr = machine rated power factor


Minimum Time Delay (Tmin) of a Circuit Breaker
Shortest time between the beginning of the short-circuit
current and the first contact separation of one pole of the
switching device
Voltage Factor (c)
Factor used to adjust the value of the equivalent voltage source
for the minimum and maximum current calculations
Voltage Factor Voltage Factor
Max SC Calculation Min SC Calculation
230/400 V 1.00 0.95
Other LV up to 1 KV 1.05 1.00
> 1 kV to 35 kV 1.10 1.00
> 35 KV to 230 KV 1.10 1.00


c Un
I k′′ = Zk = equiv. Impedance at fault point
3Z k
i p = 2 k I k′′ k = function of system R/X at fault location
I b = I k′′ for far-from-generator fault
for synch. machines, for near-to-generator

I b = μI k′′ faults
I b = μqI k′′ for ind. machines, for near-to-generator

faults

HV CB asymmetrical breaking & dc current rating
⎛ 4 πf t min ⎞
I b ,asymm = I b ,symm 1 + 2 exp⎜ − ⎟
⎝ X /R ⎠
⎛ 2πf t min ⎞
I dc = I b ,symm 2 exp⎜ − ⎟
⎝ X /R ⎠
f = system frequency
tmin = minimum delay time
Ib,symm = AC breaking current
X/R = calculated based on testing PF of 7% at 50 Hz

LV CB asymmetrical breaking current rating
⎛ 4 πf t min ⎞
⎝ X /R ⎠
tmin = minimum delay time
X/R = calculated based on testing PF given by IEC

Fuse asymmetrical breaking current rating
⎛ 4 πf t min ⎞
⎝ X /R ⎠
tmin = assumed to be a half cycle
X/R = calculated based on testing PF of 15%

Selection of Device Duties

8-Cycle Total-Rated Circuit 5-Cycle Symmetrical-Rated
Breakers (KA) Circuit Breakers (KA)
Short-Circuit
Example Interrupting Closing and
Momentary Capability
Circuit Breaker Maximum Rating (Total Latching
Rating (Total (Symmetrical
Nominal Size System RMS Current at Capability (Total
1st-Cycle RMS RMS Current at
Identification Operating 4-cycle Contact- First Cycle RM
Current 3-Cycle Parting
Voltage Parting Time Current)
Time
4.16 – 75 4.16 KV 20 10.5 19 10.1
4.16 – 250 4.16 KV 60 35 58 33.2
4.16 – 350 4.16 KV 80 48.6 78 46.9
13.8 – 500 13.8 KV 40 21 37 19.6
13.8 – 750 13.8 KV 60 13.5 58 30.4
13.8 – 1000 13.8 KV 80 42 77 40.2



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Competency Training and Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Short Circuit Analysis

U. P. NATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTER

1. Analysis of Faulted Power System by

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Analysis of Faulted Power System

Sources of Short Circuit Currents

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Sources of Short Circuit

Fault Current Contributors

Series Fault: Unintentional Opening of phase

Three Phase Line-to-Line

Double Line-to-Ground Single Line-to-Ground

The Fault Point

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

The Fault Point

Since we mentioned that various power system

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

The Fault Point

Three Phase Fault

On a balanced three phase system, the

Since faults currents are balanced, the

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Note: The system is still balanced. Currents and

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Sequence Network Interconnection:

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Three Phase Fault Currents:

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Determine the fault current for a three phase

The generator is rated 100 MVA, 6.9 kV and has a

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Xequiv = X gen + Xd 0.25905

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Example: A three-phase fault occurs at point F.

G: X1 = 40% X2 = 40% X0 = 20%

Note: All reactances are in per-unit of a common MVA base.

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Sequence Network Interconnection:

Single Line-to-Ground Fault

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Transformation: From (2), we get

From (1), we get

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Sequence Network Interconnection:

The sequence fault currents

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Single-Line-to-Ground Phase Fault Currents:

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Example: A single line-to-ground fault occurs at

G: X1 = 40% X2 = 40% X0 = 20%

Note: All reactances are in per-unit of a common

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in