Review of Experiment Biology Journal.

CRITICAL JOURNAL REVIEW

MODEL DEVELOPMENT OF AIR VOLUME AND BREATHING FREQUENCY IN

HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM SIMULATION.

Compiled by:

Name : RIO MADANI SITOMPUL

ID Number : 4173141058

Class : Bilingual Biology Education 2017

BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE

MEDAN STATE UNIVERSITY

2017

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

JOURNAL IDENTITY .......................................................................................... 1

PRELIMINARY ..................................................................................................... 1

LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................. 2

RESEARCH METHOD ......................................................................................... 3

RESULT AND FINDING ...................................................................................... 4

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................................... 5

Follow up plan .................................................................................................................... 5

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Journal Identity.

Title : Model Development of Air Volume and Breathing Frequency In

Human Respiratory System Simulation.

Author : Lilis Warliah, Arief Syaichu Rohman, Pranoto Hidaya Rusmin

Year/Volume : 2012/ Volume 67

Page : 260-268

Publisher : ELSEVIER .Ltd

PRELIMINARY

The Respiratory System is one of the important process that occurs in all living things including
Human, so as a Human we required to understand the process of Respiration such as Inspiration and
Expiration. But since the process is still abstract and difficult to observe for the most people,
simulation can be the way to explain and can be the learning medium to students. The simulation of
the human respiratory system consists of: describing the structure, explaining the function of a
respiratory system and simulation of human breathing mechanism.
Therefore the objective of this research is to create Learning media to learn about the respiratory
mechanism including the changes of air volume in the lungs and frequency of human breathing,
which is depend on Human Physical factor such as age, gender, weight, height, and the activity of
humans.This research use Mathmatical calculation and programing software to create visualization
of human lung capacity.
The reason why the Researcher do the experiment is to fullfill the objective of this research in order
to create the Learning media for the sake of humanity and to prove that physical factor of human is
affect the Human Respiratory System.
The benefit of this research, for the Researcher is to joining 3rd International Conference of E-
Learning, for the other researcher this research can be consider as the standard of comparison for the
other research in the future. The benefit to society is to be the learning media for teachers, students,
and giving the relevan fact about the respiratory system.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

Similar topic about this journal research is by W.F Fincham and F.T Tehrani,“A
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM” that tells us about the
more specific formula and equation to this research. In hope this journal can be consider as a
comparison, one to another.

Basic theory that contain in this journal is about the basic respiratory mechanism itself. The
mechanism will be simulated using mathematical formula and programming software. The
simulation of the human respiratory system consists of: describing the structure, explaining the
function of a respiratory system and simulation of human breathing mechanism. Respiratory
mechanisms relate to the process of inspiration and expiration. The inspiration is the process of
oxygen entry from the environment into the lungs (alveolus) and expiration is the process of carbon
dioxide exit from the lungs (alveoli) into the environment. The mechanism of respiratory relates to
the changes in lung air volume and respiratory frequency. The changes of air volume and breathing
frequency are influenced by several variables. These variables describe the parameters of the
respiratory form of mathematical equations. So that to visualize the respiratory system simulation
involves a lot of mathematical equations. Thus the mathematical model of breathing is necessary to
simulate the human respiratory system. The mathematical model can be obtained from previous
studies of mathematical in the models of human respiratory system and various supporting theories.
Mathematical model includes mathematical equations related to the volume of air the lungs and
respiratory frequency. Changes of air volume in the lungs can be visualized by puffing and flatting
the lungs. The influencing variables will be made in the input by the user to simulate the breathing
process in humans.

Hypothesis.

This journal doesn’t contain the hypothesis. But from the background of this journal we can
consider “the variables will be influence the simulation of breathing process in humans” as a
hypothesis.

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 RESEARCH METHOD

The research location is not mentioned in this journal since there is no specific responden in this
research but a male/female human person. The research based only from the data that already
invented and using mathematical formula.

This mathematical formula will represent the dynamic lung volume against time in a
state of normal inspiration.
V = FRC + V 1 — e, ... (1)

V = FRC + V e, ... (2)

VI is the volume of air after an inspiration and VE air volume of the lungs after
expiration at a given point time of respiratory cycle. FRC is functional residual
capacity and VT is volume tidal of the lung. The calculation of TLC and FRC
based on previous studies. This equation is presented in Table below.

Based on Table 1, total lung capacity (TLC) is influenced by the factors of

gender, age and height.
Whereas the factors that affect functional residual capacity (FRC) are gender, age,
height and weight.
On the other hand, the frequency is categorize and divided into 5 according to
their age:
● newborn (age <1 year) ie 44
times / minute;
● infants (aged <2 years) that is 50 times / minute;
● toddlers (aged <6 years) is 25
times / minute;
● children (aged <15 years) which is 20 times / minute;
● adults (age> 15 years) that is
16 times / minute

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 RESULT AND FINDINGS

The data displayed by many form such as tables and graph. The result data is earned using
mathematical formula that put in the programming software. After the input data applied in the
software, the software display the output by the showing the display of respiratory system and
mechanism, simulation, and air particle movement.

1 Gender (L/P) L L
INPUT
2 Age (tahun) A 7 50
3 Height (meter) H 1,08 1,67
4 Weight (kg) W 35 60
5 Actifity (T/F) T F

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 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion.
The Model of air volume changes in the lungs can be affected by mathematical model of the variables
of gender, age, weight, height, and implemented in visualizing the process of expansion and
contraction of the lungs in the human respiratory system simulation. Meanwhile, the model of
breathing frequency is used to visualize the duration of the expansion and contraction of the lungs.
Breathing period (T) is a time taken for a single breathing that consists of the time for inspiration and
expiration. These inspiration and expiration times may be modified and adapted to the model of
various physical conditions and the needs of the humans.

Recommendation.
The structure of the journal should be fix cause there is still deficiency on the structure of the text.

FOLLOW UP PLAN.

Opinion about the research and jurnal.

Advantage.

1. The content of this journal is compact enough to understand.

2. The data about the calculation of Respiratory was given clear enough.
3. The data about conclusion is clear.

Weaknes.

1. There is missing part from the structure of this journal.

2. The journal doesn’t contain hypothesis.
3. The journal doesn’t contain certain point of result and finding;research method.

Follow up plan.

For the other reviewer should pay attention about the research method; result and findings; and
better on math first since there is a lot of calculation in this journal.