04 - Referencia - 15 - Kraus-Sixty-five Years of Extended Surface Technology PDF

applied
mêchonics
ſº Gº! S
published by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Feature Article
Sixty-five years of extended surface technology (1922-1987)
A D Kraus...321
Book reviews...B159
Review of the journal literature...J887
Author index...J997
Volume 41, Mumber 9, September 1988

ied Volume 41, Number 9, September 1988
FEATURE ARTICLE
IrQVGUUS 321 Sixty-five years extended surface technology (1922-1987).
of
A Kraus
D
AN ASSESSMENT
OF THE WORLD LITERATURE
IN ENGINEERING SCIENCES BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Editor-in-Chief: AW Kenneth Metzner
B159 Boundary element fundamentals: Basic concepts and recent developments
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in
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Stanford Univ), A E Bergles (RPI), K Cabeen B159 Finite element methods and Navier-Stokes equations.
(Engineering Societies Library, New York),
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HD Fisher (Combustion Engineering),
ME Franke (Air Force Inst of Tech), K C Gupta B160 Solving polynomial systems using continuation for engineering and
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(GM Research Labs), A W Leissa (Ohio State VI Arnold.
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in
review articles
Sixty-five years of extended surface technology
(1922–1987)
Dedicated to Karl Gardner who provided the inspiration
Allan D. Kraus
Electrical Engineering Dept., Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93940
The extended surface literature from 1922 to 1987 is reviewed. The review begins
with the classic NACA report of Harper and Brown published in 1922 and
concludes with the works of Marto, Wanniarachchi, Rose, Mitrou, and Razelos
published in 1986. A section entitled “The Beginnings” traces the accomplish
ments of the pioneers and it covers the period from 1922 to 1945 which coincides
with the publication of Gardner's landmark paper. At this point, a chronological
approach is abandoned in favor of a categorization into topical areas. These are
the elimination of the Murray-Gardner assumptions, boiling and condensation,
experimental endeavors, compact heat exchangers, internally finned configura
tions, numerical analyses, optimizations, analyses of finned arrays, and additional
topics including the use of extended surface to augment heat transfer, heat
transfer in electrical and electronic equipment, purely mathematical techniques,
and heat and mass transfer.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 322 EXPERIMENTAL ENDEAVORS 339
THE BEGINNINGS 323 The period prior to 1970 340
THE ELIMINATION OF The period of the 1970s 341
THE MURRAY –GARDNER The period of the 1980s 342
ASSUMPTIONS 326 COMPACT HEAT EXCHANGERS 343
The nonuniform heat INTERNALLY FINNED CONFIGURATIONS 345
transfer coefficient 326 NUMERICAL ANALYSES 346
Heat transfer solely by OPTIMIZATIONS 347
radiation 329 Individual fin optimizations 348
The combined mode: Heat Optimization of arrays of fins 349
transfer by convection ANALYSIS OF FINNED ARRAYS 350
and radiation 331 ADDITIONAL TOPICS 351
Nonsteady state heat Augmentation of heat transfer 351
transfer 332 Forced convection 351
Nonhomogeneous fin material 332 Pool boiling 351
Heat sources within Flow boiling: internal fins 351
the fin 332 Condensation 351
Variable thermal conductivity 333 Heat transfer in electrical
One-dimensional heat and electronic equipment 351
flow 334 Polygonal fins 352
Variation of base temperature 334 Heat pipes 353
Variable environmental Solar collectors and
temperature 335 related equipment 353
Tip and edge heat loss 335 Finned regenerators 353
Bond or contract resistance 335 Mathematical techniques 353
BOILING AND CONDENSATION 335 Turbine blades 354
Boiling 335 Design methods 354
Condensation 338 Freezing and/or melting on the
fin faces 354
Heat and mass transfer 354
Miscellaneous citations 355
CONCLUDING REMARKS 356
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 356
Transmitted by Associate Editor A Bar-Cohen
REFERENCES 356
Appl Mech Rev vol 41, no 9, Sept 1988 321 c. Copyright 1988 American Society of Mechanical Engineers
322 Kraus. Sixty-five years of extended surface technology Appl Mech Rev vol 41, no 9, Sept 1988 ****
Greek letter symbols

NOMENCLATURE
of
ratio modified Bessel functions (dimensionless)
a
constant (dimensionless)
a
Roman letter symbols fin width [m (ft)]
emissivity (dimensionless)
A area [m (ft”)] temperature excess [*C (°F)]
or
circumferential
a a constant (dimensionless)
coordinate (deg
or or
rad)
Bi Biot number (dimensionless) taper angle (deg rad)
b fin height [m (ft) or a constant (dimensionless) dynamic viscosity (kg/m (lb/h ft)]
s
c specific heat [J/kg "C (Btu/lb “F)] or a constant density (kg/m (lb/ft’)]
(dimensionless) surface tension [N/m (lb/ft)]
::
of
or
to
ratio flow area
diameter [m (ft)] frontal area compact heat exchanger (dimensionless)
in
a
peak amplitude (dimensions vary)
fin efficiency dimensionless
friction factor (dimensionless) condensate retention angle (deg
or
rad)
:
mass velocity (kg/m' s (lb/ft” h)]
gravity
of
acceleration
heat transfer coefficient W/m *C (Btu/ft* "F) Subscripts
h
designates modified Bessel function
of
first kind
designates inlet condition
heat transfer factor (dimensionless)
designates outlet condition
designates modified Bessel function
of
the second kind
or
to
refers average mean value
or
an
or
entrance exit loss coefficient (dimensionless)

refers to base of fin
thermal conductivity (W/m *C (Btu/fth “F)]
designates cross-sectional area
or
to
refers standard
fin length [m (ft)]
gravity
of
or
to
conditions contraction
[m
fin
')]
(ſt
performance factor
an a
'
equivalent expansion
e:
an
or
or
to
to
refers the edge
number (must have subscript) (dimensionless)
a
of fin
a
constant (dimensionless)
a
refers to finned surface
a
pressure [N/m (lb/ft)]
designates generation
heat flow [W (btu/h)]
designates heat transfer factor
[m
surface (ft”)]
refers to an internal condition
Stanton number (dimensionless)
designates mean condition
spacing between fins [m (ft)]
designates base
of
of
or
temperature [*C (°F)] fin outside diameter tube
designates removal
transformed variable per Eqs (7) (dimensionless)
a
designates surrounding environment

specific volume [m'/kg (ft'/lb)]
designates transfer units
fin height [m (ft)]
**
*
height coordinate [m (ft)] - -
º
~.
fin width [m (ft)] Superscript
normalized fin height (dimensionless)
r
indicates mean value
º
INTRODUCTION
Sixty five years ago, the paper by Harper and Brown (1922) The NACA report Harper and Brown was inspired by
of
a
appeared NACA report. was elegant piece request from the Engineering Division the US Army and the
of
to an
an
as
of
work
It
and appears the first really significant attempt provide connection with the heat dissipating
be
of
US Bureau
in
to
Standards
mathematical analysis the interesting interplay between interesting
of
to
air-cooled aircraft engines.

of
features note
It
is
a
conduction and convection occurring and upon single that this request came less than halfway through the time period
in
extended surface. Harper and Brown called this “cooling fin” between the Wright Brothers' first flight Kitty Hawk and the
at
a
which later became known merely most probable actual establishment of the US Air Force. The work considered
as
fin.
is
It
a
that Harper and brown were the pioneers, even though Jakob longitudinal fins rectangular profile and trapezoidal profile
of
(1949) pointed out that published mathematical analyses (which Harper and Brown called wedge-shaped fins) and radial
of
all
the way back rectangular profile (called circumferential fins).

be
of
1789. At that
in to
extended surface can traced fins also

It
time, Ingenhouss demonstrated the differences thermal con introduced the concept fin efficiency, although the expression
of
by
ductivity fabricating rods, coating them employed by Harper and Brown was called the fin effectiveness.
of
several metals
with wax and then observing the melting pattern when the From this modest, yet masterful beginning, the analysis and
§
the rods were heated. Jakob also pointed out that the performance individual components
of
of
of
of
bases evaluation
Fourier (1822) and Despretz (1822; 1828a, published extended surface and arrays extended surface, where individ
of
b)
mathematical analyses the temperature variation ual components are assembled into complicated configurations,
of
of
thin
metal bars or rods.
of an
the purpose
of
to
has become art. this article trace the

is
It
“ancient” endeavors may have been quite sig

its
development this interesting art from modest beginning

to
While these
/
time they were written, the present time when results literally hundreds
of
at
of
nificant felt that the the work

is
the
it
Harper–Brown work should

of
be
investigators appear yearly.

of
as
considered the forerunner

º
burgeoning literature that pertains very Some typical examples extended surface are displayed
of
in in
to
what has become

a
significant subject area the general field Fig.

of
The longitudinal fin rectangular profile

of
heat transfer.
in
shown
1.
is
Appl Mech Rev vol 41, no 9, Sept 1988 Kraus. Sixty-five years of extended surface technology 323
(d)
[G,
(e)
^-
(f)
ſº (g) (h)
/
(
)
FIG. Some typical examples extended surfaces: (a) longitudinal fin rectangular profile; (b) cylindrical tube equipped with longitudinal fins;
of
of
1.
(c) longitudinal fin
fin
fin
trapezoidal profile; (d) longitudinal truncated concave parabolic profile; (e) cylindrical tube equipped with radial
of
of
of
rectangular profile; (f) cylindrical
fin
tube equipped with radial trapezoidal profile; (g) cylindrical spine; (h) truncated conical spine;
of
(i)
truncated concave parabolic spine.
Fig. 1(a) where the profile shaded. The longitudinal

to of
to
is as
the fin between fin base and fin edge which often referred the
as is
is
be
fin may also straight fin and cylindrical fin tip. The fin width (also referred
in to
as
referred the fin thickness) the

a
tube equipped with longitudinal fins Fig. 1(b). Fig. that the origin
of
in
shown distance between the faces. Notice

is
2
Other types longitudinal fins are shown Figs. 1(c) and the height coordinate the fin edge, and, the prime
of
at
taken
in
if
is
1(d); the longitudinal fin trapezoidal profile, sometimes called
of
surface (often called the base surface) higher temperature
at
is
a
the wedge-shaped fin, and the longitudinal fin
of
than the environment, the orientation the height coordinate
of
truncated
concave parabolic profile. direction opposed
in
to
the heat flow the fin.
in
is
Figures 1(e) and 1(f) show how cylindrical tubes pipes

or
can be equipped with radial fins. These are sometimes referred THE BEGINNINGS
or
as
annular, circular, circumferential fins and the rectangu

to
The beginnings are arbitrarily assigned
to
lar and hyperbolic profiles are indicated respectively Figs. the time frame
in
1(e) and 1(f). between 1922 and 1945. The period begins with the Harper and
Spines are also used Brown work and concludes with the monumental effort of Karl
extended surfaces, and Figs. 1(g),
as
Gardner. The literature during this interim sparse. However,
is
1(h), and 1(i) display the cylindrical spine (sometimes called the
pin fin), the truncated conical spine, and the truncated concave few periods have had such an auspicious beginning and end.
parabolic spine, respectively. Harper and Brown (1922) provided thorough analytical solu
shown, for the longitudi tions for the two-dimensional model for both rectangular and
be
The terminology
to
used here
is
wedge-shaped longitudinal
of
fins and the circumferential fin
be
rectangular profile, Fig.

of
in
nal fin Attention should

2.
uniform thickness. The solutions culminated expressions for
in
focused on what meant by the fin height which the distance
is
is
efficiency (called the effectiveness)

or
the fin correction
in
that adjusted the efficiency the rectangular profile
of
factors
longitudinal fin. Harper and Brown concluded that the use
of
8
a
-2
=
one-dimensional model was sufficient, and they proposed that

f(x)=
3
be
the tip heat loss could accounted for through the use
of
a
corrected fin height which increases the fin height by value
a
fin
equal the shuffle, however,

of
half thickness. Lost

in
to
the
Foce of fin was the interesting observation that with
dº
is of as
the differential
(#
fin height, the face surface area

fin
of
lateral surface) element this element

is
0°
the taper angle which equal

k,
dx/cos for
to
where
is
k
rectangular profile straight and circumferential fins

as
as
well
for spines interesting
of
constant cross-sectional area. This

is
because, with the taper angle, the fin slant height not equal
as to
is
an
the centerline height. This leads approximation known

to
the “length arc assumption,” which then leads

of
discus
to
in a
be applied given
of
to
sion the actual heat transfer surface

a
application.
2,
For example, Fig.

of
the differential element surface

in
formulate the differential equation for tempera

to
that used
is
ture excess
is
dS Lax, (1)
=
2
O
=
is fin
A
whereas, for the longitudinal triangular profile, displayed

of
Fig.
3,
where the taper angle

in
as
defined
Terminology for the longitudinal
fin
FIG. rectangular profile.

at of
2.
Here, the origin arctan(6/2b), (2)

fin
the height coordinate edge.

of
taken the
k
is
324 Kraus: Sixty-five years of extended surface technology Appl Mech Rev vol 41, no 9, Sept 1988
(6) The heat transfer coefficient the same over all the fin
is
surface.
(7) The temperature the surrounding fluid
so of of
uniform.
is
(8) The temperature
of
the fin uniform.
is
the base
its
(9) The thickness small compared height that
to
is
be
temperature gradients normal the surface may
to
neglected.
(10) The heat transferred through the outermost edge
of
the
; negligible compared that passing through the
to
fin
is
sides.
an
Kern (1950) added eleventh assumption
to
Gardner's list:
(11) The joint between the
fin
prime surface
or
and the tube
to
assumed offer no bond resistance.
is
X =b A =O
stepwise procedure for calculating the temperature gradi

fin
FIG. 3. Terminology for the longitudinal triangular profile.

of
A
ent and efficiency for fins whose thickness varies any manner
in
was presented by Hausen (1940). The temperature gradient
in
by
conical and cylindrical spines was determined Focke (1942),
the differential element of surface area will be who, like Schmidt (1926), showed how the spine thickness must
vary keep the material required minimum. He, too,
to
to
a
dS dx/cos (3)
k.
=
2
found the resulting shape impractical and went on
to
determine
Schmidt (1926) employed the “length arc assumption” the optimum cylindrical and conical spine dimensions.
of
and covered the three profiles considered by Harper and Brown Avrami and Little (1942) derived equations for the tempera
from the standpoint material economy. He stated that the ture gradient
of
thick bar fins and showed under what condi
in
required for given conditions the fin tempera tions fins might act prime surface.
or
as
least material insulators on the base
is
if
ture gradient (from base tip) linear, and Carrier and Anderson (1944) discussed straight fins
to he
of
to
showed how constant

is
each type fin must vary produce this thickness, annular fins constant thickness, and annular fins
in of
of
of
the fin thickness
result. Finding, constant cross-sectional area, presenting equations for the fin
of
general, that the calculated shapes were

efficiency each. However,
of
impractical manufacture, proceeded show the optimum the latter two cases, the efficien
in
he
to
to
dimensions for longitudinal and radial fins cies are given the form of
an
constant thick
of
infinite series.
ness (rectangular profile) and the longitudinal fin trapezoidal Gardner (1945), giant leap forward, derived general
of
in
a
profile (called wedge-shaped fins). He also considered the longi equations for the temperature excess profile and fin efficiency
triangular profile the wedge shaped for any form extended surface for which the Murray—Gardner
of
of
of
as
tudinal fin the case

fin with zero tip thickness. assumptions are applicable and whose thickness varies
as
some
an
integral pin fins different profiles was consid
of
of
power the distance measured along

of
to
The case axis normal the
fin
ered by Bueche and Schau (1936). They determined for conical prime surface (the height). He proposed the profile
or
base
pins that the heat dissipation was
of of
function the Biot function (his nomenclature)

a
modulus based on the base radius and aspect ratio fin height
y,(x/x,)" */"
y
(4a)
")
=
base radius. They also showed that weight optimization

to
could be affected.
for the straight longitudinal fins,
or
Murray (1938) considered the problem

of
of
the annular fin

n)
–2n)/(2
x/x,)"
–
uniform thickness presenting equations for the temperature y,( (4b)

y
=
gradient and effectiveness under conditions symmetrical

of
a
for spines, and

temperature distribution around the base
of
the fin. He also

y,(x/x,) *"T"
be
proposed that the analysis

of
extended surface should based (4c)

y
=
assumptions which have been known since 1945

of
as
on set
a
or
for annular circumferential (radial) fins.

the Murray-Gardner assumptions. These assumptions are
Equations (4) depend on the assignment
of
to
possess considerable importance because their some number

to
deemed
fin
n n;
for example, the straight triangular profile results when

of
elimination, either one combination, provided

or
time
in
at
a
Eq. (4a). This also serves

in
of to
show that Gardner's

in
=
0
paths for subsequent investigators

to
is of
series follow.
profile functions, the positive sense the height coordinate
is
x
list these assumptions this point. They are

to
at
well
It
direction from fin tip

in
to
fin base.
taken directly from the Gardner (1945) paper.
a
With the foregoing profile functions hand and working

in
he
with general differential equation that derived, Gardner

a
(1) The heat flow and temperature distribution throughout

provide solutions for the temperature excess profile.
to
was able
ie,
the fin are independent

of
time the heat flow

is
equal integer,
an
For
or
to
zero
n
steady.
\"|
(;)
(2) The fin material homogeneous and isotropic.

_a I,(u) BK,(u)
is
|####,
{
+
u
•-
(3) There are no heat sources the fin itself. (5a)

in
,
fin
(4) The heat flow any point

or
to
at
from the surface

is
——
directly proportional the temperature difference be and, for equal fraction,
to
to
n
that point and the surrounding

at
tween the surface

\"| I,(u) (u)
81
+
[...]
fluid.
u
—
8,
|#####,
=
(5b)
|.
6
|
|
(5) The thermal conductivity

of
the fin constant.

is
Appl Mech Rev vol
In Eqs
if
(5),
41, no 9, Sept 1988
n is equal to zero or an integer, and

B - -
I,_1(u.)
K,
−
1(u.)
I.-1(u.)
( 6a)
Kraus: Sixty-five years of extended surface technology
and, for n equal to a fraction,
q =
u,[1
2(1 – n)
– (uyu,)”|
I,_1(u,)
1(up)
I,(up)
Graphs were provided which plotted the efficiency as a function

of a parameter which embraced the fin dimensions and thermal
+ 81,1
+ 81,0un)
-, (up)
by |
325
(8b)
-
B= (6b) properties. One of them (for the straight fins) is reproduced
Il-..(u.) here as Fig. 4. Observe that when n = 1/2, the straight fin of
rectangular profile results, and the solution for the fin efficiency
if n is a fraction and u depends on the type of fin.
For straight (longitudinal) fins, is given by the familiar
tanh up
"W. T- ©= - (9)
u = — x,b , a
20-0|| |
— n ) (7a)
ky, ub
Xb
Gardner also pointed out that the terms “fin efficiency” and
for spines,
-**[...]-
“fin effectiveness” had not been consistently used in the English
- 2W2(2–n) ( x \*/*-*) ſh
T
I, -
: Xb,
x,
7b
literature. He redefined the fin effectiveness as the ratio of the
heat transferred into the base of the fin to the heat transferred
(b) through the same prime or base surface area if the fin were not
and, for annular fins, present. He also provided a relationship to permit the conver
sion from fin efficiency to fin effectiveness.
x \1/(1-7) h It is felt that the Gardner paper is remarkable for several
u= (1 *b. 7
(7c)
"[...] ky, reasons. First and probably foremost is the fact that he estab
lished a uniform theory by reemphasizing the concept of the fin
The fin efficiency, defined as the ratio of the heat transferred efficiency, thereby creating an itch that literally thousands of
from the fin to the heat that would be transferred by the fin if equipment designers have been scratching ever since. Although
its thermal conductivity were infinite (if the entire fin were to there are those who have been urging that the concept of the fin
operate at the base temperature), was provided by Gardner for efficiency be abandoned, the idea is quite simple and considers
all of the fins that he considered. For n equal to zero or an that the surface to be used in the simple rate equation
integer, q = hS8, (10)
- 2(1 – n) I,_1(up) - 8K, (up)

prime surface S. The
|
S,
- (uo/u.)” is composed of fin
or
q, (8a) surface and base
I,(up) + BK,( fin efficiency merely modifies the fin surface
to
u,[1 up) allow the total
4
I-I-I I-I-I-I-
—º-—
1.O
N
u,
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too, y=ybºx/w), UbºwVh/kyb
= =
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ºw 1-4U.
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1
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1.O 2.0 3.O 4.O 5.O

O
W.V h/kye
ASME,
67
FIG. Gardner's graph for the efficiency straight (longitudinal) fins. This graph reproduced
of
from Trans (1945).

4.
is
The procedure
be
by
to
to
surface S to be represented followed here first consider the
is
elimination of the constant and uniform convective coefficient
S = S, + S, (11)
limitation (assumption 6), then consider the literature pertain
by
ing the dissipation radiation only (assumption 4), and
to
all
presumed operate
be
be to
so that of
the surface can
at
the base
finally consider the combined problem
of
temperature excess. To the nonuniform heat
be
sure, there can extensive ramifica
of
transfer coefficient the presence radiation.
in
this rather oversimplified explanation.
to
tions
Moreover, appears that Gardner was one
of
to
the first
it
applied mathematics
of yield concepts
to
demonstrate the use
The nonuniform heat transfer coefficient
that engineers could use build equipment that worked. He
may not have been the first to
to
show the modified Bessel Gardner's 1945 paper brought forth great deal printed
of
a
the working mechanical engineer, but certainly
he
is an to
functions discussion and triggered the investigation the validity
of
of
the
provided intense re-exposition these interesting functions.
of
constant heat transfer coefficient assumption. Apparently, the
Indeed, felt that one should consider the magnificence
of
challenge this assumption was Ghai (1951), who pre
it
to
first
early stage
of
an
such work such with envy.
an
at
career experimental investigation straight rectangular fins.
of
a
a sented
One may observe that to
as
1945 drew close (the Gardner This investigation revealed large differences the heat transfer
in
paper was presented a
the ASME Winter Annual Meeting
at
at
fin tip and along the fin
to
coefficient both from fin base the
in
that year), the extended surface tech
of
of
the end November direction of the air flow. The evaluation of the variation of
nology was on firm foundation. What began with Harper and point-to-point heat transfer coefficients was made possible by
a
Brown and what had concluded with the Gardner paper had
as
special hollow fins
of
of
the construction stainless steel with
established useful design equations for the construction
of
many thermocouples embedded internally within the fin
50
as
working heat transfer hardware containing finned surfaces. 10.16 cm) without disturbing the
of
in
an area in. (5.08
×
4
2
interesting the ASME
of
to
note that the 1945 volume air flow. Ghai's results showed that the heat transfer coefficient
It
is
Transactions contained, Gardner's pioneering

to
addition
in
the point where the fin was attached
to
was minimal the
at
effort, correlations for the determination
of
the heat transfer prime surface and that the coefficient increased the fin tip
as
coefficient between fin and fluid. DeLorenzo and Anderson
was approached.
(1945) provided correlation for the heat transfer coefficient Gardner (1951), Ghai's paper, showed that
by of
discussion
be in
a
a
and friction factor for the longitudinal fin-axial flow exchanger
an
Ghai's data could represented equation for the heat
[what they, and later Kern (1950), referred
to
as
the “double transfer coefficient,

pipe”). Jameson (1945) provided heat transfer correlation and
a
a)(x/b c)"
(1
Gunter and Shaw (1945) presented flow friction data
– –
in
the
=
-
h (12)
h
form of friction factor in what were then called transverse fins al
(1+c)"
a
(now radial fins).

c’”)
h,
Elenbaas (1942) apparently was the first
h,
Here,
a,
to
of
document the mean value and are constants
is
a
b. is c
detailed study x/b
of
the heat transfer vertical two-dimensional

in
determined from Ghai's data and the fractional
=
of z
channels formed by parallel plates fins. This pioneering work height
or
distance from the fin base for fin Gardner then

began almost virgin territory, and provide a
worked from his generalized differential equation using the
to
was the first

in
it
guidance on the optimum spacing vertical arrays

of
of
foregoing value adjust his results for the fin

of
fins to
in
He was able
h.
fins. efficiency contained his 1945 paper

to
accommodate the fin
in
Attention now must turn to the further historical advance of efficiency based on the heat transfer coefficient variation. Here,
the extended surface technology where the inadequacy
of
too, the fin efficiency expressions were
of
the modified
in
the terms
Murray-Gardner assumptions Bessel functions.
in of
revealed. The elimination

is
these assumptions, either individually combination, and Melese (1957) examined the problem the longitudinal fins
or
of
in
no particular order, has been the self-imposed task many rectangular, trapezoidal, and triangular profiles with
of
of
heat
a
investigators. And,
In
these assumptions are removed, the transfer coefficient that varied linearly over the fin height.
as
mathematical models used for analysis come closer general, the fin efficiencies that
to
he
the obtained were lower for the

real-world situation. constant value equal
of
to
linear variation than for the mean

a
this, and many

of
In
the linear variation. the subsequent works

be
that will quoted here, little no reasoning was provided

or
to
THE ELIMINATION OF THE
justify why the coefficient should vary the manner assumed.
in
MURRAY-GARDNER ASSUMPTIONS
the Melese study, the thermal conductivity
of
In
the fin and the

The Murray-Gardner assumption no calls for uniform environmental temperature were assumed constant and internal
6
heat generation the fin was not included.

in
heat transfer coefficient over the fin faces. While this assump
was Fortescue (1957) who suggested that correlations for
It
simpler mathematical treatment

of of
tion makes for the fin

a
the heat transfer coefficient should relate the Stanton number to

conduction—convection interplay, certainly one the as
is
it
Reynolds thermal conductivity

to
sumptions that the number and ratio

to
most vulnerable criticism and

is
is
the least
in a
applicable account for the variation the fin efficiency between the
to
of
the real world framework. Most the attention

variable and the constant cases. This method was later
the assumptions has been devoted
of
focused on the elimination

adopted by Hughes and Slack (1958) empirical investiga
an
in
the proposition that the convective coefficient must con

be
to
stant and uniform over the faces of the fin and the flanks of the tion involving spiral fuel elements.
power law variation
of
spine (assumption no 6). Han and Lefkowitz (1960) assumed

a
over the height

of
The assumption that the heat transfer between the fin and the fin
h
the fluid must be proportional the temperature difference

to
1)h,(x/b)',
is
(Y
h(x) (13)
=
the Murray-Gardner assumption no

of
The strict sense this

4.
h,
assumption precludes analysis fin heat dissipation by yield the desired profile,
of
an
to
where number that

is
is
is
set
a
Y
h,
the height
of
of
radiation. Clearly, this was not

an
acceptable restriction the mean value the fin. may be

at
is
and
It
the
b
the fin,
of
of
the space age. observed that constant when

at
threshold
is
the base
=
0
h
**
Appl Mech Rev vol 41, no 9, Sept 1988
Kraus. Sixty-five years of extended surface technology 327
Y = 0 and linear, and parabolic variations occur when Y is equation providedby Han and Lefkowitz (1960), and the
respectively set equal to 1 and 2. Here, too, no attempt was calculated points fall on both curves which consider that the tip
made to relate this type of variation to the real world. of the fin is insulated.
Harris and Wilson (1961) considered the variation of heat Case 4 in this study involved a constant heat transfer coef
flux (from which the variation in h could easily be deduced) ficient on the fin faces but with a tip loss computed using the
along the height of the rectangular profile longitudinal fin with Harper-Brown (1922) correction. The points obtained differed
cross flow forced convection. While this study was for a differ from those of case 1 in the second decimal of the temperature
ent situation than the one described by Ghai (1951), it was profile. Cases 5 and 6 are based on Eq. (14), which is the Chen
shown that the assumption of a constant h was substantially in and Zyskowski (1963) proposal. Here, the average value of the
-Hºl
error. Chen and Zyskowski (1963) considered an exponential heat transfer coefficient is also h, –
170.36 W/m K (30 Btu/ft
variation of the heat transfer coefficient h ‘’F) and the coefficients a and c are a = 0.4 and c = 4.0.
1 – ae- (c(*/b)) Calculations were also made using the analytical solution pro
h(x) (14) vided by Chen and Zyskowski (1963), and these points fell the
single curve, case 5, for no tip loss and case 6 that includes tip
where again h, is the mean value of the coefficient and where loss.
a, b, and c are constants. Lubny-Gerczyk and Bobkova (1963) looked at varying
The results of a numerical study relating the temperature in geometries of fins and pins (spines) and fins with varying
the fin as a function of distance from the fin base for various distributions of h on the dissipating surfaces and a treatment of
assumed variations in the heat transfer coefficient are displayed the results of a variation of h on the faces of an annular (radial)
in Fig. 5. The numerical study considered three forms of the fin was provided by Bert (1963), where a two-dimensional
heat transfer coefficient on the faces of a longitudinal fin of solution with temperature variation in both the radial and
rectangular profile with height b = 10.16 cm (4.00 in.), width circumferential coordinate directions was obtained. In the Bert
8 = 0.3175 cm (0.125 in.), and unit length. The thermal conduc study, the tip heat loss was accounted for by the already
tivity was taken as k = 34.61 W/m K (20 Btu/ft h "F). For the established height adjustment due to Harper and Brown (1922).
constant h case, the heat transfer coefficient was taken as The fin thickness (width) was allowed to vary as a power law of
h = 170.36 W/m K
(30 Btu/ft h “F). The constant h case is distance from the fin base, and the convective heat transfer
shown as case 1 and it may be observed that the computer gave coefficient was allowed to vary in similar fashion.
a curve that accurately compares to the classical hyperbolic Migai (1963) applied linear and hyperbolic variations to h
cosine solution. Cases 2 and 3 are based on the Han and and he produced curves that were based on the maximum value
Lefkowitz (1960) proposal, given by Eq. (13), that the variation of h at both the fin base and the fin tip, giving the error in the
of h follows a power law. Here, the mean value ha was taken at fin efficiency resulting from the use of a constant value of h.
the value of the constant h in case 1, and the values of Y were Stynes and Myers (1964) took advantage of the similarity
taken at Y = 1 (for the linear increase in h, case 2) and Y = 2 between the transfer of heat and the transfer of mass. The
(for the parabolic increase in h, case 3). In both cases, analyti quantity of bensoic acid to dissolve locally into water in cross
cal solutions for the temperature profile were obtained from the flow was investigated for both upstream and downstream facing
N
2OO
o Computer solutionof the

steody-stateprogram
190
A Solution of the corresponding
WN
\
equotions ond grophs
18O
\ Nº.
17O -
u- 3, porobolicincrease in h
o
sº |
tº- Qs 2, linear
Ineor Increose
Cose increase iin h
|
# 16O
NX
\\
E Coses 5 ond 6, exponentiol
º woriotionin h
Hº
150 with and withoutedges loss
`s
14O
130 H cose 1, constant h
120
O.2 O.3 O.4
A /b, dimensionless
fin
FIG. 5. Numerical comparison of the temperature profiles for three different heat transfer coefficient profiles on a longitudinal rectangular
of
all
profile. cases, the environmental temperature was constant and uniform

In
at
100°F.
sides of the fins. Although no mathematical correlation was He also showed that the constant and constant environmental
h
attempted, plots of a dimensionless heat transfer factor known temperature models are disagreement
in
rather considerable
as the “j-factor” were produced for varying fin spacings and with experimental results.
An investigation
of
of
of
height, channel width, and Reynolds number. Cumo, Pinchera, the variation over the surface
h
straight fins rectangular profile and with parallel flow was
of
and Urbani (1964) gave a rather brief theoretical analysis of the
variation of the convective coefficient on the walls of channels conducted by Stachiewicz (1969). The results showed general
a
in parallel flow. fin tip but with marked dip
to
at
increase from fin base
in
a
h
the fin height.
of
Ueda and Harada (1964) performed an extensive numerical about 75% was observed that the same
It
general shape apply over wide range
of
study of the heat transfer coefficient and the friction factor in
to
the curve seemed
a
fin height spacing ratios and Reynolds numbers.
of
banks of straight rectangular profile fins in crossflow. They also
to
the problem
of
considered the effects of fin height and spacing, channel height, Advani and Sukhatme (1973) looked
at
a
by
and the thermal properties of the fins themselves. One of the vertical rectangular fin losing heat laminar free convection.
In
this study, they employed
of
graphs produced showed a variation of the fluid temperature in simultaneous solution the flow
a
the gaps between the fins and in the direction of the fin height. and energy equations the surface and the heat conduction
at
A large variation in the surrounding fluid temperature was equation inside the fin. This procedure automatically eliminated
demonstrated. This appears to be the first published case in the need for the assumption
of
constant heat transfer coeffi
a
which the assumption of a constant surrounding or environ cient on the fin faces. Razelos and Imre (1980) determined
mental temperature was put into question. It pointed out that a optimum dimensions rectangular
of
of
circular (radial) fins
systematic study of the variation of the environmental tempera profile with both variable heat transfer coefficient on the fin
ture was needed. faces and variable thermal conductivity. Sparrow and Acharya
It appears that the first two-dimensional study of a straight (1981) made conjugate conduction—convection analysis for
a
fin of general profile to incorporate a variable heat transfer vertical plate fin exchanging heat with the environment by
coefficient on the fin faces and to allow for internal heat natural convection. They too solved the fin heat conduction
generation within the fin was conducted by Cumo, Lopez, and equation simultaneously with the conservation equations for
Pinchera (1965a). This treatment employed a numerical solution mass, momentum, and energy the fluid boundary layer
in
using the Gauss–Seidel iteration method. While the use of this adjacent the fin. Here, the natural convection heat transfer
to
technique has many advocates and many dissenters, it is com coefficient variation not specified advance but comes forth
in
is
putationally efficient when the coefficient matrix obtained by as one of the results of the numerical solutions. For wide
a
range conditions,
of
taking first law energy balances on a large number of presumed was found that the local heat transfer
it
coefficients, decreased first, attained minimum and then
at
isothermal subvolumes (called nodes or cells) has a dominant
a
principal diagonal. This work, in Italian, showed that the one increased with increasing downstream distance. This behavior
dimensional formulation of the conduction within the fin could
an
enhanced buoyancy effect resulting from
to
was attributed
be misleading under certain circumstances. However, the guid temperature difference along the
in
an increase the wall-to-fluid

ance provided with regard to a variable heat transfer coefficient streamwise direction.
an
is significant and a two-dimensional variation of the tempera Heggs, Ingham, and Manzoor (1981) provided analysis
of
ture at the fin base was also included. The FORTRAN listing of the effects of the variation of the convective coefficient on the
an
the computer program used is provided in the work by Cumo, triangular profile. Huang and
of
of
faces annular (radial) fin
Chen (1984; 1985) worked with the cylindrical pin
fin
Lopez, and Pinchera (1965b). pointing
Roizen (1966) published additional developments with re out that the pin temperature profile strongly influenced by
is
gard to the variation of the heat transfer coefficient on the faces the heat transfer coefficient and that the heat transfer coefficient
of the longitudinal fin of rectangular profile when the fins were may be even more strongly dependent on the pin temperature.
in cross flow to the fluid stream. Graphs were presented that They used the pin temperature distribution, which not known
priori, boundary condition is
of
showed the variation of h over both the upstream and down

as
the start the interactive

at
a
stream faces of the fin, but no mathematical correlation be process for the thermal boundary layer equation. The solution
tween the heat transfer coefficient and the flow geometry was the boundary layer equation provided the heat transfer
of
attempted. Correction curves were presented to enable the true coefficient, which, turn, was put into the pin energy equation
in
one-dimensional fin efficiency to be calculated by the designer yield solution for the temperature distribution. This proce
to
when the efficiency based on a constant h had been determined, dure was repeated until the accuracy between successive itera
and these indicated that the error in assuming a constant h was tions was satisfactory.
significant. Unal (1985) assumed that the heat transfer coefficient was
a
Melese and Wilkins (1966) treated longitudinal fins of arbi power function temperature between points
of of
of in
the difference
trary profile with variable heat transfer coefficients on the fin on the surface straight fin rectangular profile and the
a
faces, with internal heat generation and with variable thermal surroundings. The study was inspired by considerations pertain
conductivity (variable k). The shapes considered were the rect ing nucleate boiling and values the exponent the power
of
in
to
angular, trapezoidal, and triangular profiles. They also provided

so
yield tractable analysis for the

to
as
function were chosen

a
the foregoing con

all
an optimized profile based on

of
three one-dimensional temperature distribution. Razelos (1986) em

straints. ployed Pontryagin's maximum principle find the profile
of
to
Joyce (1967) gave procedure for the optimization the minimum mass convective fin with variable heat transfer
of
heat
a
a
exchangers with finned tubes containing longitudinal fins coefficient on the fin faces. He showed that the volume and the
rectangular profile. Here, with
of
the fin are uniquely related specified heat transfer

of
of
to
variation on the fin width

h
a
a
faces, two-dimensional temperature variations were taken into rate and the properties
of
the fin material.

Garg and Velusamy (1986) describe method for the simul
an
account, and Evreinova (1967) conducted empirical study

of
heat transfer and friction for longitudinally finned surfaces. the convective heat transfer problem for the
of
taneous solution
Sturman (1968), his PhD dissertation, confirmed (for flowing problem plate fin.
in
fluid and the conduction within

a
a
an
cases) that very large variations analysis

of
Their motivation came from

to to
rather limited number desire enhance

in
the
a
temperature within the gaps between fins Prandtl number equal

in
cross flow do exist. carried out for 0.7.

a
It may be concluded from the foregoing discussion pertain than their companion rectangular profile fins designed for iden
ing to the variation of the convective coefficient in the absence tical conditions. However, was Wilkins (1960a, who,
b)
two
in
it
of radiation that the presence of a nonuniform heat transfer papers, showed that the radiating longitudinal fin
of
least
fin
coefficient on the faces of the markedly different linear temperature
to
can lead material not the one that exhibits
is
a
temperature profiles on temperature gradient. He stated that the problem finding three
in
of
fin. These variations one
is
a
functions, one heat flow, one temperature profile, and one
of
of
profiles, concert with the nonuniformity
of
in
the coefficient has
by
an
impact on the heat dissipation the fin. This has been relating variable fin width that will match the boundary
to
at a
by
an
investigated unpublished study which fin tip and fin base and also make the profile area
in
the author conditions
minimum. Through the use
an
heat dissipation between
of
indicates almost 2:1 difference some clever transformations
in
a
with regard temperature and heat flow,
he
to
to
the exponential and parabolic variations indicated respec was able come
as
tively by cases Fig. Thus, up with the required profile. interesting note that Haley
to
to
easy
It
and see that heat
in
is
5.
is
it
5
transfer coefficient nonuniformity may have and Westwater (1966) employed Wilkins' procedure optimize
to
marked effect on
a
the shape spine dissipating heat boiling liquid.
of
the design fins and heat transfer equipment employing fins.
to
of
a
a
Granet and McIlroy (1961) gave procedure which enabled
a
any fin whose profile could expressed exponen
be
as
of
sum
a
optimized. Liu (1961) extended his previous work by
be
to
tials
by
Heat transfer solely radiation
in an
giving analytical solution for the optimum rectangular cool
Apparently, the first paper ing fin
to
as
of
treat the radiation mode the terms the beta function. was Heaslet and Lomax
It
be
heat dissipation from the faces
of
(1961) who appeared analyze radiating fins

of
to
to
sole means fin was that the first
a
on
Callinan and Berggren (1959). This paper considered flat and
of
with variable thermal conductivity and variable emissivity

convex radiators with radiation from one side and fin and tube the fin faces. Their treatment pertained family very thin
of
to
a
construction double surface radiators. The radiation inter longitudinal rectangular profile. These fins extended
of
fins
change between fin and tube was approximated; but inter symmetrically from common edge and mutual diffuse radia
a
reflections were not considered for the grey body case, and no tion interchange between the fins was taken into account. At
account was taken of the incident radiation on the fin from the about the same time, Sparrow, Eckert, and Irvine (1961) pub
an
analysis that pertained two longitudinal fins
of
tube. Even this early stage the radiative dissipation from
in
to
at
lished
fins technology, an attempt was made maximize heat rejec rectangular profile with some general angle
to
at
common edge
a
per unit weight basis. Chambers and Somers (1959) with respect each other. Diffuse radiant interchange between
to
tion on
a
an
no
analyzed the radiation from one side the fins was considered, but attempt
of
to
to
circular disk include the radiant
a
absolute zero heat sink, which resembled radiation energy incident on the fins from the base (prime) surface was
to
free space
made.
K.
an
nominal This why, this discussion, radiation

at
to
in
is
3
a
absolute zero heat sink will be hereinafter referred as radia

to
In
1962, Kreith (1962) published his book entitled Radiation

free space. heat transfer, section on radiating fins.
to
tion which contained
a
NASA the problem optimization with
of
Lieblein (1959) technical note unknowingly Wilkins (1962a) addressed
in
a
a
by
the ground covered Callinan and Berggren temperature gradient, and then Wilkins
of
covered much constant and linear

an
(1959), but he provided the basis for the consideration minimum mass radiating fin with internal
of
(1962b) considered
a
equivalent sink temperature which would enable later investiga heat generation.
variety
of
of
Sparrow and Eckert (1962) provided more comprehensive

to
tors take account environmental conditions.

a
a
minimization problem and radiation between fin and base (prime) surface
of
Lieblein also considered the
in
mass treatment
provided radiation fin efficiency curves for both finite and fin-and-tube construction. For black body condi
of
the case
infinite length plates and for various source sink temperature tions, they included the effect radiation from the tubes falling
to
of
ratioS. on the fins, and they observed that, under practical operating
Bartas and Sellers (1960) provided efficiency curves for conditions, the radiation from the base surface could cause
a
minimum weight fins, and Nilson and Curry (1960) gave significant reduction the heat dissipation from the fin. For
in
a
numerical solution using the Runge–Kutta method grey body conditions, they set up equations that would account
to
obtain
the weight straight (longitudinal)
of
of
minimization fin for diffuse reflections but they did not solve them.
a
rectangular profile radiating from fin surfaces with

an
emissivity Liu (1962) proposed general differential equation and

a
free space. Mackay (1960) published

an
solution that applied longitudinal fins with arbitrary profile

to
to
of
0.5 excellent text

which provided possible variation surface emissivity
of
interesting data that would enable

of
wealth and which considered

a
a
as
fin height.
of
the designer both fin analysis and fin

to
to
obtain solutions function

a
synthesis problems involving rectangular profile and optimized Sparrow, Miller, and Jonsson (1962) developed model for
a
rectangular profile with black body

of
profile fins radiating free space and other nearby surfaces.

to
to
annular (radial) fins

Eckert, Irvine, and Sparrow (1960) provided brief note on surfaces and included the fin and base surface radiant interac
a
the formulation of models for the radiation from fins with tion. was shown that the radiant interchange between fin and
It
mutual irradiation. However, this study, the radiant energy tube was quite significant, leading appreciable error
to
this
in
if
prime surface was assumed interaction was not considered. Equations for grey body radia
or
incident on the fin from the base

negligible. An analytical solution the problem weight
of
tion with constant surface emissivity were presented but were

to
minimization was given by Liu (1960). His solution involved the not solved.
the optimum dimensions the longitudinal
of
of
determination Reynolds (1963) pointed out that typical fin-and-tube

a
fin
rectangular profile radiating free space with no radiant

of
space radiators such Fig.

to
as
the one shown would have

in
energy absorption from the environment. manifolded tubes with manifold lengths dependent upon the
-
Mackay (1960), taking the lead from Schmidt (1926), devel lengths the fins. He also considered that the weight
of
of
the
system consisting tube, the manifolds, the fluid that the tubes
of
oped fin shapes yield linear temperature gradients when

to
dissipation from the fin faces purely by radiation. Although and manifolds contain, and any protective armor may
be
such
is
be
made no claim that linear temperature gradient fins were that shorter and thicker fins may
he
more desirable than fins

on
he
optimum, fins were somewhat lighter whose design depended solely

of
did show that these the basis individual fin

330 Kraus. Sixty-five years of extended surface technology Appl Mech Rev vol 41, no 9, Sept 1988
wº w
optimum combination of thermal and conduction parameters
with respect to weight for straight radiating fins on tubes.
Donovan and Rohrer (1971) formulated a set of nonlinear
integrodifferential equations pertaining to the heat dissipation
by radiation in an array of longitudinal fins of rectangular
F in S profile on a plane surface. These equations were solved numeri
cally and the results revealed that the fins were most effective
when the spacings between them are relatively large and when
shorter fins (smaller fin height) of higher thermal conductivity
are employed. They considered mutual irradiation and observed
that this had an important overall effect on the overall heat
exchange process.
Campo and Wolko (1973) investigated the conduction—radi
ation interplay in the longitudinal fin of rectangular profile
dissipating heat to surroundings at a constant equivalent tem
FIG. 6. One conception of a space radiator with manifolds, tube,
and fins. perature. They illustrated their mathematical scheme for obtain
ing the heat transferred by radiation from the fins. Schnurr,
Shapiro, and Townsend (1976) used a nonlinear optimization
optimization. Reynolds' (1963) work provided a weight optimi approach to determine the minimum weight design for radiating
zation for longitudinal fins of rectangular, trapezoidal, and finned arrays used in space. They considered straight and
triangular profile spaced, as shown in Fig. 6, 180° apart on the circular (longitudinal and radial) fins and included fin-to-fin
periphery of a circular tube, which, in turn, was attached to a and fin-to-base interactions in their analysis. The results were
manifold at each end. The weight optimization included the presented in graphical form and gave optimum geometries for
supporting manifolds. the profiles considered in terms of dimensionless parameters
Stockman and Kramer (1963) considered the variation of which they proposed.
thermal conductivity and emissivity as linear functions of tem Chiou and Na (1977) developed an initial value method for
perature in a fin-and-tube configuration assuming one-dimen the solution of the nonlinear two-point boundary value prob
sional heat flow and with radiation to an equivalent sink lems that pertain to the analysis of radiating fins. This initial
temperature. Stockman and Bittner (1965) provided what was value method is noniterative, computationally efficient and gives
apparently the first treatment of two-dimensional heat flow in good agreement with solutions of identical problems solved by
radiating fins. This study was based on a fin-and-tube config more conventional methods. Mehta (1978) obtained minimum
uration with stainless steel cladding on a copper fin with weight designs for radiating finned arrays which he called heat
radiation to free space. Kotan and Arnas (1965) studied the sinks using a direct search procedure using pseudorandom
parabolic profile longitudinal radiating fin and provided an numbers. This analysis included fin-to-fin and base-to-fin inter
optimization. actions.
Okamoto (1966a,b) also made a two-dimensional study for Crawford (1978) compared three methods of calculating the
the rectangular profile longitudinal fin. He concluded that the heat transfer by radiation from fins of arbitrary shape, and
one-dimensional model was accurate down to height-width Karam and Eby (1978) showed that the differential equation for
ratios as low as 3, although he also ignored the base and fin the temperature profile when both radiation and convection are
radiation interaction. Hering (1966) considered the specular present could be simplified considerably if the temperature to
radiation interaction in the angular space between rectangular the fourth power in the radiation term is replaced by a linear
plates of rectangular cross section having a common edge. This expansion about a term, T/m, known as the “mean tempera
work was significant because it showed that the total heat loss ture.” The solution of the linearized steady state equation was
from the plates which were acting as fins was greater for provided and a method was indicated in which T/m was
specular radiation than for the heretofore considered diffuse optimized as a function of the fin properties in order to mini
radiation. mize the errors introduced by the process of linearization.
Sarabia and Hitchcock (1966) extended the work of Sparrow Truong and Mancuso (1980) treated the problem of radia
and Eckert (1962) by solving the problem of grey body inter tion from an annular (radial) fin whose front and rear surfaces
change between fin and base for the case of a configuration of have different emissivities. The study included various profile
infinite length. Stockman, Bittner, and Sprague (1966) enhanced shapes, and the results were obtained by the shooting method in
the work of Stockman and Bittner (1965) by comparing one conjunction with the Runge–Kutta-Verner fifth- and sixth
and two-dimensional solutions and by including the radiation order integration method. The results were plotted as a function
interchange between fins and tube (base surface). Their bottom of dimensionless parameters proposed by the authors.
line was that the one-dimensional solutions were in good agree Delfour, Payre, and Zolesio (1983) used a finite element
ment with the two-dimensional solutions. method as a first step towards the solution of the problem of a
Tien (1967) commented on the work of Hering (1966) and minimum weight radiating fin in a communications satellite
provided an approximate third-order polynomial solution for application. Colle (1983) provided a general solution for the
the temperature distribution when specular radiation was heat transfer in arrays of radiating fins of arbitrary shape, and
present; Cohen (1969) provided a numerical solution for heat Chang (1985) obtained an analytical solution for a radiating
transfer from a bar by radiation with variable thermal conduc annular (radial) fin by linearizing the radiation term in the
tivity. differential equation for the temperature profile. The errors
Keller and Holdredge (1969) conducted a numerical solution resulting from the linearization process were claimed to have
for the steady state behavior of the annular (radial) fin of been minimized.
trapezoidalprofile and provided charts relating a fin efficiency One may observe that the study of radiation from extended
to other dimensionless groups defined in their analysis. surfaces has led to a burgeoning literature. This, of course, is
Koshelyaev (1969) calculated the fin efficiency and obtained the timely because well-conceived studies in this arena have had,
Appl Mech Rev vol 41, no 9, Sept 1988 331
Kraus. Sixty-five years of extended surface technology
and will continue to have, an impact on the design of geosyn
fin
no account was taken of radiation from surrounding
to
the
chronous and low orbit earth satellites, which are now of fins or to the fin base.
an
considerable interest in the commercial as well as government Shouman (1968) provided exact solution for the one
Sectors. dimensional problem that was formulated his previous (1965)
in
This concludes the discussion of heat flow from extended work. Dent (1968) developed electrical analog method for
an
solely by the radiation mode. It is felt that, at this the temperature distribution
of
surface
in
the determination the annular
juncture, a digression is in order. While heat flow in the rectangular profile
of
(radial) fin one-dimensional frame
in
a
presence of a variable convective coefficient on the fin faces and work together with black body radiation and free convection.
heat transfer solely by radiation from the fin surfaces were not the longitudi
an
Frost and Eraslan (1968) provided analysis
of
considered by Gardner (1945) and the other pioneers, the rectangular profile that included grey body diffuse
of
nal fin
elimination of these two assumptions need not necessarily be radiation interchange between fin and base.
made individually. There is a considerable literature pertaining Sparrow and Niewerth (1968) compared linearized solutions
to the elimination of these assumptions simultaneously. The with direct numerical solutions for the one-dimensional model.
digression, then, is to a consideration of heat transfer from fins Their linearization technique differed somewhat from the tech
by the combined modes of convection and radiation. nique employed by Eno (1967), and their solutions were com
In the treatment of the combined mode which now follows, pared the numerically based solutions.
to
attention may also be focused on a constant heat transfer Bilenas and Jiji (1970) presented regular perturbation
a
coefficient in the presence of a parallel radiative mode. In a the problem fin with constant base temperature
of
to
solution
a
sense, the section to follow is more a discussion of the com and heat dissipation by convection and radiation. They showed
bined mode than it is of assumption elimination. that the perturbation solution becomes increasingly more accu
the perturbation parameter decreases because, for small
as
rate
parameter values, the nonlinear radiation effects are small rela
the conduction and convection effects. They also showed
to
tive
The combined mode: Heat transfer by convection and radiation
that the accuracy increased
as
the Biot modulus increased
It appears that the first treatment of heat transfer from a fin because, under these conditions, the convective effect more
is
by a combined mode of convection and radiation was that of pronounced.
Cobble (1964). He considered one-dimensional heat flow in a Kern and Kraus (1972) presented
of
21
numerical studies
horizontal circular pin fin with both natural convection and heat transfer from single fins. While this presentation was
radiative heat transfer from the fin to the surrounding gas intended provide
to simple method for numerical analysis and
a
was not directed toward the study
of
which was assumed to be at a constant temperature. Here, the
in
heat transfer from fin
a
values of the convective coefficient h, the thermal conductivity the combined convection—radiation mode, four
of
these studies
k, and the emissivity e were considered constant. An analytical involved radiation from longitudinal fins and two involved
radial fins. The computer code was included, and two
of
solution was obtained after a numerical approximation for the the
convective and radiative terms in the differential equation had cases, although completely contrived, considered radiation and
longitudinal fin rectangu
of
of
been made. Experimental temperature profiles were obtained forced convection on one face
a
and presented for both a steel and aluminum fin, and the lar profile with natural convection (laminar one case, turbu
in
agreement between analytical and experimental results was the other) on the opposite face.
in
lent
good in both cases. Michiyoshi, Takahashi, and Yamaguchi (1974) tested one
Okamoto (1964) looked at the longitudinal fin of rectangular plain and transverse (radially) finned fuel rods
28
an
in
annulus.
profile They obtained correlations
of
and treated the simultaneous mode of convection and both radiative and convective
from the fin to the surrounding gas in a one dimen heat transfer including account for fin height and fin
to
radiation factors
sional model numerically. Here, h, k, e, and the temperature of spacing.
the surrounding gas were assumed constant. Collicot, Fontaine,
an
Chumakov (1974) conducted analytical study using the

and Grosh (1965) did a free convection—radiation study which perturbations on one-dimensional problem
of
of
method heat
a
was somewhat less comprehensive than the one by Cobble transfer with radiation and convection. Eslinger and Chung
an
(1964), and Shouman (1965) showed that a general solution can (1979), finite element solution, included absorption
in
a
be found for one-dimensional configurations. He used a model factor technique for the computation the energy exchange
of
finned array. Consider

of
that did not account for radiation interchange between fin and within the nonisothermal enclosure
a
base surface, and his treatment was for the longitudinal fin of ation was given longitudinal fins attached
to
to
base surface
a
rectangular profile with a finite equivalent surrounding temper undergoing periodic temperature variation, and was as
it
a
ature. sumed that the radiating surfaces were grey, the environment
Okamoto (1966a,b) was apparently the first to have consid was black, and the surrounding fluid was transparent.
Rao (1983) used the minimum principle
of
ered the combined mode problem with diffuse radiation inter Hati and
an
change between fins and base surface. He studied the fin Pontryagin optimum profile for
to
determine one-dimen
b) a
efficiency for the longitudinal fin of rectangular profile under sional fin. Manzoor, Ingham, and Heggs (1983a, pointed out
conditions of constant h, k, e, and surrounding temperature. that the study heat flow within finned surfaces involving
of
He also included the effect of internal heat generation. Hung combined convective and radiative dissipation conventionally
is
and Appl (1967) used a numerical method for the analysis of based upon undirectional analysis with attention restricted solely
longitudinal fins of arbitrary profile with variable h, k, and €. the configuration. They studied heat
of
to
the finned side

They included internal heat generation but did not include
to
conduction within the interface which the fins are attached

radiation between fin and either adjacent fins or fin base. Eno and the heat transfer from the unfinned or structural side of this
(1967) considered the longitudinal fin of rectangular profile, and interface. They accounted for fin-to-base, fin-to-fin, fin-to
his linearized approximate solution was apparently less accurate environment, and base-to-environment radiant energy interac
than the numerically based solution obtained by Cobble (1964) transparent convective medium over
of
tions with range

a
for the cylindrical pin fin (both the pin fin and rectangular thermal conductivities and surface emissivities both one- and
in
profile fin have a constant cross sectional area). And, here too, two-dimensional models.
Hrymak, McRae, and Westerberg (1985), in a work of sinusoidally varying temperature and heat flux. This latter
a
considerable importance, presented an efficient numerical case, however, while interesting, does not meet the condition set
being one unsteady state heat transfer.
of
method to discover the optimal shape for a fin subjected to both
as
forth here
approximate solution for the longi
an
convective and radiative heat loss. The problem formulation Kim (1976) provided
by
rectangular profile
of
was a finite element approximation to the conduction equation
in
tudinal fin the Kantorovich method
variational formulation. Kim claimed that his results were
in
embedded within and solved simultaneously with the shape
a
by
optimization problem. The approach handled arbitrary equality simpler form than that provided equations giving the exact
and inequality constraints, and grid points moved to conform temperature distribution. Chang, Chen, and Cleaver (1982) used
to the fin shape during the problem solution, thereby reducing what they termed the “optimal linearization” method on the
the number of elements required. governing equation for the steady state heat transfer
in
a
Finally, it is to be noted that, in their conjugate analysis, longitudinal fin rectangular profile undergoing power law
of
a
Lien, Chen, and Cleaver (1985) did not prescribe the variation cooling process. They then used the variational embedding
solve the linearized partial differential equation
of to
of the heat transfer coefficient in an analysis of the combined method
mode fin problem but, rather, they solved for it by a highly instead the ordinary differential equation for the transient
response the fin. The sought after heat flux through the fin
of
coupled interaction of the equations describing the conduction,
convection, and radiation mechanisms. base over the time frame desired was then obtained. Singh and
Stasa (1982) provided transient finite element analysis
of
One certainly can observe that a great amount of attention
a
an
has been focused on the problem of accounting for a variable coupled radiation array
of
fins.
in
convective heat transfer coefficient, the dissipation by radiation Chu, Weng, and Chen (1983) obtained the transient response
longitudinal fin composed two different materials. They
of
of
from a fin in the absence of convection and the presence of a
a
eigen
an
combined mode of fin face dissipation involving convection used the Laplace transformation conjunction with
in
(with and without a variable coefficient) and radiation. Atten function expansion method their analysis and took the in
in
tion will now turn to the work of those who were concerned verse Laplace transformation by utilizing Fourier series tech
a
other nine Murray-Gardner as nique. They showed that the conductivity ratio
of of
with the elimination of the the two
an
sumptions. materials plays important part the magnitude the heat
in
transfer and the time required prescribed tempera
to
reach
a
ture. Chu, Chen, and Weng (1983) followed this by study
a
Nonsteady state heat transfer
the transient response circular pin fins, and Ashmantas,
of
Heat transfer in the transient (unsteady) mode does not Dzyubenko, Dreitser, and Segal (1985) considered the unsteady
state heat transfer and mixing
of
include the response to periodic temperature source or sink what they called heat carrier
a
heat exchanger which had been augmented allow for
in
to
variations or periodic heat inputs. This exclusion is based upon
a
the fact that, by definition, a periodic function is one that flow twisting.
repeats itself exactly after an elapsed time interval known as the
period. There is a considerable literature pertaining to the
Nonhomogeneous fin material
thermal performance of extended surface subjected variation of
base temperature. This is discussed in the subsection entitled Chen and Fluker (1974) considered radial and transverse
fin
temperature variations composed
of of
“Nonuniform base temperature.” radial two materi
in
a
Chapman (1958) provided a solution for the transient re als. Their analytical treatment involved the use the Laplace
sponse of the radial fin of rectangular profile with constant solve the describing partial differential equa
to
transformation
tion. The results obtained were compared
its
temperature surroundings subjected to a step change in
to
base those obtained
temperature. His solution, similar shaped single material fin with only radial
of
three types from

of
in
terms Bessel
a
functions, although exact, was difficult the pre temperature variations. was found that significant differences
in
to
evaluate
It
an
an
computer provided approximate graphical occurred, even when attempt was made have the single
he
to
age, and
method. material fin approximate the two-dimensional fin via volumet
Palmquist, Moriarty, and Beckman (1970), study that rically averaged thermal conductivity. a
in
a
an
was apparently inspired by George (1979) studied application using bimetallic fins
to to
desire determine when

a
space radiator would begin and utilizing the thermoelectric effect the metal junctions
at
to
coolant freeze, conducted
in
a
enhance the heat transfer, and the work Chu, Weng, and
of
study the transient cooling fin-tube system when steady

of
of
a
state operation suddenly halted. Donaldson and Shouman Chen (1983) pertaining unsteady state heat transfer has been
to
is
(1972) gave solution for the unsteady-state temperature distri cited and discussed the foregoing section.
in
a
bution under “start-up” conditions longitudinal fin

of
of
a
rectangular profile with heat dissipation by convection

to
Heat sources within the fin

a
constant temperature environment.

of
Okamoto and Kameoka (1974) derived the nonsteady state Minkler and Rouleau (1960) considered the effect heat
the longitudinal fin rectangular and triangular
of
equation for the transient performance

of
sources
in
to
radial fins attached

fuel rods gas-cooled nuclear reactors. Their equations consid profiles with constant convection coefficient and without edge
in
ered radiation and convection from the fin faces when the heat loss. Wilkins (1962a, provided study that developed rela
b)
fin base temperature was suddenly changed and were tionships for the optimization thin rectangular profile longi
or
of
flux
solved numerically. Suryanarayana (1975; 1976) provided pair tudinal fins with heat generation. Okamoto (1964) considered
a
a
studies concerning the transient response the longitudinal radiating fin with internal heat generation, and Melese and
of
of
rectangular profile. these studies, the tip Wilkins (1966) studied rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular, and
of
of
In
fin the fin was

insulated, and Suryanarayana used the Laplace transformation optimum profile longitudinal fins with heat generation. ad
In
develop solutions for temperature and heat flow dition, both Melese and Wilkins and Minkler and Rouleau
of to
as
function
a
fin
time when the fin was subjected heat input pointed out that the efficiency with internal heat generation
of
to
step changes
its
and temperature base. Solutions were also provided for always smaller than the fin efficiency the corresponding fin
of
at
is
the transient response when the base the fin was subjected without heat generation.
of
to
Appl Mech Rev vol 41, no 9, Sept 1988 Kraus: Sixty-five years of extended surface technology 333
The governing differential equation for Gopin (1969) postulated approximate physical model
an
of internal
in
the case
heat generation is nonhomogeneous because of the term that simplify the boundary conditions associated with the
to
order
accounts for the heat generation. It is easily solved and the longitudinal fin rectangular profile containing arbitrarily
of
solution for the temperature excess profile can be represented in distributed heat sources. Each heat source and adjacent portion
terms of a “removal number,” a “generation number,” and the the fin was considered independently and closed form solu
of
Biot number. the field equations were derived
of
of
the mod
in
tions terms
For example, for the longitudinal fin of rectangular profile, ified Bessel functions. Arias de Velasco, Aroca, and Gonzalez
the removal number is defined as (1982) performed an analysis
of
constant width radial fin with
a
variable thermal conductivity and with internal heat generation.
NR = qo/hö0%, (15)
Shvets and Didenko (1984) determined the efficiency and
and it is seen that this is the fin effectiveness. The generation temperature distribution fins with uniformly distributed heat
in
the presence heat transfer from the fin tip. Razelos
of
number defined for unit fin length as
in
sources
(1986) treated the problem heat generation for convective
of
No = q.80 b/2hôob = q,80/2.h6, (16) cylindrical, conical, and parabolic pins (spines) and provided
is the ratio of the heat generated to the heat dissipated by the optimal dimensions for each shape. His analysis was based
be
fin if the fin were to operate at
its
all
points base tempera upon given total heat generation which could
at
as
considered
a
be
ture. This too the fin efficiency, and heat generation density. The results were generalized
to
related can shown

is
in
it
a
the fin “inefficiency” that arises because form and presented graphically. The study
of
that measure nondimensional

is
it
the heat generation. the thermal conductivity upon the opti

of
of
included the effect
The Biot number in its usual form the limiting value
of
is
as
as
mum dimensions well the heat
be
generation that may imposed
to
order obtain feasible
in
hô/2k
a
(17)
B
=
optimization.
and written using the half fin width.
is
With these terms defined, the particular solution for the

so
temperature excess the longitudinal fin rectangular profile

of
of
Variable thermal conductivity

is
The paper by Heaslet and Lomax (1961) has been cited and
cosh mx
was apparently the first effort involved with the variation
of
the
(Bi)”
N,
No
0,
6,
sinh mx| (18)

=
+
0
tanh mb fin thermal conductivity. The same problem was also investi
gated by Stockman and Kramer (1963) and Cohen (1969).
0),
(x
of
60, this becomes
an
and the base the fin where
at
Kosarev and Nevrovskii (1972) gave accurate method for

8
al
calculating the heat flow through finned surface with
N.(Bi)”
a
N.)tanh mb. (19)
(1
–
=
thermal conductivity, par
of
lowance taken for the variation
Equation (19)
be
ticularly when large temperature difference existed between

7,
plotted Fig. may

in
and observed
is
it
Na(Bi)” becomes asymp the tip and the base

of
as
that, mb increases, the value

of
the fin.
totic. Figure regular perturba
it,
actually design chart. To use one must Aziz and Enamel-Huq (1975) presented
is
a
7
tion solution for the longitudinal fin rectangular profile with
of
the fin size which provides
of
first obtain an estimate value for

a
given by No, the
its
mb. For the required heat generation uniform heat transfer coefficient on dissipating surfaces
as
resulting value temperature dependent thermal conductivity. Muzzio

of
Bi
NR(Bi)'/* determined and then but with

is
is
a
Nº
adjusted approach the required efficiency criterion (1976) pointed out that when fins dissipate heat by convection
to
make
or
for the given Ng. The value radiation (or both), the performance significantly affected
a of
Bi
of
direct function the fin is

is
a
is,
width, and there course, practical limit on the magnitude by variable thermal conductivity, particularly when large tem
of
perature
of
Bi
of
of
and hence the maximum value Nº. differences exist. He cited the work Aziz and
|
- tºs
sº§
1.5 2.5
2
mb, dimensionless
N.
FIG. Na(Bi)''' for generation number Adapted

of
of
Plot from Minkler and Rouleau (1960).

7.
various values
334 Kraus: Sixty-five years of extended surface technology Appl Mech Rev vol 41, no 9, Sept 1988 ** ºt
Enamel-Huq (1975) and their closed form solution involv in both radial and longitudinal fin assemblies for a wide range
ing the regular perturbation method, and he provided an of system parameters such as fin height, interfin spacing, and fin
alternate approach based on the Galerkin method. Marques, materials. This was followed by an additional study by Heggs
Villarrubia, and Llorens (1979) specifically studied concave and Stones (1983).
º*
parabolic fins with a variation of thermal conductivity as a
function of temperature. The efficiency of the fin was calculated
Variation of base temperature
and compared with the works of others.
Razelos and Imre (1980), in a work already cited, considered Newhouse (1964) considered the solution of the radial fin of
a variation of the heat transfer coefficient on the faces of a rectangular profile with constant thermal conductivity and con
*
of its
faces for the special case
of
radial fin of trapezoidal profile in accordance with a power law stant heat transfer coefficient on
†.
distribution and in the presence of a variable thermal conduc fin base temperature variation the form
a
tivity. Chang, Wang, and Chen (1982) used the optimal lineari
6,
T'
Fcos (20)
–
=
zation method to obtain an approximate analytical solution for
the steady state performance of convecting fins with a variable where the mean base temperature and represents the
F
is
peak amplitude the circumferential variation. The study was
of
thermal conductivity. They also extended this work to the
the study Bert (1963), which has already been
of
transient performance through the use of the variable embed
to
similar
ding method. cited. The two papers by Cumo, Lopez, and Pinchera (1965a, b),
Netrakanti and Huang (1985) provided a mathematical for also already cited, also considered
of
variation the base
a
mulation for the optimum dimensions of radial fins with vari temperature two dimensional study. Malikov (1966) gave
in
a
a
able thermal parameters. They maximized the heat dissipation temperature
of
two-dimensional treatment radial fin with
a
by the fin on a per volume basis by the invariant embedding variation in both the radial and circumferential directions and
temperature variation
of
in
to
technique thereby avoiding the inherent instability found in a included the effect the wall which
numerical integration technique. the fins were mounted. similar study was conducted by
A
Schmid (1967).
Sparrow and Hennecke (1970) analyzed the case
of
an
s-s
isolated longitudinal fin rectangular profile affixed
of
to
One-dimensional heat flow thick
a
`-
wall. Specific consideration was given
in
to
.
the case which the
º
Keller and Somers (1959) seem to have been the first to fin and the wall possessed the same thermal conductivity. The
temperature depression the fin was developed for
of
abandon the “thin fin” approach. They accounted for tempera
at
*
the base
ture variations in both the radial and axial directions rather the case where the heat transfer coefficient on the fin faces was
ºº
s~
than the radial and circumferential direction in the radial fin of constant and uniform. Klett and McCulloch (1972) examined ~
rectangular profile. They examined the Avrami–Little (1942) fin thermal conductivity on the base temperature
in of
the effect
solutions for the longitudinal fin of rectangular profile and gave depression two-dimensional study.
a
the range for which the Avrami–Little solutions were reason Yang (1972) showed that the heat transfer process the
in
able. They also showed that the Gardner (1945) solutions for longitudinal fin rectangular profile subjected periodic
to
of
a
the radial fin of rectangular profile became increasingly inaccu base temperature governed by three dimension
in
variation is
rate when the fin height (the difference between the outer and less parameters. These are the conventional fin performance
inner radii) to the fin width fell below 10. Their treatment of the parameter (as tanh mb/mb), frequency parameter, and
in
m
a
edge loss effect may be considered to be a bonus. an amplitude parameter. The effects these parameters on the
of
Bert (1963) gave a two-dimensional solution with tempera instantaneous and average heat flow rates, on the axial and
ture variation in both the radial and circumferential directions timewise temperature distributions, and on the instantaneous
in the radial fin of rectangular profile. This work has been cited and average fin efficiencies were demonstrated by several exam
in the removal of the constant h assumption. The works of ples. was observed that, general, the time-average fin
in
It
Stockman and Bittner (1965) and Stockman, Bittner, and efficiency was reduced by the periodic temperature variation
at
Sprague (1966) have also been cited but in the section pertain the fin base. Aziz (1975) extended the analysis Yang (1972)
of
ing to the radiative heat transfer mode. These works considered rectangular profile and provided results for the
of
radial fin
to
a
the two-dimensional effect in radiating fins. fin temperature distribution, the heat flux, and the time-average
Joyce (1967) provided a procedure for optimizing fin tube fin efficiency.
heat exchangers with longitudinal fins of rectangular profile, The work Suryanarayana (1975; 1976) pertaining
to
of
which accounted for the two-dimensional temperature variation study the transient response longitudinal fin rectangu
of
of
of
a
over the fin surface. A two-dimensional treatment of cylindrical lar profile subjected sinusoidally varying base temperature
to
a
pin fins (spines) was given by Irey (1968), who showed that the has been cited. Sparrow and Lee (1975) determined the temper
error in total heat flow in one-dimensional models did not ature distribution finned tube walls analytically using the
in
decrease with increased height to diameter ratio but did de Laplace equation. Here, the effects the temperature dif
of
crease with decreasing Biot number. ference between finned and unfinned portions
of
the tube
Lau and Tan (1973) treated both longitudinal and radial fins surface was considered. Eslinger and Chung (1979) presented
a
and attempted to provide quantitative limits on the applicabil finite-element solution for the heat transfer from radiating and
ity of the one dimensional assumption. Suryanarayana (1977) convecting finned arrays. They considered longitudinal fin of
a
looked at the problem of variation in base temperature among rectangular profile whose base temperature varied periodically.
fins in arrays, thereby showing that the overall array repre Khajuria, Dubey, Murali, and Utgikar (1979) looked
at
the
an
sented a multidimensional heat flow configuration. longitudinal fin rectangular profile analytical solution
of
in
heat flow, axial, and time

of
Heggs and Stones (1980) considered the effect of tempera that involved the determination
ture depression at the base of a fin and showed that, in multifin wise temperature distributions and average efficiencies when
arrays, heat fluxes can be significantly in error (80%) compared periodic variation base temperature.
of
under conditions
in
a
to those obtained in one-dimensional analyses. Their studies Aziz and Na (1981b) presented perturbation analysis for
a
in
compared one- and two-dimensional solutions for the heat flow periodic heat transfer radiating fins
of
in
uniform width
which the base temperature was assumed to oscillate around a was followed by another study by Gardner (1964) sym
in
a
mean value. This work has been cited in the section on heat posium volume which exclusively considered air-cooled heat
dissipation by radiation. Crawford (1982) studied the effects of exchangers.
a periodic base temperature variation in the longitudinal fin of adjust
an
Kraus (1974) developed equations that permitted
trapezoidal profile, and Al Mujahid (1985) looked at the perfor the fin efficiency when the thermal bond resistance
of
ment
its
mance of the straight (longitudinal) fin of rectangular profile between the longitudinal fin rectangular profile and
of
base
with a periodic base temperature variation. A numerical study
or
prime surface known. This study was based upon the
is
supported the prior work of Yang (1972) and showed the same analogy between the fin and the electrical transmission line
three dimensionless parameters involving the fin, the frequency, treated, by Kern and Kraus (1972).
and the amplitude of the variation. The amplitude was shown Manzoor, Ingham, and Heggs (1984) investigated the valid
to have a marked effect on the heat transfer process. ity the perfect contact assumption
of
of
the context finned
in
assembly heat transfer. Attention was restricted
of
to
case
longitudinal fins attached plane wall, but was pointed out
to
it
a
Variable environmental temperature
be
that the work could easily
of
to
extended cases annular
geometry tapered profile.
or
to
of
concerning this particular facet of extended
The literature and include fins curved
Serebryanyi (1985) gave recommendations on the evaluation
of
surface heat transfer and the removal of this particular limiting
rectangular fins attached
of
assumption appears to be rather meager. Pnueli (1973) seems to the contact resistance for bundle
a
module containing dissipating semiconductors.
to
have been the first to analytically investigate the effect of a
a
Sheffield, Stafford, and Sauer (1985) examined surface char
variable environmental temperature on the heat transfer perfor
finned tube heat exchangers help
of
to
acteristics order
in
mance of a fin, and Aziz and Sofrata (1981) presented an
analytical solution to describe the performance of a longitudi predict the contact geometry between metal surfaces. Primary
nal fin of rectangular profile in an oscillating temperature characteristics evaluated included the surface roughness, the
surface waviness, and the material hardness. scanning elec
A
environment. Here, too, the three dimensionless parameters
tron microscope was used observe the surface topography
of
to
described by Yang (1972), Aziz (1975), and later by Al Mujahid
the fins,
as
as
well the actual contact between an aluminum fin
(1985) appear. In this case, however, it was found that the
and copper tube. Tests revealed that only portion
of
time-average fin efficiency was practically independent of the fin the fin
a
collar was in actual contact with the tube. These results were
performance parameter but increased directly as a function of
subsequently used develop mathematical model for pre
to
the amplitude parameter. The reduction in fin efficiency as a
a
dicting the heat transfer between tube and fin.
function of the frequency and amplitude parameters shown in
the previous studies was also apparent.
BOILING AND CONDENSATION
Tip and edge heat loss
Boiling
Harper and Brown (1922) proposed a correction to the fin
height to account for the tip heat loss, and Keller and Somers Haley and Westwater (1966) employed the procedures sug
(1959), in a work that was primarily concerned with two-dimen
by
gested Wilkins (1960a) optimize spine dissipating heat

to
a
sional effects, also treated the edge heat loss. Lemmon and boiling liquid. The Haley–Westwater adaption was neces
to
a
Coleman (1973) took turbulent heat transfer data on a flight sary because, dealing with spine, the functions heat flow,
of
in
test model of a cone on which four fins were mounted. These temperature profile, and spine radius that were satisfy condi
to
tip
data were compared to predictions made using a previously
be
the spine base and the spine selected for
at
to
tions were
proposed technique for the calculation of heat transfer to
fin
minimum spine volume rather than minimum profile
a
leading edges of fins or airfoils. area. While their general development could admit both
a
Sparrow and Hsu (1981) carried out an important analysis to
in
variation exterior heat transfer coefficient and fin material

determine fin tip heat transfer coefficients for an array of
fin
thermal conductivity, their final expressions for height and

straight longitudinal fins attached to a plain wall. The array was spine radius (as function the height coordinate) employed
of
a
a
shrouded by an adiabatic surface positioned adjacent to the tips constant thermal conductivity. These relationships also clearly
of the fins, and the analysis was carried out for hydrodynami showed that the linear temperature gradient and parabolic spine
by
cally and thermally developed conditions in laminar flow. The the opti
do
shape suggested not apply

to
Schmidt (1926)
analysis showed, among other things, that the tip heat transfer mum spine boiling because the value
of
the heat transfer

in
coefficient, in general, is not equal to the heat transfer coeffi coefficient not constant over the spine surface.
is
cient on the fin faces.

In
proposing heat transfer coefficient,

a
(T-T)",
K,
h(T) (21)
=
Bond or contact resistance

on
boiling exist simultaneously

of
seen that several forms

if
is
it
The bond resistance of several types of interference fit, high the spine, for example, nucleate and film boiling, then
K
and
n
on
fin tubes (tubes with radial fins of pronounced rectangular will assume different values different points the spine.
at
profile),was studied by Gardner and Carnavos (1960). They Haley and Westwater used the boiling curves for isothermal
considered an edge wound ribbon fin to be a thin circular disk surfaces and water, isopropyl alcohol and R-113
to
obtain the
concentric with the tube outside diameter and determined product h(T-T), which
yields the appropriate value for h(t)
whether or not a radial gap would exist between fin and tube. for use the equation for the spine height and the spine radius
in
This determination was made on the basis of the contact developed using Wilkins' procedures. The optimum spine was
these equations
of
pressure which was developed by the difference in temperature then determined from numerical solution
a
fourth order Runge–Kutta ap

is,
reality, using Simpson's rule and

of
between fin and tube. This consideration what

in
so a
a
proach. The optimum spine spadelike

as
known the thermal stress. With the magnitude the gap determined possesses
of
in is
hand, they were able shape and shown operating peak duty Fig.
in
evaluate its thermal resistance. This

to
R-113
in
at
8.
is
tº º
---
º-
-
FIG. 8. The Haley–Westwater (1966) optimum spine shown operating at peak duty in R-113 at 1 atm with a base temperature excess of 91.7°C. s
Here the usefulness of the spine with heat dissipation to a Siman-Tov (1970) pointed out that the spadelike spine re
boiling liquid is clearly demonstrated. This unusual spine pro sulting from the Haley–Westwater (1966) analyses may be
file was proved logical and appears to be more clearly so when difficult and expensive to manufacture, difficult to weld and
the distribution of the surface heat flux of the spine is consid that the very thin spine base may make the spine-base surface
ered. It is obviously desirable to minimize the surface in the entity structurally unsound. He proposed three fin shapes that
natural convection and film boiling regimes and to maximize attempted to blend the desirability of more surface in the
the surface in the nucleate and transition boiling regimes. The nucleate boiling portion of the spine with ease of manufacture
º--
surface in film boiling is minimized by using a very small cross and structural strength. The three shapes proposed by Siman
section at the spine base so that the temperature drop in the Tov (1970) include a crossed longitudinal fin, a ring that is
metal required for passing through the film boiling region is attached to a series of longitudinal fins protruding from a
accomplished over a very short distance. At the point on the cylinder and a disk-type fin attached to a cylindrical spine: a
transition region where the heat transfer coefficient begins to sort of “thumbtack” arrangement.
increase, the spine diameter is rapidly increased. This increase Siman-Tov used the computer to solve the governing equa
in diameter reduces the temperature gradient in the section so tions which were evolved for each of his arrangements. How
that the highly effective transition and nucleate boiling regimes ever, a constant heat transfer coefficient was assumed. He did
--
are spread over a relatively large surface. Finally, as the heat show, however, that the peak heat flux could be moved along
*
transfer coefficient decreases at lower temperatures, the spine the fin as a function of the fin base temperature and he claimed
cross section tapers to a point. Thus, the spine effectively a 93-fold increase in performance over a bare surface.
utilizes both sides of the peak on the boiling curve. Cash, Klein, and Westwater (1971) recognized that the
The Haley–Westwater paper stimulated a great deal of activ spadelike spine (often referred to as the “turnip”) would indeed
ity in the field of boiling from extended surfaces. Lai and Hsu be difficult to manufacture. They used a Runge–Kutta fourth
(1967) proposed a simple model for the determination of the order integration to show that two cones attached to a small
length of the nucleate boiling section on a longitudinal fin of cylindrical neck is a good approximation to the optimum
rectangular profile and the base heat flux of the fin. Correlation turnip-shaped spine. The two cone arrangement, as expected,
was made as a function of the ratios of the heat transfer gave higher heat duties per unit volume than those calculated
coefficients of nucleate boiling and convective modes as well as for a cylindrical spine. Experiments not only confirmed this
the characteristics of the fin. Qualitative agreement was ob result but showed that the design by computer is conservative
served between the analytical and experimental results. and that the actual fins gave higher performance than that
The analysis conducted by Lai and Hsu (1967) and by Hsu computed.
(1968) proposed that the fin be treated as entity of several Thomas and Young (1970) used thin longitudinal fins spaced
sections. Each section was subjected to a different heat transfer 1/8 in. (0.318 cm) apart on the inside of a vertical tube to
coefficient and the key mathematical development was based on markedly enhance the evaporative heat transfer coefficient of
º
equating, by continuity, the heat exiting from one section with thin water films. For a given heat flux, there was an optimum
the heat entering the fin at the next adjacent section. feed rate for maximum heat transfer coefficient. At the opti
mum feed rate, the relative increase in heat transfer coefficient entirely with fluid film boiling showed that the local heat
in
a
was directly proportional to the cube of the number of fins and transfer coefficient depends on the temperature distribution and
inversely proportional to the heat flux. Jones (1970) described a other factors. Shih and Westwater (1974) provided the results
of of
tube with axial capillary grooves on the inside which was experiments obtain the optimum dimensions
to
conducted
operable to qualities as high as 98% without water film dryout. spheres, hemispheres, and discs high performance fins using
as
The critical quality for a constant critical heat flux was found to two metals and two boiling liquids.
be 15% higher than for an unprepared plain tube and required Edwards, Balakrishnan, and Catton (1974) demonstrated
only 20% more pumping power. When the grooves were stuffed that power law solution exists for the capillary flow supplying
a
(0.2362 cm) diameter wire, critical quali liquid
in.
an
with a spiral 0.093 the tip evaporator fin. This solution indicated
to
of
a
as
high
of
maximum heat transfer coefficient limited by fluid properties
11
at
as
ties 99% were achieved but the expense times

the pumping power. but differing for different fin surfaces. They gave
of
an
estimate
Klein and Westwater (1971) investigated the effect
of
fin the heat transfer coefficient obtainable using water on titanium
an
(spine) spacing on heat duty using horizontal cylindrical spines fins. Ouchi and Takeyama (1978) conducted experimental
with base surface vertical atmospheric study boiling water atmospheric
in
of
at
at
water and R-113
in
some extended surfaces
in
pressure. Up five parallel spines were used single pressure. Their purpose was emphasize the differences
in
to
to
heat
in
a
horizontal row, and up single vertical general and surfaces
to
transfer coefficients between surfaces
in
three were used
in
a
volume. Multiple rows and columns were also tested with equipped with extended surfaces.
a
10
fins arranged three, Kubanek and Miletti (1979) took heat transfer and pressure
of
of
maximum three horizontal rows
in
four, and three fins each. They found that the spines can drop measurements on three integral spiraled inner-fin tubes
be
on
with two-phase flow R-22 under evaporating conditions. The
of
brought very close together before any effect spacing
of
the
be
data were compared with the performance
of
heat duty could horizontal spacing
of
detected and about smooth tubes with
a
all
5/16 in. (0.794 cm) wide enough spines star-shaped insert. The enhancements
to
or to and without heat
in
allow act
is
a
independently one another, even for any array transfer coefficient for the internally finned tubes over those for
of
of
nine 10
spines. They pointed out that caution should apply
be
range from 760%, and they
30
in
to
to
used smooth tubes were claimed
ing their results arrays spines because new
of
of of
typically increased with mass velocity. Tighter fin spacing was

to
hundreds
effects might occur when huge amounts vapor are produced. also shown to increase the heat transfer coefficient. For the
40
Bondurant and Westwater (1971) star-shaped inserts, enhancements
of
fourth-order
to
used from 370% were
a
Runge–Kutta method solve the heat balance equations for claimed, but these enhancements decreased with mass velocity.
to
rectangular profile with both the fin thermal However, the heat transfer enhancements were seen
to
10 at
of
the radial fin come

conductivity and the heat transfer coefficient from
its
the expense increased pressure drop which increased from

of
faces
a
temperature. The data for the heat transfer coeffi 290% for the internally finned tubes and from 300
of
function
to
to
over
cient were taken from the Haley–Westwater (1966) paper. An 2000% for the star-shaped inserts. For additional data on the
entire boiling curve augmentation heat transfer from extended surfaces, one
of
total heat duty

of
of
as
function base
a
temperature difference was generated. They concluded that the section on augmentation heat transfer.
to
should refer
Loh, and Westwater (1981) improved on
be
put close together 1/16 in. Chen,

as
as
radial fins could about method
a
a
proposed 1975 for predicting the heat transfer rates
to
(0.159 cm) clearance.
in
a
Lienhard and Funk (1971) pointed out that the boiling heat boiling liquid compact plate-fin heat exchanger. The im
in
a
flux remained within 90% of the maximum heat flux over

an
provement consisted
of
of
to
extension include the effect
a
substantial range between two temperatures and Tº, where velocity on the local heat transfer coefficient. Confirmation was
Tº
the subscripts for “right” and “left” are obvious and where obtained by comparison predicted and actual data ob
of
T
is
the temperature above the saturated temperature. using actual heat exchanger. Petukov,
an
in
In
sense, tained R-113

a
Kovalev, and Geshele experimented with boiling R-113

T,
they proposed
Tº
to
“bandwidth” from and suggested that (1981)

a
at be
its
at or
spine should operated over the bandwidth with the narrow horizontal slot which modeled the space between
in
fin
a
Tº
its
tip
Tº. They showed that such fin would two adjoining longitudinal fins. They found that heat transfer
in
base and
a
not only operate point near the point significant

of
in
on at
constrained space differs

of
maximum heat flux such number

a
but, depending how the effectiveness was defined, would respects from unconstrained (pool boiling) conditions. They
exhibit an effectiveness higher than unity. pointed out that the most important
of
in in
these differences an
is
Petukov, Kovalev, Zhukov, and Kazakov (1972) conducted

an
transition boiling with

in
increase heat flux increase the

in
experiments using R-113 and showed that the stable occurrence liquid circulation through the spaces.
of
rate
nucleate, transition, and film boiling can occur simulta
of
Robertson and Lovegrove (1983) considered the boiling

of
neously on single fin. Heat transfer and pressure drops were brazed aluminum pin fin exchangers, and Chen and
in
R-11
a
an
for several configurations and compared with application the local assumption
of
determined Westwater (1983) made

condensation, fin spacing, fin width compact heat exchangers for boiling applica
of
for the design

of
calculated values. Effects

(thickness), and the core characteristics were determined. The tions. Robertson (1984) developed model for predicting flow
a
computer model gave valid results over rather wide range boiling heat transfer coefficients for what he referred
to
of
is is as
a
Reynolds numbers, but was stated that the model did not boiling within serrated fin passages, where the liquid film
it
totally the trailing edge

of
have the capability obtaining the liquid side heat transfer

of
at
entrained each serration and

coefficient, the effect louver angle louver spacing, subsequently deposited onto the following fins. The model
or
or
of
the
on
droplet deposition mechanism, and, by fitting the

of
water droplet formation and pressure

of
effect the airflow made use

of a
drop. predictions boiling

it to
the model the results from convective

Gogonin and Svorkova (1973) made
an
experimental de heat transfer experiments, was possible

to
was claimed that

it
heat flow densities for the boiling

of
of
termination R-21 on nondimensional deposition coefficients

of
obtain the best values

smooth tubes and tubes with trapezoidal profile fins
of
from previously reported tests with liquid nitrogen and R-11

in
various
aspect ratios. Takeyama, Endo, and Owada (1974) approxi upflow over range pressures, mass flows, and qualities.
of
a
mated the boiling curve Biyikli (1985) developed design charts for the optimum use
on
straight lines
of
as
combination
a
log-log coordinates and their experimental study

fin
longitudinal rectangular profile boiling liquids

of
of
be
of
to
fins
in
covered
a
on
used in engineering design applications. The boiling liquids to Hazeler (1980) conducted experiments condensing nitro
fin
gen plate heat exchanger. He obtained
in
in
which the charts pertain are water, isopropyl alcohol, and downflow
a
stream and wall temperature profiles
in
R-113. both the wet-wall
The works that have been cited in this section show that the desuperheating and condensing regions and his heat transfer
coefficients are presented quality. Mil’man and
of
use of extended surfaces in boiling applications
as
can substan function
a
tially increase the heat dissipation. Shklover (1980) looked various techniques for enhancing the
at
finned tubes,
as
heat transfer coefficient for steam on tubes such
wire-type turbulence promoters, and hydrophobic coatings and
additives.
Condensation
Kharku and Borovkov (1971), Carnavos (1980), Zozulya,
The use of extended surface to enhance film condensation Kharku, and Borovkov (1977), Edwards, Gier, Ayyaswamy, and
all
involves low-profile integral fins. The technique was apparently Catton (1973), and Joos (1984) showed the importance
of
first investigated by Beatty and Katz (1948), who measured surface tension forces the condensate film, and Rifert (1982)
in
condensing film coefficients for several refrigerants (low provided comprehensive review
of
steam condensation on
a
surface-tension liquids) on a horizontal integral-fin tube con extended surface. He showed that heat transfer enhancement
taining 630 fins per meter. with finned surfaces can vary substantially depending upon fin
In the work of Webb (1981a), Cooper and Rose (1981), and geometry and spacing. He also noted that flooding
of
the
by
Nakayama (1982), it is shown that the fins were introduced the condensate, which increases the fin
as
interfin surfaces
initially to provide additional surface area. However, fin geome spacing decreases, can alter the performance substantially. Prior
on
tries, dimensions, and spacings are limited due to manufactur this, Rifert (1980) analyzed the condensation
to
horizontal
ing techniques and condensate flow was assumed to be governed
In
finned tubes including the effect
of
surface tension forces.
only by viscous and gravitational forces. this endeavor, he divided the tube into flooded and unflooded
the energy equa
fin
of
For many years, inappropriate
be
to
tubes were believed zones and solved two-dimensional form
a
for high surface-tension liquids because the possibility these equations revealed that
of
of tion for each zone. Solutions
of
condensate flooding between the fins. And while surface-tension the fin temperature, most cases, was markedly nonuniform.
in
Hirasawa, Hijikata, Mori, and Nakayama (1980) showed
be
forces appear neglected until the appearance

of
to
the work
Gregorig (1954) and Thomas (1967), experimental work by
of
that, on finned surface, there exists region high heat
of
a
a
Wanniarachchi, Marto, and Rose (1986) and Yau, Cooper, and the trough between the crests
of
in
transfer coefficients the fins.
on
ethylene This analytical study predicted the con
of
Rose (1985) on water and Masuda and Rose (1985) local thinness
a
by
glycol has shown sizable enhancements can exist provided that densate film produced capillary action the trough. This
in
chosen judiciously.
of
the number fins surface tension phenomenon was confirmed by optical measure
is
Work the low-profile mentS.

in
to
the 1970s was not confined

integral fin on the exterior horizontal tubes. Williams,
of
The recent trend toward higher the fin density has directed
Nandapurkar, and Holland (1971) carried out experiments the condensate flooding the lower portion
to
to
at
more attention
centrifugal force on the condensation
of
the condenser. Rudy and Webb (1981) made static measure

of
determine the effect

rate. Using methanol and isopropenol on
on
vertical rotating condensate retention angles
of
ments finned tubes with three

a
tube, they showed that the condensation heat transfer coeffi different fin densities using water, R-11, and n-pentane. Honda,
cient can be significantly increased through the use centri Nozu, and Mitsumori (1983) took data for both static and
of
fugal force. unique, double-grooved surface was developed by condensing conditions using ethanol and R-113 and found the
A
Markowitz, Mikic, and essentially the same. Yau, Cooper, and Rose (1985)
be
(1972) for horizontal plate

to
Bergeles results
fin
fin
facing down condensers. Condensing coefficients based on tubes with varying pitch but with the same
13
took width
nominal surface area for R-113 were improved by almost 100%. and fin height and measured the heat transfer enhancement
This configuration was developed for submerged condenser over plain tube having the same inside and outside diameter.
a
where direct condensation occurred in the bulk of the subcooled All measurements were made near atmospheric pressure with
at
liquid. Reisbig (1974) conducted an experimental study con the vapor flowing
of
downward with velocities between 0.5 and

densing R-12 flowed through the inside
of
as
both finned and m/s. was shown that the heat transfer enhancement
it
It
1.1
smooth-bore aluminum tubes. Oshima and Iuchi (1974) pro obtained with the finned tubes significantly exceeded that which
vided calculation method in cooler condensers for the effec
be
on
expected grounds
of
increased surface area. Plots

a
to
was
plate-fin tubes and showed that the enhancement against fin density were repeatable and indi
of
of
tive heat transfer area

results obtained utilizing this calculation method were good cated local maxima and minima. was also shown that the
It
in
agreement with experimental results. Smirnov (1976) provided

or on
dependence fin density was not appreciably

byof
enhancement
on
binary mixture
of
data on the condensation finned surfaces. influenced vapor velocity condensation rate, least for
at
Patankar and Sparrow (1979) made numerical analysis

of
the ranges employed.

a
to
film condensation on vertical fin attached cooled vertical Rudy and Webb (1981) provided theoretical model for
a
plate cylinder. They showed that, condensation on integral-fin tubes and developed (1985) con
in
or
this three-dimensional
a
process, the condensation on the fin surface tightly coupled densate retention model which was based upon the experimen
to
is
tal observation that the vertical rise height

of
the conduction within the fin. physically meaningful similar the condensate
A
between fins must be the same for vertical tubes for

as
ity solution was formulated and evaluated numerically. The

is
it
results obtained from the similarity solution show that the heat vertical plate. This reasoning showed that for arbitrary
of
fin
a
by
be
cross section, the summation surface tension and body forces

of
transfer can represented some simple algebraic relation

on
ships that appear applicable the operating range

be
acting the retained liquid between the fins will eventually

to
to
an
practice.
is in
encountered was found that the calculated fin expression for the retention angle. For rectangular
to
It
lead
pre
be
heat transfer markedly less than that which would shaped fins, their expression
is
dicted by an isothermal fin model. This indicates that the use

of
arccos(1 40/DopG.s] (22)

W
=
the isothermal fin model substantially overestimates the perfor

the configuration.
of
mance where the spacing between the fins. similar expression

A
is
s
6O i i i Rudy and Webb (1981) also proposed
to
modification the
a
sº-:
w = 2 m/s Beatty and Katz (1948) model which neglects surface tension
P -
85mmHg
-
on
forces the fins and neglects heat transfer through the flooded
so H t =e = 1.0mm
portion Webb, Rudy, and Kadzierski
of
of
the tube. The work
(1985) assumed condensate flow radially inward along the fin
4O H. Fin Spacing/mm —
the unflooded region
of
in
to
2. flanks due surface tension forces
•– 1.5
,
Tºº--º
In
º •– 1.0 the tube. Here gravity drainage was neglected. formulating
by
*;o
their model, they used the heat transfer coefficient proposed
"-º-º- •–4.O Adamek (1981) for the heat transfer
to
+-w + the fin faces. The
+
~#~ft
on
Adamek work was based theoretical analysis for surface
-
a
20 H 4–9.O family
of
tension driven condensation on condensate surface
a
profiles.
T-x- *-*. —£ Smooth
*
Tube
be
Kilic and Onat (1981) pointed out that there may con
on
air conditioning systems
of
densation the finned surfaces
Nusselt Theory—’ and their study considered both heat and mass transfer from
O 1– l l
the saturated air layer the liquid water film with the latent
to
O.l O.2 O.3 O.4 O.5
vaporization being transferred the fins. The study
of
of
to
heat
q (Mwm°)
Toner, Kilic, and Onat (1983) compared rectangular and trian
gular profile fins and optimum dimensions
of
as
the fins
a
fin
FIG. 9. The effect of spacing on the heat transfer coefficient
of
the Biot number were claimed. Additional guidance
of
steam condensing on finned tubes. Taken from Marto (1986).
function
on
superheated vapor
of
to
the condensation finned surfaces
Chen, Chen, Barrow, and Cleaver
of
in
can be found the work
(1983) and Takazawa, Nishiyama, and Kajikawa (1983).
was derived by Honda, Nozu, and Mitsumori (1983), and Wang and Chen (1984) considered condensation on cir
it
a
shows that high surface tension fluids like water can completely cumferential fin, and Chen, Chen,
and Cleaver (1984) have
flood the configuration whereas, for low surface tension fluids
on
downward facing
at
looked laminar film condensation
a
be
the freons, the fin density can vertical fin. Rudy, Kadzierski, and Webb (1984) considered the
as
such increased before

flooding occurs.
fin
integral type condenser tubes for process applications.
of
use
several systematic experimental programs
of
The results
on
quite wire wrapped tubes
of
There literature the use
is
a
have provided more insight into the condensation
of
various augment the condensation process. Space does not permit

to
a
fluids on integral fin tubes. Works by Rudy (1982), this interesting technique. Guidance,
in of
detailed consideration
Wanniarachchi, Marto, and Rose (1985) and Marto, Mitrou,
be
however, may the excellent survey
of
found Marto (1986)
Wanniarachchi, and Rose (1986), the previously cited
as
as
well and Marto and Wanniarachchi (1984). The Marto (1986) survey
Wanniarachchi, Marto, and Rose (1986) provide wide variety his keynote address the Eighth Interna
of
a
at
which the text
is
of data for film condensation of steam. Over 60 finned tubes tional Heat Transfer Conference, also discusses the effects
of
with the same nominal fin root diameter were manufactured drainage
of
condensate inundation and the use condensate
fin spacing, fin width, fin height,
of
and tested. The effects devices.

geometry, and material were systematically measured atmo
at
However, the fin efficiency concept

of
as
discussion
a
on
spheric pressure. These measurements, which are based the developed by Lienhard and Dhir (1974), Nader (1978), and
nominal fin root smooth surface area for copper tubes with Burmeister (1982) called for before leaving this important
is
rectangular profile fins, are summarized Fig.

in
9.
These data application the extended surface technology. The efficiencies

of
show that, for constant downward velocity m/s under

of
these studies are for film condensation of

a in
derived saturated
a
a
2
vacuum conditions, the fin spacing very important parame vapor on

t is
at
vertical fin whose lower end maintained fixed
= a
is
a
ter. The statement on the figure, 1.0 mm, means that the temperature.
=
e
fin width (thickness) and height was 1.0 mm. Nader (1978) used numerical methods accurately de
to
Figure indicates that

an
optimum fin spacing exists some termine the fin temperature distribution and efficiency, account
9
where near 1.5 mm. This translates about 400 fins per meter
to
ing along the way for variable condensate thickness along

10
to be
or
fins per inch and the optimum

to
4 to
at
fin
noted that height two dimensionless parameters. The

is
of
it
in
the terms
Al
or
spacing, enhancements are possible. Moreover,

of
of
Lienhard and Dhir (1974) effort was broader scope.

3
the Wanniarachchi, Marto, and Rose (1985) work showed that though they called the fin efficiency the fin effectiveness, they
the steam side enhancement increased with fin height. However, the two dimensionless parameters that
of
utilized combination
a
this performance enhancement not very bold;

of
the rate were later proposed by Nader. Burmeister derived

an
be is
expression
higher rates
of
to
enhancement were seen obtained with for the fin efficiency that adequately represents the results
of
a
prime surface area. This, course, demon

of
similar increase Nader within 2%. The Lienhard and Dhir results obtained
in
to
strates that there fin efficiency effect, and, indeed, the fin
is
9,
from their Eq. (36) are slightly higher and their Fig.
a
which
efficiency has been investigated by Lienhard and Dhir (1974), plots the efficiency (their effectiveness), the parame
to
related
is
Nader (1982), and Burmeister (1984). the Burmeister study.

in
ters
Marto, Mitrou, Wanniarachchi, and Rose (1986) showed
that the fin shape can alter the performance, and Mitrou (1986) EXPERIMENTAL ENDEAVORS
showed that the wall material can have marked effect upon
a
the results. This work confirmed that the thermal conductiv

as
The ability
in
to
determine the heat transfer coefficient

ity
an
the fin decreases,

of
of
increased thermal resistance the physical configurations that employ extended surfaces has come
fin results. This, course,
of
experimental data. These experimental en

to
of
translated the fin

is
in
decrease from wealth

a
be
to be
efficiency leading lower heat transfer capability. This has deavors will this point and the review will
to
at
reviewed
a
been confirmed by Mills, Hubbard, James, and Tan (1975) and divided into sections based on three time frames; the period
Shklover, Mil’man, Baskov, and Ankudenov (1985).
of
the end the 1960s, the 1970s, and the 1980s.

However, the literature cited here will not refer to the diameter increment resulting when the volume cylinder
of
a
so-called “compact heat exchangers,” which will be treated in a equivalent the root diameter. The
to
to
the fin metal added
is
separate category. Moreover, the reader is requested to bear shell cross flow mass velocity was computed using flow area
a
with the author in that what follows is often presented by length path equal the baffle spacing and
to of
to
based on
a
subject matter. This makes any attempt at a chronological path equal
of
of
width the sum the clearances between tubes.
development to be somewhat chaotic. Observations pertaining condensing heat transfer coeffi
to
cients were made by Young and Wohlenberg (1942), Katz and
Geist (1948), and Short and Brown (1951). The latter two
The period prior to the condensing heat transfer
in
1970 studies indicated variation
a
coefficient as function of tube location within the tube bank.
a
DeLorenzo and Anderson (1945) provided heat transfer and
Kern (1958) attempted account for this by proposing
to
a
friction data for flow within an annular passage created by
correction for deviations from pure viscous flow which adjusted
longitudinal fins. This configuration is usually referred to as a
its
the condensate loading from value viscous flow. This was
in
double pipe and these data are germaine to the annular region
later upgraded by Dent (1965).
within this double pipe. Jameson (1945) and Gunter and Shaw
Briggs and Young (1960) provided correlation for heat
a
(1945), respectively, provided heat transfer and friction data for
radially finned tubes. The data were taken
of
transfer banks
in
fluids in cross flow over radial fins on cylindrical tubes. These
for the express purpose determining the effect
of
of
fin thickness
references have been cited in a previous section. Knudsen and
and pitch on the heat transfer coefficient. This correlation has
Katz (1950) published an empirical correlation for heat transfer
predicting the performance
of of
been used with success elec
in
and pressure loss for flow across banks of tubes equipped with
tronic heat sinks containing radial fins and the design
in
heat
annular (radial) fins with Reynolds numbers ranging between
pipe condensers.
1000 and 70,000.
Starner and McManus (1963) presented heat transfer coef
It is interesting to note that much of the data used, even
ficients for four arrays fins positioned with their bases
of
today, derived from data obtained for flow across plain tubes. A
vertical, inclined angle 45° with the horizontal. They
of
an
at
preliminary correlation of data obtained in an extensive
analyzed the fins isothermal surfaces, claiming that the
as
ASME-University of Delaware cooperative research program
lowest fin efficiency encountered was over 98% and that this
on heat exchangers was published by Bell (1960). This was
indicated that the temperature drop from base tip was
to
followed by a final report on the ASME-Delaware program by
negligible. They found that the heat transfer coefficients for the
Bell (1963). Although experimentation was conducted with plain
vertical arrays fell 10–30% below those similarly spaced
of
tubes and on small heat exchangers or just exchanger compo
an
parallel plates and that the arrays inclined angle
of
at
45°
nents alone, the work was soundly conceived, and, with minor
yielded results 5–20% below those the vertical arrays. They
of
quantitative modifications such as those made by Whitley (1961)
two flow patterns for the horizontal arrays, and they
at
looked
and Emerson (1962), the data were adaptable to larger ex
claimed that the heat transfer coefficients could be reduced
changers.
by
sharply preventing three-dimensional flow.

As in the earlier correlations of Tinker (1957; 1958), the
An extensive empirical study
of
the overall heat transfer
Delaware work sought to evaluate the separate contributions of
straight (longitudi
of
many effects such as baffle pitch, baffle-to-shell leakage, and the coefficient and friction factors for banks
nal) profile fins cross flow was undertaken by Ueda and
in
quantity and placement of sealing strips. The final graphs and

fin
height and spacing, channel

of
equations contained many variables, which, for lack of defini Harada (1964). The effect
all
height and fin material, Reynolds number
of
as
function
a
tive data, were previously lumped together by others such as

were considered. One plot
of
of
the local value the heat transfer
Williams and Katz (1952), Donohue (1949), and Kern (1950).
coefficient, averaged between the local values for the two fin
It was Kern (1956) who made the observation that it was
sides, was included. The Udea—Harada (1964) study may well
quite possible to use the plain tube data for the radial, low-fin,
large variation the surrounding
in
to
have been the first show

a
tube bank configuration found on the shell side of heat ex

changers. The Delaware work yielded a curve of the jū factor fluid temperature, which had, heretofore, been assumed con
of
stant. This was revealed by plot which showed the variation
a
as a function of the Reynolds number and the heat transfer

the fluid temperature the gaps between the fins and the in
in
coefficient on the outside of the plain tube was easily obtained

the fin height.
of
direction
from the ordinate ju by
k
-" Theoclitus and Eckrich (1964) described an experimental
technique for the determination the effectiveness (efficiency)
of
|l
ha = i
=Ju T T-
D \(+)"
| (23) extended surface. The technique depends on
of
correlation
a
0 TWh e k Pl,
between steady state and transient testing methods. Karasev
(1967) investigated the effect rectangular turbulizers on the
of of
Here, the Reynolds number used as the abscissa was computed

using a mass velocity which was the geometric mean of the fluid resistance, the structure the flow, and the local heat
separate mass velocities across the tubes at the center of the transfer, and Zozulya and Khorunzhii (1968) considered the
shell and through the segmental baffle windows. low frequency, high amplitude oscillations on the rate
of
effect
Kern (1956) noted that equal Reynolds numbers provided of heat transfer from smooth and finned tubes to transformer
nearly equal ju factors when radial low-fin tubes were used. oil. Ackerman and Brunsvold (1969) provided heat transfer and
This did not imply that equal Reynolds numbers provide equal draft loss (pressure drop) data for five staggered and one in-line
heat transfer coefficients because there were differences in the tube bank arrangements. this experimental study, 1-7/8 in.
In
computation of the equivalent diameter and the cross flow mass (4.763 cm) OD tubes with in. (2.54 cm) long elliptical studs
1
velocity. were investigated. The tube banks, which were clean

in
a
condition, were eight rows deep and possessed various

10
The equivalent diameter proposed for the finned tube case

or
was the volumetric equivalent diameter, which is a measure of transverse and longitudinal spacing diameter ratios. The
to
performance was described adequately by suitable arrangement

all
the closeness with which tubes are arrayed. For plain tubes,
all
based on the outside diameter. For finned tubes, factors, and the relative performance arrangements was
of of
based
is
is
it
it
the root tube under the fins plus the be dependent upon the basis comparison.
to
shown
of
on the outside diameter

to
to
Horn and Atherton (1969) pointed out that manufacturing enabled errors be estimated and confidence intervals be
differences in mass-produced finned elements forming heat obtained.
surfaces could effect the heat transfer and pressure Zozulya, Vorob'yev, and Khavin (1973) presented results
of of
transfer
drop performance. They took performance data on production an experimental study
of
heat transfer from bundle
a
finned tubes in axial flow and used the result to illustrate staggered finned tubes when the incoming flow was turbulized
statistical techniques for determining whether observed perfor by means metal grids. Okamoto and Kameoka (1973)
of
fin
mance differences are real when assessed against the magnitude analyzed the temperature distribution plate
to
normal
in
a
of experimental error. flow for various fin sizes, fluid velocities, and
of
the direction
material thermal conductivities. The variation the local heat
in
fin
The period of the transfer coefficient along the height was measured using
a
1970s
local heater element. Normalized equations for the Nusselt
efficiency were pro
fin
Chaddock (1970) conducted an experimental study to effect number, the fin effectiveness, and the
optimum design procedures for finned heat transfer surfaces vided, and was clearly shown that the local heat transfer
it
operating in the free convection mode. The study was prompted coefficient was largely influenced by the vortex flow within the
by the desire to apply finned surfaces to thermoelectric refriger fin spaces.
ators and a versatile test heat exchanger that could be changed Saboya and Sparrow (1974a, b), two papers, observed that
in
to any one of 12 rectangular fin arrays was constructed. An the range Reynolds numbers encountered
of
air condition
in
in
equation for the overall free convection heat transfer coefficient ing equipment
of
the 1970s, the local heat transfer coefficients
its
was developed, and a numerical example showing use for were very low on the portion washed by the
of
the fin that
is
a
vertical fin array was provided. the tube. Consequently, that portion
of
of
wake downstream the
Thomas and Hayes (1970) provided study that gave heat fin contributes very little the overall transfer capabilities
of
to
in a
transfer coefficients on surfaces used distillation plant ex the exchanger. They considered candidate approaches for
on
changers, and Aihara (1970a, b), pair papers, reported
in of
eliminating the deleterious effects the wake. Among these
of
in
a
was the investigation tube relocation, and
of
experimental natural convection studies finned array. The was shown that
it
a
fin geometry and tempera the overall heat transfer capability

of
of
first the system was increased
of
these considered the effect
ture, and an empirical relationship for the average Nusselt moderately by the rearward movement
of
or
relocation the
the vertical open channel between the fins was tube.
in
number
Cowan, Dell, and Stinchcombe (1974) took aerodynamic and
be
derived. The second paper was considered

to
of to
sequel the
a
it,
an
first, and, heat transfer performance measurements on industrial air
in
as
the author considered the fin edge one the

component the finned array. Dalle Donne and cooled heat exchanger. Results were presented for the air flow
in
surfaces
Meerwald (1970), after having made the observation that surface and air temperature distribution above the finned tube bundle
roughening produces heat transfer, and for the static pressure distribution beneath the bundle.
in
considerable increase
a
measured heat transfer and friction coefficients of rods with Michyoshi, Takahashi, and Yamaguchi (1974) tested one plain
an
various thread-type ribs. annulus. They were able
28
rod and transverse finned rods
in
Zappa and Geiger (1971) conducted
an
experimental investi to obtain correlations for both radiative and convective heat
gation on the effect
of
disturbance fins on heat transfer and pressure drop. Their correlations included
as
as
transfer well
pressure drop
fin
of
transformer oil
in
laminar flow. The test account for height and fin spacing.
to
factors
section was horizontal annulus with circumferential (radial) Stasiulevicius and Survila (1974) reported experimental re
a
fins. The fin height was varied for each test, and the results heat transfer and what they referred “hydraulic
of
to
as
sults
indicated that the fins almost doubled the heat transfer perfor drag” with regard of
to
staggered banks tubes with helical and

mance. An optimum fin spacing fin height ratio was observed annular (radial) fins. Kuntish, Taryan, and Yokhvedov (1974)
to
and reported. Mantle, Freeman, and Watts (1971) considered quantitative relationship between the rate
of
established heat
a
heat transfer from rib-roughened surfaces, particularly gas

in
transfer from staggered tubes with circular (radial) fins
in
cooled reactor fuel elements, and the electrically heated scaled the interfin space. Legkii, Pavlenko,
of
as
bundles function
a
up dummy elements used, the laboratory, Makarov, and Zholudov (1974) used arrays
of
in
to
establish their miniature heat

They showed that important
on
performance. corrections were flux sensors for measuring local heat transfer coefficients the
required based on the thermal conductivities
of
of
the test element surface tube with constant thickness annular fins (radial
a
and the coolant. They also correlated computed temperature rectangular profile) cross flow. They showed that two
of
fins
in
distributions within the ribbed surfaces. radial heat transfer maxima occurred on the fin surfaces, one
at
on
Forslund (1972) reported successful technique for the the fin tip, and they claimed that the
at
the base and the other

a
thin radiating fins. The heat transfer from the fin tip and from the tube surface
of
of
in
measurement thermal conductance rate

work was inspired by light weight exceeded average heat transfer levels.
to
desire obtain
a
radiator-condenser configuration for the mercury-Rankine cycle Zozulya and Khavin (1974) presented experimental data for
space power plant. Taranyan, Iokhvedov, and Kuntish
of
single and multirow bundles

of
heat transfer and friction loss

in
a
(1972) showed the dependence

of
heat transfer on the relative large diameter tubes with transverse (radial) welded fins. Senshu,
depth the interfin cavity
of
in
staggered tube bundles with Hatada, and Ishibane (1974) presented method for measuring
a
transverse (radial) fins. the heat transfer coefficient with high accuracy for several types
Rich (1973) took air side heat transfer and pressure drop fins. Their method involved the unsteady heat flow
of
an
air
in
measurements on nine multirow plate fin and tube arrange conditioning apparatus between the air stream and the cooler
ments. The typical dimensions fins and tube.
of
the test cores were identical

with the exception the fin pitch. Sturman (1973) provided Rabas and Eckels (1975) presented heat transfer and pres
of
brief description methods for measuring the heat transfer sure drop data taken on seven segmented tube bundle arrange
of
fin surfaces. The method, which depends upon ments. All tube bundles were three rows deep, and comparisons
of
coefficient
the tempera between pitch arrangements showed that the heat transfer and
of
in of
measurement the first and second derivatives

ture distribution within the fin, was examined more detail pressure drop performance were almost identical for staggered
its applications. equilateral and diamond pitch. However, both the heat transfer
in
and refined method was described that

and pressure drop decreased when changing from a staggered the design of energy efficient heat exchange devices requires a
diamond to a square in-line pitch and from a square in-line to a knowledge of pressure drop (and/or pumping power) character
rectangular in-line pitch. istics as well as heat transfer characteristics. This inspired an
Saboya and Sparrow (1976) performed experiments on a experimental study on a configuration consisting of longitudinal
three-row finned tube exchanger, and Goldstein and Sparrow fins attached to one of the principal walls of a flat rectangular
(1976) reported on experiments conducted on a corrugated fin duct.
and tube heat exchanger combination. Legkii, Zholudov, and Van Fossen (1981; 1982) measured heat transfer coefficients
Gerashchenko (1976) looked at the distribution of the heat on pin and end wall surfaces for several staggered arrays of
transfer coefficient on the lateral faces and ends of a circular short pin fins attached to the trailing edges of turbine blades.
(radial) fin using heat flux sensors. This work appears to contain The study was conducted because short pin fins were often used
little enhancement over the work of Legkii et al (1974), which to increase the heat transfer to the coolant, and, due to the
has already been cited. limitations of the casting technology, it was not possible to
Agrawal and Bhavsar (1977) conducted an experimental manufacture pins of optimum length for heat transfer in the
investigation on the heat transfer characteristics for air flow trailing edge region. In fact, in many cases, the fins were so
across single-finned cylinders. Their apparatus consisted of two short, the heat transfer in this region suffered a decrease (com
physically identical finned cylinders of different materials: brass pared to a plane wall). The measured Nusselt numbers, when
and aluminum. The fins were of the transverse rectangular plotted against the Reynolds number, fell on a single curve for
spiral type, and the results, which were given in graphical form, all surfaces tested.
indicated the influence of the airflow on the heat transfer rate. Sparrow and Larson (1982) performed experiments to de
Sparrow, Baliga, and Patankar (1978) studied the heat trans termine “per fin” heat transfer coefficients for pin-fin arrays
fer in forced convection in a shrouded fin array and experimen exposed to a novel air flow arrangement. The flow entered the
tally determined the effect of the shroud and the shroud array longitudinally, but, owing to the blocking action of the fin
clearance. Gentry and Small (1978) obtained results for heat base surface, was forced to turn and exit from the configuration
transfer and power expenditure (friction loss) for an agitated in a predominantly cross flow orientation. Geometric parame
vessel equipped with bare tubes, low-fin tubes, and medium-fin ters such as fin height to diameter ratio and the fin pitch to
tubes. Both heating and cooling data were obtained using water, diameter were varied, and the results were obtained for
ethylene glycol, and two petroleum oils as test fluids. The Reynolds numbers that varied over an order of magnitude.
s
mixing Reynolds number range was from 55 to 200,000. Jones Metzger and Haley (1982) also conducted and reported on
and Russell (1978) took measurements of the local fin tempera experiments as well as flow visualization studies for arrays of
ture on an annular finned tube in cross flow. Various techniques short pin fins, and Patankar and Murthy (1982) reported on
were used and indicated large variations in the local fin temper
atures. Later measurements of local heat transfer coefficients
work pertaining to the heat transfer from rotating cylinders
equipped with circumferential (radial) fins.
º
employed transient techniques. Metzger, Berry, and Bronson (1982) examined and reported
Patankar, Ivanovic, and Sparrow (1979) conducted an ex on an experimental study of the problem of developing heat
perimental study pertaining to heat transfer in turbulent flow in transfer in rectangular ducts with staggered arrays of short pin
internally finned tubes and channels. fins. Metzger, with Fan and Shepard (1982), also reported on
the pressure loss and heat transfer through multiple rows of
short pin fins.
Nakayama and Xu (1983) provided correlations for heat
The period of the 1980s
transfer and friction factors for what they claimed were en
A great deal of experimental work pertaining to heat transfer hanced fins for air coolers, and Said and Trupp (1983) pub
from and to extended surfaces was being conducted at the lished heat transfer data for turbulent flow in internally finned
University of Minnesota by Sparrow, his colleagues, and his tubes. An analysis of laminar flow and heat transfer in tubes
students as the 1980s began. Sparrow and Charmchi (1980) with internal circumferential fins was published by Rowley and
conducted experimental studies of heat transfer in laminar flow Patankar (1983), and Ping (1983) provided additional insight
on externally finned tubes. This was followed by Sparrow, into the heat transfer and friction loss characteristics of a pin
Ramsey, and Altemani (1980) who used the napthalene sub fin cooling configuration. Arora and Messeh (1983) conducted
limation technique to determine the row-by-row distribution of heat transfer experiments in high aspect ratio rectangular chan
the heat transfer coefficient in experiments on in-line pin fin nels with epoxied short pin fins, and Krause and Peters (1983)
arrays. It was shown that fully developed conditions prevailed reported on a study of heat transfer from horizontally serrated
for the fourth row and beyond, and, in a comparison to fin tubes in an air-fluidized bed of uniformly sized particles. A
staggered pin fin arrays, it was shown that the heat transfer primary objective of this work was to gather heat transfer
coefficients were, in general, lower for the in-line array. How coefficient data for the finned case, which were then compared
ever, the pressure drop for the in-line array was lower as to the data obtained from the bare horizontal tube in a similar
expected. The napthalene sublimation technique was also em flow environment.
ployed by Sparrow and Bahrami (1980) in an experimental Zhukauskas, Ulinskas, and Zinyavichyus (1983) reported on
study to determine the natural convection heat flow distribution heat transfer and hydraulic resistance measurements taken on
on the faces of isothermal circumferential (radial) fins affixed to spirally finned staggered (checkerboard) tube banks in trans
a horizontal tube. The mass transfer results so obtained were verse arrays. The empirical data obtained allowed for the in
transformed to heat transfer results by using the analogy be fluence of the thermal properties of the fluid as a function of
tween heat and mass transfer. the temperature and the geometry of the tube bank. Ning and
Sparrow and Semle (1981) measured heat transfer coeffi Qiliang (1983) conducted an experimental investigation on heat
cients at and adjacent to the tip of a wall attached cylinder in transfer in helically welded fin tube banks, and Metzger, Fan,
cross flow with application to fins, and Webb (1981a, b) took and Pennington (1983) reported on the heat transfer and flow
heat transfer and flow friction measurements for finned tubes friction characteristics of very rough transverse ribbed surfaces
having plain fins. Sparrow and Becky (1981) pointed out that with and without pin fins.
Cooper and Buford (1984) made a comparison of 11 friction heat transfer was substantial and was greatest for the more
factor correlations on triangular pitch tube banks in order to populous arrays, for longer fins, and at small temperature
determine the best method for calculating the pressure drop differences.
across the convection section of a fired heater. Sparrow and Eckels and Rabas (1985a, b), in a pair of papers, gave data
Kadle (1984) experimentally determined the heat transfer char on heat transfer and pressure drop in typical air cooler finned
acteristics of spokelike rods that extend outward from a rotat tubes, and Leung, Probert, and Shilston (1985a) reported on an
ing shaft. The experiment encompassed a number of geometri experimental study that attempted to determine the optimum
cal parameters including the length and diameter of the rods, spacing of vertical rectangular fins in an array under natural
the number of rods deployed around the circumference of the convection conditions. This was followed by Leung, Probert,
shaft, and the distance between the rods and the free end of the and Shilston (1985b), who then examined to effect of protru
shaft. The rotational Reynolds number was also varied, and the sions on the thermal performance of the vertically finned array.
Nusselt numbers were obtained on a rod-to-rod basis. Sparrow and Kang (1985) performed heat transfer and pres
Bemrose and Bott (1984) deliberately fouled banks of spiral sure drop experiments on cross flow tube banks in which the
wound fin tubes with calcium carbonate dust. They obtained individual tubes were equipped with longitudinal fins. The
friction factors as a function of time and gave curves of the investigated geometrical parameters included the placement of
friction factor to unfouled friction factor ratio which were the fin at the front of the tube, at the rear, and at both the front
normalized on the basis of a constant Reynolds number. and the rear. Also included were the fin tip shape, whether
Brigham (1984) presented array-averaged heat transfer coeffi blunt or contoured, and the fin thickness. For each tube bank
cients which were obtained for two configurations of short pin geometry, the Reynolds number was varied by nearly an order
fins in a converging channel and for two flat plate configura of magnitude. The results showed that a high degree of heat
tions in a converging channel. The purpose of the work was the transfer enhancement can indeed be obtained with longitudinal
determination of the effect of flow acceleration due to channel fins for longitudinal fins in cross flow.
convergence and the effect of varying pin length, on the heat Sparrow and Myrum (1985) made the point that commer
transfer. Results were presented in the form of Nusselt number cially available interrupted annular finned tubes possessed
as a function of Reynolds number. highly specific and often irregular geometries. They fabricated
Brigham and Van Fossen (1984) measured array-averaged an annular (radially) finned tube of regular and unambiguous
heat transfer coefficients on pin and end wall surfaces for two geometry and made several tests. The first used the finned tube
configurations of staggered pin fins. The work was found to be without the radial interruptions to determine a set of baseline
necessary because prior work concerning pin fins indicated that heat transfer coefficients. Subsequently, radial interruptions were
the amount of heat transfer from short pin fins was lower than cut into the fins, and the effect of the interruptions on the heat
from longer pin fins found in tube banks and other configura transfer was quantified.
tions. The study assessed the effect of the number of pin fin Kadle and Sparrow (1986) investigated the heat transfer
rows and the row geometry. from an array of parallel longitudinal fins to a turbulent air
Pis'mennyi and Legkii (1984) provided results of experi stream passing through the interfin spaces analytically, numeri
ments made for the purpose of determining the heat transfer cally, and experimentally. The fins were integrally attached to a
from staggered multirow bundles of tubes containing radial fins, heated-base plate while the fin tips were strouded to avoid
and Metzger, Fan, and Haley (1984) studied experimentally two leakage. In the analytical/numerical work, a conjugate problem
families of pin fin array geometries which had potential for was solved. This solution encompassed turbulent flow and heat
improving air foil internal cooling performance. One family transfer in the air stream and heat conduction in the fin and the
utilized pins of cylindrical cross section (cylindrical spines) with base plate. The turbulent model and the computational scheme
various orientations of the array with respect to the mean flow were verified by comparison with the experimental data. It was
direction. The second family was composed of pins with oblong found that the local heat transfer coefficient varied along the fin
cross section with various pin orientations with the respect to and along the surface of the base plate with the lowest values in
the mean flow direction. Both heat transfer and pressure loss the corners formed by the fin-base plate and the fin-shroud
characteristics were presented and it was observed that the use intersections.
of circular pins with an array orientation somewhere between Sparrow, Ansari, Stryker, and Ruiz (1986) performed experi
staggered and in line can, in some cases, enhance the heat ments to determine the heat transfer characteristics of a hori
transfer while decreasing the pressure loss. zontal finned tube situated in a vertical channel which was open
Yau (1984) also reported on the heat transfer and friction to the ambient at the top and bottom. The heat transfer from
loss characteristics of pin fin cooling configurations, and Hatada the finned tube was by natural convection and radiation, and
and Senshu (1984) performed an experimental study on the heat the performance of the configuration was determined as a
transfer characteristics of convex louvered fins for air condition function of three geometric parameters: the vertical position of
ing heat exchangers. The performance of one- and two the tube in the channel, the clearance between the fin tips and
row plate fin heat exchangers was investigated by Rosman, the channel walls, and the height of the channel. Experiments
Carajilescov, and Saboya (1984), and Baliga and Azrak (1984) were also carried out with the finned tube situated in free space,
reported on their studies of laminar fully developed flow and and it was found that the in-channel positioning of the tube
heat transfer in triangular plate fin ducts. gave substantially higher heat transfer rates.
Sparrow and Vemuri (1985) conducted experiments to de
termine the combined mode natural convection/radiation heat COMPACT HEAT EXCHANGERS
transfer of highly populated arrays of rodlike cylindrical fins or
spines. The fins were oriented with their axes horizontal and Compact heat exchangers are employed in a wide variety of
were attached to a heated base plate. The investigated parame applications such as in automobiles, aircraft, gas turbine sys
ters included the number of fins in the array, the fin length and tems, and air conditioning apparatus. Many types of surfaces
diameter, the base plate to ambient temperature difference, and are used, and the differences between the design of a compact
the presence or absence of adjacent shrouding surfaces. Calcu heat exchanger and a shell and tube exchanger are many. One
lations showed that the contribution of radiation to the total of these differences pertains to the fact that a correlation for
heat transfer and friction data must be available for each

compact surface whereas correlations for shell and tube ex
changers are more general and can apply to a multitude of
arrangements.
Thus, a consideration of the experimental endeavors pertain
ing to the establishment of heat transfer and flow friction
|
data in compact heat exchangers truly belongs in a history
of the extended surface heat transfer technology. A com
pact heat exchanger is an exchanger that contains at least 650
m surface/m' volume (approximately 200 ft/ft'). This means
that a compact heat exchanger must contain some form of
extended surface.
|
Kays and London (1984) in their monumental and extremely
º
useful work entitled Compact heat exchangers point out that
until the mid-1940s, the only generally available basic heat
§
transfer and fluid flow—friction data of sufficient accuracy for
heat exchanger design was for flow through and over banks of
.
tubes. The need for small size and lightweight heat exchangers
all
powered vehicles from automobiles

of
in
to
varieties
O.OOl
spacecraft, other applications, has
of
as
as
well multitude
a
10° 10° 10°

the development many heat transfer surfaces that
of
resulted
in
-z-, dimensionless
&
6
Re
=
are much more compact than can be practically achieved with
circular tubes. However, lack
of
basic heat transfer and flow

friction design data, and understanding FIG. 10. Typical heat transfer and flow friction data plotted from
of
of
lack the basic

a
Kays and London (1984).
in
data contained
mechanisms involved restricted, for long period time, their
of
a
be
heat exchangers that could designed and developed by

to
use
cut and try methods. ultimately became apparent that ration
It
ally optimized heat exchanger design, the development

of
new pressure drop fraction equation

The friction factor
in
is
used
a
superior characteristics, and the development
of of
of
surfaces
|(--) (;-) +f-–t

compact surfaces for high tempera DP Gºv,
A
U
of
methods fabrication
v
ture service could only take place after the basic characteristics
A,
P.
g,
P.
Ul
Ui
2
already existing surfaces were known and understood.

of
-(-, -º);
Recognizing the need for such data, The US Navy Bureau
of
Ships initiated test program the Naval Engineering Experi (26)

at
a
Annapolis MD
of
In
in
ment Station 1947, the Office

in
1945.
Naval Research, cooperation with the Bureaus Ships and that also involves entrance and exit as well as acceleration
of
in
similar pro effects. Typical curves

jū
which have been plotted

of
Aeronautics extended this work by establishing and

f
a
gram Stanford University. Later, the Atomic Energy Com Kays and London (1984) are displayed
at
from data contained

in
mission joined the support. Fig. 10. The entrance and exit loss coefficients for plate fin
in
in
Fig.11.
be
The primary objective

the Stanford program was heat exchanger cores
of
to
to
eq. (26) are shown

in
o, in
used
on
investigate the effects geometry These coefficients are plotted against the parameter
of
which
is
convective heat transfer
the ratio of the free flow area the frontal area for the side of
to
and flow friction performance with the hope that the geometri
cal advantages would provide incentive for the development the exchanger using the applicable surface.
of
high temperature fabrication techniques and new, superior Kays (1960) updated the Kays and London Compact heat
surfaces. Since the first publications describing the results exchangers, first edition (1955) (Kays and London, 1984), by
of
the
program, both kinds developments have occurred. providing heat transfer and friction data for six more high
of
The experimental apparatus used the first program performance heat transfer surfaces. This work apparently con
in
at
Annapolis was described by London and Ferguson (1949). The first attempt the computation
of
at
tained the the overall

efficiency finned passage with unequal heat dissipation on
of
experimental apparatus for the second program

at
Stanford was
a
described by Kays and London (1950). Actually, the experimen

an
its
sides. Kraus (1960) independently developed expression

tal systems were quite similar, and cross checks, using the same for the efficiency finned annular passage. This was not
of
a
test cores, yielded very consistent results. The American Society inspired by compact heat exchanger objectives but by desire
a a
a
obtain the overall efficiency the annular region

of
Mechanical Engineers published the first results

of
mono
to
of
double
in
a
graph by Kays, London, and Johnson (1951). pipe exchanger with the fin tips connected the outer pipe
to
to
The data are presented the Reynolds num interesting

of
as
function which was insulated from the environment.

It
is
a
ju
ber. The heat transfer parameter note that these two works described rather basic configuration
of a
the tips
to
to
where fins were added other fins form what

is
finned array. Briggs and London (1961)

to
as
now referred
G. h
Jh
(+)"
\k provided heat transfer and flow friction characteristics for
11
(24)
T
more surfaces: five offset rectangular surfaces and six plain

triangular plate fin surfaces.
Colburn
to
allows the heat transfer coefficient calculated from

= a
Shah (1971) tested three geometrically similar offset rectan

type involving the Stanton number
of
h/Gc
St
correlation
gular plate fin surfaces with area densities from 2953
to
6562
- m*/m (900–2000 ft”/ft’) establish heat transfer and flow

to
2/3
Cu friction characteristics. The tests were conducted over
i,
Jh
|(})
=
-
G
(25)
h
60
Reynolds range from

to
number 3000. One surface was

1.3 Wieting (1975) developed empirical relationships for heat

1.2 transfer and flow friction by correlating experimental data from
1.1 22 offset fin heat exchanger surfaces. The relationships pre
dicted the performance within the data scatter and allowed for
1.0
the effects of fin length, height, thickness, and spacing as well as
o.9 hydraulic diameter to be assessed. The relationships also indi
O-8 cated that the flow passage aspect ratio is significant only in the
: laminar flow regime.
# of N- A.
2 O-6 Mondt (1977) assessed the effect of nonuniform passages on
5 Lominor
deep fold heat exchanger performance, and Mochizuki and
É o.5 2-Re = 2000
e Re = 30OO Yagi (1977) showed that an optimum strip length exists for
|
** O.4 Re =5000
optimum performance in a strip fin heat exchanger core. This
g º Re =10,000
5 0.3 Re = Go conclusion was based on careful experiments on seven aluminum
Q.
5 oz test cores. Mandel, Townsend, and Parrish (1979) considered
# the optimal fin side design of compact tube-in-fin heat ex
3 O.1
changers with rippled fins. Zhukauskas and Ulinskas (1979)
# o gave a historical overview of developments pertaining to com
º
2 -0.1 pact heat exchangers in the USSR. They considered current (at
c
+ -0.2 that time) possibilities for heat transfer augmentation on rough
&
^e and finned tubular surfaces. They also suggested experimental
3 -0.3 Sree =
- a correlations for heat transfer and pressure drop in heat ex
o
3 -0.4 Re = 10,000 changers employing smooth tubes, and they discussed the appli
5 Re = 5 OOO
cability of bimetallic and plastic heat exchanger elements.
:
Lu
–0.5 = 3OOO
Re = 2000 Abbott, Norris, and Spofford (1979) traced the use of com
-O-6
Lorninor pact heat exchangers in the products of their employer, and
-0.7
Parker and Coombs (1979) suggested and illustrated new uses
-0.8 for the compact heat exchanger for both aircraft and industrial
-O-9 applications.
Chen, Loh, and Westwater (1981) extended a 1975 study by
-10; O.2 - 0.4 O.6 0.8 1.O
including the effect of the fluid velocity on the heat transfer rate
Ratio of free flow to frontol ored on one side, or, dimensionless
to a boiling liquid in a compact plate fin exchanger. Confirma
FIG. 11. Entrance and exit loss coefficients for plate fin heat tion of their method was obtained by a comparison of their
exchanger cores. [From Kays and London (1984) by permission.]
predictions with data obtained from tests using R-113 in an
actual exchanger. Webb and Joshi (1982) provided a friction
factor correlation for an offset, strip fin matrix, and Shah (1982)
provided a keynote address at an international heat transfer
unbrazed, but, because of a 2:1 difference in plate fin and conference which dealt with advances in compact heat ex
offset spacing dimensions, two of the surfaces had different changer technology and design theory.
degrees of “brazing roughness.” The testing revealed that the Davenport (1983) gave correlations for heat transfer and
brazing had little effect on the jn –
Re heat transfer character flow friction in several louvered fin surfaces, and Chen and
istic but influenced the f-Re
characteristic significantly. Westwater (1983) showed the application of the local assump
Smith (1972) conducted computer analyses and large scale tion in the design of compact heat exchangers for boiling heat
model experiments to determine the air side performance of transfer. Robertson (1984), in a previously cited study, devel
louvered fin evaporator cores. He obtained heat transfer and oped a model for predicting flow boiling coefficients for ser
pressure loss data for several configurations and compared rated fin passages.
them with calculated values. Effects of condensation, fins per
inch, fin thickness, and core characteristics were determined.
Mondt and Siegla (1974) obtained performance data for INTERNALLY FINNED CONFIGURATIONS
several perforated fin heat exchanger surfaces, and Wong and
Smith (1973) conducted experiments on a 5:1 scale model of a The study of tubes or pipes with internal fins truly belongs
typical louvered fin heat exchanger in a controlled turbulence in a category entitled “experimental endeavors.” But, as in the
wind tunnel in order to determine whether full scale heat case of compact heat exchangers, the subject area of consider
its
exchanger characteristics could be obtained from large scale able importance and it is well to treat it in own section.
Hilding and Coogan (1964) conducted
10
study
of
data. The air pressure drop and heat transfer rate of the model internal
a
as
core were measured and compared with the full scale data in fin configurations using air the fluid. The air was heated
inside the finned tubes, all
of
of
terms of drag coefficient and Nusselt number as a function of which had an inside diameter
length
of
18
Reynolds number based on the face velocity. These data showed 0.550 in. (1.397 cm) and in. (45.72 cm). Their
a
a close correlation between the model and the full scale cores. results have limited applicability because the measurements
as
were taken using air the only fluid

in
Cox and Jallouk (1973) summarized the methods for evaluat tubes with the same
ing the performance of compact heat exchanger surfaces, and internal diameter. However, their conclusions are characteristic
nonviscous fluids, and they arrived several generalizations
of
Edwards, Henry, and Hayward (1973) used staggered fin tubes

at
in their heat transfer pressure drop experiments. In these ex involving comparisons between finned and unfinned tubes.
Shcherbakov and Semena (1969) reported on studies
of
periments, the heat transfer from the fins and the tube was
measured separately. Empirical expressions which predicted the tubes with longitudinal internal fins, and Ornatskii, Semena,
Shcherbakov (1970) showed that, internally finned tubes, the
in
mean Stanton number for the fins and the pressure loss factor
velocity the boundary between the interfin space and the
at
were produced.
experi
an
main flow depends on the hydrodynamic and geometrical char Azer and Sivakumar (1984) reported results
of
acteristics of the main flow and the interfin space. Lipets and mental investigation which heat transfer and pressure drop
in
Zholudov (1970) provided a method for calculating the effec data were taken during saturated flow boiling inside four verti
tiveness of internally finned tubes, and Jones (1970) studied the cal, electrically heated tubes. One tube was smooth, and the
use of integral fins inside tubes to enhance boiling heat transfer. remaining three were internally finned with different diameters
and fin geometries. The smooth tube was used
of
This study has been cited in a previous section.
as
the basis
Hu and Chang (1973) investigated the heat transfer in fully comparison for comparison with the data from the finned tubes.
an
developed flow in internally finned tubes analytically. They was found that, over the mass flux range tested, enhance
It
observed that the highest value of the Nusselt number was high
in
as
as
ment the heat transfer coefficient was obtained
obtained for a tube containing 22 fins with the fin height at 146% over the smooth tube results on nominal area basis.
a
about 80% of the tube radius. The value of this Nusselt number Correlation equations were proposed for predicting the overall
was almost 20 times that of the finless tube at the same flow heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop during saturated
conditions. Watkinson, Miletti, and Kubanek (1975) took heat boiling inside internally finned tubes.
transfer and pressure drop measurements on integral inner-fin Prakash and Renzoni (1985) numerically analyzed laminar
fully developed flow
an
tubes of several different designs using oil in laminary flow. internally finned vertical concentric
in
They showed that, at a Reynolds number of 500, heat transfer circular annular duct. The fins were radial and were affixed on
was enhanced over smooth tube values by 8–224%, depending the outside of the inner tube. The outer wall was insulated while
on the tube geometry. At constant pumping power and the uniform heat flux was provided on the inner wall. was
It
a
same Reynolds number, the increase in heat transfer ranged found that the resulting bouyancy increased both the heat
from 1 to 187%. Correlating equations for heat transfer and transfer and the friction. This effect, compared with respect
to
friction factor were presented for both straight and spiral fin the no-bouyancy case, stronger when the number
of
fins was
is
arrangements. small and when the fins were short.
Masliyah and Nandakumar (1976; 1977) also studied heat
transfer in internally finned tubes. They solved numerically the NUMERICAL ANALYSES
energy equation and the equations of motion for fully devel
Apparently, the first comprehensive numerical analyses
of
oped Newtonian fluid flow in an internally finned helical coil
Cumo,
of
for the case of uniform heat flux with peripherally uniform extended surface heat transfer were the two works
Lopez, and Pinchera (1965a, b). One English and
of
temperature for low Reynolds numbers. Plots of these was
in
the axial
velocity, secondary stream function, and fluid temperature were Italian. Both have been previously cited here. Hung
in
the other
presented. It was shown that the friction factor–Reynolds num and Appl (1967) published numerical method for solving the
a
ber product was a function of the Dean number and the radius one-dimensional differential equation arising from the analysis
longitudinal
of
of
of curvature whereas the average Nusselt number is a function the combined radiation-convection mode
a
arbitrary profile with variable fin metal thermal conduc
of
of the Dean number only. (The Dean number is equal to the fin
Reynolds number multiplied by the square root of the ratio of tivity, heat transfer coefficient, and surface emissivity.
curvature.) They Donovan and Rohrer (1971) analyzed the heat transfer by
its
the radius of the tube or pipe to

of
radius
finned array consisting longitudinal rectan
of
also claimed that, for given fluid constant pressure drop, radiation from
at
a a
a
finned tube gave lower values for the average Nusselt number gular fins and plane surface. The study included radiant heat
a
than finless tube with the same inside diameter and radius of exchange between fin and neighboring elements and re
its
a
Curvature. simultaneous, nonlinear, integrodifferential

of
in
sulted set
a
equations which were solved by numerical integration method.

an
Soliman (1979) gave analytical solution for the tempera

a
different, but contrived,

21
ture distribution and Nusselt number during fully developed Kern and Kraus (1972) considered
steady state and five cases unsteady state extended
of
of
laminar flow internally finned tubes. was obtained assum cases

in
It
ing axially uniform heat flux and circumferentially uniform surface heat transfer analysis problems which were solved
numerically using computer code, which they listed
in
temperature
of
an
at
the outer surface the tube. Kubanek and

a
Miletti (1979) took heat transfer and pressure measurements on appendix.

three integral spiraled inner-fin tubes with two phase flow numerical analysis
of
Sane and Sukhatme (1974) conducted

a a
R-22 under evaporating conditions. This work has been cited of natural convection heat transfer from short horizontal fin
as
array single chimney flow pattern occurred. Results

in
Patankar, Ivanovic, and Sparrow (1979).

of
has the work which

a
Carnavos (1981) experimentally obtained the heat transfer were obtained for wide range governing parameters for the
of
a
as
the surrounding environmental medium. Good

of
performance heating water turbulent flow using

11
differ case air

in
in
ent tubes having integral internal spiral and longitudinal fins. agreement was obtained with available experimental data.
Chiou and Na (1977) developed
an
Individual tube performance was presented and compared with initial value method for
the linear two-point boundary value problem
of
constant pumping power. Correlating the solution

at
smooth tube datum

a
resulting from the analysis

of
equations were provided for heat transfer and friction data radiation heat transfer from fins.
direct search procedure utilizing
on
which were based air, water, and ethylene glycol-water data. Mehta (1978) employed
a
Webb and Scott (1980) performed parametric analysis pseudorandom numbers over region
to
obtain the minimum

of
the
a
a
internally finned tubes for heat exchanger appli weight design radiating fin arrays. Both
of
of
performance
of
these works have

the section pertaining
on
radiation from fins. Also

in
to
cations, and Scott and Webb (1981) reported their analytic been cited
Truong and Mancuso (1980), who ob
of
prediction internally cited was the work

of
the friction factor for turbulent flow

of in
finned channels. Their model assumed the validity the “law tained one-dimensional steady state solutions for radiation from
fin
an
having
of
the wall” and applied logarithmic velocity distribution the front and rear surfaces
of
annular (radial)
to
a
and core regions the flow. Theoretically based different front and rear emissivities. This work considered
of
the interfin
friction factor equations were developed for internally finned different profile shapes, and the results were obtained by the
shooting method along with the use the Runge–Kutta-Verner
of
circular tubes and rectangular channels. Their model predicts

internally finned tubes fifth- and sixth-order integration methods. Royal and Bergles
21
Carnavos' (1981) friction data for

within spread (1978) provided data on the augmentation
of
of
10%. horizontal tubes

a
with twisted tape inserts placed inside of the tubes in a con suppress the “free convective currents,” and thus enhancement
in Nusselt
as
densing application. number and friction factor decreased the fin
Sparrow and Acharya (1981) performed a numerical con height increases.
jugate analysis for a vertical plate fin Sunden (1985) treated the problem conjugate heat trans
of
conduction—convection
exchanging heat with the environment by natural convection. fer from rectangular fins numerically. He provided results for
This analysis was based on a first-principles approach whereby three different fluids, and comparisons with conventional theory
the heat conduction equation for the fin was solved simulta showed that, while the conventional theory yields acceptable
neously with the conservation equation for mass, momentum, results with regard fin efficiency, the total heat transferred,
to
and energy in the fluid boundary layer adjacent to the fin. the heat flux distribution, and temperature variation are not
Nakamura, Miyan, Hiraoka, Nakamori, and Yamada (1981) accurately predicted.
an
used a numerical method to develop a triangular coordinate numerical analysis
of
in
A
laminar flow and heat transfer
system in order to solve the two-dimensional problem in an annulus with twisted fins was reported by MacArthur and
annular (radial) fin of triangular profile. The actual triangular Patankar (1985). coordinate system that twisted with the fins
A
shape of the profile, in general, was arbitrary, but, for the
to so
was employed that fully developed flow could be defined
a
specific case of the isosceles triangle, they discussed the effect of with reference the coordinate system. The thermal boundary
the Biot number on fin efficiency and graphically compared the axially uniform heat input and
of
condition chosen was that
solutions for the one- and two-dimensional analyses. peripherally uniform wall temperature for the inner pipe wall.
be
Khader (1981) used a panel numerical scheme to investigate
so
The fins were assumed highly conducting that they
to
the heat conduction in extended surfaces, and Prakash and acquired the temperature the inner pipe wall. The coupled
of
Patankar (1981) performed an analysis of the fully developed axial flow and the secondary velocity field were solved numeri
laminary flow and heat transfer in vertical tubes with internal cally, and the corresponding temperature field was also de
radial fins. The governing equations for velocity and tempera termined. Results were presented
of
in
terms overall friction
ture were solved by a finite difference technique which incorpo factor–Reynolds number product and
of
in
terms the overall
rated a special scheme for treating the two coupled variables. Nusselt number. Circumferential, radial, and axial velocity con
Results were represented for a range of Rayleigh numbers and tours were also included.
for various values of fin height and the number of fins. Acharya and Patankar (1985) performed analytical study
an
Muzzio (1976) calculated the efficiency of straight (longitudi
on
investigate the effect bouyancy laminar forced convec
to
of
nal) fins of rectangular profile with variable metal thermal shrouded fin array. Two heating conditions were
in
tion a
conductivity and incorporated two-dimensional effects. The one, the fins and the base surface were hotter
In
considered:
calculations were made numerically and the results referred to a than the fluid, and, the other, they were colder. The results
in
wide range of dimensions, Biot number and the slope of the were obtained numerically for wide range the governing
of
a
thermal conductivity as a function of temperature curve. Sunden bouyancy parameter. was found that, with hot fin and base,
It
a
by
(1983a, b) looked at the problem of coupled conduction and the secondary flow pattern made up, mostly, single eddy.
is
a
be
mixed convection for rectangular fins. The thickness of the fins buoyancy appeared significant and leads
of
The influence
to
was small, and it was assumed that laminar boundary layer flow Nusselt numbers and friction factors that are much higher
to
existed around the fin surfaces. The buoyancy force was taken than for pure forced convection.
into account by applying Boussinesq's approximation. An itera Choudhury and Patankar (1985) made
an
analysis
of
the
tive finite difference technique with an overall iteration loop the entrance region
of
laminar fluid flow and heat transfer an
in
and several subiteration loops was then developed to solve the isothermal tube with radial internal fins. The governing equa
mass, momentum, and energy were solved numerically
of
problem. Details of the numerical method and an assessment of tions

by means
its
accuracy were also presented. three-dimensional parabolic procedure. Detailed

of
a
Delfour, Payre, and Zolesio (1983) used finite difference results were presented for the developing velocity profiles and
a
friction factors for range geometries.

of
solve the nonlinear boundary value problem describ

to
method
a
ing the temperature distribution minimum weight radiating

in
a
fin. Murthy and Patankar (1983) conducted numerical study

a
rotating cylinder with external longitudi

of
heat transfer from OPTIMIZATIONS

a
nal fins, and Kelkar and Patankar (1984) made prediction

of
a
parallel plate channel with staggered There are two types optimizations that pertain ex
of
in
to
flow and heat transfer

a
to
fins based on numerical method make the calculations. tended surface analysis and design. Both have received consid
a
numerical technique investigate the erable attention the literature, and both will be treated here.
of in
to
Sunden (1984) used

a
heat transfer from rectangular fins by laminar and/or turbulent The first type optimization concerns the synthesis
of
a
or
forced convection. The results were compared with conven particular fin spine profile for minimum mass based on set
a
tional fin theory, and satisfactory compari specified conditions. These conditions may cover
of
was shown that wide

of it
a
or
the boundary layer range and may include the mode dissipation from the fin
of
son occurred most either laminar

if
is
the boundary layer contained faces, whether certain parameters such thermal conductivity
as
turbulent. was observed that

It
of if
or
laminar and turbulent parts almost equal spatial extent, are constant and whether not internal heat dissipation
is
present. Included this first type optimization

of
serious discrepancies between the prediction methods would the inter

in
is
occur. esting problem finding the optimum fin dimensions for

of
Zhang and Patankar (1984) showed that

an
the heat transfer prescribed fin mass. Indeed, optimization for minimum mass
an
shrouded fin array dependent upon the optimization for minimum volume
in
as
from the fins can be obtained from

is
a
distribution of the flow the duct cross section. was shown well from minimum profile area. This was demonstrated by
in
It
an
clearance between the fin tip and the shroud optimization for the mini
of
Sonn and Bar-Cohen (1981)

in
that the amount

cylindrical spine.
of
has significant
effect on the heat transfer. Mirza and Soliman mum mass
a
fully developed The second type optimization the spacing place

of
(1985) gave results numerical analysis

in
of
of
or
is
a
ment of individual fins form channels. This leads

to
to
laminar-mixed convection in horizontal tubes with two verti the

an
array finned array)

of
of
in
cally fins. This study showed that the fins tend treatment fins (not which each
to
oriented
a
fin of whatever prescribed shape is operating in an optimum But, more and more ripples were introduced,
as
was observed
it
manner. Both optimization types will now be discussed in a that the coolant would experience greater difficulty penetrat
in
certain amount of detail. ing the surfaces between the ripples. This effect was observed
to
model and experimentation was sug
be
extremely difficult
to
as
gested being necessary
of
determine how far the benefits
to
Individual fin optimizations the ripple concept could go.
Schmidt (1926) proposed that the radial fin
of
least material
Snider and Kraus (1986) traced the history of the quest for
he
should also possess linear temperature gradient, and de
a
fin
the optimum longitudinal fin profile for a with constant heat
an
to
rived equation that would yield the profile function
its
transfer coefficient on faces, constant thermal conductivity,
accomplish this. This profile, however, little interest be
of
is
by
and heat dissipation only convection. They noted that this
in
manufacturing difficulties. Brown (1965) treated the
of
cause
interesting historical survey one may observe fascinating case rectangular profile and provided graphical pre
of
a
radial fin
a
the intermarriage heuristics, numerics, and rigor
of
of
the
in
sentation for the optimum dimensions practical working
in
a
formulation of mathematical model.
a
range. Wilkins (1961) looked the problem
of
of
at
minimization
Schmidt (1926) gave hueristic solution which acknowl longitudinal thin fins under the radiation mode with specified
a
a
edged that the true differential equation governing the tempera minimum thickness.
fin
all
points
in
at
ture the was two-dimensional. He then Cobble (1971) optimized the total volume the longitudinal
of
proposed
of
distribution isolated heat flux lines within the fin fin with respect temperature distribution parameter. His
a
to
a
which would form “flux tubes.” Then,
he
reasoned that such
if
by solution yielded the Schmidt parabolic profile for the simple
flux pipe” were replaced
its of
“flux tube
or
one uniform convective case with constant heat transfer coefficient on the fin
a
cross section, but the same length and volume,

of
thermal
faces. His solution also yielded the result obtained by Wilkins
an
“optimal fin” containing

all be
resistance would lowered. For
he
(1961) for the simple radiating fin. sample problem,
In
a
be
these flux pipes, the pipes would uniform and parallel,

of
fin
provided the profile for that exchanges heat with the
a
be
and, result, the temperature gradient would

as
horizontal surroundings by both convection and radiation.

a
everywhere and the fin temperature would function only of

be
an
Eder (1973) provided analytic treatment rectangular
a
of
the fin height coordinate This indicated that the temperature
x.
and triangular fins and gave closed form solutions for the fin
was, fact,
of
linear function and that the heat flux was

in
x
a
temperature, the dissipated heat flux, and the optimized dimen

uniform over the fin. Moreover, this implied that the heat flow sions with respect the fin mass. Bhargava and Duffin (1973)
to
the fin was one-dimensional. The substitution of the linear
in
investigated dual extremum principles related cooling fins,
to
temperature distribution into the governing differential equa
an
and Ahmadi and Razani (1973) gave approximate solution
change the fin profile
of
of
is to
tion led the fact that the rate

for the optimum dimensions convecting-radiating
of
fin.
a
function also linear and that the optimum longitudinal fin
is
Guceri and Maday (1975) followed the Maday (1974) paper and
concave parabolic profile.
of
one found the dimensions for the least weight circular (radial)
Duffin (1959) filled the logical gaps the Schmidt (1926)
in
in
cooling fin through

an
application the minimum principle.
of
by
publishing rigorous proof the optimality

of
of
endeavor the
to
The fin temperature, thickness, and heat flux were considered
a
parabolic profile fin. He employed some powerful formulations

functions only
be
the radius, and solutions were obtained for

of
he
variational techniques that had developed earlier.

of
to
the exact one-dimensional representation. This was extended
Both Schmidt (1926) and Duffin (1959) made the customary
the approximate case where the curvature neglected
in
the
is
assumption that the differential surface element per unit fin be noted that this work essen
to
convection calculation.
is
It
fin
length was equal

is to
twice (two faces) the differential element tially looked the problem with and without the “length
of
at
arc
fin height. only longitudinal fin
of
to
easy see that the

It
idealization.”
profilethat possesses this property the rectangular profile
is
Dhar and Arcora (1976) showed methods for carrying out

is,
by no means, the optimum profile. fact, Gardner

In
which
minimum designs for finned surfaces various kinds. They
of
(1945) observed that the area-cosine principle demanded that gave analytical techniques for obtaining optimum surface pro
dS dx/cos for the rectangular profile fin, where the
=
is
given amount heat dissipation with

of
files for without

2
or
x
a
by
taper angle. More recently, has been pointed out, notably

fin
it
restrictions on the height. Examples were provided for

Maday (1974), that the universal relationship
is
several cases. Razelos and Imre (1980), work already cited

in
a
(dx^+ dy” yº,

here, gave design criteria for minimum mass fin dissipating
dS
a
a
(27)
=
given amount heat. They showed that the fin volume and
of
y(x) the profile function. width are uniquely related the specified heat transfer require
to
where
y
=
is
Using dS=
dx
“making the length ment and the properties

as
of
has become known the fin material.

2
it,
arc idealization,”
and, with this idealization, Schmidt's fin
he
of
Mikk (1980), put “the problem

of
reduc
as
looked
at
does indeed win the cigar. But Eq. (27) reopens the question ing minimum, the mass
of
convective annular/circular
as
to
a
truly the optimal fin. fin” with prescribed heat transfer requirement. He showed
to
whether the Schmidt fin

is
the “length that the limiting case

of
of
of
not clear when the elimination arc the minimization was obtained when
It
is
fin
was given serious consideration, but the paper by the temperature tip achieved the temperature
of
of
idealization” the the

Maday (1974) certainly environment. He also showed that the mass of the so-called
it,
Maday carefully
In
landmark.
is
a
stated the correct formulation without the idealization, and he triangular profile.
of
“ideal fin” differed little from

the fin
derived the Euler–LaGrange conditions parametrized form Sonn and Bar-Cohen (1981) found the optimum dimensions
in
a
by
pin
fin
on
suitable for numerical integration. He also pointed out that the (cylindrical spine) optimizing
of
of
the basis
a
Schmidt (1926) parabolic profile does not satisfy the conditions, spine volume rather than profile area. Poulikakos and Bejan
and, even more significantly, reported simulations demon
he
(1982) established theoretical framework for the minimization

a
be
strating that the performance the parabolic fin could entropy generation extended surfaces. They first derived
an of
of
in
“wavy” profile.
on
surpassed by fins having entropy generation rate relationship and then, based this
a
and Kraus (1986) proposed

Snider ripple surface which general result, developed analytical methods and gave graphical
a
optimum dimensions for pin

fin
presentations for the selection

of
placing lots exposed surface near the

of
of
had the aim base.

fins, rectangular plate fins, plate fins with a trapezoidal cross small gapwidths, Elenbaas' experiments and correlation are still
section, and triangular plate fins with a rectangular cross sec reference standard. His approach was intuitive and
as
taken
a
tion. clever, yet with hindsight stemming from the work
of
Ostrach
Razelos (1983) looked at pin fins (spines) with circular cross
be
(1952), may appropriately described semiempirical.
as
it
Elenbaas' data have been used extensively
of
sections that vary, along their length, in a specified manner. He
in
the verification
found the optimum dimensions of base radius and pin height numerical flow and temperatures solutions and, more recently,
that minimize the volume for a given dissipation. His results more general analysis and optimi
as
of
have served the basis
by
were expressed in a dimensionless form such that certain prop parallel heated plates
of
zation Bar-Cohen and Rohsenow
erties of the optimized pin fin could be immediately derived (1984).
and, in addition, a meaningful comparison with other optimum Appl and Hung (1964) studied the optimization
of
radial fins
the forced convection mode, and Sobel,
in
configurations could be made. on circular tubes
Aziz (1985a) reported on an analysis for the optimum di Landis, and Mueller (1966) experimentally studied natural con
of longitudinal fins of rectangular and triangular vection air flows staggered and vertical channels with con
in
mensions
profile that did not begin with a knowledge of the fin base stant heat flux boundary conditions. Their straight channel
with the semiempirical predictions
of
temperature. This work considered the optimization of single Nusselt numbers agreed
rectangular and triangular profile longitudinal fins with a con Elenbaas (1942). When channel stagger was introduced into
vective heat dissipation, and, for each case, the optimization very short channels, the Nusselt number increased significantly,
procedure led to a relationship between a fin parameter and the and the exit wall temperatures were reduced. This effect per
sisted beyond the meeting point the two wall boundary
of
Biot number that must be satisfied to achieve the optimization.
layers. However, was found that, channel length increased,
as
The preceding is not the complete story. There are other
it
the relative advantage stagger decreased and the performance
of
works that have already been cited. Callinan and Berggren
eventually fell below that single straight channel.
of
(1959) and Reynolds (1963) looked at the optimization of
a
fin-tube radiators. Bartas and Sellars (1960), Nilson and Curry Jones and Smith (1970) obtained expanded experimental
average heat transfer coefficients for free convection cooling
of
(1960), Liu (1960), and Granet and McIlroy (1961)
all
looked
at
arrays
of of
the optimization radiating fins isothermal fins on horizontal surfaces over wider
of
of
in
the absence convection.
a
Wilkins (1960a,b; 1962a, b), two papers range spacings than those considered by Starner and
of
The work
in
an in
each year, almost unbelievable. All the papers involved McManus (1963). They gave simplified correlation for the
of
is
a
analysis minimum mass, thin longitudinal fins which transfer optimum arrangement for maximum heat transfer, and they
of
heat only by radiation gave preliminary design procedure which included weight
of
to
the environment. One them (1962b)

a
considerations. Levy (1971) provided expression for plate
an
provided an optimization the presence internal heat gener
of
in
a
ation. Melese and Wilkins (1966) gave an optimization for spacing which maximizes heat transfer from each plate
in
a
longitudinal fin arbitrary shape with variable heat transfer laminar natural convection between parallel, vertical isothermal
of
by
coefficient on its faces, variable thermal conductivity, and inter flat plates, and similar study was conducted Fitzroy (1971).
a
nal heat generation. An optimization for radial fins on horizontal tube was
a
by Littlefield
to an
Kotan and Arnas (1965) reported on the optimization provided and Cox (1974), who developed
of
the
design parameters parabolic radiating fins, and Schnurr, analytical model which they verified by comparing the model
of
available experimental data. They applied direct-pattern search

an
Shapiro and Townsend (1976) gave optimization radiating

of
a
technique optimize the fin/tube
in
to
to
fin arrays with respect minimum weight. the model order
to
the optimization require geometry. They also established optimum dimensions and spac
at
Razelos and Imre (1980) looked

circular (radial) fin with variable thermal parame ing
of
ments for the fin which would maximize heat transfer from the
a
ters, and Razelos (1986) provided optimum dimensions fin/tube combination. They showed that the optimum arrange
of
on
convective pin fins (cylindrical spines) with internal heat dis ment was dependent fin material thermal conductivity, the
tube diameter, the volume fin material per unit length
of
of
sipation.Hati and Rao (1983) studied the optimum dimensions
cooling fins dissipating by convection and radiation, and tube, and the temperature difference between the tube and the
of
Hrymak, McRae, and Westerberg (1985) presented surrounding air. Pnueli (1974) showed that the heat dissipated
an
efficient
an array could be increased by inclining
to in
discover the optimum shape for from vertical fins

to
numerical method fin

a
them with respect some angle the gravity

of
the direction
in
to
subject both convective and radiative heat loss.

force.
procedure
to
Optimization Bar-Cohen (1979) gave establish the fin

a
arrays
of
of
fins
an
thickness for optimized natural convection array

of
rectan
be
Elenbaas (1942) who appears gular fins, and Kovarik (1983) conducted studies on optimal
to
to
was the first

It
detailed study heat transfer assemblies with thin straight fins.

in
of
document the heat transfer vertical was Bar-Cohen

It
a
channels formed by parallel plate comprehensive study

of
fins. This
or
two-dimensional and Rohsenow (1984) who made the

a
pioneering work began almost virgin territory, and array variety conditions. They de
of
in
was the
of
vertical fins under

it
determine the applicable parameters and show that, termined the fully developed limit for the Nusselt number for
to
to
first
small gapwidth between the plates, the Nusselt
of
the limit both asymmetric and symmetric isothermal and isoflux plates.
in
be
on
gapwidth should proportional They then gave composite relations for the range between the
to
number based channel

a
Rayleigh number. This number contains the Grashof number isolated plate and fully developed limits by employing the
based on the gapwidth, the Prandtl number, and the gapwidth Churchill and Usagi (1972). They also provided
of
method
fin height ratio. Elenbaas correctly showed that, for large values for the optimum plate spacing for asymmetric and sym
to
ap
be
plate spacings, the single flat plate solution would metric isothermal and isoflux plates.
proached. Tolpadi and Kuehn (1984) studied horizontal isothermal
a
His data and correlating relationship

which provides the cylinder with infinitely large transverse nonisothermal plate fins.
heat transfer coefficient between parallel isothermal plates and They solved the complete Navier–Stokes equations through the
vorticity vector potential approach. Their results were
of
plate spacing which maximizes volumetric heat dissipation use

a
a
of,
fin
an
time very well, and, except for very compared against two limits large spacing first,
of
have withstood the test

at
a
infinitely long isothermal free cylinder and, then, an infinitely containing longitudinal fins rectangular profile. The cross
of
the rectangular fins the array were optimized by
of
large conducting plate fin with a circular isothermal heat source. section
in
The latter limit was used to develop a correlation for the local Kraus (1962).
heat transfer coefficient. The growing availability compact heat exchanger cores,
of
as
Kovarik (1984) derived what he claimed to be the single disclosed by Kays and London (1984)
of in
their earlier editions
in in
necessary condition of optimality for a finned heat exchanger 1955 and 1964, stimulated interest the fin efficiency
duct in laminar flow. He proposed that the criterion for opti stacked cores. Kays (1960) treated, stack components, two
as
mality was maximum heat transfer from the fins per unit cost of and three-layer cores, termed the double and triple sandwich,
the finned duct. The heat transfer was determined by the and developed efficiency relationships for equal heat input on
conjugate process rather than by the both exterior plates. Kern and Kraus (1972) looked
at
convection—conduction the
assumption of a given heat transfer coefficient on the fin single, double, and triple stacks (stacks used here rather than
surfaces. Both forced and natural convection were considered sandwiches) with heat input on one side and heat input on two
and expressions comparing the performance of optimal assem sides.
blies of different materials were provided. Kraus, Snider, and Doty (1978) showed that for longitudinal
The heat transfer characteristics of highly populated pin fin rectangular, trapezoidal, and triangular profiles, and
of
in
fins
arrays (cylindrical spines) was investigated by Sparrow and finned arrays (not arrays fins) composed these fins, condi
of
of
gravity heat flow and temperature excess (relative
of
Vemuri (1986) for three different orientations in
to
the tions the
field. The experiments were performed using air for of presumed constant and uniform temperature environment)
at
the cases
by
any point
on
horizontal fins on a vertical base plate, vertical pins on an
at
fin are induced similar conditions the fin
a
upfacing horizontal base plate, and vertical fins on a downfac particular,
In
base. was shown that there was linear trans
it
a
ing base plate. The objective was to measure the combined formation that mapped conditions from the fin base condi
to
natural convection and radiation heat transfer. In general, the fin tip and vice versa. They defined
at
tions thermal
a
among the three orientations, the vertical upfacing array yielded transmission matrix that mapped the heat flow and temperature
the highest heat transfer rates, followed by the horizontal array the fin tip
at
to
at
excess those conditions the fin base and
and then the downfacing array. With an increase in the number claimed that this was new parametrization that would com
a
of fins for fixed values of the other parameters, the heat transfer pletely describe the performance
of
fin. The conventional fin
a
rate increased at first, attained a maximum, and then decreased, efficiency was abandoned, and was proposed that single fins
it
by
be
thereby defining an optimal fin population. The fractional con and finned arrays should characterized single, yet
a
tributions of radiation to the combined mode heat transfer were important, parameter, the thermal transmission ratio. The ther
generally in the 25–40% range with the larger contributions mal transmission ratio was defined as the ratio of the heat
entering single fin
finned array
at of
occurring at the smaller base plate to ambient temperature
or
to
the base the
a
differences. temperature excess the finned array.
of
or
the base
the fin
Bar-Cohen and Jelinek (1985) presented a theoretical basis This was later called by Kraus (1982) the fin array input
or
for the least material optimization of convectively cooled arrays admittance. Algorithms were provided for combining the effects
of longitudinal fins of rectangular profile. The aspect ratio of finned array what Kraus, Snider, and
of
individual fins
in
in
a
Doty (1978) called

fin
be
the array optimum only marginally smaller the cascade, cluster, and parallel connec
to
was found
than that implied by the conventional single fin optimization. tions, and the procedure
of
was shown that modification
it
Using this result, the authors showed that

an
was possible developed led

to
exact solution for the double stack with

to
it
define the geometry and thermal performance least material,

of
unequal heat distribution on the two stack faces opposite
at
air-cooled natural convection arrays and identify the array ends.
to
geometry yielding the maximum heat transfer capability. The The foregoing work led new parametrization for heat
to
a
by
paper contained several illustrative examples that demonstrated transfer individual fins and spines Kraus and Snider
in
the optimization procedure and quantified the theoretical ther (1980). This new parametrization was
of
the trans
in
the form
mal performance several specific natural and forced convec mission matrix for fins that were “regular,” those fins whose
of
tion air cooled arrays cross section was never zero. The longitudinal fins triangular
of
of
fins.
and concave parabolic profile and the conical and concave
parabolic spines were termed “singular” because their cross
section tapered point. These were characterized by the
to
a
aforementioned thermal transmission ratio. The Kraus and

ANALYSIS OF FINNED ARRAYS
on
(1980) paper elaborated the status and validity

of
Snider
by
the efficiency finned passages (which are finned these new parameters discussing their superiority over the
of
in
Interest
the fin efficiency with regard adaptability
of
arrays) for convection heat transfer was stimulated by the

to
classic notation
its
availability the double pipe heat exchanger with and versatility. The paper compared the new parameters with
of
low cost
per unit heat transfer surfaces. This exchanger consists the fin efficiency and gave tabulations for the new parameters
of
two
concentric pipes with longitudinal fins rectangular profile
of
for longitudinal and radial fins and spines.

the inner pipe only. This produced An attempt was made show the inadequacies
of
the fin
to
to
of
bonded the outside

a
fin
an
finned annular with heat flow through the inner pipe

passage efficiency concept when considering individual within the
finned array. The heat dissipated by the
fin
was apparent that

to
and the fins. the fins were bonded faces does not
It
if
dissipated by the
fin fin
be
both the inner and outer pipes, the inside surface

of
the heat leaving the tip

to
the outer include

pipe could contribute the gross heat transfer. The the array. Thus, the efficiency defined
of
to
the ratio
as
well
as
balance
of by
its
heat loss from the outer pipe surroundings could

to
be
the heat dissipated

of
of to
made convection from the fin faces the

by
negligible by the application

is fin
heat dissipated
to
insulation the outer surface the same dimensions but with infinite
a
the outer pipe.

of
thermal conductivity meaningless because much

is of
the heat
an
en
Kraus (1960) developed expression for the efficiency

of
leaves the fin tip the array. apparent

of
to
route the rest

It
such configuration,which was later adapted by Kraus (1961) that the fin efficiency depends on where the individual fin
is
a
“cold plate” the array.

or
to
the forced convection cooled electronic chasis mounted

in
The general idea of an efficiency for a performance parame Augmentation
of
heat transfer
ter is sound; it is a dimensionless ratio comparing the value of a
parameter with a certain standard. However, the manner in Economic considerations which most certainly include the
reduce energy consumption have led expanded
to
to
desire
which the efficiency has been defined for fins compares every fin
research and development efforts produce more efficient heat
to
with a different standard. Indeed, there are almost as many
be
exchange equipment. The goal may
of
to to
reduce the size
a
its
standards as there are fins; each fin is compared to “perfect
given heat exchanger or, alternatively upgrade the perfor
twin.” Two fins the same environment having identical
in mance (higher heat fluxes lower temperature differences)
of
at
efficiencies but different sizes will dissipate different quantities
the equipment.
heat. However, they have the same thermal transmission
of
if
The heat transfer augmentation literature was reviewed by

ratio (base heat flow base temperature excess), they will
to
Bergles 1973 and again by Bergles, Webb, Junkhan,
in
and
behave identically. see that the fin efficiency has
to
easy
It
is
a a
Jensen in 1978. The latter review listed over 2000 references
good deal utility dealing with single fins, but
of
in
as
fails
it
arranged various categories, some which deal directly
of
or
in
useful parameter when dealing with finned arrays.
obliquely with extended surfaces. Previously cited references
Support for the foregoing contentions pertaining
to
the fin
appropriate these categories are listed here with no
to
of
four
efficiency was provided by Manzoor, Ingham, and Heggs
further amplification.
(1983a), who pointed out that the design finned assemblies of
is
Forced convection
conventionally performed two stages and that, for design
in
Transverse ribs (annular geometry):

purposes, there far superior alternative the fin efficiency.
to
is
a
Dalle Donne and Meerwald (1970)

However, the heat transfer community appears reluctant (and
Zappa and Geiger (1971)
probably rightly so) abandon the efficiency which has served
to
Extended surfaces (internally finned tubes):

so
so
well for many years.

it
Carnavos (1980)
The algorithms provided by Kraus, Snider, and Doty (1978) Hilding and Coogan (1964)
were insufficient for the analysis
of
of
combinations fins that

loops Hu and Chang (1973)
the graph theoretical sense. This limitation
in
contained
Masliyah and Nandakumar (1976)
by
was removed Snider and Kraus (1981), who identified the

Royal and Bergles (1978)
arrays that possessed these loops and who then
of
subclass Watkinson, Miletti, and Kubanek (1975)

extended their prior technique by deriving general equations for
Extended surfaces (finned tube heat exchangers):
the efficient analysis perfectly arbitrary configuration
of
of
a
Ackerman and Brunsvold (1969)

fins.
Briggs and Young (1961)
Manzoor, Heggs, and Stones (1981) reported
on
Ingham,
a
Goldstein and Sparrow (1976)

two-dimensional analysis fin assembly heat trans
of
numerical
Rabas and Eckels (1975)
fer. This was followed by Heggs, Ingham, and Manzoor (1982),
Rich (1973)
on
who reported series truncation method for the analysis

of
a
Saboya and Sparrow (1974a,b; 1976)

fin assemblies. Kraus (1982) showed that the algorithms pro Khavin, and Kalinin (1970)
Zozulya,
vided by Kraus, Snider, and Doty (1978) could
be
effectively
Extended surfaces (compact heat exchangers):
on
employed
in
different manner that relied the fact that each

a
Briggs and London (1961)

an
individual fin was analogous electrical two-port network.

to
Cox and Jallouk (1973)

the transmission line analogy pro
of
This was an extension

Kays and London (1984)
posed by Kern and Kraus (1972). Two-port matrices were also
Mondt and Siegla (1974)
be
developed accommodate single series elements, used for

to
to
Sparrow, Baliga, and Patankar (1978)

be
bond resistance, and single shunt elements, used for tip

to
Wieting (1975)
heat loss.
Kraus, Snider, and Landis (1982), working from Pool boiling
these two
Shih and Westwater (1974)
all
be
ports, showed that the “regular” fins could represented

of
single “pi" network. They showed that the

Flow boiling: internal fins
pi
as
networks
a
Kubanek and Miletti (1979)

could be assembled manner that permitted nodal analysis
in
a
a
Condensation
all
determine the exact temperature excess

of to
to
at
be conducted
Beatty and Katz (1948)
the fin intersection points.
Snider and Kraus (1983) indicated method for accommo
a
dating continuously distributed heat sources along the faces

of
Heat transfer electrical and electronic equipment

in
fin, and Kraus and Snider (1985) showed that when individual
a
Fins and finned structures have been used effectively

in
the
an
fins and spines are assembled into array, the performance

or of
electrical and electronic equipment. Motor

of
by
the array may become limited the performance thermal control

of
the fins
spines close casings which contain finned passages, switching transformers
the array. They provided
of
to
the base method

a
on
power stations and substations (and street corners), and

in
for the determination of the width or diameter of the innermost

the many examples
to of
of
transistor heat sinks are but few

or
spines avoid, what they referred choking the

of
to
to
as
fins the
a
employment carry away the dissipated

of
heat flow. extended surfaces

electronic equipment. What follows here
in
in
heat electrical
is
a
culling what are deemed the most pertinent references (be

of
yond those already cited) which involve the extended surface

ADDITIONAL TOPICS technology.
London (1954) may well have been the first point out that
to
This section will conclude the review of the extended surface

address heat transfer design considerations
to
essential
in
is
it
literature from 1922 1987. Its many subject areas contain

to
so
fewer references and, hence, cannot be exhaustive. Yet, does parallel with the electrical design that high power vacuum
it
tubes would eventually operate

at
provide brief discussion many interesting topics and begins their “electronic” rather than
of
a
their “heat transfer” rating. He presented factors relating

to
with the very important subject augmentation. the

of
heat transfer design of an annular air cooler of the axial flow

type, in which the extended surface consisted of a large number
of longitudinal fins mounted radially in an annular region. He
derived performance equations from basic heat transfer and
fluid flow theory and constructed a finned heat exchanger that
was capable of cooling a 25 kW tube using air at a moderate
flow rate. His design was verified in a testing program.
Kraus (1958) set up the two differential equations for the
temperature excess in the top and “wraparound” of a transistor
cap. These were solved simultaneously, and efficiency curves
were provided for the top and the side. In the late 1950s, it was
not recognized that this was a classic case of two dissipating
entities in cascade which could later be analyzed in the compu
tationally efficient procedure provided by Kraus, Snider, and FIG. 12. The square fin on round tube analyzed by Zabronsky
a
Doty (1978). Indeed, the techniques presented in the latter work (1955).
could replace the two fin efficiencies (top and side) that were
developed in the former with a single thermal transmission ratio
vection analysis problem, and Kishimoto, Sasaki, and Moriya
which incorporates the effects of both the top and the side.
the gas cooling enhancement technology for
at
Kraus (1961; 1962), in works already cited, provided guid (1984) looked
integrated circuit chips. They described new approaches for
ance on the efficiency and optimization of a cold plate heat
increasing forced gas convection cooling
the capability
of
exchanger. Dyer and Schaedle (1970) gave a discussion on the
an
performance of the Apollo pin fin cold plate and presented an for the chips using enhanced heat transfer technique and
a
higher gas flow velocity closed cycle flow.
A
turbulence
in
analytical approach for calculating the forced convection heat
a
promoting fin (augmentation again!!) with low pressure loss was
transfer and pressure drop. They also provided a discussion of
developed and enhancement
50 of
the heat transfer coefficient
flow control and basic baffle design for cold plates.
using gas flow velocities up m/sec was examined using air
to
Mochalov (1970) gave the heat sinks that were applied to
and helium as coolants.
“semiconductor triodes” the name “finned radiators” and pro
vided graphs for the determination of the performance of
these devices under natural convection conditions. Zhadan,
Pantyukhov, Sannikov, Siphailov, and Shelekov (1970) provided Polygonal fins
an empirical relationship for the calculation of the mean heat
recurring arrangement
by of
of
A
extended surface that
is
transfer coefficient for motors with finned enclosures operating
a
single sheet of
metal pierced square
in
under natural convection conditions for an orientation with the round tubes either
a
or
equilateral triangular array. Zabronsky (1955) obtained the

shafts in a horizontal position. Finlay (1971) formulated equa
its
efficiency the square fin shown Fig.
of
12
with coordinate
in
tions which would describe the processes of heat and mass
transfer occurring within a pin-finned cold plate cooled by an
system. Zabronsky's solution exactly satisfied the adiabatic con
dition the fin edge but only approximately fulfilled the
at
air/water spray. These equations were used for the thermal

prescribed isothermal boundary condition
at
design of spray-cooled cold plates and to study the way in the fin base.
an
Sparrow and Lin (1964) employed entirely different method
which a number of the more important design variables in
analysis that satisfied the isothermal boundary condition
of
at
fluence the heat transfer and thermodynamic performance.
Grakovich and Konev (1974) reported on the operating the fin base exactly and fulfilled the adiabatic boundary condi
the fin edge approximately, but any desired
at
to
to
principles of what they called “thermal converters” and their tion
practical application for cooling “radio equipment.” They gave accuracy. Sparrow and Lin also considered the hexagonal fin
by
Fig.
on
equilateral triangular pitch
in
as
a description of their test equipment and reported on their formed tubes shown
experimental results obtained for different methods of semicon 13.
Zozulya, Khavin, and Kalinin (1970) examined the effect
of
ductor diode cooling. They also showed the advantages of
fin performance on the rate
of
evaporative cooling using various types of heat sinks. heat transfer from the fin surface
hydraulic resistance. They established, experimen
its
Praught (1982) showed how inclined fins made for a more and on
efficient heat sink thereby confirming, to some extent, what was
contended by Pnueli (1974). Kraus and Morales (1983) showed
that magnesium fins could outperform aluminum fins over a
broad range of heat transfer coefficients. This study was based
on a weight optimization trade-off and produced magnesium
fin
fins that possessed a slightly higher height when compared

their aluminum counterparts the design conditions. The
to
at
efficiency, course, was lower for the magnesium fin, but,

of
because the surface area was greater (the fin height was greater),
the magnesium fin transferred more heat. Moreover, once the
slightly greater fin height was established for the magnesium fin
or
markedly lower weight mass, reduction

of
at
the heat
a
transfer coefficient from the design value indicated the mag

nesium fin outperformed the original aluminum fin over the
entire range the design
of
to
heat transfer coefficients from zero

value.
Yovanovich (1983) showed noniterative control volume
fin
on
FIG. 13. The plate tubes arranged equilateral

of
to in
a
bank
a
approach steady conduction with con triangular pitch. Observe the hexagonal shape attributed
to
the one-dimensional each fin.

tally, that the rate of heat transfer in flat pipes with plate-type Finned regenerators
fins was increased when the plates were perforated.
O'Reilly (1978) presented a high-effectiveness regenerator
Jones and Russell (1980) described the use of rectangular
design which adapted criteria employed in the aerospace heat
steel fins on elliptical steel tubes. They explained the impor
exchanger industry. The reasoning leading to the design of this
tance of the fin efficiency as applied to this case and employed
stainless steel plate-and-fin regenerator was presented, and
transient techniques using model fin tubes injected into a hot
material, fabrication, and test data was included. Fucinari (1977)
air stream to measure local heat transfer coefficients. Naghdi
presented basic heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics
(1985) claimed to have solved the problem of heat transfer in a
rectangular plate fin by employing a special class of functions.
of the, then existing, state-of-the-air matrix fin configurations in
It was assumed that the inner and outer boundaries of the fin what he termed a “shuttle rig.” He gave a discussion of the
effects of fin geometry and manufacturing processes on ceramic
were kept at different but uniform temperatures. With the
regenerator performance, and he presented a simplified analysis
thermal conductivity of the fin assumed to be constant, he
presented numerically achieved results for the rate of heat for the estimation of the effect of alterations in package size
exchange and the temperature distribution within the fin.
and/or fin parameters.
Cuffe, Beatenbough, Daskavitz, and Flower (1978) described
Kuan, Aris, and Davis (1984) suggested that the fin ef
ficiency must be determined if the heat transfer from the a “new” regenerator intended for high cyclic and/or high
fin was
temperature operation. They discussed how this was proven
to be evaluated. They proposed that the evaluation of the fin
efficiency was to be done numerically and showed that effective in improving the cyclic ability of the regenerator and
the fin
efficiency of a great many arrays could be well approximated in reducing the field maintenance required.
analytically by an equivalent circular tube and fin heat ex
changer. techniques
Mathematical
One often loses sight of the elegance provided by the

Heat pipes mathematics that is involved in the analysis and evaluation of
extended surfaces. This subsection considers some of them.
Madejski and Mikielewicz (1971) described a liquid fin as a
The papers by Wilkins (1960a, b, 1961; 1962a, b) are ab
new device for heat transfer equipment, and Ruch (1976) showed
solutely incredible. These papers pertain to radiating fins and
that counterflow heat exchangers comprised of a bundle of heat
have already been cited. The idea of finding three functions, one
pipes with secondary finned surfaces attached offered attractive
involving heat flow, one involving the temperature distribution,
advantages as energy recovery units. Feldman and Lu (1976)
optimized the performance and showed that the cost of heat and one involving the fin profile, that simultaneously minimized
pipe heat exchangers could be reduced. They developed a the profile area of the fin was contained in one of the Wilkins
(1960b) papers. This approach was followed by Haley and
computer program describing the finned-tube puddle-artery heat
Westwater (1966) in designing the optimum fin for a boiling
pipe heat exchanger, and they used this computer program to
application.
generate data for many ramifications of the configuration. They
Smith and Sucec (1969) presented an exact solution for the
analyzed two types of heat pipes, and their results indicated
efficiency of the radial fin of triangular profile which had
that the heat exchanger performance could be improved by
apparently eluded prior investigators such as Harper and Brown
using a maximum heat pipe length, staggered pipes, pipes of
(1922), who provided correction factors for this profile, and
larger diameter, reasonable fin heights, and more rather than
Gardner (1945). The solution was obtained using the infinite
less fins per unit length. Marto and Weigel (1981) demonstrated
series method (the method of Frobenius) which, in itself, is
that the use of extended surface was well conceived in treating
quite fundamental. The trick, however, was to make a transfor
the heat transfer from the condenser end of a heat pipe.
mation to a new independent variable and then the solution
followed. Smith and Sucec gave an example of three different
fins of this shape, of various sizes and thermal parameters of
Solar collectors and related equipment
thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient, and showed a
O'Meara (1976) described a residential solar heating system marked difference between efficiencies computed by the
at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and described Harper-Brown correction factor and those computed from
the initial operating experience with the system. The solar-heated Gardner's (1945) relationship for the radial fin of constant cross
water was fed to a fin coil in the return air duct, and design section.
considerations were given for the sizing of this coil. Hewitt, Bilenas and Jiji (1970) presented a regular perturbation
Hill, and McCullough (1978) discussed the design of high solution for a particular fin problem. The configuration consid
efficiency flat plate solar collectors for space and water heating, ered was a fin with constant base temperature and a dissipating
and Smith and Lee (1979) considered the problem of radiant tip and considered the interaction of conduction with radiation
heat exchange in a fin and tube solar collector. and convection. They showed that the perturbation solution
Chrostopher and Pearson (1980) conducted a parametric becomes increasingly more accurate as the perturbation param
analysis of air-cooled solar collectors. Their analysis of a family eter decreases because, at these smaller values, the nonlinear
of collectors having inclined louvered absorber surfaces in radiation effects become small relative to the conduction effect.
cluded conduction, forced convection, and thermal radiation The accuracy of the solution was seen to improve for increasing
exchange using a two-band model to describe the surface and values of the Biot modulus.
material properties. The parametric study involved the de Bhargava and Duffin (1972) proposed a network in which
termination of the effects of collector and louver geometry, the conduction in certain branches was variable. They used a
solar angle, and operational parameters. El-Rafaie, El-Riedy, dual variational principle, which led to a “duality inequality,”
and El-Kady (1983) incorporated the fin effect in predicting the which gave sharp upper and lower estimates of the maximum
performance of cascaded solar stills. Bansal and Garg (1985) joint conductance. It was claimed that such a network serves as
reported on an experimental study performed on two nonpor a discrete model for a cooling fin subjected to a weight limita
ous solar absorber solar air heaters with and without fins. tion. Marsh and Costello (1973) pointed out that, in the design
of convective fins, stochastic variations in fin dimensions were measurements. Bogomolov and Orlava (1984) suggested
a
traditionally handled by the use of safety factors. They showed method for calculating the temperature distribution perfo
in
a
nonisothermal injection with
of
that this process often resulted in a multiplication of safety rated blade under conditions
factors and thus yielded an overly expensive design. The paper allowance for the effect exerted by the coolant jets on the heat
presented a probabilistic approach that not only analyzed the transfer from the main stream. The method was derived by
probability of system failure, but also allowed for the synthesis experimental data and by approximate solution
of
correlation
the problem perforated wall coated
of
of
of the optimal design. They described four methods of varying heat conduction
in
a
accuracy and difficulty, and they showed that the method based by thin, thermally insulating layer.
a
on the rms approximation for the variances appeared to be
most useful for design purposes. Design methods
Date (1974) formulated the problem of fully developed
of
laminar and turbulent uniform-property flow in a tube contain Wilkie (1971)gave criteria for the choice the surface form
ing a twisted tape in terms of the partial differential equations gas-cooled
reactors, and Shcherbakov and Bosyy (1974)
in
of presented fin selection criteria for various kinds and profiles
of
momentum and heat transfer. These equations were then
solved by adapting an existing numerical procedure for two fins. Razelos (1979) presented generalized approach
to
the
a
dimensional elliptic equations to predict the heat transfer and problem heat transfer through convective fins. The proper
of
friction characteristics of the flow. Chumakov (1974) presented dimensionless variables, which specify the general problem,
were identified, and upper bounds these vari
of
of
an analytical solution for the one-dimensional problem from a the values
an
fin with nonlinearly varying radiation from its
ables were derived. The paper concluded with example
In
to
surfaces. the
the dimensionless numbers, and the
of
perturbations used, the zero approximation
of
method was show how the values
be
the linearized problem with the nonlin
of
efficiency could employed the design
a of
in
based on the solution finned surfaces.
ear boundary condition satisfied exactly. The error
of
the linear Mineur and Dunstan (1979) presented rational approach
approximation the energy equation the design gas-fired finned-tube heat exchangers. Novel
of
of
to
the nonlinear function
in
as
the perturbing function. equations were developed facilitate design procedures and
to
was then treated
of
Aziz and Na (1981a,b) investigated the problem periodic
of
comparisons were made between the theoretical performance

fin
convecting with temperature-dependent boiler and those determined experimentally.

in
heat transfer finned-tube

a
a
thermal conductivity and coordinate-dependent heat transfer Shvets, Didenko, and Lipovetskaya (1985) presented tech
a
coefficient using perturbation analysis. The zero-order prob nique for designing variable-thickness fins longitudinal flow
in
a
lem, which corresponds steady state behavior, was solved by under conjugate boundary conditions with heat sources distrib
to
arbitrary fashion and with fin tip heat loss. Biyikli

in an
quasilinearization. complex combination was used
of
method uted
in
A
conjunction with noniterative numerical scheme. Sparrow (1985), work already cited, developed design charts for
in
and Chyu (1982) conducted longitudinal rectangular profile boiling water.

of
conjugate forced convection—con
in
fins
a
duction analysis
of
in
heat transfer vertical fin.

a
an
Bobco and Starkovs (1985) developed infinite series solu Freezing and/or melting on the fin faces
tion for the steady temperature field thin, rectangular
in
a
an
Bathelt and Viskanta (1981), experimental endeavor,
in
region exposed piecewise continuous heat flux and losing
to
a
by
energy from the exposed surfaces either studied the effectiveness of extended surfaces on horizontal
a
linearized radiation
or true convection. These environmental conditions were shown cylindrical heat source/sink during solid–liquid phase change
approximate spacecraft application finlike plate heat transfer on the fin faces. Melting and freezing experiments
in
of (a to
which
a
“thermal doubler") enhance the radiating area test cell suitable for photographic
to
were conducted and

in
used
is
a
an
energy dissipating electronic equipment mounted shadowgraphic observation using circular cylinder and three
in
rectangular profile fins parallel

on
equipment bay. numerical example, based typical the axis and evenly distrib
of to
A
spacecraft power and environmental conditions, was used the heat exchanger. Results
fin to to
uted around the circumference

employed were reported for n-heptadecane the phase change material.
be
as
show how the closed form solution could

investigate geometrical influences. Both direct (specified Sparrow, Larson, and Ramsey (1981) conducted experiments
width and unknown temperature) and design (specified temper study freezing on finned vertical tube when either conduc
to
the liquid controlled

or
ature and unknown fin width) problems were examined the solid
in
in
to
show tion natural convection

the heat transfer. Auxiliary experiments were also performed
fin
on
how the temperature and width depended the heated area

an
(the “footprint”), the shape the fin, and the location with obtain comparison data.
of
of
to
unfinned tube was

It
the
fin
observed that, for conduction control, the enhancement

to of
heat dissipating area within the boundaries.
Netrakanti and Huang (1985) showed how the heat dissipa freezing due finning
of
to
less than the area ratio the finned

is
by
the unfinned tubes, whereas, for natural convection control, the

fin
be
given volume could optimized

of
in
tion the
a
very nearly equal

to
invariant imbedding technique which the inherent instability enhancement the area ratio.
in
is
double-connected fin
be
of
numerical integration technique can

in
avoided. Sheffield (1982) showed the effects

a
ned surfaces on heat transfer during solidification, and Smith

(1983) conducted an analytical and experimental study
of
Turbine blades freez

ing adjacent pin fin. Chepernoi, Lomakin, Shnaider, and
to
a
Konoplev and Bychkovskii (1970) calculated three-dimen

in
Chepernoi (1985) studied the process

of
frost formation
by
finned air coolers and reported on the effect fin spacing on

of
sional temperature fields

in
turbine waterwall tubes what

they termed “temperature balance method,” and they pro the frost formation.
a
fin
vided nomograms for the calculation and wall tempera

of
tures. Martin, Brown, and Garrett (1978) reported

on
heat Heat and mass transfer

transfer measurements around PVD rotor blade using
a
a
on
an
transient method. Measured transition lengths McQuiston (1975) presented analysis

of
of
the suction fin uniform

a
be
surface, over which the heat transfer appeared nearly cross section obtaining the fin efficiency the presence
of
in
to
mass
be
trebled, were observed comparison transfer. He proposed new parameter that takes the surface
to
to
rather short other

in
a
temperature and moist air conditions into account. El-Ridi, by condenser welder. They contended that the configuration
a
Chumak, and Kalinin (1976) conducted experimental studies of possessed high finning ratio and that certain manufacturing
a
combined heat and mass transfer on horizontal finned tubes economies would prevail. Shmerkovich (1969) cited “new”
a
cooled by natural convection in air, and they claimed to have air-cooled system for cooling medium with small tempera
a
obtained expressions for the optimum geometry. ture drop for operation under vacuum (5–50 mm Hg)
or
under
The analysis Kreid, Johnson, and Faletti (1978) showed that high pressure 300 kg/cm and higher).
an
the equations describing the combined latent and sensible heat Wimberley and Costello (1970) developed analytical
transfer on a wet surface may be transformed to a single, predict the effects circumferential wall temperature
of
to
model
approximate, equation involving the product of a heat transfer gradients spacecraft radiator tubes. They derived exact solu
in
tions of the fin effectiveness of the tube wall terms of an
in
coefficient and a driving potential in direct analogy to the
“usual” heat transfer equation. For the wet model, the ap infinite system linear equations. Gross (1970) showed that
of
propriatedriving potential was shown to be the moist air interleaving
fins can significantly increase the rate
of
heat
enthalpy space application where thermal control
of
in
difference evaluated between the surface and the transfer internal
a
coolant stream. Estimates were given for the accuracy of the components desired. His concept involved the use
of
“hot”
is
approximations inherent in the model and examples were given fins radiating
of
to
“colder” fins with the bases the fins directed
to illustrate the potential benefits of deluge for a typical plate opposite directions. was claimed that the interleaving fins
in
It
fin
heat exchanger. Ehlmady and Biggs (1983) gave data on the were better thermally, lighter, and more rigid than what could
be
efficiency
of
extended surfaces with simultaneous heat and mass obtained with conduction approach.
a
transfer. Coleman and Lemmon (1973) measured turbulent heating
distributions the interference region on and around
several
in
small, highlyswept fin configurations mounted on cone.
Miscellaneous citations
a
Lubny-Gerczyk, Konopolev, and Bychkovskii (1973) presented
In
this, the concluding this review, several refer temperature fields and stresses
of
a of
of
in
section the results calculations
the wall of
in
which were too difficult categorize are cited. heated fin tube and fin under thermal and
of to
ences
a
The interesting problem temperature measurement us loads. The investigation was claimed
to
mechanical have
a
direct bearing on the conditions operation
of
ing thermocouple well has been studied by West and heated water
in
of
a
Westwater (1953). The well walls with unilateral heating
in
at
tube which the free steam boiler furnaces with

is
is
sealed
a
the confining surface the other end. This supercritical parameters. Their calculations showed that the
of to
at
end and secured

be
may thought capped, hollow cylindrical spine having highest thermal stresses the tube are the axial stresses. They
in
as
a
transversely finned
of
base temperature equal the confining surface temperature. also showed that the hot waterwalls
to
a
oil
of
The thermocouple contact with the cap and not
to in
tubes could be used furnaces gas and fired boilers.
in
the well
in
is is
Dolgii, Grinberg, Vivsik, Zevin, Fadeev, Mosvichev, Sviridova,

be
the fluid whose temperature measured. This yields

a
small and predict Zholudov, and Lipets (1973) looked

be
thermometry error that, ideally, should what were, that time,
at
at
able. The West and Westwater (1953) work considered the case new possibilities for finning They discussed the ad
tubes.
be
an
for which radiation must included and derived equation vantages and disadvantages tubes with internal longitudinal
of
all
fins, welded platens finned tubes, finned and membrane

of
yield the fluid temperature.

to
Hilding (1953) treated the problem convective heating surfaces, and heating surfaces composed
of
of
of
the effect fin

geometry on the performance heat exchanger surfaces, and tubes with transverse finning.
of
Sherwin (1973) discussed the performance
of
Kraemer and Westwater (1954) looked further into the radia circular finned
thermocouple well and, using tubes in relation to both construction and fin formation. He
in
tion effect numerical

a
solution, showed that the West and Westwater (1953) result fin spacing, fin width, and height/tube
of
discussed the effect

variation of the radiation as
to
would be attained within 1% diameter ratio and showed the particular importance
of
if
the fin
a
height/tube diameter ratio.

of
function position within the well was ignored with the total
a
effect taken as constant. Hunn (1974) presented systematic procedure for assessing
a
a
on
Dusinberre (1956) pointed out that for the longitudinal fin external fouling
of
the effect both heat transfer and friction

an
rectangular profile with fin efficiencies higher than 0.75, power performance finned-tube heat exchangers dry cool
of
in
in
ing tower service. His procedure provided

be
accurate representation could obtained by truncating the basis for the

a
infinite series for tanh mb. He also fitted functions to Gardner's development cost/benefit relationships for heat exchanger
of
cleaning. Tolubinsky and Zozulya (1974) considered the appli

up
(1945) curves (see Fig. with approximations for

4)
and came
longitudinal fin high temperature heat exchangers,
of
triangular profile, the radial fin

of
of
rectan cation finned surfaces

in
the
gular profile, and the conical spine. and the heat transfer between finned tubes and air the
in
by
presence corona discharge was investigated Reynolds

of
Beauvais and Nickol (1964) provided rational approach

a to
a
improved fin performance, and Chapman (1966) presented and Holmes (1975). They used wires stretched parallel
to
finned
graphical method determine the temperature excess and heat tubes and applied high voltage. They showed that the heat
to
the power input

of
rectangular profile. This was deemed

in
to
of
flow radial fin transfer coefficients were function the

a
a
corona for various wire locations.

at
necessary, that time, because the presence eight mod

of
of
ified Bessel functions (and the repeated evaluation Mack, and Rohsenow (1978) made
Soland, attempt
of
an
in
at
them)
the equations for the temperature excess and heat flow. Yudin ranking the heat exchanger surfaces given prior edition
in
a
and Tokhtarova (1967) reported on the heat dissipation and the book by Kays and London (1984). Their ranking
of
(1964)
what they called “checkerwork stacks,” which was based on comparisons the same exchanger shape and
of
in
flow resistance
are, reality, crossed tubes. Their studies were comparative volume, the same volume and pumping power, the same pump
in
by
because they took measurements on plain tubes, tubes with ing power and heat transfer capability represented the
round and flat pin fins, tubes with disk-shaped fins, and wire-fin transfer units, Nu, and the same volume and Nu.
of
number
systems. O’Brien and Ehrlich (1977) showed that nonuniform tempera
on
an
the periphery straight noncircular duct had

of
investigation
of
Evenko and Shishkov (1969) gave results ture

a
a
on
corrugated strip welded significant effect

of
to
surface finned with the tubes the local heat conductance and overall heat
a
a
transfer. They showed that the physics of a “thermally active” Hollworth and Gero (1985) measured convective heat transfer
fin required matching a heat conduction solution within the fin for heated axisymmetric air jet impinging on flat surface.
a
material and heat convection in the duct.
Russell (1974) measured the heat transfer performance of
cases, found in
CONCLUDING REMARKS
all
three corroded fin tube samples and, in
both heat transfer and air side pressure loss
in
as
creases An attempt tracing the evolution
of
at
the extended surface
compared
to
new tubes. Eriksen (1979) gave basic discussion technology the present day has unfolded before
to
from 1922
the application recover energy from
of
of
to
waste heat boilers the preceding sections. Space limitations were
in
the reader
gas turbine engines. He presented thermal design
of
the exhaust imposed upon the author the outset and, consequently, some
at
parameters for the different heat exchangers encountered this
in
references which the reader may deem important, have been
application along with mechanical considerations.
of
omitted. To those readers who may have found the selection
Hauser, Martini, and Scheffler (1981) designed and built
an
references arbitrary, the author would prefer
to
offer an excuse
on
apparatus measure the transient cooling effect
to
gas inside
an
apology. The reference selection was based on
a
rather than
closed space Stirling engine with interleaving fins.
in
the author's overall concept what this review should entail,
of
a
an
Karvinen (1981) performed analysis
of
heat transfer from
on
judgment call. There was
a
and the reference list was based
a
plate fin cooled by forced
or
natural convection. He used
an
an
attempt judge the merits
of
to
never individual work.
approximate solutions relate convective heat flux and tem
to
Traditionally, the concluding remarks section should contain

perature laminar and turbulent boundary layers
in of
the cases
in
be
gained from the work question. This
to
the conclusions
in
is
in forced flow and the case of natural convection on
a
really not germaine here because conclusions have been drawn,
vertical fin. He concluded his study by giving simple proce
where applicable and where
of
at
a
was felt necessary, the end
it
the conjugate problem composed
of
of
dure for the solution the individual sections.
convection from and conduction within the fin.
Yet, the reader has probably formed his own conclusion that
Mikk (1982) provided nomograph for the determination
of
Gardner, whom knew,
he
as
the author has had his heroes such
a
the fin efficiency trapezoidal profile, even

of
of
radial fins Bar-Cohen, Bergles, London, Westwater, Carnavos, and

its
though nomograph, with built-in inaccuracies, seems to Rohsenow, whom knows, and Wilkins, whom
he
he
a
has never
have little place the “software age” which began
in
about
at
met. has been duly noted by the author that students are not
It
that time. Kuehn, Kwon, and Topaldi (1983) contended that particularly interested some oldtimer telling war stories about
in
fins with large fin height fabricated
of
of
to
materials moderate how good was the good old days. However, the author asks
in
it
low thermal conductivity will not remain isothermal and that the reader's indulgence; good deal
of of
of
he
was there when all
a
this required the solution conjugate problem. The con
of
this happened. hoped that this fact has crept out

a
these
be It
is
jugate problem
of
conduction within the fin and natural convec pages. And to sure, perhaps this the reason why the author
is
the fluid was solved, and the results were presented for
in
tion perform this thankless task the first place.

a
in
to
was asked
uniform conductivity plate fin
of
be as
function the fluid Prandtl

a
number, which was claimed the only independent govern

to
ing parameter.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Bott and Remose (1983) considered particulate fouling on
the gas side finned tube heat exchangers, Egorov, Daschyan,
of
The author wishes acknowledge the assistance Mr.

to
of
Nekrasov, Bugorskii, and Pikus (1984) reported on experiments Roger Martin and Ms. Ora Wagoner the Dudley Knox
of
involving the double-walled finned pipe Library
as
structural element the Naval Postgraduate School, who assisted immea

at
a
for finned boiler economizers, and Migai, Zozulya, and surably with the hunting down references and literature
of
Zhitomirskaya (1984) presented the results
of
their research on searches and Mr. Alvin W. Lau who drew the figures.
the heat transfer vertical lengthwise finned tubes and mem
in
brane surfaces within fluidized beds.

Kwon, Kuehn, and Topaldi (1984) studied the influence
of
REFERENCES
fin height on steady, conjugate, natural convection heat transfer
isothermal horizontal cylinder with one vertical longi
an
from
H,
Abbott, W, Norris, and Spofford, (1979). Compact heat

R
A
R
tudinal conducting plate fin. They compared their results with exchangers for General Electric products—sixty years
in
of
advances
design and manufacturing technologies, ASME Symp vol HTD-10.
in
the limiting cases isothermal free cylinder and cylinder

of
an
S,
Acharya, and Patankar, (1985). Laminar mixed convection

in
a
V
S
an
with infinitely high conducting fin. They observed that short

shrouded fin array, Heat Transfer, 103, 559.
J
fins exhibited large local coefficients near the tip with rapid Ackerman, W, and Brunsvold, (1969). Heat transfer and draft loss
A
R
a
drop performance extended surface tube banks, ASME paper 69-WA/HT-5.

of
the base and that high fins follow the distribu

to
at
zero
Adamek, (1981). Bestimming der Kondensationgrossen auf feinge-welten
T
tion obtained for the infinitely high fin except near the tip. Oberflachen zur Auslegun aptimaler Wandprofile, Warme Stoffubertra
an
Small, Larson, and Brode (1984) reported on investiga gung, 15, 255.
asymptotically large area fins, and Aziz (1985b) de Advani, G, and Sukhatme, (1973). Analysis vertical rectangular
of
of
C
tion
S
a
P
cross-sectioned fin losing heat by laminar free convection, Indian Tech,

J
scribed proposed
graduate course extended surface heat
in
11(3), 105.
a
complement the more “traditional” graduate courses D, and Bhavsar, VC (1977). Experimental investigation on heat
to
transfer Agrawal,
D
heat transfer. Huang and Chen (1984) studied, analytically, air flow across finned cylinders, Inst Eng
in
of
transfer characteristics
J
(India), 57, 351.

the heat transfer characteristics of laminar mixed convection
Ahmadi, G, and Razani, (1973). Some optimization problems related to
A
by
flow over vertical pin conjugate convection—conduction cooling fins, Int Heat Mass Transfer, 16(12), 2369.
a
theory. Numerical results were obtained for the local heat Aihara, (1970a). Natural convection heat transfer from vertical rectangular
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academe, Dr Kraus was associated with the Honeywell Aeronauti
St
Petersberg FL. Between 1966 and 1969,
he
cal Division was
in
the Principal Associate the consulting firm
of
D.
Allan Kraus
in
he
the Sperry
of
Associates. For
at
number years, worked
Gyroscope Company a Great Neck NY, where he,
at
one time,
in
was Manager Mechanical Engineering. Dr Kraus attended Yale
of
University where Mechanical Engineering

he
received his BS
in
in
1946. He then attended Columbia University were
he he
received an
MS Mechanical Engineering
In
received the
in
in
1949. 1958
Electrical Engineering Degree from the Polytechnic
of of
Master
he
Institute Brooklyn and 1976, received the PhD Applied
in
in
Mathematics from the University
of
South Florida. He has written
numerous articles and papers and has published
or
contributed
to
a
books. He has also been awarded research grants from
of
number
the National Science Foundation and the Electric Power Research
Institute. An Honorary Member ASME, Dr Kraus received the
of
1969 Heat Transfer Memorial Award and the 1983 Worcester

Region
as
of
Reed Warner Medal. He has served Vice President
XI and currently an editor the Journal Heat Transfer.
of
of
is

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Volume 41, Mumber 9, September 1988

RE Nickell HVS Gangarao

Board of Communications: Reviewed

B166 offshore structures.

Reviewed Rhee and Karsan

R E Reder, R D Rocke, F W Schmidt,

WO Winer, B D Ziels porous

media. Lewis and Schreſler. Reviewed

Director, Publications), M Rogers (Director, B168 Fundamentals

Marketing Services) Juneja and GS Sekhon. Reviewed

B168 Handbook of structural and mechanical matrices.

addition, a cumulative annual index volume and

solids, 2nd rev ed.

B169 Micromechanics defects

an annual Supplement) by the American Society

Mura. Reviewed FDelale

York NY 10017. Second class postage paid at

B169 steel structures.

POSTMASTER: Send address changes to APPL Reviewed

Melchers. Reviewed CJohnson

07007-2300. CHANGES OF ADDRESS must be

address, or use the form printed occasionally in Gebhart Reviewed Gupta

this journal. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: $440 an Temperature

Leigh. Reviewed Boehm

for postage to countries outside USA and

Canada, or $120 for foreign airmail.

or opinions advanced in papers or.... printed in J887 J967 Thermal sciences

J891 Dynamics and vibration J985 Earth sciences

the American Society

Engineers. For permission reprint apply

The American Society

Information for authors (inside back cover). Abbreviations used J096)

Greek letter symbols

the second kind

entrance exit loss coefficient (dimensionless)

refers to finned surface

designates surrounding environment

indicates mean value

air-cooled aircraft engines.

the way back rectangular profile (called circumferential fins).

extended surface can traced fins also

has become art. this article trace the

“ancient” endeavors may have been quite sig

development this interesting art from modest beginning

nificant felt that the the work

Harper–Brown work should

investigators appear yearly.

considered the forerunner

what has become

significant subject area the general field Fig.

The longitudinal fin rectangular profile

(c) longitudinal fin

truncated concave parabolic spine.

Fig. 1(a) where the profile shaded. The longitudinal

referred the fin thickness) the

shown distance between the faces. Notice

surface (often called the base surface) higher temperature

than the environment, the orientation the height coordinate

Figures 1(e) and 1(f) show how cylindrical tubes pipes

annular, circular, circumferential fins and the rectangu

The beginnings are arbitrarily assigned

Gardner. The literature during this interim sparse. However,