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VISUAL INSPECTION
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST
TEAM 1
INDUSTRIAL MANTENANCE
10-A
11-OCTOBER-2018
INDEX
(A) Definition:...................................................................................................................................1
(B) Terminology................................................................................................................................1
(C) Theoretical foundation:.............................................................................................................2
Direct Visual Inspection..............................................................................................................2
Indirect visual inspection............................................................................................................2
(D) Test procedure...........................................................................................................................2
Inspection Before welding..........................................................................................................2
Inspection during the welding....................................................................................................3
Inspection after welding..............................................................................................................4
(E) Test applications........................................................................................................................5
Advantage:...................................................................................................................................6
Limitations:...................................................................................................................................6
(F) Regulation governing the test..................................................................................................6
Regulation standard API 1104...................................................................................................6
UNE - NE - 13018 Visual inspection.........................................................................................6
(G) Acception and rejection criteria..............................................................................................6
(H) Requirements, security conditions to perform the test.........................................................7
Conflict of interest........................................................................................................................8
Responsibility on the work site..................................................................................................8
(I) Materials, tools and equipment to be used.............................................................................9
Gauge...........................................................................................................................................9
Bridge Cam gage.........................................................................................................................9
Fillet weld gage............................................................................................................................9
Inspection mirrors........................................................................................................................9
Gauge Welding with gauge........................................................................................................9
Skew-T Welding gauge............................................................................................................9
Steel rule.....................................................................................................................................10
Visual inspection in welding.
(A) Definition:
It can be defined as the examination of material piece or product to assess its
conformity using only sight or with the help of some tools.
The visual inspection of welding, non-destructive method by which a welding must
be inspected before, during and after the weld. The visual inspection in the
wonderful art of welding has a fundamental role I would say that one of the most
important factors within the quality control. You could define with the set of
activities aimed at ensuring a certain degree of reliability of a soldier set, by
verification by adequate means during different phases of the productive process.
During the different inspection phases, imperfections can be detected on the requirements
arranged in codes or standards established by the manufacturing and inspection bases
necessary for the good behavior in service of the welded constructions. The inspection
must be evaluated the results in relation to some established requirements as we have
previously mentioned defined in codes or standards applicable to the product. Examined.
Below I want to reflect some of the most common imperfections that are presented in the
welded Union.
(B) Terminology.
Discontinuity. Lack of continuity, lack of cohesion or union, interruption in the
physical structure of the material or product.
Default. Discontinuity whose size, shape, orientation, location or properties are, for
some specific norm, unacceptable.
Evaluation of indications. Process in which the severity of the state of the part or
part is decided, after the indication has been interpreted. It arises from here if the
indication is irrelevant or discontinuity, and if it is a defect or not. This evaluation
decides if the part or piece should be rejected, repaired or accepted for its use.
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(C) Theoretical foundation:
The visual inspection assay is a method of non-destructive inspection that allows
the detection of discontinuities that affect the visually accessible surface of objects.
The visual inspection is the non-destructive method for example, being its scope of
extremely extensive application: being identified with respect to its specification
and chemical composition. Detection of imperfections and defects produced during
a productive process during a productive process.
Visual inspection is not only important as a test method in itself, but is essential as
a prior and preliminary test in the execution of any other. Since always should be
done, even when the execution of another type of tests is provided.
According to the instruments that are used as aid to vision, and distance (or
access) that has between the inspector and the study object, visual inspection can
be divided into two groups inspection can be divided into two groups.
4. Verify that the specifications of the necessary welding procedure are available
and qualified The welding staff are available and qualified.
6. Review that the base materials meet the applicable specification, are identified,
do not show defects and that are stored and managed in a manner that makes it
not sure that they do not deteriorate.
7. Ensure that the welding materials (electrodes, melts, contributions, gases, and
specified) are available and that there are the forecasts to store them and manage
them correctly.
8. Verify that the adjustment and alignment of the members of the joints to weld is
required by the design or the welding process. The main aspects to be reviewed
are: slot angle, root opening, slot face, boarding line aligning, backrests, consumer
inserts, cleaning, dialing (wicks) treads and the surfaces and cutting edges with
oxygen from the base metal bases.
9. Verify the availability of the necessary welding equipment and its adaptation to
apply the applicable procedures.
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1. In general terms, ensure that welding operations are carried out in accordance
with the provisions of the applicable procedures (type and size of the electrodes;
voltage, amperage and welding speed; type of current and polarity; type and flow
of protective gases).
2. Verify that the temperature of preheating and temperature between steps are
those specified by the welding process, and that the means of the control of these
are available.
4. Ensure that the welders are qualified for the operations, procedures and
soldering variables specific in each meeting.
5. Ensure that welding materials are handled and stored in handling are handled
and appropriately managed.
6. Check the quality of the root passage. This step is a critical part of the welds - in
slot solders sold by the two sides, ensure that before the second side is removed,
the root of the board is adequately prepared.
3. Determine the length of the welds. When carrying out the activities indicated in
this subsection and the two previous ones, the discontinuities present in the
welded joints must be detected and identified, as well as their evaluation and
decision, according to the applicable criteria, their acceptance or rejection.
4. Verify the dimensional accuracy of the complete welded parts, because even if
the welded joints are not defective, if the parts are outside the specified
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dimensional tolerances, they are not useful for the service for which they were
designed and should be rejected
6. Ensure that complete structures (or welded joints, as applicable), are subjected
to post-welding heat treatment (relieved of stress most of the time) specified.
7. Verify that the cleaning prior to non-destructive tests and the: final cleaning is
adequate
9. Collect, distribute and file the documentation (reports, certificates and records)
of manufacturing and inspection required
10. In general terms, verify the compliance of manufactured parts with respect to
standards.
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Advantage:
The main advantages of visual and optical inspection are: Almost everything can
be inspected, to some degree, It can be very low cost, You can resort to relatively
simple equipment, It requires a minimum of training.
Limitations:
The main limitations of visual and optical inspection are: Only superficial conditions
can be evaluated. An effective source of illumination is required. Access to the
surface that needs to be inspected is necessary.
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methods), Table 1 includes a "comparative table" of the respective acceptance
criteria.
This table has a didactic character, whose purpose is to show the differences of the
acceptance criteria of some of the most used documents in welding inspection.
During the performance of its activities, the inspector must refer to the applicable
standards to judge the acceptance of the welds he is examining.
Among these aspects we can mention the fact that between one document and
another, the acceptance criteria for the same discontinuity are different, or that
apparently "harmless" discontinuities are tolerated by some norms and not by
others. As an example of the first situation, it can be cited that some documents,
such as ANSI / AWS D1.
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The Inspector must not express opinions publicly on aspects referring to
inspection, unless he has adequate knowledge of the issues he publishes, based
on the technical competence related to the subject and with the honest conviction
of the truth and authorship of the pronouncement.
Conflict of interest.
The Inspector must avoid conflict of interests with the client and must abstain from
any commercial partnership or circumstance that considers it.
The Inspector must not accept financial or other compensation, from more than
one party, for their services in the same project, unless there are circumstances
that are fully understood and agreed upon by all interested parties.
The Inspector must not accept or request direct or indirect rewards from one or all
the parties that have to do with the client, the employer or the constructor, in
relation to the inspection work.
NOTE: The certification does not authorize it to approve designs of procedures that
require the signature of a specialist Engineer with professional registration.
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(I) Materials, tools and equipment to be used.
Gauge.
There are other gauges for special measurements, some of them are deep
gauges, to measure strings or threads, conveyors and best conveyors (to measure
angles), levels (to measure the horizontal variation), interiors and exterior gauges,
to measure diameters and uniformity of holes, radios, screws, thickness (seeds of
leaves of several well-thick keepers to verify separations).
Inspection mirrors.
Portable inspection mirrors are of great value to look in difficult to see places and
are ideal for all general observation applications to search in high security areas.
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Absolutes angles.
Acute angles.
Straight Angles.
Steel rule.
The rules are essential and so frequent used in a variety of functions that are
supplied in different styles. The 6 "and 12" steel rules are frequently used. Scales
can be found in the English and metric system, or both in the same rule, and can
be found with subdivisions as small as 0.01."
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