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Cutting performance and wear characteristics of Ti(C,N)-based cermet was
investigated when turning a hardened steel (61–62 HRC). A
TiN/Al2O3/Ti(C,N) multilayer coated cemented carbide tool was selected for
this comparable study.
. The cermet tool showed a longer tool life than the coated tool at lower cutting
depth, but it showed a shorter tool life at larger cutting depth due to chipping
caused by increasing cutting force.
La herramienta de cermet mostró una vida útil más larga que la herramienta
recubierta en profundidad de corte inferior, pero mostró una vida útil más corta a
mayor profundidad de corte debido a la rotura a causa de aumento de la fuerza de
corte.
Soft binder phase in the flank face of the cermet tool was removed primarily by
abrasion and adhesion wear mechanism, and then ceramic grains were
removed due to lack of structural support.
High thermal conductivity and low cutting force appeared to improve the
crater wear resistance of the cermet tool.
Thermal stress that generated at the chips during the cutting process forced the
chips to curl. The chips from the cermet tool showed less severely curled and
adhesive due to the low cutting temperature.
La tensión térmica que se genera en las virutas durante el proceso de corte obligó a
la viruta para rizar. Las virutas de la herramienta de cermet mostraron menos
gravemente rizada y el adhesivo debido a la temperatura de corte bajo.
INTRODUCCION
Hardened steels, which involve various hardened alloy steels, tool steels, case-
hardened steels, mold steels and heat-treated powder metallurgical parts, were
widely used in industrial applications such as tools, dies and molds, gears,
cams, shafts, axles, bearings, forgings and other mechanical components due to
their high strength and wear resistance [1–6].
torneado duro tiene muchas ventajas que el rectificado, tales como una mayor
productividad mayor flexibilidad de proceso, una mayor tasa de remoción de
material y menos problemas de medio ambiente sin el uso de refrigerante [3,7,8].
El desafío crítico enfrentado a proceso de torneado duro es el rendimiento de las
herramientas de corte, sobre todo en la resistencia al desgaste.
Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) is preferred cutting tools for high-
speed machining hardened steel due to its ultra-high hardness, high abrasive
wear resistance and chemical stability at high tempera- ture [2,11–14].
However, the difficulty in PCBN compact processing (high temperature and high
pressure) and the high cost of PCBN tools have shifted the challenge for hard
turning from technological feasibility to economic viability.
. Ceramic tool is an alternative in hard turning due to its good properties as well
as lower cost compared to PCBN tools [3,4,15,16].
. La herramienta de cerámica es una alternativa en el torneado en duro debido a
sus buenas propiedades, así como un menor costo en comparación con las
herramientas de PCBN [3,4,15,16].
Shalaby et al. [10] compared the performance of mixed aluminum ceramic (Al2O3
+ TiC) tools, PCBN tools and coated PCBN tools in turning of medium hardened
D2 tool steel (52 HRC), and the results showed that mixed alumina ceramic tool
had longer tool life and lower cutting force components than PCBN tools.
But the applications of ceramic tools are limited due to their brittle characteristic.
Recently, as coating technology developed, coated cemented carbide (WC–Co)
tools started to be adopted in hard turning due to their excellent comprehensive
properties (hard and inert surface and tough substrate) and showed comparable
performance to PCBN tools in some cases.
). The results revealed that the coated carbide tool outperformed PCBN in
machining high chromium tool steel (52–56 HRC) within a certain range of cutting
speeds. Dogra et al. [17]
Ti(C,N)-based cermet is made of Ti(C,N) as the main hard phase and Ni as the
binder phase. It is a promising cutting tool material because it has higher
toughness than ceramic tool and higher melting temperature, hardness, thermal
conductivity, oxidation resistance and creep resistance than cemented carbide
tool [18–21].
Ti (C, N) a base de cermet está hecho de Ti (C, N) como la principal fase dura y Ni
como fase aglutinante. Es un material de herramienta de corte prometedor, ya que
tiene la dureza más alta que la herramienta de cerámica y una mayor temperatura
de fusión, dureza, conductividad térmica, resistencia a la oxidación y resistencia a
la fluencia de herramienta de carburo cementado [18-21].
Furthermore, the manufacturing cost of cermet tool was less than half of the
cemented carbide tool, which is the lowest among the four kinds of tools referred
in this paper.
However, few studies have been reported about the application of Ti(C,N)-
based cermet tool in hard turning. In this work, cutting perfor- mance and wear
characteristics of Ti(C,N)-based cermet tools in turning hardened steel (61–62
HRC) were investigated.
1. EXPERITHENTAL STUDY
1.1. Preparation of cutting tools
Commercial powders of TiC (2.83 μm), TiN (1.18 μm), WC (0.82 μm), Mo2C
(2.30 μm) and Ni (2.36 μm) powders were used as raw materials to prepare
Ti(C,N)-based cermets. These powders were mixed in a planetary ball mill
(QM-QX20, Nanjing Nanda Instrument Plant, China) over 48 h with WC–Co
cemented carbide balls in ethanol. A 2 wt.% polyethylene glycol (PEG) was
added into the mixture during the milling process. The mixture powder was
obtained by spray drying and then was pressed into the shape ISO TNMG160404
cutting insert. Green compacts were degassed and then sintered under vacuum
(10−1–10−2 Pa) at 1450 °C for 1 h. The same shape coated cemented carbide
insert made by Mitsubishi was selected as a comparison. The coating materials
were TiN, Al2O3 and Ti(C,N) from the outside to the inside.
polvos comerciales de TiC (2.83 m), estaño (1,18 m), aseo (0,82 m), Mo2C (2,30 m) y
Ni (2,36 micras) polvos se utilizan como materias primas para preparar Ti (C, N) a
base de cermet. Estos polvos se mezclaron en un molino de bolas planetario (QM-
QX20, Nanjing Plant Instrumento Nanda, China) más de 48 h con bolas de carburo
cementado de WC-Co en etanol.Se añadió una polietilenglicol 2 en peso.% (PEG)
en la mezcla durante el proceso Un 2 wt.% polietileno glicol (PEG) fue agregado en la
mezcla durante el proceso de molienda.
El polvo de mezcla se obtiene mediante secado por pulverización y luego fue
presionado en el inserto de corte forma TNMG160404 ISO.. compactos en verde se
desgasificaron y después se sinterizaron bajo vacío (10-1-10-2 Pa) a 1450 ° C
durante 1 h. El inserto de carburo cementado recubierto misma forma hecha por
Mitsubishi fue seleccionada como una comparación. Los materiales de
revestimiento fueron TiN, Al2O3 y Ti (C, N) desde el exterior hacia el interior.
El mismo inserto de carburo cementado recubierto de forma de Mitsubishi fue seleccionado
como una comparación. Los materiales de revestimiento fueron estaño, Al2O3 y Ti(C,N)
desde el exterior al interior.
The cutting tests were conducted on a CW6163E lathe (Dalian Machine Tool Group, China)
under dry cutting with 60–100 m/min cutting speed (Vc), 0.2–0.5 mm cutting depth (ap) and
constant feed rate (f) of 0.1 mm/rev. Commercial tool holder with ISO designation of DTJNR/L
2525M16 was used in the tests. The workpiece was quenched steel with a diameter of 150 mm and a
hardness of 61–62 HRC. The mi- crograph of the workpiece observed by an optical microscope is
shown in Fig. 1. There was a large amount of black needle shape martensite and carbide particles
in the microstructure. Needle shape martensite contained high carbon concentration and
showed high hardness, and it was the primary origin of hardness for the quenched steel.
Los ensayos de corte se llevaron a cabo en un torno CW6163E (Machine Tool Group
Dalian, China) bajo el corte en seco con la velocidad de 60-100 m / min de corte (Vc), 0.2-
0.5 mm de profundidad de corte (ap) y constante de velocidad (f) del soporte de herramienta
comercial de 0,1 mm/rev. con denominación ISO de DTJNR/L alimentación 2525 M 16 fue
utilizada en las pruebas. La pieza era de acero templado con un diámetro de 150 mm y una
dureza de HRC 62-61. El mi-crograph del objeto observado por un microscopio óptico se
muestra en la figura 1. Había una gran cantidad de forma de aguja negra martensita con
partículas de carburo en la microestructura. Aguja forma martensita contiene
concentración de alto carbono y mostraron alta dureza, y es el origen primario de la dureza
del acero templado.
The hardness was measured by a Vickers hardness tester (432 SVD, Wolpert Wilson Instrument,
China) with an indenter load of 30 kg over 15 s, and fracture toughness was evaluated by the
cracks caused by indentation (as shown in Fig. 2) using the expression derived by Shetty [22]. Tool
failure was defined as the width of flank wear land over
0.3 mm or catastrophic chipping. Width of flank wear land was measured by optical measuring
system (VMS-150G, Rational Precision Instrument CO., LTD., China). Average surface roughness
(Ra) and cutting force were measured by a portable surface roughness tester (SJ-210, Mitutoyo,
Japan) and a three-component dynamometer (KISTLER 9257A, Switzerland), respectively. The
microstructure and wear morphology of tools were observed by SEM (Quanta 200, FEI, USA).
Chemical composition of micro-zones was analyzed by EDS (EDAX, USA) which equipped on
SEM as an accessory.
La dureza se midió por un Vickers probador de la dureza (432 SVD, Wolpert Wilson
instrumento, China) con una carga de penetrador de 30 kg durante 15 s y resistencia a la
fractura fue evaluado por las grietas causadas por sangrado (como se muestra en la Fig. 2)
utilizando la expresión derivada por Shetty [22]. Fallas era definidos como la anchura de la
tierra de desgaste flank sobre 0,3 mm o astillarse catastrófica. Anchura de flank usar tierra
fue medido por el sistema óptico de medición (VM - 150G, racional precisión instrumento
CO., LTD., China). Rugosidad media (Ra) y fuerza de corte se miden por un probador
portátil de rugosidad superficial (SJ-210, Mitutoyo, Japón) y un dinamómetro de tres
componentes (KISTLER 9257A, Suiza), respectivamente. La morfología de la
microestructura y el desgaste de herramientas fueron observadas por SEM (Quanta 200,
FEI, USA). Se analizó la composición química de las zonas de micro por EDS (EDAX,
USA) que equipan en SEM como accesorio.