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ABSTRACT
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) refers to The concept of FACTS was introduced by Hingorani
a family of power electronics-based
based devices designed in 1988 [2]. Since then, FACTS applications have
to increase power transfer capability of power increased significantly. The number of FACTS
transmission system. The main objective of FACTS is devices installed in practical power systems has
too obtain AC systems with a high level of flexibility steadily increased.. It is expected that FACTS will
just as in high-voltage DC systems. FACTS uses play a significant role in the next generation of
power electronics for controlling power flow in a electric power grids.
transmission system. This paper provides a brief
introduction to FACTS devices or controllers. FEATURE OF FACTS
The objectives of FACTS include [3]: (i) to increase
KEY WORDS: flexible AC C transmission system, the transmission capabilities while maintaining the
power electronics, voltage source converters stability of power systems, (ii) to control power so
that if flows on the desired routes, (iii) to increase
INTRODUCTION loading capacity of transmission lines, (iv) to prevent
In conventional AC transmission system, the amount blackouts.
of power that can be sent over a transmission line is
limited by many factors such as the length of the line, The design of FACTS devices is based on the
overheating, and system stability, transient stability combination of traditional power system components
limit,
it, voltage limit, and short circuit current limit. For (such as inductors, capacitors, transformers, and,
ideal transmission the active power should be equal to switches) and power electronics elements (such as a
the apparent power so that the power factor can be transistors and thyristors). FACTS controllers used in
unity. This is where the role of flexible AC power systems are illustrated in Figure 1 and
transmission system (FACTS) comes in in. The use of explained as follows [4]:
FACS devices can potentially overcome the STATCOM: The static synchronous
sy compensator
limitations by using advanced solutions based on (STATCOM) is a shunt-connected
connected FACT device
modern power electronics. which is used in controlling the bus voltage by
varying impedance. It is also used for reactive
A flexible alternating current transmission system power compensation of the transmission line.
(FACTS) consists of static equipment used to SVC: The static VAR compensator (SVC) is the
overcome certain limitationss in the static an
and dynamic first generation of FACTS controllers. It is often
transmission of electrical energy. IEEE defines used to stabilize the load voltage in the power
FACTS as "a power electronic based system and other system and to improve the power factor of the
static equipment that provide control of one or more load.
AC transmission system parameters to enhance SSSC: The static synchronous series compensator
controllability and increase power
ower transfer capability” (SSSC) is a VSC-based
based serial FACTS device that
[1]. In a power system, FACTS devices enable control can provide capacitive or inductive compensation.
compensatio
of active and reactive power flow. Using the devices It has the same power electronic topology as
opens up the potential of reducing power losses of a STATCOM except that it is incorporated through
transmission line.