Buck Converter PDF

Chapter 2
Principles of Steady-State Converter Analysis
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Inductor volt-second balance, capacitor charge
balance, and the small ripple approximation
2.3. Boost converter example
2.4. Cuk converter example
2.5. Estimating the ripple in converters containing two-
pole low-pass filters
2.6. Summary of key points
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 1 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis
2.1 Introduction
Buck converter
1
SPDT switch changes dc + +
component 2
Vg + vs(t) R v(t)
–
– –
vs(t)
Switch output voltage Vg
waveform D'Ts
DTs
Duty cycle D: 0
0≤D≤1 0 DTs Ts t
Switch
complement D′: position: 1 2 1
D′ = 1 - D
Dc component of switch output voltage
vs(t)
Vg
〈vs〉 = DVg
area =
DTsVg
0
0 DTs Ts t
Fourier analysis: Dc component = average value
Ts
vs = 1 vs(t) dt
Ts 0
vs = 1 (DTsVg) = DVg
Ts

Insertion of low-pass filter to remove switching
harmonics and pass only dc component
L
1
+ +
2
Vg + vs(t) C R v(t)
–
– –
Vg
v ≈ vs = DVg
0
0 1 D
Three basic dc-dc converters

(a)
1
L M(D) = D
1 0.8
iL (t) +
0.6
M(D)
Buck Vg +
–
2
C R v 0.4
0.2
– 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
(b) 5
L 2 M(D) = 1 –1 D
+ 4
iL (t)
Boost 3
M(D)
1
Vg + C R v 2
–
1
–
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
D
(c) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
+
Buck-boost 1 2 –1
iL (t) –2
M(D)
Vg + C R v
– L –3
– –4 M(D) = 1––DD
–5
Objectives of this chapter
G Develop techniques for easily determining output

voltage of an arbitrary converter circuit
G Derive the principles of inductor volt-second balance
and capacitor charge (amp-second) balance
G Introduce the key small ripple approximation
G Develop simple methods for selecting filter element
values
G Illustrate via examples

2.2. Inductor volt-second balance, capacitor charge
balance, and the small ripple approximation
Actual output voltage waveform, buck converter

iL(t) L
1
Buck converter + vL(t) – +
iC(t)
containing practical 2
low-pass filter Vg + C R v(t)
–
Actual output voltage v(t) Actual waveform

waveform v(t) = V + vripple(t)
V
v(t) = V + vripple(t)
dc component V
0
t
The small ripple approximation
v(t) Actual waveform

v(t) = V + vripple(t)
v(t) = V + vripple(t) V
dc component V
0
t
In a well-designed converter, the output voltage ripple is small. Hence,

the waveforms can be easily determined by ignoring the ripple:
vripple < V
v(t) ≈ V
Buck converter analysis:

inductor current waveform
iL(t) L
1
+ vL(t) – +
iC(t)
original 2
Vg + C R v(t)
–
converter
–
switch in position 1 switch in position 2
iL(t) L L
+ vL(t) – + + vL(t) – +
iC(t) iC(t)
Vg + C R v(t) Vg + iL(t) C R v(t)

– –
– –

Inductor voltage and current
Subinterval 1: switch in position 1
iL(t) L
Inductor voltage
+ vL(t) – +
iC(t)
vL = Vg – v(t)
Vg + C R v(t)
–
Small ripple approximation:
vL ≈ Vg – V –
Knowing the inductor voltage, we can now find the inductor current via
diL(t)
vL(t) = L
dt
Solve for the slope:

diL(t) vL(t) Vg – V ⇒ The inductor current changes with an
= ≈
dt L L essentially constant slope
Inductor voltage and current

L
Inductor voltage
+ vL(t) – +
iC(t)
vL(t) = – v(t)
Vg + iL(t) C R v(t)
–
Small ripple approximation:
–
vL(t) ≈ – V
Knowing the inductor voltage, we can again find the inductor current via
diL(t)
vL(t) = L
dt
Solve for the slope:

diL(t) ⇒ The inductor current changes with an
≈– V
dt L essentially constant slope
Inductor voltage and current waveforms
vL(t)
Vg – V
DTs D'Ts
t
–V
Switch
position: 1 2 1 diL(t)
vL(t) = L
dt
iL(t)
iL(DTs)
I ∆iL
iL(0) Vg – V –V
L L
0 DTs Ts t

Determination of inductor current ripple magnitude
iL(t)
iL(DTs)
I ∆iL
iL(0) Vg – V –V
L L
0 DTs Ts t
(change in iL) = (slope)(length of subinterval)

Vg – V
2∆iL = DTs
L
Vg – V Vg – V
⇒ ∆iL = DTs L= DTs
2L 2∆iL
Inductor current waveform

during turn-on transient
iL(t)
Vg – v(t)
L
iL(nTs) iL((n + 1)Ts)
– v(t)
iL(Ts) L
iL(0) = 0
0 DTs Ts 2Ts nTs (n + 1)Ts t
When the converter operates in equilibrium:

i L((n + 1)Ts) = i L(nTs)
The principle of inductor volt-second balance:

Derivation
Inductor defining relation:

di (t)
vL(t) = L L
dt
Integrate over one complete switching period:
Ts
iL(Ts) – iL(0) = 1 vL(t) dt
L 0
In periodic steady state, the net change in inductor current is zero:

Ts
0= vL(t) dt
0
Hence, the total area (or volt-seconds) under the inductor voltage
waveform is zero whenever the converter operates in steady state.
An equivalent form:
s T
0= 1 v (t) dt = vL
Ts 0 L
The average inductor voltage is zero in steady state.
Inductor volt-second balance:
Buck converter example
vL(t)
Vg – V Total area λ
Inductor voltage waveform,
previously derived:
DTs t
–V
Integral of voltage waveform is area of rectangles:
Ts
λ= vL(t) dt = (Vg – V)(DTs) + ( – V)(D'Ts)
0
Average voltage is
vL = λ = D(Vg – V) + D'( – V)
Ts
Equate to zero and solve for V:
0 = DVg – (D + D')V = DVg – V ⇒ V = DVg
The principle of capacitor charge balance:

Derivation
Capacitor defining relation:

dv (t)
iC(t) = C C
dt
Integrate over one complete switching period:
Ts
vC(Ts) – vC(0) = 1 iC(t) dt
C 0
In periodic steady state, the net change in capacitor voltage is zero:

Ts
0= 1 iC(t) dt = iC
Ts 0
Hence, the total area (or charge) under the capacitor current
waveform is zero whenever the converter operates in steady state.
The average capacitor current is then zero.
2.3 Boost converter example
L 2
iL(t) + vL(t) – +
iC(t)
Boost converter 1
with ideal switch Vg + C R v
–
L D1
Realization using iL(t) + vL(t) – +

iC(t)
power MOSFET Q1
and diode Vg + C R v
– +
DTs Ts
–
–

Boost converter analysis
L 2
iL(t) + vL(t) – +
iC(t)
1
original Vg + C R v
converter –
switch in position 1 switch in position 2

L L
iL(t) + vL(t) – + iL(t) + vL(t) – +

iC(t) iC(t)
Vg + C R v Vg + C R v
– –
– –
Inductor voltage and capacitor current

vL = Vg
L
iC = – v / R
iL(t) + vL(t) – +
iC(t)
Vg + C R v
Small ripple approximation: –
vL = Vg –
iC = – V / R
Inductor voltage and capacitor current
vL = Vg – v L
iC = i L – v / R iL(t) + vL(t) – +
iC(t)
Vg + C R v
Small ripple approximation: –
–
vL = Vg – V
iC = I – V / R

Inductor voltage and capacitor current waveforms
vL(t)
Vg
DTs D'Ts
t
Vg – V
iC(t) I – V/R
DTs D'Ts
t
– V/R
Inductor volt-second balance
vL(t)
Net volt-seconds applied to inductor Vg
over one switching period: DTs D'Ts
Ts t
vL(t) dt = (Vg) DTs + (Vg – V) D'Ts
0
Vg – V
Equate to zero and collect terms:

Vg (D + D') – V D' = 0
Solve for V:
Vg
V =
D'
The voltage conversion ratio is therefore
M(D) = V = 1 = 1
Vg D' 1 – D
Conversion ratio M(D) of the boost converter
5
M(D) = 1 = 1
4 D' 1 – D
3
M(D)
2
1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D

Determination of inductor current dc component
iC(t) I – V/R
Capacitor charge balance: DTs D'Ts

t
Ts
iC(t) dt = ( – V ) DTs + (I – V ) D'Ts
– V/R
0 R R
Collect terms and equate to zero: I

Vg/R
– V (D + D') + I D' = 0 8
R
Solve for I: 6
4
I= V
D' R 2
Eliminate V to express in terms of Vg: 0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Vg D
I= 2
D' R
Determination ofinductor current ripple
Inductor current slope during iL(t)

subinterval 1: ∆iL
I
diL(t) vL(t) Vg Vg Vg – V
= =
dt L L L L
Inductor current slope during
subinterval 2: 0 DTs Ts t
diL(t) vL(t) Vg – V
= =
dt L L
Change in inductor current during subinterval 1 is (slope) (length of subinterval):
Vg
2∆iL = DTs
L
Solve for peak ripple:
Vg • Choose L such that desired ripple magnitude
∆iL = DTs
2L is obtained
Determination ofcapacitor voltage ripple
Capacitor voltage slope during v(t)

subinterval 1:
dvC(t) iC(t) – V V ∆v
= = –V I – V
dt C RC
RC C RC
Capacitor voltage slope during
subinterval 2: 0 DTs Ts t
dvC(t) iC(t) I
= = – V
dt C C RC
Change in capacitor voltage during subinterval 1 is (slope) (length of subinterval):
– 2∆v = – V DTs
RC
Solve for peak ripple: • Choose C such that desired voltage ripple
magnitude is obtained
∆v = V DTs • In practice, capacitor equivalent series
2RC
resistance (esr) leads to increased voltage ripple
2.4 Cuk converter example
L1 C1 L2
Cuk converter, i2 +
i1 + v1 –
with ideal switch
1 2
Vg + C2 v2 R
–
L1 C1 L2
Cuk converter:
practical realization i1 i2 +
+ v1 –
using MOSFET and
diode Vg + Q1 D1 C2 v2 R
–
Cuk converter circuit

with switch in positions 1 and 2
Switch in position 1: L1 L2 i2
MOSFET conducts i1 + vL1 – iC1 + vL2 –
+
– iC2
Capacitor C1 releases Vg + v1 C1 C2 v2 R
–
energy to output
+ –
i1 L1 L2 i2
iC1
Switch in position 2: + vL1 – + vL2 – +
+ iC2
diode conducts
Vg + C1 v1 C2 v2 R
Capacitor C1 is –
charged from input – –
Waveforms during subinterval 1

MOSFET conduction interval
Inductor voltages and L1 L2 i2

capacitor currents: +
i1 + vL1 – – iC1 + vL2 – iC2
vL1 = Vg +
Vg v1 C1 C2 v2 R
–
vL2 = – v1 – v2
+ –
i C1 = i 2
v
i C2 = i 2 – 2
R
Small ripple approximation for subinterval 1:
vL1 = Vg
vL2 = – V1 – V2
i C1 = I 2
V
i C2 = I 2 – 2
R

Waveforms during subinterval 2
Diode conduction interval
Inductor voltages and L2

i1 L1 i2
capacitor currents: iC1
+
+ vL1 – + vL2 –
+ iC2
vL1 = Vg – v1 +
Vg C1 v1 C2 v2 R
–
vL2 = – v2
– –
i C1 = i 1
v
i C2 = i 2 – 2
R
Small ripple approximation for subinterval 2:

vL1 = Vg – V1
vL2 = – V2
i C1 = I 1
V
i C2 = I 2 – 2
R
Equate average values to zero
The principles of inductor volt-second and capacitor charge balance

state that the average values of the periodic inductor voltage and
capacitor current waveforms are zero, when the converter operates in
steady state. Hence, to determine the steady-state conditions in the
converter, let us sketch the inductor voltage and capacitor current
waveforms, and equate their average values to zero.
Waveforms:
Inductor voltage vL1(t)

Volt-second balance on L1:
vL1(t)
Vg
DTs D'Ts vL1 = DVg + D'(Vg – V1) = 0

t
Vg – V1
Inductor L2 voltage
vL2(t) – V2
DTs D'Ts
– V1 – V2 t Average the waveforms:
vL2 = D( – V1 – V2) + D'( – V2) = 0

Capacitor C1 current
i C1 = DI 2 + D'I 1 = 0
iC1(t)
I1
DTs D'Ts
I2 t

Capacitor current iC2(t) waveform
iC2(t)
I2 – V2 / R (= 0)
V2
i C2 = I 2 – =0
DTs D'Ts t R
Note: during both subintervals, the

capacitor current iC2 is equal to the
difference between the inductor current
i2 and the load current V2/R. When
ripple is neglected, i C2 is constant and
equal to zero.
Cuk converter conversion ratio M = V/Vg
D
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
-1
-2
M(D)
V2
-3 M(D) = =– D
Vg 1–D
-4
-5
Inductor current waveforms
Interval 1 slopes, using small i1(t)

ripple approximation:
∆i1
I1
di 1(t) vL1(t) Vg Vg Vg – V1
= =
dt L1 L1 L1 L1
di 2(t) vL2(t) – V1 – V2
= = DTs Ts t
dt L2 L2
DTs Ts t
Interval 2 slopes:
– V1 – V2 – V2
di 1(t) vL1(t) Vg – V1 L2 L2
= = I2
dt L1 L1 ∆i2
di 2(t) vL2(t) – V2
= = i2(t)
dt L2 L2

Capacitor C1 waveform
Subinterval 1:
v1(t)
dv1(t) i C1(t) I 2 ∆v1
= =
dt C1 C1 V1
I2 I1
C1 C1
Subinterval 2:
DTs Ts t
dv1(t) i C1(t) I 1
= =
dt C1 C1
Ripple magnitudes
Analysis results Use dc converter solution to simplify:
VgDTs VgDTs
∆i 1 = ∆i 1 =
2L 1 2L 1
V + V2 VgDTs
∆i 2 = 1 DTs ∆i 2 =
2L 2 2L 2
– I 2DTs VgD 2Ts
∆v1 =
2C 1 ∆v1 =
2D'RC 1
Q: How large is the output voltage ripple?
2.5 Estimating ripple in converters

containing two-pole low-pass filters
Buck converter example: Determine output voltage ripple

L
1
iL(t) +
iC(t) iR(t)
2
Vg + C vC(t) R
–
iL(t)
Inductor current iL(DTs)
I ∆iL
waveform.
iL(0) Vg – V –V
What is the L L
capacitor current?
0 DTs Ts t

Capacitor current and voltage, buck example
iC(t)
Total charge
Must not q
neglect ∆iL t
inductor Ts /2
current ripple!
DTs D'Ts
If the capacitor
voltage ripple is
vC(t)
small, then
essentially all of
∆v
the ac component V
∆v
of inductor current
flows through the
t
capacitor.
Estimating capacitor voltage ripple ∆v
iC(t) Current i C(t) is positive for half

Total charge of the switching period. This
q
positive current causes the
∆iL t
capacitor voltage vC(t) to
Ts /2
increase between its minimum
DTs D'Ts and maximum extrema.
During this time, the total
charge q is deposited on the
vC(t) capacitor plates, where
∆v q = C (2∆v)
V
∆v
(change in charge) =
t C (change in voltage)
Estimating capacitor voltage ripple ∆v
iC(t) The total charge q is the area

Total charge of the triangle, as shown:
q
∆iL t Ts
q = 12 ∆iL
Ts /2 2
DTs D'Ts
Eliminate q and solve for ∆v:
∆iL Ts
vC(t) ∆v =
8C
∆v
V
∆v Note: in practice, capacitor
equivalent series resistance
t
(esr) further increases ∆v.

Inductor current ripple in two-pole filters
L1 iT Q1 L2
Example:
i1 + +
problem 2.9 i2
Vg + C1 vC1 D1 C2 R v
–
– –
vL(t)
Total
flux linkage
λ
∆v t
Ts /2
DTs D'Ts
can use similar arguments, with
λ = L (2∆i)
iL(t)
λ = inductor flux linkages
∆i
I
∆i = inductor volt-seconds
t
2.6 Summary of Key Points
1. The dc component of a converter waveform is given by its average

value, or the integral over one switching period, divided by the
switching period. Solution of a dc-dc converter to find its dc, or steady-
state, voltages and currents therefore involves averaging the
waveforms.
2. The linear ripple approximation greatly simplifies the analysis. In a well-
designed converter, the switching ripples in the inductor currents and
capacitor voltages are small compared to the respective dc
components, and can be neglected.
3. The principle of inductor volt-second balance allows determination of the
dc voltage components in any switching converter. In steady-state, the
average voltage applied to an inductor must be zero.
Summary of Chapter 2
4. The principle of capacitor charge balance allows determination of the dc

components of the inductor currents in a switching converter. In steady-
state, the average current applied to a capacitor must be zero.
5. By knowledge of the slopes of the inductor current and capacitor voltage
waveforms, the ac switching ripple magnitudes may be computed.
Inductance and capacitance values can then be chosen to obtain
desired ripple magnitudes.
6. In converters containing multiple-pole filters, continuous (nonpulsating)
voltages and currents are applied to one or more of the inductors or
capacitors. Computation of the ac switching ripple in these elements
can be done using capacitor charge and/or inductor flux-linkage
arguments, without use of the small-ripple approximation.
7. Converters capable of increasing (boost), decreasing (buck), and
inverting the voltage polarity (buck-boost and Cuk) have been
described. Converter circuits are explored more fully in a later chapter.

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Chapter 2

Principles of Steady-State Converter Analysis

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 1 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 2 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

Dc component of switch output voltage

Fourier analysis: Dc component = average value

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 3 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 4 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

Three basic dc-dc converters

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 5 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

Objectives of this chapter

G Develop techniques for easily determining output

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 6 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

Actual output voltage waveform, buck converter

Actual output voltage v(t) Actual waveform

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 7 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

The small ripple approximation

v(t) Actual waveform

In a well-designed converter, the output voltage ripple is small. Hence,

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 8 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

Buck converter analysis:

switch in position 1 switch in position 2

Vg + C R v(t) Vg + iL(t) C R v(t)

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 9 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

Solve for the slope:

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 10 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

Inductor voltage and current

Solve for the slope:

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 11 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

Inductor voltage and current waveforms

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 12 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

(change in iL) = (slope)(length of subinterval)

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 13 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

Inductor current waveform

When the converter operates in equilibrium:

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 14 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

The principle of inductor volt-second balance:

Inductor defining relation:

In periodic steady state, the net change in inductor current is zero:

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 16 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

The principle of capacitor charge balance:

Capacitor defining relation:

In periodic steady state, the net change in capacitor voltage is zero:

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 17 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

2.3 Boost converter example

Realization using iL(t) + vL(t) – +

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 18 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

switch in position 1 switch in position 2

iL(t) + vL(t) – + iL(t) + vL(t) – +

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 19 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

Subinterval 1: switch in position 1

Inductor voltage and capacitor current

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 20 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

Subinterval 2: switch in position 2

Inductor voltage and capacitor current

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 21 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 22 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

Inductor volt-second balance

Equate to zero and collect terms:

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 23 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

Conversion ratio M(D) of the boost converter

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 24 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis

Capacitor charge balance: DTs D'Ts