LATHE OPERATIONS

SUBMITTED BY:
MUHAMMAD ZEESHAN TARIQ (15-ME-74)

MUBASHIR SALEEM (15-ME-70)

SHEZAD MUSTAFA (15-ME-72)

SAIF-ULLAH SHAHID (15-ME-71)

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
 Manufacturing process
Introduction:
Manufacturing Engineering or process include multiple stages with the help pf which we convert
or transform our raw material obtained from different sources into desired product. In
manufacturing process, we design the product using its specifications and then modified it to
make our product. Different modelling software’s are being used now a days in order to
manufacture including Creo, Solid-works and Auto-Cad. Modern manufacturing have all the
intermittent steps required for production and assembly of products.

Lathe:

Lathe is extensively used for different manufacturing processes whoso main idea or purpose is to
rotate a workpiece or specimen against a tool whoso location/position is controllable by lathe. It
is particularly useful for workpieces of circular cross-section like cylindrical specimen or shafts.
What lathes actually do is hold the workpiece firmly via holding devices like Chuck and rotate it at
constant rpm, while doing so, it advances its cutting tool and cutting action takes place. Lathes
has found its application in many fields and is used for a lot of purposes like for making screw
threads, for tapered work, drilled holes, knurled surfaces, and crankshafts.

Parts of lathe:
Bed:
Bed is the base of lathe which is made of single casting using Cast Iron. It is basically foundation
for all the major or minor components of lathe.

Head stock:
Head stock is usually located on the left side of lathe whoso main function is to hold the workpiece
firmly using holding devices like chuck. Etc. which rotates the workpiece. It also contains gear
assembly and main power supply lines.

Spindle:
Spindle is actually a rotating axis for a machine which has a shaft since it is used for rotation.
Shaft sometimes also called a spindle. Or in other words, spindle can be called an entire rotary
unit having shaft and any other component required for rotation like bearings and chuck. Head
stock and Tail stock spindles are examples.

Tailstock:
Tailstock is located on right side of lathe which is also called counter-point for head stock since it
is exactly in line with head stock. Its main purpose is to locate dead center and to hold the other
side of workpiece if it is too long. Moreover, it can also be used for drilling and reaming operations.

Carriage:
It controls, locate and support the cutting tool since its complex assembly is meant to be used in
this way. It consists of following parts.
1) Saddle
2) Apron
3) Cross slide
4) Compound rest
5) Tool post
Operations on lathe:

Operations, which can be performed in a lathe either by holding the workpiece between centers
or by a chuck are:

 Straight turning.

 Shoulder turning.

 Taper turning.

 Thread cutting.

 Facing.

 Knurling.

 Threading.
But, we have performed following operations on our workpiece. They are;
1) Facing
2) Turning
3) Taper Turning
4) Threading
5) Knurling

Facing:
Facing is a process of making smooth and flat face or surface for cylindrical workpieces. Facing
tool moves perpendicular to axis of rotation of chuck thus workpiece. First, we firmly clamp the
workpiece in holding device. Then we mount the tool and bring it into appropriate position and
close to workpiece. Now, using saddle, we set the desired depth of cut and feed the tool using
cross slide.
Turning:
Turning is used to decrease workpiece diameter and obtain the final smooth product. It removes
the material from its outer diameter when it’s rotating. Depth of cut must be defined accurately
otherwise workpiece can alter from its mean position. Moreover, its feed must also be defined
so that productivity of process is good.

TAPER TURNING:
The taper turning is an operation of producing a conical surface by gradual reduction in the
diameter of a cylindrical workpiece. The adjustment is made when a specific narrowing is
required in the room. This one can be done by following the following four methods:
1. Form tool method
2. Tail-stock established on the method
3. Composite rest method
4. Conical corner fixation method

Formula for angle alpha is;

𝐷−𝑑
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝛼 =
2𝑙
Knurling:
It is a kind of operation performed on lathe that is used primarily for making certain linear or
angular patterns on workpiece such as cross-lines for gripping purpose. It is also widely used as
a repair method since knurled surfaces has raised surfaces that can make up for wear part.

Threading:
It is a process of making a screw thread. Threads are cut via cutting tool that is used to cut
threads. Since there are various types of threads. Therefore, different threading tools are used
depending upon our requirement. Usually double cut tools are used that make a profile like
thread on a cylindrical workpiece.

Optimization of Material Removal Rate:

EXPERIMENTAL DATA: [1]

The experiments are performed on lathe. The material and tool selected were mild steel and Aluminum
respectively. 3 process parameters are used, they are, cutting speed, and Feed rate and Depth of cut
were taken under consideration. Table 2 shows the important design factors and their levels.
Data:
Outer diameter of workpiece : 20mm
inner diameter of workpiece after machining : 11.5 mm
Rotational speed during Facing and Turning : 800 rpm
Rotational speed during Threading and Knurling : 50 rpm
We have drawn square threads with 8 T.P.I
We have provided the Taper of approximately 9* (degree)

Picture of workpiece:
Calculation:

Cutting Speed:

Diameter of workpiece to be turned (D): 2 cm

Revolution of the workpiece/min (N): 800 rpm

Cutting Speed of the workpiece (S): 50.2655 m/min

Turning Time:

Length of workpiece : .2032 meter (8 inches)

Feed of machine /rev.: 0.0002

Revolution of the workpiece /min: 800 rpm

Time required for Turning: 1.27000 min

Facing Time:

where, Length of Cut = half of Diameter of workpiece

Length of Cut: 1 cm

Feed of machine: 0.0002

Revolution of the workpiece /min: 800 rpm

Time Required for Cut: 6.25000 min

Knurling Time:
 Length of Cut: 1 cm

Feed of machine /Rev.: 0.002

Revolution of the workpiece /min: 50 rpm

Time Required for Knurling: 10.00 min

Threading Time:

Length of Thread: 3.302 in cm

Revolution of the workpiece /min: 50

Thread introduced /cm: 2.1199

Number of Start for Thread: 1.000

Pitch : 0.471720 in cm

Time Required for Threading: 0.169677 min/cut

Conclusion:
We have performed many operations on Aluminum workpiece including facing, turning,
taper turning, Threading and knurling. Moreover, we have calculated all the required
calculations related to these operations. We have also shed light on optimization of
Material Removal Rate using Research paper whoso reference has been given. Thus, a
finished product of desired dimension has been obtained.
 References:

[1]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705814032809

http://www.grdjournals.com/uploads/article/GRDJE/V02/I05/0083/GRD
JEV02I050083.pdf

[2]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing

[3]

http://web.mit.edu/2.670/www/Tutorials/Machining/lathe/Description.h
tml

[4]

http://www.americanmachinetools.com/how_to_use_a_lathe.htm

[5]

http://www.americanmachinetools.com/lathe_diagram.htm

[6]

http://www.mini-lathe.com/Mini_lathe/Operation/Turning/turning.htm