PHILOSOPHY GOAL OF EDUCATION ROLE OF STUDENTS
PERRENIALISM Develop timeless virtues
(justice, temperance,
fortitude, and prudence):
instill knowledge for the sake
of learning.
ESSENTIALISM Promote and instill cultural
literacy in all students;
provide a common core of
cultural knowledge
PROGRESSIVISM Use student interests as a
basis for understanding and
ordering students’
experience.
SOCIAL Use education to help solve
RECONSTRUCTIONISM significant social problems
and, as a result, make
democracy more efficient
and effective
HUMANISM Emphasis self-actualization,
help students become self-
actualized, and blend the
cognitive and the effective;
help students assimilate
knowledge into their daily
lives; stress human values.
EXISTENTIALISM Create climate of freedom
and choice where individuals
can choose and be
responsible for their
decisions.
ROLE OF TEACHERS
Develop and use virtues in
Ele’s decisions: acquire
knowledge.
Acquire and use cultural
knowledge; learn and use
thinking skills
Participate in formulating the
purposes that are the basis
for the student-centered
curriculum.
Identify social problems and
use thinking skills and
knowledge to solve problems
Develop healthy attitude
toward self, others; and
learning experience; become
self- actualized.
Accept responsibility for
choices and actions; learn to
set personal goals and
achieve them by developing
independence, making
TEACHING METHODS
Instill virtues know subject
matter; teach subject matter
to all students
Provide a common core
cultural literacy curriculum
integrated with basic school
subjects.
Act as facilitator student
learning; determine student
interests for developing
curriculum
Facilitate process of students
identifying and solving
community-based problems
Help students to become
self-actualized and make
sense of learning; connect
individuals to their learning
and help them apply
curriculum to themselves,
the community, the nation,
and the world.
Create an environment for
independent action and
enable students to make
choices and accept
responsibility for behavior.
CURRICULUM EMPHASIS
Teacher-centered; lecture
Primarily subject-and
teacher-centered methods
Learning center; cooperative
learning; student-led and-
initiated discussion
Facilitate cooperative
learning and group problem
solving; encourage students
to use problem solving skills
Group processes; one-on-one
teacher-student interaction
Analysis and decision
regarding students’ choices
Subject matter and common
core curriculum; emphasis on
arts and sciences
A uniformed curriculum for
all students emphasis subject
matter and cultural
knowledge
Student interests and needs;
democracy, morality, social
development.
Integrated knowledge of and
solution of social problems in
the regular curriculum
Physical and emotional needs
of students and development
of learning, experience so
that students can fulfill their
needs and resolve
developmental crisis.
Social studies; humanities
decisions, and problem
solving