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Bolts on this
structure are
subjected to
stress.
V
τ avg =
A
V = shear force
A = bolt area
N
SI unit for stress => / Pa
m 2
For simplicity
Stresses on inclined plane in axially loaded
member
For inclined :-
An = A
cos θ
N P cos θ P P
σn = = = cos 2 θ = (1 + cos 2θ )
An A A 2A
cos θ
V − P sin θ − P −P
τn = = = sin θ cos θ = sin 2θ
An A A 2A
cos θ
F
σ avg =
A Angle θ is measured
counterclockwise from positive x-
axis to positive n-axis.
V
τ avg =
A Why it is cos and the other is sine?
N and V depend on the angle θ,
and θ with respect to incline plane
of applied load.
Stresses on inclined plane in axially loaded
member
Graph below show the magnitudes of σ n and τ n as a
function of θ .
σ fail τ fail
F .S . = F .S . =
σ allow τ allow
Stress Transformation - Chapter 9
Learning Outcomes
Understand the concept on how to transform the
stress components that are associated with a
particular coordinate system into components
associated with a coordinate system having a
different orientation.
To identify In-Plane Principal Stresses, σmax,min
& Planes Orientation, θp with (τxy = 0)
To calculate Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress &
Orientation Planes, θs with ( σaverage )
For analysis purpose, it is convenient to use coordinate
system.
Consider a small element to show stresses on +ve and
–ve surfaces.
Stresses σ on planes have outward normals in the x, y,
and z directions. Single subscript indicate plane which
the stress acts.
Shearing stress τ has 2 subscripts (normal plane and
parallel plane)
2-Dimensional or Plane Stress
Take 2 parallel faces of the
small element,
perpendicular to the z-axis.
The only component of
stress present are σx, σy,
and τxy = τyx .
2D sketch is shown.
Stresses σ and τ on an
arbitrary plane such as
a—a can be obtained
using FBD and equation
of equilibrium.
Stress Transformation Equations
The equation relates normal and shearing stress on one plane
(whose normal is oriented at an angle θ wrt a reference x-axis),
through a point and known stress σx , σy , and Ƭxy =Ƭyx on the
reference plane that can be developed using FBD.
All stress are positive
Dotted line a—a represent any plane through the point
Stress are multiplied by the areas over which they act.
2
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y Principal stresses
σ 1, 2 = ± + τ xy2 on principal
2 2 planes.
(σ x − σ y )
tan 2θ s = −
2τ xy
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress and
average stress
• Maximum in plane shear stress
2
σ x −σ y
τ max in plane = + τ xy2
2
σ x +σ y
σ avg =
2
IMPORTANT POINTS
The principal stresses represent max and min
normal stress. No shear stress acts on it.
For max in-plane shear stress, oriented 45°, an
average normal stress will also act on it.
Summary….
Principal Stress Maximum In-plane Shear
Stress
2 2
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y σ x −σ y
σ max,min = ± + τ xy2 τ max in plane = + τ xy2
2 2 2
τ =0 σ x +σ y
σ avg =
2
2τ xy (σ x − σ y )
tan 2θ p = tan 2θ s = −
σ x −σ y 2τ xy
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,
FKK, UiTM SHAH ALAM, 2015
Example Problem 9
Calculate the orientation of element,
maximum in plane shear stress and
average normal stress.
Mohr’s Circle: Lesson Outcome
To understand the concept of MOHR’S
CIRCLE in solving principle stresses and
calculating maximum shearing stress of
plane transformation.
Mohr’s Circle
Equation for plane stress transformation presented in a
graphical solution so that is often convenient to use and
easy to remember. No formulas needed.
Visualize how the normal and shear stress components
vary as the plane which they act is oriented in different
directions.
Mohr’s Circle was developed by a German
civil engineer, Otto Mohr.
Rewriting stress transformation equations
results in a circle.
Mohr’s Circle: Procedures
Establish coordinate axes:
◦ X axis: σ positive to the right
◦ Y axis: τ positive downwards.
Plot center of circle, C (σave, 0) where σave is
(σx + σy)/2 from the origin.
Establish a point on the outer radius, A (σx ,
τxy) to the right. Length AC is radius of circle.
Draw circle.
Principal stresses are at τ = 0, represented by B and D.
Maximum in-plane
shearing stress Ƭp is point F and E, its accompanying normal stress
σaverage that act on plane.
B = σmax
D = σmin
Example Problem10
Determine and show on sketch :
a) The principal and maximum shearing
stress at the point
b) The average normal stress on plane