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STRESS

Bolts on this
structure are
subjected to
stress.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,


FKK, UiTM SHAH ALAM, 2015
Stress
It is the intensity of force. Force
 Stress =
 Force per unit area. Area
 Normal stress: When the force acts normal to
the area
 Tensile stress: If the normal force ‘pulls’ on the
area.
 Compressive stress: If the normal force ‘pushes’
on the are. F
σ avg =
A
+ for tensile normal stress
− for compressive normal stress
Normal stress under axial loading
 Body must be able to withstand safely the intensity of
internal force, if not it may rupture/deform.
 Axial force: Force shown here on the eyebar are
collinear with the centroidal axis, and produce tensile
loading of the bar.

If cut at a-a plane, the FBD


is shown on the right. The
distribution of internal force
has a resultant force F,
normal to the exposed
area, equal in magnitude
with P.
Units of Stress
 Commonly used units for stress is psi.
 SI unit is N/m2, also known as Pa.
 Stress magnitudes normally encountered
in engineering applications are MN/m2 or
MPa.
 Since metal can sustain stress of several
thousand pound per square inch, unit of
ksi (kip per square inch) always been used
(1 ksi =1000 psi).
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,
FKK, UiTM SHAH ALAM, 2019
Example Problem 5: Stress
 The flat steel bar has axial loads applied at point A, B, C
and D as shown. If the bar has cross sectional area of 3
inch2, determine the normal stress in the bar.
a) on a cross section 20 inch, to the right of point A.
b) on a cross section 20 inch, to the right of point B.
c) on cross section 20 inch, to the right of point C
Shearing stress in connections
 Loads applied are generally transmitted to the individual member
through connections e.g. rivet, bolts, pin, nails.
 The resultant shear force V must be equal to applied load P

V
τ avg =
A
V = shear force
A = bolt area

Single shear Double Shear.


Shear force on each
cross section equal to
half of the applied load
Example Problem 6- Shear Stress

 A brass tube with an outside diameter of 2 inch and wall thickness


of 0.375 inch is connected to a steel tube with an inside diameter
of 2 inch and wall thickness of 0.25 inch by using 0.75 inch
diameter pin. Determine:-
 a)The shearing stress in the pin when the joint is carrying an axial
load P of 10 kip
 b) The length of joint required if the pin is replace by a glued joint
and the shearing stress in the glue must be limited to 250 psi
Bearing stress (Compressive normal stress)
 It is normal stress resulting from contact between
two different bodies.
 It is the force pushing against a structure divided by
the area. Bearing stress occur on surfaces of contact:
1) Between head of bolt and top plate
2) Between the nut and the bottom plate
3) Between the shanks of bolts (and pins) that
are pressed against the side of the hole
F which they pass.
σb =
A
F = force transmitted
across the contact surface
A = projected area

N
SI unit for stress => / Pa
m 2

For simplicity
Stresses on inclined plane in axially loaded
member
For inclined :-
An = A
cos θ
N P cos θ P P
σn = = = cos 2 θ = (1 + cos 2θ )
An A A 2A
cos θ
V − P sin θ − P −P
τn = = = sin θ cos θ = sin 2θ
An A A 2A
cos θ
F
σ avg =
A Angle θ is measured
counterclockwise from positive x-
axis to positive n-axis.
V
τ avg =
A Why it is cos and the other is sine?
N and V depend on the angle θ,
and θ with respect to incline plane
of applied load.
Stresses on inclined plane in axially loaded
member
 Graph below show the magnitudes of σ n and τ n as a
function of θ .

 σn max when θ is 0O or 180O


 τ n max when θ is 45O or 135O
 Therefore, the maximum normal and shearing
stress for axial tensile or compressive loading are
P P
σ max = , τ max = Bolt failure
at 45°
A 2A
Example Problem 7
 A plastic bar with circular cross section will be used to
support an axial load of 1000 lb. The diameter of the bar
is 1.25 inch. Determine the normal and shearing
stresses on section a—a .

Note: Angle θ is measured


counterclockwise from positive
x-axis to positive n-axis.
Allowable Stress
 Reasons for Failure of structures:
◦ Actual Load is different from the designed load
◦ Difference in Measurements due to errors in fabrication or in
assembly
◦ Unknown Vibrations, impact or accidental loading
◦ Deterioration due to corrosion, decay and weather.
◦ High variability in mechanical properties.
 An allowable stress is a maximum stress used for sizing
structural members to guard against failure of the member when in
service.
 The Factor of Safety takes the allowable stress into account. F.S
must be greater than 1 to avoid failure.

σ fail τ fail
F .S . = F .S . =
σ allow τ allow
Stress Transformation - Chapter 9
Learning Outcomes
 Understand the concept on how to transform the
stress components that are associated with a
particular coordinate system into components
associated with a coordinate system having a
different orientation.
 To identify In-Plane Principal Stresses, σmax,min
& Planes Orientation, θp with (τxy = 0)
 To calculate Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress &
Orientation Planes, θs with ( σaverage )
 For analysis purpose, it is convenient to use coordinate
system.
 Consider a small element to show stresses on +ve and
–ve surfaces.
 Stresses σ on planes have outward normals in the x, y,
and z directions. Single subscript indicate plane which
the stress acts.
 Shearing stress τ has 2 subscripts (normal plane and
parallel plane)
2-Dimensional or Plane Stress
 Take 2 parallel faces of the
small element,
perpendicular to the z-axis.
 The only component of
stress present are σx, σy,
and τxy = τyx .
 2D sketch is shown.
 Stresses σ and τ on an
arbitrary plane such as
a—a can be obtained
using FBD and equation
of equilibrium.
Stress Transformation Equations
 The equation relates normal and shearing stress on one plane
(whose normal is oriented at an angle θ wrt a reference x-axis),
through a point and known stress σx , σy , and Ƭxy =Ƭyx on the
reference plane that can be developed using FBD.
 All stress are positive
 Dotted line a—a represent any plane through the point
 Stress are multiplied by the areas over which they act.

Counter clockwise angle θ is positive, where


θ is measured from the positive x-axis to the
positive n-axis.
The xy and nt axes shown are positive.
 For the wedge-shaped element, the areas are:
◦ dA for the inclined face (plane a—a)
◦ dA cos θ for the vertical face,
◦ dA sin θ for the horizontal face.
 The n-axis is perpendicular to the incline face.
 The t-axis parallel to the inclined face.
 The stresses are multiplied
by the area.
 Summation of force in n-
direction and t-direction:
Sign conventions
 Tensile normal stress is positive.
 Compressive normal stress is negative,
 Shearing stress is positive if point in
positive direction of the coordinate axis
of the second subscript,
 Angle is measured counterclockwise from
reference +ve x axis.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,


FKK, UiTM SHAH ALAM, 2019
Example Problem 8

At a point on structural member subjected to plane stress


there are normal and shearing stresses on horizontal
and vertical planes through a point. Use stress
transformation equation to determine:
a) Normal and shearing stress on plane a—b
b) Normal and shearing stress on plane c—d
(perpendicular to a—b)
Principal Stresses and Maximum
Shearing Stress
 The stress transformation equations provide a means to determine
σn & τnt on different planes.
 As angle varies, 0<θ<360 , σn & τnt varies.
 At θ = 0º, σn = σx ,τnt = τyx
 At θ = 90º, σn = σy ,τnt = -τyx = -τ xy .
 For design purpose, critical stresses at the point are usually the
maximum tensile stress and the maximum shearing stress.
General Equation of Plane-Stress
Transformation
 Knowing that :-
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y
σ n @ σ x′ = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ ....eq(1)
2 2
σ x −σ y
τ nt @τ x′y′ = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ ........(eq3)
2

To find in y’ direction, substitute θ= θ+90o in eq 1


σ x +σ y σ x −σ y
σ y' = − cos 2θ − τ xy sin 2θ ........eq(2)
2 2

 Maximum and minimum values of σn occur at value of θ for which


d σn /d θ=0, the differentiation yields :- d σ n = −(σ x − σ y ) sin 2θ + 2τ xy cos 2θ

 Equal to zero and solving gives, Orientation of the element


2τ xy Occurs at Principal planes (planes free of
tan 2θ p =
σ x −σ y shear stress)
Principal stresses & Orientation of
element
2τ xy
tan 2θ p = Orientation of the element
σ x −σ y (at σmax, min)

2
σ x +σ y  σ x −σ y  Principal stresses
σ 1, 2 = ±   + τ xy2 on principal
2  2  planes.

The solution has 2 roots, θp1 and θp2.


2θp1 and 2θp2 are 180° apart.
So θp1 and θp2 are 90° apart.
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress and
average stress
 From equation σ x −σ y
τ nt @τ x′y′ = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
2

 Maximum in-plane shear stress occurred when


dτ xy / dθ = 0
 Thus, gives the orientation maximum in plane
shear stress =

(σ x − σ y )
tan 2θ s = −
2τ xy
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress and
average stress
• Maximum in plane shear stress

2
 σ x −σ y 
τ max in plane =   + τ xy2
 2 

• Average plane normal stress

σ x +σ y
σ avg =
2
IMPORTANT POINTS
 The principal stresses represent max and min
normal stress. No shear stress acts on it.
 For max in-plane shear stress, oriented 45°, an
average normal stress will also act on it.
Summary….
Principal Stress Maximum In-plane Shear
Stress

2 2
σ x +σ y  σ x −σ y   σ x −σ y 
σ max,min = ±   + τ xy2 τ max in plane =   + τ xy2
2  2   2 

τ =0 σ x +σ y
σ avg =
2

2τ xy (σ x − σ y )
tan 2θ p = tan 2θ s = −
σ x −σ y 2τ xy
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,
FKK, UiTM SHAH ALAM, 2015
Example Problem 9
 Calculate the orientation of element,
maximum in plane shear stress and
average normal stress.
Mohr’s Circle: Lesson Outcome
 To understand the concept of MOHR’S
CIRCLE in solving principle stresses and
calculating maximum shearing stress of
plane transformation.
Mohr’s Circle
 Equation for plane stress transformation presented in a
graphical solution so that is often convenient to use and
easy to remember. No formulas needed.
 Visualize how the normal and shear stress components
vary as the plane which they act is oriented in different
directions.
 Mohr’s Circle was developed by a German
civil engineer, Otto Mohr.
 Rewriting stress transformation equations
results in a circle.
Mohr’s Circle: Procedures
 Establish coordinate axes:
◦ X axis: σ positive to the right
◦ Y axis: τ positive downwards.
 Plot center of circle, C (σave, 0) where σave is
(σx + σy)/2 from the origin.
 Establish a point on the outer radius, A (σx ,
τxy) to the right. Length AC is radius of circle.
 Draw circle.
Principal stresses are at τ = 0, represented by B and D.
Maximum in-plane
shearing stress Ƭp is point F and E, its accompanying normal stress
σaverage that act on plane.

B = σmax

D = σmin
Example Problem10
Determine and show on sketch :
a) The principal and maximum shearing
stress at the point
b) The average normal stress on plane

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