WIND ENERGY ENGINEERING

SHUBHAM MISHRA SLOT E2

16BME0943 PROF. VIGNESH G

QUESTION 1. A 60 m diameter rotor experiences an undisturbed wind speed of 10 m/s. If it is operating at maximum Cp,
calculate:
Maximum possible thrust on the rotor
Maximum power developed by the rotor
Torque developed at maximum power. Take air density as 1.165 kg/m 2
SOLUTION:
GIVEN:
d=60m v=10m/s Cp(max)=0.59 Air density (ρ) =1.65 kg/m3
(a) Max possible thurst=Cp * (1/2) * ρ * A * V2
=1/2 * 0.59 * π/4 * 60 * 60 * 10 * 10
=97.12 kN (ii) Max Torque = Cp * (1/2) * ρ * A * V2 * r
=1/2 * 0.59 * π/4 * 60 * 60 * 10 * 10 * 30
(ii)Max Power = Cp * (1/2) * ρ * A * V3 =1167.6 kN-m
=1/2 * 0.59 * π/4 * 60 * 60 * 10 * 10 * 10
=971.2 kW

QUESTION 2. Wind at standard atmospheric pressure and 15o C temperature has a velocity of 10 m/s. The turbine has a
diameter of 120 m and its operating speed is 40 rpm at maximum efficiency. Calculate:
a. The total power density in the wind stream (kW/m2)
b. The maximum power density assuming η = 40%
c. The total power produced in kW
d. The torque and axial thrust.
SOLUTION :
GIVEN P atm = 1.18bar T = 1500C v = 10 m/s d = 120 m air density(ρ) = 1.205 kg/m3
We know that
V= ( π * d * n )/60
V= ( π * 120 * 40 )/60 (iii) Total Power produced= (1/2) * ρ * A * V3
V=251.32m/s = (1/2) * 1.205 * π/4 * 1202 * 103
= 6814.11 kW
(i) Total Power Density= (1/2) * ρ * V3
=1/2 * 1.205 * 103 (iv) Torque = (1/2) * ρ * A * V * 2r
=0.6025 kW/m2 = ½ * 1.205 * π/4 * 1202 * 102 * 60
=40.88 MN-m
(ii) η =40% Thrust =1/2 ρAV2
Total Power Density= (1/2) * ρ * V3 * η = ½ * 1.205 * π/4 * 1202 * 102
=1/2 * 1.205 * 103 * 0.4 = 681.41 kN
=241.8 W/m2

QUESTION 3. What is the air density difference between sea level and 10,000 m?
SOLUTION :
P = hρg
=1000 * 1.165 * 9.81
Air density at sea level = 1.225 Kg/m3
Air density at 10000m = 0.4135 Kg/m3
Difference in air densities due to height = 1.225 – 0.4135
=0.8115 Kg/m3
= 11428.65 Pa =0.1142865 bar

QUESTION 4. A 80 m diameter rotor experiences an undisturbed wind speed of 10 m/s. If it is operating at maximum Cp,
calculate:
a. Pressure difference across the disc using actuator disc analysis. Express this as percentage of atmospheric pressure (1
kg/cm2)
b. Maximum possible thrust on the rotor
c. Maximum power developed by the rotor.
d. Torque developed at maximum power. Take air density as 1.165 kg/ m2
SOLUTION:
GIVEN: d=80m V=10m/s Cp=.59 ρ =1.165 kg/m3
(b) Thrust =1/2 * ρ * A * V2 * Cp
=1/2 * 1.165 * π/4 * 80^2 * 102 * 0.59
(d) Torque Developed = 1/2 * ρ * A * V 2 * Cp * r
=172.75 Kn
= ½ * 1.165 * π/4 * 802 * 102 * 0.59 * 40
(c) Power Developed = 1/2 ρAV3Cp = 6909.99 kN-m
= ½ * 1.165 * π/4 * 82 * 103 * 0.59
= 1727.5 kN

5. Solar power potential is around 1 kW/ m2. What wind speed gives the same power potential?
SOLUTION :
Solar Power Density = 1kW/m2 ……………(i)
Wind Power Density = 1/2 ρV3………………. (ii)
From Equation (i) & (ii)-
½ * 1.25 * V3 = 1000 W/m3
On solving, we get V =11.69 m/s

QUESTION6. A wind turbine of 25 kW with rotor diameter of 10 m installed in an area of wind power density of 200 W/ m2.
Calculate annual energy production (AEP). Assume capacity factor as 0.5.
SOLUTION d=10m P=25 kW Cp=0.5
Power Density = 200 W/m2
AEP = P * 24 * 365 * Cp
=25 * 103 * 24 * 356 * 0.5
= 109.5 kW/year

QUESTION 7. Go to three leading wind turbine manufacturers’ websites and find out, what is their largest commercial wind
turbine? Also state diameter, rated power, generator type and other major specifications.
SOLUTION:
(1)WINDSPOT
7.5kW small wind turbine
for high-consumption households,
light industry Farms, telecomucation towers, rural electrification, etc.
At locations with 5 – 7 m/s average wind speed the 7.5KW Windspot can produce 32 – 64 Kw daily, approximately 2500W.h.
(2)ENESSERE
Clean energy company

(3)
Industry Renewable Energy Solutions
Founded 2005 as Hi-Energy Technology Corp.
Ltd., renamed in 2009 [1]

Headquarters New Taipei City, Taiwan

Area served Worldwide

Key people Michael Chen, Chairman; Jacken Chen,

CEO
Products Small wind turbines, solar panels, hybrid
streetlights

Number of 50
employees

QUESTION 8. Wind turbine specifications:

Rated power = 300 kW
Induction Generator (rpm = 65)
Hub height = 50 m
Rated wind speed = 18 m/s
Tower head weight = 3,091 kg
Three blades, mass of one blade = 500 kg
Hub radius = 1.5 m
Rotor radius = 12 m
Questions:
a. How fast is the tip of the blade moving?
b. How fast is the blade root moving?
c. Put the mass at the mid-point and calculate the kinetic energy for one blade. Assume the mass of blade is distributed
evenly over ten sections. What is the kinetic energy for one blade?
d. At rated wind speed, calculate the torque.
e. At 10 m/s, what is the thrust on the rotor trying to tip the unit over?
f. If the unit produced 800,000 kWh/year, calculate output per rotor swept area, calculate output per rotor swept area.
g. Calculate kWh/kg.
SOLUTION:
Rated power = 300 kW (iv) Torque = (1/2) ρAV2r
Induction Generator (rpm = 65) = ½ * 1.2 * π/4 * 12 * 12 * 18 * 18 * 6
Hub height = 50 m = 131.85 kN-m
Rated wind speed = 18 m/s
Tower head weight = 3,091 kg (v) Thrust =1/2 ρAV2
Three blades, mass of one blade = 500 kg = ½*1.205* π/4*12^2*10^2
Hub radius(r) = 1.5 m = 6.78 kN
Rotor radius (R) = 12 m
(vi) AEP=800,000 Kw/year
(i) Tip Speed =( π * D * n )/60 AEP= P/A*24*365
=( π * 24 * 65 )/60 P/A=800,000/24*365
= 81.64 m/s = 91.32 kW/m2

(ii) Blade root velocity = ( π * d * n)/60 (vii) P= 1/2 ρAV3*24/500

= ( π * 3 * 65)/60 P=(1/2 * 1.2 * π/4 * 12 * 12 * 18 * 18 * 180 ) * 24
= 10.21 m/s /500
(iii) Mass at mid-Point-
P=18.98 kWh/kg
Now blade is uniformly distributed in 10 sections
Mass of each section=500/10 = 50 kg
Length of each section=
KE =1/2 * m * (V12+V22+…………………………..+V102)
=1/2 * m * ((π d1 n / 60)2 + (π d2 n / 60)2 +………………….+( π d10 n / 60)2)
Now d1= 1/10 d10 = 1/10 d= 2.4m
Similarly d2= 2/10 d10………………….
KE = π2 * d102 * n2 * (12+ 22 +……..102) / (2 * 3600 * 10 * 10 )
KE = 1.06*106 J

QUESTION9. A wind farm with 20 wind turbines of WEG MS2 model has diameter 25 m, rated power 250 kW. Each turbine
generates 560,000 kwh per year. Estimate the Capacity factor of the plant.
SOLUTION: d=25m P=250 kW AEP=560,000 kWh/year
CF = Actual power produced/Max power produced
CF= 20 * 560000 / 250 * 365 * 20 * 24
CF= 0.255

QUESTION 10. A 3-bladed wind turbine with 220 kW generator has diameter of 30 m and tower height of 30 m. It is designed
to have Cp of 0.40 at wind speed of 11 m/s when regulation starts. The cut-in and furling speeds for the machine are 3 m/s
and 25 m/s respectively. Mechanical and electrical efficiencies are 95 % and 98 %. Assume air density as 1.225 kg/m3.

a. What is power developed by the rotor at 11 m/s when regulation starts?

b. If the tip-speed ratio at this wind speed is 4.2, then what is the rpm of the rotor?
c. Calculate the actual torque developed.
d. Calculate the maximum possible annual power output.
SOLUTION: d=10m h=30m Cp=0.4 V=11m/s
Cut in velocity =3m/s
Furling velocity=25m/s
Mechanical efficiency=95%
Electrical efficiency=98%
ρ=1.225 kg/m3

(a) P= 1/2 * ρ * A * V3 (c) Torque Developed =1/2 * ρ * A * V2 *

P= ½ * 1.225 * π/4 * 10 * 10 * 113 r * Cp
P= 63.91 kW T = ½ * 1.225 * π/4 * 10 * 10 * 112 * 5
* 0.4
(b) Tip speed/Wind velocity=4.2 T = 11.64 kN-m
Tip speed = Wind velocity*4.2 (d) AEP = P * 24 * 365
= 11 * 4.2 = 63.91 * 24 * 365
= 46.2 m/s = 559851.6 kW/year
V=( π * d * n )/60
46.2 =( π * 10 * n )/60
n= 88.23 rpm
QUESTION 11. From the table, calculate the capacity factor and choose best wind turbines for your wind farm (Establish your
own 100 MW wind farm) and estimate the annual energy production in kWh from your wind farm and also the area needed
to establish your wind farm.
Turbine Diamete Rated No. of Capacity Per turbine
r Power turbines (MW)
(m) (kW)
(kWh) (kWh/m2)
Bonus 65 15 65 644 42 113,000 640
DWT 400 35 400 35 14 1,000,00 1040
Vestas 15 15 65 1,330 86 53,000 300
Micon 65 16 65 126 8 184,000 916
Nordtank 150 16 65 375 24 100,000 498

Vestas 17 17 100 1071 107 145,000 639

Micon 108 20 108 967 104 230,000 732
Vestas 23 25 200 20 4 434,000 885
Mitsubishi 25 250 360 90 486,000 991

SOLUTION :We will calculate C.F. for each turbine. (e) C.F. for Nordtank150 = 100000/65*24*365
(a) C.F. for Bonus 65 = Capacity/AEP = 0.17
= 113000/69*24*365
= 0.198 (f)C.F. for Vestas17 = 145000/100*24*365
=0 .165
(b) C.F. for DWT400 = 100000/400*24*365
= 0.03 (g) C.F. for Micon108 = 230000/108*24*365
=0 .243
(c) C.F. for Vestas15 = 53000/65*24*365
= 0.09 (h) C.F. for Vestas23 = 434000/200*24*365
= 0.25
(d) C.F. for Micon65 = 184000/65*24*365
= 0.32 (i) C.F. for Mitsubishi = 486000/250*24*365
=0 .25
Hence Capacity factor is maximum for Micon65 which is 0.3
We know that 126 turbines give 8 MW
So no of turbines needed for 100MW power =1575.

To find area-
We will use 5D by 7D configuration –
Area required for 4 turbines = (80+40)*112
= 13440 m2
So area required for 1575 turbines =13440*1575/4
= 5292000 m2

QUESTION 13. A rotor reaches maximum Cp at a tip-speed ratio of 7. Calculate rotor rpm for four different wind turbines
(diameters 5,10,50 and 100 m) at wind speeds of 10,20 am 30 m/s.
SOLUTOIN :
Tip speed ratio =7
D= 5 , 10 , 50 , 100 m respectively
V= 10 , 20 , 30 m/s
Tip speed ratio = Tip velocity / Wind velocity
 Turbine-1 Turbine-2 Turbine-3 Turbine-4
d = 5m Diameter-10m d=50 d=100
(j) V=10m/s (i) V=10 (i) V=10 (i) V=10
Π * d * n / 60*10=7 Π * d * n /60*10=7 Π * d * n / 60*10=7 Π * d * n / 60*10=7
n=267.38 rpm n=133.69 rpm n=26.73 rpm n=13.36 rpm
(ii) V=20m/s (ii) V=20m/s (ii) V=20m/s
Π * d * n / 60*20=7 (ii) V=20m/s Π * d * n / 60*20=7 Π * d * n / 60*20=7
n=534.76rpm Π * d * n / 60*20=7 n=53.47 rpm n=26.73 rpm
(iii) V=30m/s n=267.38 rpm (iii) V=30m/s (iii) V=30m/s
Π * d * n / 60*30=7 Π * d * n / 60*30=7 Π * d * n / 60 * 30=7
n= 802.14 rpm (iii) V=30m/s n= 80.21 rpm n= 40.10 rpm
Π * d * n / 60*30=7
n= 401.07 rpm

QUESTION 14. A blade is 12 m long, weight is 500 kg, and the centre of mass is at 5 m. What is the torque if the force is 320 N?
SOLUTION: r=12 m
W=500 kg
Centre of mass at 5m
T=F.r
T=320 * 5
T=1600N

QUESTION 16. Identify any case study DPR of wind farm project from internet. (Thousands of report available, try to produce
unique report) . Prepare key points learnt from the DPR as two page report.
SOLUTION:
This report summarizes the findings of the
assessment performed by the consultant in State
Load Dispatch Centre across 6 states namely, Gujarat,
Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh,
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Further the assessment
also includes Regional Load Despatch Centres of
Northern Region (NR), Southern Region (SR) and
Western Region (WR) and National Load Despatch
Centre (NLDC), in the course of a first mission
undertaken from 15thFebruary to 15th March 2015
on the subject of SCADA/EMS Systems, Telemetry
Systems and Telecommunication infrastructure
installed throughout the Electric Power Grid of India.
The assessment was performed by way of preliminary
research followed by structured interviews with key
personnel of the relevant entities in India, based on
questionnaires. The assessment has shown that:
 The existing SCADA/EMS systems in the NLDC, RLDC
or SLDC are of different ages, providing more or less
state of the art SCADA/EMS functionality
 The existing SCADA/EMS systems are from different vendors with different project specific characteristics over and above a
common standard set of functionalities.
 Most of the systems follow international standard protocols for inter-control centre integration and for field RTUs.
 Most of the RE developer’s pooling stations are currently not monitored in real time. However, most of the interconnecting
substations are monitored.

QUESTION 18. Darrieus Wind Turbine of diameter, D = 18 m and height, H = 18 m has troposkien blades. If the swept area for
this machine is given by, A = 2/3 * D2, calculate power of the machine. Assume undisturbed wind speed of 11 m /s, air
density = 1.185 kg/m3 and Cp = 0.32.
SOLUTION : D=18m H=18m A=2D2/3 V=11m/s ρ = 1.185 kg/m3 Cp=.32
A=( 2 * 18 * 18 )/3
= 216 m2
P=1/2 * ρ * A * V3 * Cp
P=1/2 * 1.185 * 216 * 113 * 0.32
P=54.509 kW
QUESTION 19. Calculate the factor for increase in wind speed if the original wind speed was taken at a height of 40 m. New
heights are at 80 m and 120 m. Use the power law with exponent α = 0.4.
SOLUTION: H=40m h1=80m h2=120m α=.4
μ / μr=( h1/H)α
μ / μr=(80/40).4
μ / μr= 1.32
μ / μr=(120/40).4 =1.55
Wind speed increased by factor= (1.55-1.32) =0.27

QUESTION 20. A family decides to install a small wind turbine to supply some of the electricity and domestic hot water
requirements of a house. ( Assume a household with six family members and desires to purchase renewable energy based
system only)
i) Discuss the factors which determine the size and the location of such a wind turbine.
ii) Devise possible hybrid systems which use wind power with any other combination which are likely to be most cost-
effective.
iii) What back-up or additional energy storage might be necessary.
SOLUTION:
Wind farm should be installed in the windy area and should not have dead wind zones.
Size of the wind farm is dependent on the energy requirement of the family. For the above energy requirements, 4 20KW wind
turbines is suitable.
A dequate land area for installing the wind farm.
ii) Solar energy –wind energy hybrid energy system is suitable for the family requirements. Wind turbines can be coupled with
solar photovoltaic cells for giving the wind turbine a kick to operate.

iii) Some back up additional energy systems are thermal storage which include water storage and pebble bed storage; electrical
storage includes capacitor storage , inductor storage and battery storage and finally mechanical energy storage includes pumped
hydro-electric storage, compressed air and flywheel.

QUESTION 21. A Wind electric generator has to rotate at 150 rpm for a rated wind speed of 12 m/s. What is the required
diameter to produce 250 kW of electrical power? Assume Cp = 0.45, efficiency of mechanical transmission = 0.8, efficiency of
electrical generator and power conditioning equipment = 0.96.
SLOUTION: V = 12m/s
P=250 Kw
Cp = 0.045
P=1/2 * ρ * A * V * Cp
250 * 103 = ½ * (1.15) * (0.045) * (A) * (12)3
A=5.5 * 103 m2
D=83.78m

QUESTION 22. A met tower is located close to the edge of forest. If the wind speed is 8 m/s at 10 m height, estimate the wind
speed at 50 m? Choose ZO = 1.2.
SOLUTION: V1=8m/s at height of 10m
V2=? At height of 50m
ZO= 1.2
V2 /V1 = (h2 / h1) * ZO
V2/8 = (50/10)1.2
V2 =55.2 m/s