Sanjay Gandhi National Park

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Sanjay Gandhi National Park

SGNP, Borivali National Park

— National Park —
IUCN Category II (National Park)

SGNP is green area in north of Mumbai

Sanjay Gandhi National Park

Location of Sanjay Gandhi National Park

in Maharashtra and India

19°15′N 72°55′E / 19.25°N 72.91667°E

Coordinates / 19.25; 72.91667Coordinates: 19°15′N

72°55′E / 19.25°N 72.91667°E / 19.25;
72.91667

Country India

State Maharashtra

Mumbai City
District(s)
Mumbai Suburban

Established 1969

Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)

Area 104 square kilometres (40 sq mi)[1]

• Elevation • 480 metres (1,570 ft)

Climate Aw (Köppen)
• Precipitation • 2,457 mm (96.7 in)
Temperature
• Summer • 33.3 °C (91.9 °F)
• Winter • 16.3 °C (61.3 °F)

Distance(s)[show]
• From
Mumbai
• 40 kilometres (25 mi) S
Central
Station
• From • 18 kilometres (11 mi) S
Chhatrapati
 Shivaji
International
Airport
• From
Borivali • .9 kilometres (0.56 mi) W
station
Governing Ministry of Environment and Forests,
body Maharashtra State Forest Dept.

Visitation 2008

Rs. 20. per adult

Entry fee
(Private vehicles access is limited)

Website Sanjay Gandhi National Park

Sanjay Gandhi National Park (SGNP), previously Borivali National Park,[2], is a large
protected area on the northern fringes of suburban Mumbai city in Maharashtra State in India.[3]
It encompasses an area of 104 km2 (40 sq mi) and is surrounded on three sides by India's most
populous city.[4] It is notable as one of the few national parks existing within a metropolis limit in
Asia and is one of the most visited parks in the world[3] It also enjoys the distinction of being the
largest urban park in the world.[citation needed]
The rich flora and fauna of Sanjay Gandhi National Park attracts more than 2 million visitors
every year. Tourists also enjoy visiting the 2400 years old Kanheri caves sculpted out of the
rocky cliffs which lie within the park.
The undulating green lands of the Sanjay Gandhi National Park have a natural environment
which tourists love to retreat to for moments of quiet introspection or meditation. The great
views of forests, hills, valleys, lakes and open expanses have a therapeutic effect on mind, body
and soul.[5]

Contents
[hide]
• 1 History
• 2 Geography
• 3 Biodiversity
○ 3.1 Flora and fauna
○ 3.2 Wild tiger
○ 3.3 Mass flowering of Karvi
○ 3.4 Threats
• 4 Tourism
○ 4.1 Vanrani narrow gauge train
○ 4.2 Tiger Safari and Lion Safari
 ○ 4.3 Walking trails
○ 4.4 Jain temple
○ 4.5 Kanheri caves
○ 4.6 Access
• 5 References
• 6 External links

[edit] History

7 m. tall Buddha statue at entrance to the largest Kanheri cave

The Sanjay Gandhi National Park area has a long written history dating back to the 4th century
BCE. In ancient India, Sopara and Kalyan were two ports in the vicinity that traded with ancient
civilizations such as Greece and Mesopotamia. The 45 km (28 mi) land route between these two
ports was partially through this forest.[6]
The Kanheri Caves in the centre of the park were an important Buddhist learning centre and
pilgrimage site sculpted by Buddhist monks between the 1st century BCE and the 9th century
BCE.[7] They were chiseled out of a massive basaltic rock outcropping.[8]
The park was named 'Krishnagiri National Park' in the pre-independence era. At that time the
area of the park was only 20.26 km2 (7.82 sq mi). In 1969, the park was expanded to its present
size by acquiring various reserve forest properties adjoining the park. After this, an independent
unit of the Forest Department called 'Borivali National Park Sub-division' administered the area.
Krishnagiri National Park was created in 1974 and later renamed as 'Borivali National Park'. In
1981, it was re-dedicated as 'Sanjay Gandhi National Park' in memory of Sanjay Gandhi, the son
of ex Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi, who was killed in an air crash in 1980.
[edit] Geography
Rivers in the park
The park is nestled in the hill ranges around the suburb of Borivali. It occupies most of the
northern suburbs. To the west lie the townships of Goregaon, Malad, Kandivali, Borivali and
Dahisar. To the east lie the townships of Bhandup and Mulund. To the south lies the Aarey Milk
Colony. The northern reaches of a this forest lie in Thane district. The park and these areas
surrounding it are all part of the Mumbai metropolitan area.
The region is hilly with elevations between 30 m (98 ft) and 480 m (1,570 ft). The Park
encompasses two lakes, Vihar Lakeand Tulsi Lake, which meet part of the city's water
requirements. The park is said to be the lungs of the city as it purifies much of the air pollution of
the city.
[edit] Biodiversity

Dense Forest
The park is a bustling forest. An estimated 800 types of flowering plants; 284 kinds of birds;
5,000 species of insects; 36 types of mammals; 62 reptiles and 150 species of butterfly call the
forest their home. The park has also many endangered species of plant and animal. The world's
largest moth, the Atlas moth, was discovered here. Karvi or Karvy also known as Strobilanthes
Callosa to the Botanists is a flowering plant which blooms once in 8 years, carpeting the slopes
with a shade of mauve. This plant is native to this and the surrounding regions of Sanjay Gandhi
National Park, including Karnala, the Yeoor hills, Tungareshwar and some parts of Goregaon’s
Film City. The park is also home to a small population of leopards.
[edit] Flora and fauna
Leopard at SGNP
The park is home to a number of endangered species of flora and fauna. The forest area of the
Park houses over 1000 plant species, 251 species of migratory, land and water birds, 5,000
species of insects, 40 species of mammals. In addition, the Park also provides shelter to 38
species of reptiles, 9 species of amphibians and also 150 species of butterflies and a large variety
of fishes.[4][9]
Flora: Kadamba, teak, karanj, shisam, and species of acacia, ziziphus, euphorbia, flame of the
forest, red silk cotton and a number of other varieties of flowers. Karvi or Karvy, a flowering
plant that flowers once in seven years, can be found in the Park.

Chital (Spotted deer) at SGNP

Fauna: The forest cover in the park helps provide the ideal habitat for many wild animals. Chital
(or spotted deer), Rhesus Macaque and Bonnet Macaque are some of the wild mammals that can
easily be spotted roaming inside the park. Other large mammals found in the park are: Black
Naped or Indian Hare, Muntjac (Barking Deer), Porcupine, Asian Palm Civet, Chevrotain
(Mouse Deer), Hanuman or Gray Langur, Indian Flying-fox, Sambar Deer and Leopard. One can
also spot hyena or four-horned antelope.
Reptiles living here include:crocodiles in the Tulsi Lake, pythons, cobras, monitor lizards,
Russell's Vipers, Bamboo Pit Viper and Ceylonese Cat Snakes.[4]
Butterflies which may be seen here include the spectacular Blue Mormon, the phenomenal artist
of camouflage the Blue Oak leaf, the bright jezebels and Large Yellow and White Orange tips,
Monarchs, Egg flies and Sailers.
Avian-Fauna: Some of the birds one may see in the park are: Jungle Owlets, golden orioles,
racket-tailed drongos, minivets, magpies, robins, hornbills, bulbuls, sunbirds, peacock, and
woodpeckers. Migratory and local birds such as paradise flycatcher and various species of
kingfishers, mynas, drongos, swifts, gulls, egrets, and herons have also been spotted.[4]

Hanuman Langur Spotted deer in Deer ParkMyna

(Acridotheres)

[edit] Wild tiger

In 2003, pug marks and droppings of a Bengal tiger were found in the park. Although the tiger
was never widely seen[10][11], it did bring some excitement to city folks as records of tiger being
found here are quite old and forgotten now with the last tiger being shot down 80 years earlier in
the region[12]. Conservation was also proposed for the interlinking habitat corridors and nearby
wilderness areas in the state and upgrade their status as Tiger habitat[13].
[edit] Mass flowering of Karvi
Main article: Strobilanthes callosus
The Karvi shrub, as it is locally called in the Marathi language, sometimes also spelled as Karvy
in English, only blooms once in eight years in a mass flowering covering the forest floor in a
lavender blush. It grows in abundance in the Western ghats hills near Mumbai including
throughout the Sanjay Gandhi National Park as in other parts of its natural range. In Sanjay
Gandhi National Park its latest bloomings took place in 2008, and it is scheduled to bloom here
again in 2016. Termed by nature enthusiasts as 'nature's miracle' its maximum bloom can be seen
on some of the inner paths and trails that lie undisturbed in the park. It survives best on vast
slopy expanses on the hillsides with Kanheri caves area of the park being one of the best places
to observe large areas of blooms.[14][15]
In the state of Maharashtra, the mass flowering of Karvi has been observed to occur in Mumbai
the same year as in the hill station of Khandala and one year earlier in Bhimashankar and
Malshej Ghat, beyond Kalyan[16]. Near Mumbai, the Karvi is also found in Karnala, the Yeoor
hills, Tungareshwar and some parts of Goregaon including Film City.[15]
[edit] Threats
Leopard in mini zoo at SGNP
The park has faced a number of problems similar to those faced by national parks elsewhere in
the world, involving conflicts between natural and human interests.
In the early 1970s a road, as proposed, would have cut through the park. Naturalist Humayun
Abdulali went to court to halt this project.
The lack of space in Mumbai has pushed residential colonies right up to the park boundary. This
boundary is poorly fenced and has often allowed wild animals into human habitations. Slums
have mushroomed around the park as well. Corruption among local politicians and Mumbai's
influential builder lobby are commonly seen as responsible for a perceived shrinking of the park.
In June 2004, leopards were responsible for the deaths of 20 humans within the span of a week.
This was not the first attack. For the past 10 years there have been attacks attributed to leopards
stalking children and adults outside the park fringes. After an outcry was raised and the situation
reached alarming proportions, eight leopards were caught and relocated.
[edit] Tourism

SGNP view from Highest Point Trail

Buddhist caves at Kanheri

Sanjay Gandhi National Park is said to be one of the most visited National Parks in Asia.
According to estimates, around 2 million visitors visit this park annually. Collection at the gates
in November 2004 touched Rs 98 lakh (9.8 million rupees).
The Krishnagiri Upavan is an area of approximately 5.5 km2 (2.12 sq mi) reserved as an easily
accessible public recreation zone inside the park. The remaining core area has restricted access.
Among the several attractions of the Krishnagiri Upavan is a mini-zoo where visitors can view
animals up close. There is a crocodile park where one can easily view different sizes of these
reptiles all at one place. The lion and tiger safaris educate and guide visitors through the natural
habitats of these animals. A narrow gauge train travels around the tourist zone showcasing parts
of the rich biodiversity. There a boating facility where visitors can rent a two person pedal-

powered boat for Rs.15 per 15 minute increment at 19°13′46″N 72°52′8″E / 19.22944°N
72.86889°E / 19.22944; 72.86889. Two watchtowers are available for panoramic views of the
park.[17]
Many visitors also travel to the Kanheri Caves, especially on an auspicious day in August.
Nature trails and treks are also popular. Rock climbing enthusiasts often come to national park.
Many rock faces around the National Park and the Kanheri Caves offer a great opportunity for
rock climbers.

Villages in the parkMahatma Gandhi Memorial

[edit] Vanrani narrow gauge train

Narrow gauge train

The Park also features a "toy train" that runs on a narrow gauge railway. The toy train Van rani,
which means Jungle Queen, runs for around twenty-five years. It was discontinued in 2001
because of the poor condition of the track. The circuitous route covers a 2.5 km (1.55 mi)
distance. However in 2004, fresh bids were announced for the repair of the track, which was
estimated to cost around Rs 30 lakh (Rs 3 million). The tracks have been repaired and the train is
now operational. The fun train ride of about 15 minutes takes you along the foothills of the
Mahatma Gandhi Memorial on 190 m (620 ft) Pavilion Hill, traverses a couple of bridges and
tunnels and passes over the Deer Park. There is another such "toy train" experience around
90 km (55.92 mi) from Mumbai. This is the Matheran Hill Railway toy train that winds 20 km
(12.43 mi) uphill through the forest from Neral to Matheran, a hill station,90 km (55.92 mi) from
Mumbai.
[edit] Tiger Safari and Lion Safari

Sleeping Lion at SGNP Lion Safari

Main attractions of the park are a Lion Safari and a Tiger Safari for encouraging Eco-tourism[18].
The Lion safari is a 20 minute ride through a 12 ha (29.65 acres) fenced forest area in one of the
park's green buses. There are about 25 lions which visitors can saftely see up close from inside
the caged buses. During visiting hours, some of the resident lions are let out into the enclosure,
and can be viewed from the safety of the bus. There are 4 tigers that are kept semi-confined in a
20 ha (49.42 acres) fenced area that is toured by the buses. A 5 m (16.40 ft) high and 2,200 m
(7,217.85 ft) long protective fencing surrounds the area. This is done so that all visitors can
safely view lions and tigers in their natural habitat.[17] Here the visitors are caged in the bus so the
big cats can roam like in the wild. Two other tigers roam in a much larger area.
[edit] Walking trails

The path to Kanheri

There are several public walking trails in the park. The popular Ashok Van trail winds up through
thick forest to a dense cluster of Ashoka trees that are a welcome half way resting spot. One can
return by Gaumukh trail to an open place of volcanic rock to return to the Kanheri caves. A more
ambitious route is the 'View Point' trail to the highest point in Mumbai, for a panoramic view of
the city and a view of the three lakes of the city - Tulsi, Vihar and Powai Lake. New jungle trails
at Sanjay Gandhi National Park allow visitors to see the more unexplored parts of the park. They
are the 4 km (2.49 mi) Shiloda Trail, the 5 km (3.11 mi) Malad Trail, and the 6 km (3.73 mi)
Yeoor Trail. Trails access cost is Rs.25 per person.[19]
Local conservation NGOs such as the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)[15] and World
Wide Fund for Nature - India (WWF-India)[16] bring groups of urban residents from Mumbai and
elsewhere, sometimes in collaboration with other organizations, for regular guided nature
education walks in the nature trails of Sanjay Gandhi National Park[20][21] and organize special
trips when the rare Karvi flowers are in full bloom which only happens once every eight years[14].
[edit] Jain temple

Vihara prayer hall, one of the larger Kanheri caves

monkey near Kanheri Caves

In the forest there is a famous Jain temple called Trimurti. This temple is widely visited by
Digambar sect of Jain community. It has huge 3 idols of lord Adinathh and his two sons, lord
Bahubali and lord Bharat. Many Muni maharaj (Jain Saints) do stay here to preach the followers
before moving ahead to other city or town.
[edit] Kanheri caves

The Kanheri Caves are a protected archaeological site at 19°12′30″N 72°54′23″E /

19.20833°N 72.90639°E / 19.20833; 72.90639. The caves were sculpted by Buddhist residents
starting in the 1st century BCE. The area was actually a settlement and once served as inns for
travellers. The word Kanheri comes from the Sanskrit word Krishnagiri which means Black
Mountain.
[edit] Access
The Park entrance is located in the eastern section of Borivali, 0.9 km (0.56 mi) from Borivali
station, which is 40 km (25 mi) north of Mumbai Central station, with suburban trains running
every 5 minutes. From Borivali station, one can walk or hire an auto rickshaw to reach Sanjay
Gandhi National Park. It is well connected with all parts of Mumbai and Maharashtra by road.
The Western Express Highway (NH 8) passes by the park entrance. Buses are available on
holidays and Sundays from Mumbai to the Park. Also, chartered vehicles can be hired for groups
to visit the park. The park can be accessed from eastern side through Yeoor, Thane.
The nearest airport is Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Santa Cruz 18 km (11 mi)from
the Park. Nearest railway station is at Borivali, which is connected to Mumbai Chhatrapati
Shivaji Terminus (CST) and Mumbai Central Railway terminus. Local trains regularly ply
betweenChurchgate and Borivali station.
[edit] References
1. ^ "Mumbai Plan". Department of Relief and Rehabilitation (Government of Maharashtra).
http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
2. ^ Why deny our British past; 10 January 2002; Mid-DAY Newspaper
3. ^ a b A real jungle in a concrete one; EXPRESS NEWS SERVICE; June 4, 1998; The Indian
Express & A real jungle within a concrete jungle; May 28, 1998; ; The Indian Express
4. ^ a b c d "Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Borivali, Mumbai.". Wildlife/National Parks. Maharashtra
State Forest Department. http://www.mahaforest.nic.in/SNGPborivali.htm. Retrieved 28 January
2010.
5. ^ "SANJAY GANDHI NATIONAL PARK (SGNP)". Mumbai. India Infoweb. 2007.
http://www.indiainfoweb.com/maharashtra/wildlife/sanjay-gandhi-national-park.html. Retrieved
30 January 2010.
6. ^ "Historical Information". Sanjay Gandhi National Park. Sanjaygandhinationalpark.net..
http://www.sanjaygandhinationalpark.net/history.html. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
7. ^ "Kanheri Caves". http://www.bhramanti.com/kanheri.html.. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
8. ^ "Mumbai's Ancient Kanheri Caves".
http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?
menu=c10400&no=326138&rel_no=1. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
9. ^ Mirza, Zeeshan. & Pal, Saunak. (2008) A checklist of reptiles and amphibians of Sanjay
Gandhi National Park, Mumbai, Maharashtra. Cobra, II (4), 14–19.
10.^ Tigress caught on video at Sanjay Gandhi National Park; PTI; June 26, 2003;rediff.com
11.^ Big cat back in Mumbai forest after a gap of 75 years; Gulf News; by Pamela Raghunath; May
28, 2003,A tiger in Mumbai after 83 years; MIDDAY (Mumbai); 26 June 2003, Mumbai leaps
into tiger territory; Gulf News; By Pamela Raghunath, Correspondent; July 2, 2003,Tigertracking
- On the trail of a tiger (Panthera tigiris) (2003); by Mayur N. Kamath; Tiger filmed in the forests
of Mumbai's Sanjay Gandhi National Park (SGNP) by Mayur N. Kamath who is currently
Chairman of the Wildlife Images and Reflections (WIR)
12.^ A tiger on Malabar Hill; Sep 4, 2009; Livemint.com - The Wall Street Journal; HT Media;
Hindustan Times, 2009 Book: Living Jewels of Indian Jungle, published by BNHS, 204 pages, to
tigers - `Tigers of Salsette Island'; Book Review: India's natural history; by Meena Menon; Aug
30, 2005; The Hindu - India's National Newspaper, Book: TREASURES OF INDIAN
WILDLIFE: Ashok S. Kothari, Boman F. Chhapgar — Editors; Produced by Marg Publications
for Bombay Natural History Society; 2005
 13.^ NEWSLINE SPECIAL: Once in Pune forests: Tiger, tiger burning bright, by Madhav Gokhale;
May 26, 2003; The Indian Express Newspaper, Tiger may expand boundaries of park; TNN; 5
July 2003; Times of india
14.^ a b Nature lovers on the Karvy trail; TNN, 22 September 2008; The Times of India
15.^ a b c City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom; by Nitya Kaushik; Aug 12,
2008; The Indian Express Newspaper
16.^ a b The Karvy blooms; By Shantanu Chhaya; 24 July 2000; Bombay Edition: Bombay Times;
Times of India Supplement. A copy of this original Newspaper article is posted online at
"mumbai-central.com": [1]
17.^ a b "Sanjay Gandhi National Park Safari". maharashtratourism.net.
http://www.maharashtratourism.net/safari/lion-and-tiger-safari-at-sanjay-gandhi-national-
park.html. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
18.^ To spot the Bengal tigers, visit Borivali National Park; by Nitya Kaushik; May 16, 2008; The
Indian Express Newspaper
19.^ Cook, Sharell (1-10-2009). "New Nature Trails at Sanjay Gandhi National Park in Mumbai".
About.com:India Travel (The New York Times Company.).
http://goindia.about.com/b/2009/01/10/new-nature-trails-at-sanjay-gandhi-national-park-in-
mumbai.htm. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
20.^ Wet and Wild; by Nitya Kaushik; Jun 15, 2009; The Indian Express
21.^ BNHS~ WWF to prevent garbage at Borivali park; 11 March 2002; Mid-DAY Newspaper
Parts of the article referred to from the Times of India article dated July 5, 2004
Sanjay Gandhi National Park: Flickr Group photos at
http://www.flickr.com/groups/sgnpmumbai/pool/
[edit] External links
• Official web page of "Sanjay Gandhi National Park" and State Forest Department.
• 50 photos inside Sanjay Gandhi National Park
• The karvy truth; By Vikas Hotwani; September 14, 2008; Mumbai Mirror;
mumbaimirror.com
• Birds of Sanjay Gandhi National Park
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• Part of the series on National Parks of India •

Campbell Bay • Galathea •

Mahatma Gandhi • Mt. Harriet
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Nicobar Islands
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Nagaland Intanki

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Corbett • Gangotri • Govind • Nanda

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Devi • Rajaji • Valley of Flowers

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West Bengal
Singalila • Sundarbans

National Parks • Protected areas of India • Ministry of Environment and Forests

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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi_National_Park"
Categories: IUCN Category II | Parks in Mumbai | National parks of Maharashtra | Protected
areas established in 1969
Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements
from February 2010
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