A Gibbs Thermodynamic Potential of Sea Ice

Cold Regions Science and Technology 28 Ž1998.
83–142
A Gibbs thermodynamic potential of sea ice

Rainer Feistel ) , Eberhard Hagen
¨ Ostseeforschung, Seestr. 15, D-18119, Warnemunde,
Institut fur ¨ Germany
Received 12 August 1997; accepted 14 July 1998
Abstract
A thermodynamic potential function for air-free sea ice, specific Gibbs free energy Žfree enthalpy. GŽ s,t, p ., has been
computed in terms of sea ice salinity s, temperature t and pressure p. Its numerical application is restricted to brine salinities
up to 40 grkg and to applied pressures not exceeding 10 MPa. Using the assumption of brine–ice equilibrium the Gibbs
potential is derived from Gibbs free energies of seawater and of pure water ice. Explicit mathematical expressions are
deduced theoretically for various thermodynamic properties of sea ice including, e.g., specific heat at constant pressure,
isothermal compressibility, isobaric thermal volume expansion coefficient, isochoric pressure coefficient, and temperature of
maximum volume. Care is taken for pressure dependencies of all properties and for appropriate salinity root expansions due
¨
to Debye–Huckel theory of electrolytic solutions. Simplified computation formulas are proposed for some important
quantities. q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Sea ice; Ice; Seawater; Thermodynamic properties; Enthalpy; Free energy
1. Introduction
There is a growing interest in sea ice by oceanography and climatology ŽMaykut and Untersteiner, 1971;
Hibler, 1979; Hibler and Flato, 1992; Hofmann and Klinck, 1996. concerning, e.g., the impact of ice cover on
the exchange of momentum, heat, water, oxygen or CO 2 between ocean and atmosphere or the triggering of
deep convection by densification of surface waters due to freezing. Only a few thermodynamic sea ice
properties have been investigated scientifically by now ŽPettersson, 1878; Weyprecht, 1879; Malmgren, 1927;
Schwerdtfeger, 1963; Ono, 1966; Hobbs, 1974; Yen, 1981; Cox and Weeks, 1983; Cox, 1983; Yen et al., 1991.,
these are mainly heat capacity, density, to some extend thermal expansion and compressibility, and latent heat,
all of them at atmospheric pressure only. Recently ŽFeistel, 1993; Feistel and Hagen, 1995. a Gibbs
thermodynamic potential GŽ S,t, p . for seawater has been determined quantitatively as a function of salinity S,
temperature t and pressure p in the range of oceanographic interest. It provides algorithms for several properties
like density, heat capacity or sound speed, as well as enthalpy, entropy, and chemical potential, which are
important for the theoretical description of brine–ice equilibria appearing in sea ice.
)
Corresponding author. Tel.: q49-381-5197-152; Fax: q49-381-5197-4818; E-mail: rainer.feistel@io-warnemuende.de
0165-232Xr98r$ - see front matter q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 1 6 5 - 2 3 2 X Ž 9 8 . 0 0 0 1 4 - 7
84 R. Feistel, E. Hagen r Cold Regions Science and Technology 28 (1998) 83–142
Fig. 1. Validity of sea ice thermodynamic formulas. The sloped lines indicate the melting points of sea ice as function of pressure Ž p . and
temperature Ž t . of fresh water Ž0 PSU. and maximum brine salinity Ž40 PSU., where quantitative sea water thermodynamics becomes
invalid. Below t s y8.28C sodium sulfate precipitates, which adds another component to sea ice and alters brine composition. The pressure
dependence of this saturation curve is unknown.
In this paper we apply the improved knowledge of seawater thermodynamics to the determination of sea ice
properties. Extensions beyond the present state go into four directions:
Ži. Several general thermodynamic formulas are derived for sea ice theoretically.
Žii. Various quantities are determined quantitatively for the first time like enthalpy, adiabatic compressibility,
or the pressure coefficient.
Žiii. The electrolytic character of brine is accounted for explicitly, leading to improved, nonlinear functions
compared to expressions based on ideal solution theory.
Živ. All quantities include their dependence on pressure.
Table 1
Polynomial coefficients g i k of the Gibbs potential of ice
y0 y1 y2 y3
0
z 0.0 48 837.64 y6139.045 21.78264
z1 109 085.8 690.0765 60.65268 0.0
z2 y1266.486 y99.20747 0.0 0.0
R. Feistel, E. Hagen r Cold Regions Science and Technology 28 (1998) 83–142 85
The unit PSU s‘Practical Salinity Unit’, commonly used in oceanography to describe the salt content of
seawater, is based on a potassium chloride conductivity standard ŽLewis and Perkin, 1981; UNESCO, 1981.. If
we denote absolute salinity Žin grams of salt per kilogram of solution. by c, we find practical salinity S Žin PSU.
by c s 1.00488 P S ŽMillero and Leung, 1976; Feistel and Hagen, 1995..
The range of validity of GŽ s,t, p . for sea ice is limited in brine salinity between 0 and 40 PSU, SŽ t, p . F 40,
in temperature between freezing point of fresh water at 08C and y8.28C, where sodium sulfate starts to
precipitate out of the brine ŽMalmgren, 1927; Nelson and Thompson, 1954; Assur, 1960; Schwerdtfeger, 1963;
Horne, 1969., and in pressure between 0 and about 10 MPa. The high pressure limit is perhaps too restrictive;
seawater properties are known up to 100 MPa, however, the usable range of ice compressibility is not quite
clear ŽYen et al., 1991., it might possibly hold even beyond 10 MPa. Freezing point depression data measured
up to 7–10 MPa are precisely predicted by seawater thermodynamics Žwithout using these data for constructing
the corresponding formulas, Fujino et al., 1974; Millero, 1978; Feistel and Hagen, 1995.. As Fig. 1
demonstrates, the saturation at y8.28C occurs at much higher brine salinities than 40 PSU, namely about 150
PSU ŽSchwerdtfeger, 1963.. The pressure dependence of the saturation curve is not known to the authors.
In Section 2 we briefly sketch the actual state of seawater thermodynamics. Section 3 reviews some
thermodynamic properties of pure water ice relevant for its Gibbs potential. In Section 4 we derive the
Fig. 2. Gibbs free energy Ž G . of ice and sea ice. Gibbs free energy G of water, ice, sea water and sea ice at atmospheric pressure is plotted
around the phase transition point. Slopes dGrdt correspond to entropy, curvatures d 2 Grdt 2 to heat capacity. For finiteness of entropy
values, GŽ t . curves must be continuous at the freezing point. Dotted lines represent unstable Žsupercooled. states; stable states always
belong to minima of G. With increasing salinity the sharp transition bend Žinfinite heat capacity. is gradually replaced by a smoother onset
Žlarge heat capacity..
properties of sea ice as functions of pressure and temperature in the general formalism. Section 5 discusses a
number of handier regression polynomials for freezing points, density, specific heat, etc., including their
pressure dependencies.
2. Gibbs potential of seawater
Thermodynamics of seawater has been subject to various extended studies in the past; a generally accepted
standard for oceanography is formulated in the International Oceanographic Tables, Volume 4 ŽIOT-4,
UNESCO, 1987, 1991.. Recently, these formulas have been unified and completed ŽFeistel, 1993; Feistel and
Hagen, 1995. by assembling a thermodynamic potential function ŽGibbs Function, Specific Gibbs Free Energy,
Specific Free Enthalpy. GŽ S,t, p . in terms of the independent variables salinity S Žin PSU., temperature t Žin 8C,
relative to T o s 273.15 K., and pressure p Žin MPa, relative to standard atmospheric pressure P o s 101325 Pa..
Fig. 3. Ža. Dilution coefficient Ž D s S P d 2 GrdS 2 .. Dilution coefficient DŽ S,t, p . s S P ŽE 2 G B rES 2 . t, p after Eq. Ž4.12., taken at freezing
temperature t Ž S, p ., drawn versus square root of brine salinity S in PSU. The pressure dependence of D up to 10 MPa is graphically just
about line thickness. The limiting value at infinite dilution is DŽ0,0, p . s NS P k B P T o s 72.67 Jrkg PSU. Žb. Dilution coefficient deviation
Ž D .. Dilution coefficient DŽ S,t, p . s S P ŽE 2 G B rES 2 . t, p after Eq. Ž4.12., taken at freezing temperature t Ž S, p . at 50 and 100 MPa applied
pressure, is drawn vs. salinity root relative to DŽ S,t o ,0., taken at freezing temperature t o s t Ž S,0.. Polynomial formulas, denoted by Poly, at
p s 0, 5 and 10 MPa applied pressure, are drawn relative to DŽ S,t o ,0..
Fig. 3 Žcontinued..
In sea ice, seawater appears as so-called brine. In the following, G will be used for the Gibbs free energy of
sea ice, and s for its salinity. Seawater will be described by G B Ž S,t, p . with S the salinity of the brine Žin PSU..
G B is given in almost polynomial form of dimensionless variables x, y, z
G B s 1 Jrkg P Ž g 0 q g 1 y . x 2 ln Ž x . q Ý g i jk x i y j z k 4 Ž 2.1 .
with
S s x 2 P 40 PSU, t s y P 40 8C, p s z P 100 MPa Ž 2.2 .
From various data origins, 87 different coefficients of Eq. Ž2.1. have been determined numerically. Resulting
average deviations are 0.0006 kgrm3 for pure water density at 1 atm, 0.002 kgrm3 for seawater density at 1
atm, 0.02 mrs for sound speed, 0.01 Jrkg K for heat capacity at 1 atm, 0.4 kJrkg for dilution heats, 0.0028C
for freezing points, and 0.048C for temperatures of maximum density. All coefficients g 1 i j vanish for
theoretical reasons. As a deliberate reference state Žwhich determines the values of g 000 , g 200 , g 010 and g 210 .,
entropy and enthalpy of seawater have been set to zero for fresh water Ž0 PSU. and the standard ocean Ž35 PSU.
at atmospheric pressure and at 08C. Due to this definition we find g 000 s 0, g 010 s 0, but g 200 s 1531.9856 and
g 210 s 160.9033 have nonvanishing values depending on all other coefficients g i jk . Note that these coefficients
have only influence on figures of thermo-chemical properties like enthalpy or chemical potential, but not on
thermo-mechanical properties like density or heat capacity, as can be deduced from Eq. Ž2.4.. For thermodynam-
ics of ice, the reference state must be chosen consistently, otherwise phase equilibria cannot be determined
correctly.
Starting from the total differential of GŽ S,t, p .,
dG s m d S y s d t q Vd p, Ž 2.3 .
numerous properties can be computed by usual thermodynamic rules, i.e., by partial derivatives Ždenoted by
subscript here, Gt s ŽEGrEt .S, p , etc.. of a potential function Žwith T s T o q t, P s P o q p ., for instance
Entropy s s yGt
Specific volume V s Gp
Density r s 1rV
Heat capacity CP s yT P Gt t
Adiabatic lapse rate G s yGt prGt t
Thermal expansion coefficient g s Gt prGp
Ž 2.4 .
Isothermal compressibility v s yGp prGp
2
Sound speed U Ž VrU . s Ž Gt2p y Gt t P Gp p . rGt t
Adiabatic compressibility va s VrU 2
Enthalpy H s G y T P Gt
Internal energy E s H y P P Gp
For the later treatment of sea ice, especially for the determination of freezing points, several chemical
potentials play a central role. The Gibbs function G B can always be written as the weighted sum of chemical
potentials of the components salt and water:
G B s c P mS q Ž 1 y c . P mW Ž 2.5 .
c is the absolute salinity Žgrams of salt per kilogram brine., mS the chemical potential of salt in brine, and mW
the chemical potential of water in brine, 1 s 1000 grkg.
The derivative of G B with respect to S is the relative chemical potential
mB s Ž E G BrE S . t , p s q P Ž mS y mW . Ž 2.6 .
which decribes the change of Gibbs free energy if at constant pressure and temperature a bit of salt is replaced
by the same mass of water. q s crS s 1.00488 grkg PSU relates Absolute Salinity c in grams of salt per
kilogram of brine to Practical Salinity S in PSU ŽMillero and Leung, 1976..
The chemical potential of water in brine is then computed from G B as
mW s G B y mB S s G B y S Ž E G BrE S . t , p Ž 2.7 .
and the chemical potential of salt in brine is given by
mS s mBrq q mW Ž 2.8 .
For various further details of the computation of thermodynamic properties of seawater we refer the reader to
the original papers.
3. Gibbs potential of ice
The most comprehensive and careful presentation of fresh water ice properties is probably still the book of
Hobbs Ž1974.. Nevertheless several thermodynamic properties are described there only very briefly. Therefore
we have selected a number of properties of pure water ice at atmospheric pressure mainly from two recent
reviews of Yen Ž1981. and Yen et al. Ž1991.. These data were already required for the computation of some
coefficients of the thermodynamic potential of seawater from freezing point depression data at 1 atm ŽFeistel
and Hagen, 1995.. These are enumerated below.
Ži. Specific volume in m3rkg at t s 08C
V I s GpI s 1r916.71, Ž 3.1 .

with a reported error range of 50 ppm. Comparing the results of other authors, a range of variation about 1000
ppm must be stated ŽDantl and Gregora, 1968; Hobbs, 1974.. This is probably due to non-equilibrium
conditions; after freezing new ice was often found to be subject to aging processes with decreasing density
ŽDantl and Gregora, 1968..
Fig. 4. Enthalpy Ž H . of ice and sea ice. Enthalpy of water, ice, sea water and sea ice at atmospheric pressure is plotted around the phase
transition point. Curve slopes correspond to heat capacity CP s d Hrdt. At the freezing point, fresh water enthalpy jumps by fusion heat Q;
for sea ice, the jump is replaced by a continuous transition. Differences between water and sea water enthalpies are beyond actual graphical
resolution.
Žii. Fusion enthalpy in kJrkg at t s 08C

Q s T o P GtI s 333.5, Ž 3.2 .
after Rossini et al. Ž1952.. The error can be estimated to be about 600 ppm ŽLewis and Randall, 1961; Pounder,
1965..
Žiii. Specific heat at constant pressure in Jrkg K, t in 8C
CPI s y Ž T o q t . P GtIt s 2096.1 q 7.116 P t , Ž 3.3 .
after Yen Ž1981., determined by linear regression between 150 and 273 K based on data of Giauque and Stout
Ž1936., Sugisaki et al. Ž1968. and Ashworth Ž1972.. Comparing the different measurements their deviations are
in a range of 4000 ppm.
Živ. Thermal cubic expansion coefficient in ppmr8C, t in 8C
g I s GtIprV I s 158.15 q 0.67 P t , Ž 3.4 .
after Yen Ž1981., determined by linear regression between 80 and 273 K based on data of La Placa and Post
Ž1960., and, below y808C, of Brill and Tippe Ž1967.. The data scatter by about 3% in g above y1008C.
Fig. 5. Ža. Density of ice and sea ice. Density of water, ice, sea water and sea ice at atmospheric pressure is plotted around the phase
transition point. At t s 08C, water expands abruptly into ice, while sea water shows smoother thermal changes with increasing salinity.
Žb. Density difference Ž r .. Density difference in grm3 for sea ice with salinities s s 0.1, 1, 10 PSU is drawn versus the root of brine
salinity Žand corresponding temperatures at atmospheric pressure.. Poly denotes the polynomial ŽEq. Ž5.10.., Y81 the formula r s
917Ž1 y Ž4.51r1004.88. srt . after Yen Ž1981., compared with the full expression ŽEq. Ž4.16.., shown here as the straight line r s 0.
Žv. Isothermal compressibility in ppmrMPa, t in 8C
v tI s yGpI prV I s 232.2 q 0.418 P t. Ž 3.5 .

is given here as the expression of v t s expŽ0.0018 P T . P 14.2 P 10y6 rbar proposed by Yen Ž1981. to represent
measurements of Bridgeman Ž1912., Richard and Speyers Ž1914., linearized around t s 0. Only very few data
are available and they scatter significantly.
We have not used adiabatic compressibility data for va here. The curves for va of Leadbetter Ž1965. and of
Dantl Ž1969. are extremely different from each other at lower temperatures ŽYen, 1981..
At 08C both agree reasonably, the value for vaI is 127.7 ppmrMPa after Leadbetter with an estimated error
of 5%, while the value after Dantl is 119.4 ppmrMPa. Thermodynamics states the relation between the
compressibilities
v t y va s g 2 VTrCP Ž 3.6 .
With the data for g , V, T, CP discussed before the right-hand side expression evaluates to only 3.55
ppmrMPa, which is much too small to explain the reported difference of about 100 ppmrMPa. Note that for
liquid water the compressibilities are about 500 ppmrMPa and deviate from each other only by a few percent.
The reason for this apparent discrepancy is not quite clear; possibly mechanical deformations other than
homogeneous compression play a role. Our computation follows Eq. Ž3.6. and results at 08C in a value for
vaI s 228.6 ppmrMPa.
On one hand, ice compressibility is related to freezing point lowering of water or seawater due to pressure,
which is known with high accuracy Ž3 mK.. On the other hand, pressure dependent freezing point measurements
have not been used to determine the Gibbs potential of seawater because all its high-pressure terms are
preferably computed from other sources like, e.g., sound speeds. For the same reason, ice compressibility is
irrelevant for the treatment of freezing point depression at atmospheric pressure. Here the question arises
Fig. 6. Ža. Heat capacity Ž CP . of sea ice. Shown is specific heat of sea ice CP in kJrkg K at atmospheric pressure multiplied by brine
salinity S in PSU and divided by the liquid fraction w s srS in order to get a finite intercept in the limit of infinite dilution S s 0. As
abscissa the square root of brine salinity is used, corresponding temperatures are plotted below. The solid lines are values computed after
Eq. Ž4.17. for several sea ice salinities s as indicated. The dotted enveloping line is the contribution of melting heat capacity CPM , indicated
as S) MHC, after Eq. Ž4.25.. The dashed lines are obtained from the formula of Schwerdtfeger Ž1963., CP s w Ž C W y Qrt . q Ž1 y w .C I
using w s srS, C W s 4217.37 Jrkg K, C I s 2096.1 Jrkg K, Q s 333.5 kJrkg, S s y16.801t for the same set of sea ice salinities s. The
position of these curves depends sensitively on the slope d Srdt of the freezing point depression line; we have used here Raoult’s law
d Srdt s yQrŽ NS P k B P T o2 .. Using instead, e.g., Schwerdtfeger’s value d Srd t s y18 PSUr8C moves all curves down and causes
another intercept in the limit S s 0.The deviations between ours and Schwerdtfeger’s values are mainly due to the absence of electrolytic
properties of brine in the latter treatment. Žb. Contributions to heat capacity Ž CP . of sea ice. At atmospheric pressure, heat capacity
CP s w Ž CPB q CPM . q Ž1 y w .CPI is splitted into its fractions of brine ŽB., wCPB rCP , melting ŽM., wCPM rCP , and ice ŽI., Ž1 y w .CPI rCP for
sea ice salinities s s 0.1, 1, 3, and 10 PSU. The brine part is only shown for s s 10 PSU, its share for lower salinities is even smaller Žthe
minor influence of heat capacity of brine compared to the others was already noticed by Malmgren, 1927.. Abscissa is brine salinity S in
PSU with corresponding freezing temperatures. Žc. Melting heat capacity ŽMHC.. Melting heat capacity of sea ice CPM in kJrkg after Eq.
Ž4.25. is multiplied by brine salinity S to obtain a finite intercept at S s 0. As abscissa the square root of brine salinity S in PSU is used.
The additional freezing temperature scale is valid for p s 0 only. Curves are computed at freezing temperatures t Ž S, p . and pressures p s 0,
5 and 10 MPa.
whether or not ice compressibility can possibly be determined from measurements of the pressure effect on
freezing temperature. The answer is ‘in principle yes, but not sufficiently precise’. We briefly explain our
opinion.
Freezing points t depend on ice compressibility v tI s yGpI prV I via the equilibrium condition ŽEq. Ž4.3..
G I Ž t , p . s G B Ž S,t , p . y Sm B Ž S,t , p . Ž 3.7 .

Assuming that small errors D t in freezing temperature cause small errors D v in compressibility we get for
fresh water S s 0
1
p 2 V I D v s Ž QrT o . D t Ž 3.8 .
2
such that even at p s 10 MPa an uncertainty of D t s 3 mK in measured temperatures gives rise to an error of
D v s 60 ppmrMPa in compressibility, compared with only 10 ppmrMPa estimated by Leadbetter Ž1965..
Even though, for a test of consistency we have carried out a computation of v t based on Eq. Ž3.7. using
freezing point depression measurements of Fujino et al. Ž1974.. The result v tI s 258.8 ppmrMPa agrees with
Eq. Ž3.5. within the limits discussed above.
Summarizing, let GtI , GpI , etc. be the partial derivatives of the Gibbs potential of ice
G I Ž t , p . s 1 Jrkg P g Ž y, z . , Ž 3.9 .
with dimensionless variables y s tr408C and z s pr100 MPa defined as in the case of seawater. Using all data
given above we can now determine g Ž y, z . to be
g Ž y, z . s g 00 q g 10 P y q g 20 P y 2 q g 30 P y 3 q Ž g 01 q g 11 P y q g 21 P y 2 . P z q Ž g 02 q g 12 P y . P z 2 Ž 3.10 .
with dimensionless coefficients g i k as given in Table 1.
The reference state for ice must be chosen according to the reference state of seawater. At the freezing point
t s 08C of pure water at atmospheric pressure we have equal chemical potentials ŽEq. Ž3.7..,
G B Ž 0,0,0 . s G I Ž 0,0 . , i.e., g 000 s g 00 , Ž 3.11 .
and enthalpies differing by melting heat Q,
H B Ž 0,0,0 . s H I Ž 0,0 . q Q, Ž 3.12 .
or, with H s G q Ts , the entropy difference,
s B Ž 0,0,0 . s s I Ž 0,0 . q QrT o , Ž 3.13 .
i.e., g 010 s g 10 y QrT o P Ž408C.rŽ1 Jrkg..
g 000 and g 010 are the corresponding free constants of seawater, which we have set to zero by will. Hence, for
another reference state than the one used here, the coefficients g 00 , g 10 of ice are to be determined by
g 00 s g 000
Ž 3.14 .
g 10 s g 010 q 48837.64
from the coefficients of seawater.
4. Gibbs potential of sea ice
When seawater freezes, crystals of water ice form causing an increase of salinity in the surrounding liquid.
Sea ice is a mixture of solid water and liquid seawater, called brine, in phase equilibrium. If we denote the mass
fraction of brine by w, brine salinity by S and salinity of the whole sea ice sample by s Ž s s S when the entire
sample is molten. we have for the Gibbs potential G of sea ice
G Ž s,t , p . s w P G B Ž S,t , p . q Ž 1 y w . P G I Ž t , p . , Ž 4.1 .

where G B is the Gibbs free energy of seawater Žbrine. and G I the Gibbs free energy of ice. Because the mass of
salt is the same in the sea ice and in the brine, we note that s s w P S.
At given s, t, p the weight fraction w Ž s,t, p . and together with it brine salinity SŽ t, p . are determined by the
thermodynamic equilibrium between ice and brine. It is established when Gibbs free energy takes its minimum
value at fixed s, t, p.
Ž E GrE w . s,t , p s 0 Ž 4.2 .
Applying this condition to Eq. Ž4.1. shows that at equilibrium both phases have same temperature, pressure,
and chemical potential of water:
mW Ž S,t , p . s mI Ž t , p . . Ž 4.3 .
This is an implicit relation between S, t and p. Solved for S s SŽ t, p . it predicts brine salinity at given
temperature and pressure, solved for t s t Ž S, p . it reads as freezing point depression as a function of salinity and
pressure, finally, solved for p s pŽ S,t . it yields melting pressure as a function of temperature and salinity.
The chemical potential of water in brine is ŽEq. Ž2.7..
mW s G B Ž S,t , p . y S P Ž E G BrE S . t , p s G B y S P mB Ž 4.4 .

and the chemical potential of water in ice is the Gibbs free energy of ice
mI s G I Ž t , p . Ž 4.5 .
We can now rearrange Eq. Ž4.1. to
G Ž s,t , p . s mI Ž t , p . q s P m Ž t , p . Ž 4.6 .
where m Ž t, p . is the relative chemical potential of brine m Ž t, p . s mB Ž S,t, p . s ŽEG B rES . taken at S s SŽ t, p .,
the latter being the solution of the algebraic Eq. Ž4.3.. m and m B are different mathematical representations of
the same physical quantity which must be distinguished clearly when, e.g., a temperature derivative is
considered. In Section 5 we will discuss some explicit approximations of SŽ t, p .. Brine salinity depends
sensitively on temperature Žan error of 1 mK in t corresponds to 0.02 PSU in S ., and m B depends sensitively on
S, at least at small salinities. Simplified analytical expressions for SŽ t, p . need to be derived with care.
We note the important fact that the salinity dependence of GŽ s,t, p . is simply linear. This is no
approximation but a strict consequence of the assumed brine–ice equilibrium ŽEq. Ž4.3... Salt is assumed here to
be located in brine exclusively. Shape, size or distribution of brine pockets is unimportant for the validity of Eq.
Ž4.6.; they may be spherical bubbles or thin cylinders ŽLangeleben, 1960. or the ice crystals may even float in
seawater. All pockets necessarily have the same brine salinity in the equilibrium state at given t and p
ŽMalmgren, 1927..
Eq. Ž4.6. expresses the thermodynamic potential G of sea ice by only two functions of t and p instead of
one function of s, t and p, which is an important simplification. Additionally, mI Ž t, p . is only a simple
polynomial ŽEqs. Ž3.9. and Ž3.10... Unfortunately m Ž t, p . has a complex mathematical structure if it is written as
a series expansion in t and p around the reference state t s 0, p s 0, and no simple polynomial approximation
can be given here to represent it. However, there is no serious difficulty in obtaining m Ž t, p . on a computer.
Free enthalpy of seawater and sea ice is shown in Fig. 2 around the freezing point. The curves must be
continuous at the transition point because entropy, its slope, is always a finite physical quantity. The phase with
smaller G is always stable, the other one is unstable.
Fig. 7. Ža. Isothermal compressibility ŽIC. of sea ice. Shown is isothermal compressibility of sea ice v in ppmrkPa at atmospheric pressure
multiplied by brine salinity S in PSU and divided by the liquid fraction w s srS in order to get a finite intercept in the limit of infinite
dilution S s 0. As abscissa the square root of brine salinity is used, corresponding temperatures are plotted below. The solid lines are values
computed after Eq. Ž4.19. for several sea ice salinities s as indicated. The dotted line is the contribution of melting isothermal
compressibility v M , indicated as S) MIC, after Eq. Ž4.25.. Žb. Melting isothermal compressibility ŽMIC.. Melting isothermal compressibil-
ity of sea ice v M in ppmrkPa after Eq. Ž4.25. is multiplied by brine salinity S to obtain a finite intercept at S s 0. As abscissa the square
root of brine salinity S in PSU is used. The additional freezing temperature scale is valid for p s 0 only. Curves are computed at freezing
temperatures t Ž S, p . and pressures p s 0, 5 and 10 MPa.
We discuss briefly now the most important thermodynamic properties of sea ice as derived from the potential
function GŽ s,t, p . by partial derivatives of Eq. Ž4.6.. Because w Ž s,t, p . s srSŽ t, p . as the liquid mass fraction
depends on temperature and pressure, too, it is useful for the following to formally introduce first an apparent
specific melting contribution M w F x of an arbitrary thermodynamic quantity F by the relation
M w F x s Ž F B y F I . rS y Ž E F B rE S . t , p Ž 4.7 .
The symbol M wx is used only temporarily here to make calculation steps more transparent.
As usual, superscripts B and I stand for brine and ice, respectively. If x is placeholder for either t or p, we
can generally write a derivative of F s wF B q Ž1 y w . F I in the form
E FrE x s w P Ž E F B rE x . q Ž 1 y w . P Ž E F IrE x . y w P Ž E SrE x . P M w F x Ž 4.8 .
At brine–ice equilibrium ŽEq. Ž4.3.., the apparent melting Gibbs free energy vanishes
M wGx s0 Ž 4.9 .
From this relation a derivative ESrE x can be expressed implicitly as
E SrE x s y E Ž mW y mI . rE x r E Ž mW y mI . rE S s M w E GrE x x r Ž E 2 G B rE S 2 . Ž 4.10 .
Note that ŽE 2 G B rES 2 . is always positive due to Gibbs’ inequality EmB rES ) 0 Žsee, e.g., Landau and
Lifschitz, 1966; Ebeling and Feistel, 1982.. From Eqs. Ž4.4. and Ž2.3. there follows the total differential of the
chemical potential of water as
d mW s ys B d t q V B d p y Sd mB Ž 4.11 .
Therefore,
D s S Ž EmBrE S . t , p ) 0 Ž 4.12 .
may be denoted as dilution coefficient of brine; it describes the change of the chemical potential of water d mW
Žand therefore the brine–ice equilibrium point. if the brine is diluted by ydS at constant temperature and
pressure. Quantitatively, D depends only very weakly on pressure Žsee Fig. 3a,b.. In the approximation of ideal
solution theory we find D s NS k B T, which is independent of pressure and salinity Žsee Eq. Ž4.28. for NS and
k B ..
Fig. 8. Ža. Thermal expansion coefficient of sea ice ŽTEC.. Shown is the thermal expansion coefficient of sea ice g in ppmrmK at
atmospheric pressure multiplied by brine salinity S in PSU and divided by the liquid fraction w s srS in order to get a finite intercept in the
limit of infinite dilution S s 0. As abscissa the square root of brine salinity is used, corresponding temperatures are plotted below. The solid
lines are values computed after Eq. Ž4.19. for several sea ice salinities s as indicated. The dotted line is the contribution of the melting
expansion coefficient g M , indicated as S) MEC, after Eq. Ž4.25.. At lower temperatures Žhigher brine salinities., g becomes positive.
Measurements of Malmgren Ž1927. clearly show the changing signs of g , too, but refer to lower temperatures between y3.5 and y388C.
Žb. Melting expansion coefficient ŽMEC.. Melting expansion coefficient of sea ice g M in ppmrmK after Eq. Ž4.25. is multiplied by brine
salinity S to obtain a finite intercept at S s 0. As abscissa the square root of brine salinity S in PSU is used. The additional freezing
temperature scale is valid for p s 0 only. Curves are computed at freezing temperatures t Ž S, p . and pressures p s 0, 5 and 10 MPa.
Now we can finally write for Eq. Ž4.8., inserting ESrE x after Eq. Ž4.10.
E FrE x s Ž 1 y w . Ž E F IrE x . q w Ž E F B rE x . y M w F x P M w E GrE x x P SrD 4 Ž 4.13 .
Note that in this expression only the liquid fraction w s srS depends on sea ice salinity s while all other
terms depend merely on temperature and pressure Žexplicitly and via brine salinity SŽ t, p ... Using Eq. Ž4.13.
successively with x s t and p, and F s G, s and V, we obtain the following results.
Table 2
Thermal expansion coefficient g in ppmrK at 0 MPa and y28C
Salinity Žgrkg. Malmgren Ž1927. Eq. Ž4.21.
2 y2210 y2047
4 y4589 y4277
6 y6967 y6535
8 y9346 y8820
10 y11 725 y11 133
15 y17 672 y17 043
Ži. Entropy:
s s y Ž E GrE t . s, p s w P s B Ž S,t , p . q Ž 1 y w . P s I Ž t , p . Ž 4.14 .
with specific entropy of ice s I s yŽEG IrEt . p and of brine s B s yŽEG B rEt .S, p .
Žii. Enthalpy:
H s G q Ts s w P H B q Ž 1 y w . P H I Ž 4.15 .
with specific enthalpy of ice H I s G I q Ts I and of brine H B s G B q Ts B. The behaviour of H close to the
freezing point is shown in Fig. 4.
Žiii. Specific volume:
V s Ž E GrE p . s,t s w P V B q Ž 1 y w . P V I Ž 4.16 .
with specific volume of ice V I s ŽEG IrE p . t and of brine V B s ŽEG B rE p .S,t . The transition from water density
to ice density is depicted in Fig. 5a. The sea ice density formula given by Cox and Weeks Ž1983. includes
additionally air bubbles and solid salt. In the special case considered here, it reduces to Eq. Ž4.16..
Due to the use of the equilibrium condition M w G x s 0 in Eq. Ž4.13., entropy, enthalpy and specific volume
are strictly additive as required. Second derivatives of G however contain additional contributions due to
derivatives of w Ž s,t, p ., i.e., due to brine–ice phase transition processes.
Fig. 9. Ža. Apparent melting enthalpy ŽAME.. Apparent melting enthalpy H M s yTDŽESrEt . ŽEq. Ž4.24.. in kJrkg is drawn vs. square root
of brine salinity S in PSU for p s 0, 5 and 10 MPa. Žb. Apparent melting enthalpy deviation ŽAME.. Difference in Jrkg between apparent
melting enthalpy H M expressed as polynomial ŽEq. Ž5.15.. and the complete function H M Ž S,t, p . after Eq. Ž4.24., taken at freezing
temperature t Ž S, p ., is drawn vs. square root of brine salinity S in PSU for p s 0, 5 and 10 MPa.
Živ. Heat capacity: CP s T ŽEsrEt .S, p

CP s yT Ž E 2 GrE t 2 . s, p s w P Ž CPB q CPM . q Ž 1 y w . P CPI Ž 4.17 .
with heat capacity of ice CPI s TŽEs IrEt . p , of brine CPB s T ŽEs B rEt .S, p and the ‘specific melting heat’.
2 2
CPM s TM w s x r Ž E 2 G B rE S 2 . s S P M w H x r Ž TD . ) 0 Ž 4.18 .
The specific apparent melting enthalpy M w H x comprises both latent heat of fusion and dilution heat of brine.
Heat capacity of sea ice multiplied by Srw is shown in Fig. 6a, the contributions of brine, ice, and the melting
term to it are compared in Fig. 6b, the dependence of melting heat capacity on salinity and pressure is shown in
Fig. 6c.
Žv. Isothermal compressibility: v s yŽ1rV .ŽEVrEp .s,t
v V s y Ž E 2 GrE p 2 . s,t s w P Ž v B q v M . V B q Ž 1 y w . P v I V I Ž 4.19 .
with v I s the compressibility of ice, v B that of brine and v M the ‘melting compressibility’.
2
v M s S P M w V x rŽ V BD . ) 0 Ž 4.20 .
The specific apparent melting volume M w V x is negative for sea ice and consists of excess volume of ice and
a saline contraction term. Compressibility of sea ice multiplied by Srw is shown in Fig. 7a, melting
compressibility as function of salinity and pressure is drawn in Fig. 7b.
Žvi. Thermal expansion coefficient: g s Ž1rV .ŽEVrEt .s, p
g V s E 2 GrE tE p s w Ž g B q g M . V B q Ž 1 y w . g I V I Ž 4.21 .
with g I the thermal expansion coefficient of ice, g B that of brine, and the melting term.
g M s S P M w H x M w V x r Ž V B TD . Ž 4.22 .
The function g , multiplied by Srw, is shown in Fig. 8a, the melting part in Fig. 8b. Some values given by
Malmgren Ž1927. are compared with ours in Table 2.
These three coefficients related to melting CPM , v M , g M are not independent of each other but obey the
identity
2
v M P CPM s TV B Ž g M . Ž 4.23 .
This relation may, e.g., serve for the computation of sea ice compressibility from specific heat and volume
expansion. Note that always v CP ) TVg 2 holds for thermodynamic stability.
In the limiting case of infinite dilution the specific quantities M w H x and M w V x diverge, however, we can
introduce: finite apparent melting enthalpy H M and apparent melting volume V M by
H M s S P M w H x s yT P E G B rE t y E G IrE t y SE 2 G B rE SE t 4 s yT P D Ž E SrE t . p
Ž 4.24 .
VM s S P M w V x s E G B rE p y E G IrE p y SE 2 G B rE SE p s D Ž E SrE p . t
Both quantities are closely related to the slopes of brine salinity S s SŽ t, p . because of Eq. Ž4.10.. Fig. 9a
shows the behaviour of H M versus S and p, Fig. 10a that of V M .
Fig. 10. Ža. Apparent melting volume ŽAMV.. Apparent melting volume VM s DŽESrEp . ŽEq. Ž4.24.. in cm3 rkg is drawn vs. square root of
brine salinity S in PSU for p s 0, 5 and 10 MPa. Žb. Apparent melting volume deviation ŽAMV.. Difference in mm3 rkg between apparent
melting volume V M expressed as polynomial ŽEq. Ž5.16.. and the complete function V M Ž S,t, p . after Eq. Ž4.24., taken at freezing
temperature t Ž S, p ., is drawn vs. square root of brine salinity S in PSU for p s 0, 5 and 10 MPa.
We can now write

CPM s H M2 r Ž TSD . , v M s V M2 r Ž V B SD . , g M s H M VM r Ž V B TSD . Ž 4.25 .
This form of the coefficients is more suitable for use with simplified numerical expressions as given in the
next chapter. For the limit of infinite dilution we find
lim H M s Q Ž 4.26 .
S™0
lim V M s dV Ž 4.27 .
S™0
lim D s NS k B T o Ž 4.28 .
S™0
Here Q ) 0 is melting heat ŽEq. Ž3.2.., dV s V B y V I - 0 is melting excess volume, NS s 1.92688 P 10 22rkg
PSU is the number of salt particles per kilogram seawater and PSU ŽFeistel and Hagen, 1995., k B s 1.380642 P
10y2 3 JrK is Boltzmann’s constant, T o is 273.15 K.
Further properties can be computed by thermodynamic relations from the functions given above.
Žvii. Adiabatic lapse rate G is the temperature change of sea ice if it is moved adiabatically Žwithout heat
exchange. to another pressure level ŽFig. 11.
G s Ž E trE p . s, s s y Ž E 2 GrE tE p . r Ž E 2 GrE t 2 . s g TVrCP Ž 4.29 .
Fig. 11. Adiabatic lapse rate of sea ice ŽALR.. Shown is the adiabatic lapse rate of sea ice G Ž s,t, p . in mKrMPa at p s 0 and freezing
temperature t Ž S, p . vs. the square root of brine salinity with corresponding temperatures plotted below. The curves are values computed
after Eq. Ž4.29. for several sea ice salinities s as indicated. At lower temperatures Žhigher brine salinities., G is positive due to the positive
thermal expansion rate of ice.
Žviii. Isochoric pressure coefficient b describes the pressure change in a sample if it is warmed up or cooled
down in a fixed volume ŽFig. 12.
b P s Ž E prE t . s,V s y Ž E 2 GrE tE p . r Ž E 2 GrE p 2 . s grv Ž 4.30 .

In the limit S ™ 0, g , v and CP converge towards their melting parts, so that we find
lim G s T o VM rH M s y74.2874 mKrMPa Ž 4.31 .

S™0
and with atmospheric pressure P o s 101325 Pa
lim b s H M r Ž T o P o VM . s y132.852rK Ž 4.32 .

S™0
and we have in agreement with Eq. Ž4.23.
lim b PG s 1 Ž 4.33 .
S™0
Fig. 12. Isochoric pressure coefficient of sea ice ŽIPC.. Shown is the isochoric pressure coefficient of sea ice b Ž s,t, p . in 1rK at p s 0 and
freezing temperature t Ž S, p . vs. the square root of brine salinity with corresponding temperatures plotted below. The curves are values
computed after Eq. Ž4.30. for several sea ice salinities s as indicated. At lower temperatures Žhigher brine salinities., b is positive due to the
positive thermal expansion rate of ice.
Žix. Latent heat L of sea ice is the heat absorbed for melting all ice of 1 kg sea ice at constant pressure p and
sea ice salinity s ŽFig. 13a.
L s H Ž s,t M , p . y H Ž s,t , p . Ž 4.34 .
with t M s t Ž s, p . the melting temperature.
Žx. Specific latent heat l of sea ice is the heat d H absorbed for melting a fraction dw of ice at constant
pressure p and sea ice salinity s. We find ŽFig. 13c.
l s y Ž E LrE w . s, p s Ž E HrE w . s, p s Ž E HrE t . s, pr Ž E wrE t . s, p s H M P CPr Ž w P CPM . Ž 4.35 .
In the limit of vanishing salinity S ™ 0, l approaches the melting heat Q of ice.
Žxi. Adiabatic compressibility of sea ice can be obtained by Eq. Ž3.6. as ŽFig. 14.
va s v y g 2 TVrCP Ž 4.36 .
In the limit of infinite dilution the dominating melting contributions cancel each other because of the relation
Ž4.23., so that for S ™ 0 adiabatic compressibility stays finite while v , g , CP diverge. This is an exceptional
behaviour compared to, e.g., isothermal compressibility. The remaining terms yield
lim va s v B q CPB P TVM2 r Ž V B H M2 . y 2g B P TVM rH M Ž 4.37 .
S™0
This value of va s 584.036 ppmrMPa Žat atmospheric pressure. is only slightly higher than the adiabatic
compressibility of water Ž vaB s 508.53 ppmrMPa.. Adiabatic compressibility is always positive for reasons of
thermodynamic stability, however, if rough approximations are used in Eq. Ž4.36., erratic negative figures are
easily obtained.
Žxii. Temperature of maximum volume TMV can be computed numerically as the zeroes g s 0 of thermal
expansion ŽEq. Ž4.21.., where—with falling temperature—expansion due to freezing is compensated by thermal
contraction of ice itself. Resulting values turned out to be proportional to the root of sea ice salinity in very good
approximation ŽFig. 15.. TMV curves are sensitive to the accuracy of the thermal expansion and brine salinity
formulas.
5. Approximation formulas
The thermodynamic potential function ŽEq. Ž4.6.. of seawater, GŽ s,t, p . s m I Ž t, p . q s P m Ž t, p ., requires the
knowledge of two functions of temperature and pressure. The first one, mI s G I Ž t, p ., is known in terms of a
Fig. 13. Latent heat Ž L. and Specific latent heat ŽSLH. of sea ice. Ža. Latent heat LŽ s,t, p . after Eq. Ž4.34. in kJrkg is drawn vs. square root
of brine salinity S in PSU together with corresponding freezing temperatures at p s 0 for several sea ice salinities s as indicated. Latent
heat L s 4186.8 Ž79.68 y 0.505t y 0.0273s q 4.3115srt q 0.0008 st y 0.009t 2 . given by Yen Ž1981. yields virtually identical curves. Žb.
Differences between Yen’s and our L, magnified. Žc. Specific latent heat l s yELrEw after Eq. Ž4.35..
relatively simple polynomial ŽEqs. Ž3.9., Ž3.10. and Ž3.11... m Ž t, p ., however, is defined as the function ŽEq.
Ž2.6.. of three variables, mB Ž S,t, p ., taken only on the ‘brine salinity surface’ SŽ t, p . in the three dimensional
S–t–p space, which itself is a solution of a nonlinear algebraic Eq. Ž4.3.. If one could construct a simple
regression polynomial for m Ž t, p ., all thermodynamic properties would be easily computed in terms of partial
derivatives of GŽ s,t, p ..
Unfortunately, however, m Ž t, p . can be expressed as a polynomial in t and p in special cases only, while in
general one cannot avoid the effort of using the relation m Ž t, p . s mB Ž SŽ t, p .,t, p ., which requires the
computation of both relative chemical potential mB Ž S,t, p . s ŽEG B rES . of seawater together with the brine
salinity formula S s SŽ t, p .. The reason is the relatively complicated mathematical dependence of chemical
potential mB Ž S,t, p . and the freezing point t Ž S, p . on salinity, especially for low concentrations. We briefly
discuss now this functional dependence of m on t and p in the limiting case of small salinity. ŽSea ice with low
salinity is, e.g., formed in polar summers to significant amounts. When ice melts at the surface, for instance, the
water runs down through holes and freezes again in the cold seawater below 08C, Malmgren, 1927..
Due to Coulomb interaction after ionic dissociation of sea salt, in lowest powers of salinity Gibbs free energy
of seawater has the form
G B Ž S,t , p . s G 0 q G 1 S ln Ž S . q G 2 S q G 3 S 3r2 q G4 S 2 q PPP Ž 5.1 .

where the coefficients G 0 , G 1 , etc. are functions Žpolynomials. of temperature and pressure. More specifically,
G 0 is the Gibbs free energy of water, G 1 s NS k B ŽT o q t ., known from Planck’s ideal solution theory, is
independent of pressure, G 2 is the Gibbs free energy per salt particle at infinite dilution, G 3 is the
¨
Debye–Huckel limiting law due to electrostatic ion interaction, and G4 and following terms are related to
various interactions between the salt particles like finite ion size, etc. ŽCompare Eq. Ž4.28. for NS , k B , T o ..
We can determine the brine salinity in the limit of infinite dilution by expanding Eq. Ž4.2. into a series of S:
1
G I s G B y S Ž E G B rE S . t , p s G 0 y G 1 S y G 3 S 3r2 q PPP Ž 5.2 .
2
It is solved in lowest order for S as
S Ž t , p . s Ž G 0 y G I . rG1 Ž 5.3 .
Inserting this expression into mB s ŽEG B rES . we find
1r2
m Ž t , p . s G 1 ln Ž Ž G 0 y G I . rG1 . q 1.5 P G 3 P Ž Ž G 0 y G I . rG1 . q Powers Ž t , p . Ž 5.4 .
Fig. 14. Adiabatic compressibility ŽAC. of sea ice. Adiabatic compressibility of sea ice is computed after Eq. Ž4.36. versus brine salinity
root for several sea ice salinities s s 0.01 till 10 PSU. For small S the values remain finite, for large S they converge to adiabatic
compressibility of ice.
The melting point of fresh water is given by G 0 Ž t, p . y G I Ž t, p ., where the above logarithm term diverges at
the phase transition. Any series expansion of the logarithm argument around t s 0 or p s 0 or both will
necessarily move this divergence and therefore virtually displace the melting point.
In the special case of small salinity, pressure, and temperature lowering these expressions take the explicit
form ŽRaoult’s law, Clausius–Clapeyron equation, Debye–Huckel ¨ limiting law.
S Ž t , p . s y Ž Q P trT o q pdV . rNS k B T o

SrPSUs y16.8019 Ž tr8C . y 1.24818 Ž prMPa.
Ž 5.5 .
1r2
o 2: 2 o 3 o o
½
m Ž t , p . s m8 Ž t , p . q NS k B T ln Ž S . y p S NS ² Z e rD rŽ k BT V . 5 qOŽ S.
Ž² Z 2 : s 1.24515 is the valence factor of sea salt, e s 1.60218 P 10y1 9. As is the electron charge, D o s 87.8956
is the dielectric constant, V o s 1.000157 dm3rkg is the specific volume of water at 08C and 0 MPa.. These are
limiting expressions; even though the correct curve SŽ t, p . graphically looks almost linear, brine salinity after
Eq. Ž5.5. deviates from it by nearly 4 PSU Ž200 mK in freezing points.. Replacing Eq. Ž5.5. by a linear
regression line can reduce this error down to 10 mK or 0.2 PSU Žcompare Fig. 16..
Fig. 15. Temperature of maximum volume ŽTMV.. Temperatures of maximum volume Žminimum density. of sea ice are plotted versus
square root of sea ice salinity s in PSU as numerical solution of Eq. Ž4.21. for vanishing thermal expansion g Ž s,TMV, p . s 0 at three
different values of applied pressure p as indicated. At TMV’s, lapse rates and pressure coefficients change their signs, too. The lines are
almost straight and follow the equation t s y5.3305's y 0.07827p, t in 8C, p in MPa, within an r.m.s of 6 mK.
For a number of formulas derived in the previous chapter we will discuss approximation polynomials now,
obtained by linear regression with respect to the full mathematical expression given by GŽ s,t, p . and its
derivatives.
At atmospheric pressure, the UNESCO formula for freezing points ŽMillero, 1978. offers a suitable solution
of Eq. Ž4.10. within 1 mK Ž0.02 PSU., S in PSU, t in mK:
t Ž S,0 . s S Ž y57.5 q 1.710523 P 'S y 0.2154996 P S . Ž 5.6 .

An analytical inversion SŽ t . is complicated, and for practical use another formula is required. Fitting a
polynomial in 6t to brine salinity we have obtained Ž S in PSU, t in 8C.
ž (
S Ž t ,0 . s yt 17.5967 q 2.00661 P Ž yt . q 1.12533 P t / Ž 5.7 .
with an r.m.s. of 0.007 PSU in S and 0.4 mK in t. A maximum error of 0.02 PSU appears around S s 2 PSU.
The square roots in both formulas account for the electrolytic character of seawater. Freezing point formulas are
compared in Fig. 16.
Fig. 16. Freezing point deviation: various functions at p s 0. Shown are deviations of freezing points in mK of sea water at atmospheric
pressure from the theoretical curve Žsolution of Eq. Ž4.3., here the straight line t s 0. versus square root of salinity in PSU. Dots are
measurements of Doherty and Kester Ž1974. and of Fujino et al. Ž1974.. Raoult’s Law is the theoretical limiting law t wmKx s S P NS P k B P
T o2 rQ s y59.5172S wPSUx, Linear Fit is the regression line t wmKx s y54.7585 S wPSUx, M78 is the Unesco freezing point formula ŽEq.
Ž5.6., Millero, 1978. and SŽ t,0. its numerical inversion ŽEq. Ž5.7...
A first pressure correction to the freezing point depression Ž t in mK, S in PSU, p in MPa. for the range up
to 10 MPa Žr.m.s. of 0.5 mK. is:
t Ž S, p . s t Ž S,0 . y p Ž 74.0796 q 0.018017 P S q 0.116861 P p . Ž 5.8 .
The nonlinear terms contribute about 1 mK each; tentatively suppressing them in the fit yields D t s y75.3 p
in agreement with Millero Ž1978. and an r.m.s. of 1.5 mK. Other authors found freezing point depressions as
given in Table 3. Further 24 mKrMPa are due to air dissolved in water ŽHobbs, 1974..
Table 3
Freezing point depression by pressure d trd p in mKrMPa at salinity 35 PSU
Applied pressure ŽMPa. 0 10
Moser Ž1929. 73.8 –
Fujino et al. Ž1974. 75.9 75.9
Doherty and Kester Ž1974. 75.5 –
Millero and Leung Ž1976. 74.8 75.8
Millero Ž1978. 75.3 –
Eq. Ž4.3. 74.8 77.0
Eq. Ž5.8. 74.7 77.0
Table 4
Density of air-free sea ice in kgrm3 at 0 MPa and y28C
Sea ice salinity Žgrkg. 1 3 5 10 20
Zubov Ž1945. 922 926 930 939 –
Anderson Ž1960. 919.8 925.2 930.7 944.7 973.9
Schwerdtfeger Ž1963. 919.1 923.3 927.5 937.9 958.8
Cox and Weeks Ž1983. 920.0 925.4 930.8 944.8 974.0
Eqs. Ž4.16. and Ž5.10. 919.7 925.3 930.9 945.2 975.2
For the pressure correction of brine salinity ŽEq. Ž4.12.. we have found the following approximation
polynomial Žr.m.s. of 0.01 PSU or 0.5 mK, p in MPa, t in 8C.:
(
S Ž t , p . s S Ž t ,0 . y p 1.27656 q Ž 0.270413 q 2.98083 P 10y3 p . Ž yt . y 0.178627t Ž 5.9 .
Sea ice density is the reciprocal of its specific volume ŽEq. Ž4.16... Specific brine volume is approximately
Žr.m.s. of 30 ppm, V in cm3rkg, t in 8C, p in MPa.
V B Ž t ,0 . s 1000.156 q t Ž 15.127 q 0.405252 t .
Ž 5.10 .
V B Ž t , p . s V B Ž t ,0 . y p Ž 0.628256 q 0.0366695t q 0.00221893 p .
The first coefficient has been defined from pure water density, the other ones have been fitted to the specific
volume of seawater EG B rE p taken at brine salinity SŽ t, p .. The formula proposed by Yen Ž1981., r s 917Ž1 y
Ž4.51r1004.88. srt . and the polynomial ŽEq. Ž5.10.. are shown in Fig. 5b. Table 4 figures for density Žkgrm3 .
of air-free sea ice at atmospheric pressure have been taken from Cox and Weeks Ž1983., compared with the
current paper.
Table 5
Gibbs free energy GŽ s,t, p . in Jrkg
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
0 MPa
y0.18C y123.43 y126.24 y135.14 y163.26 y252.18 – – –
y0.28C y245.17 y246.97 y252.66 y270.64 y327.49 y507.28 – –
y0.38C y367.19 y368.40 y372.23 y384.35 y422.66 y543.80 – –
y0.48C y489.36 y490.16 y492.68 y500.66 y525.90 y605.71 – –
y0.58C y611.65 y612.13 y613.64 y618.43 y633.57 y681.43 – –
y0.68C y734.05 y734.27 y734.96 y737.14 y744.04 y765.87 y834.90 –
y0.78C y856.54 y856.54 y856.53 y856.52 y856.47 y856.32 y855.84 –
y0.88C y979.12 y978.93 y978.32 y976.40 y970.34 y951.17 y890.54 –
y0.98C y1101.79 y1101.43 y1100.29 y1096.70 y1085.33 y1049.39 y935.72 –
y1.08C y1224.54 y1224.03 y1222.42 y1217.33 y1201.22 y1150.27 y989.17 –
y1.18C y1347.38 y1346.73 y1344.69 y1338.24 y1317.84 y1253.32 y1049.30 –
y1.28C y1470.30 y1469.53 y1467.10 y1459.41 y1435.09 y1358.17 y1114.96 –
y1.38C y1593.30 y1592.42 y1589.62 y1580.79 y1552.86 y1464.55 y1185.26 –
y1.48C y1716.38 y1715.39 y1712.27 y1702.38 y1671.11 y1572.22 y1259.53 –
y1.58C y1839.54 y1838.46 y1835.02 y1824.14 y1789.76 y1681.03 y1337.21 –
y1.68C y1962.78 y1961.60 y1957.87 y1946.08 y1908.78 y1790.84 y1417.87 –
y1.78C y2086.10 y2084.84 y2080.83 y2068.17 y2028.14 y1901.53 y1501.15 –
y1.88C y2209.50 y2208.16 y2203.89 y2190.41 y2147.79 y2013.00 y1586.77 y238.90
Table 5 Žcontinued.
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
0 MPa
y1.98C y2332.98 y2331.56 y2327.05 y2312.80 y2267.72 y2125.19 y1674.47 y249.17
y2.08C y2456.54 y2455.04 y2450.30 y2435.31 y2387.91 y2238.03 y1764.05 y265.19
y2.18C y2580.17 y2578.61 y2573.64 y2557.95 y2508.34 y2351.45 y1855.32 y286.41
y2.28C y2703.89 y2702.25 y2697.08 y2680.72 y2628.99 y2465.41 y1948.13 y312.35
5 MPa
y0.48C 4959.52 4954.60 4939.07 4889.93 – – – –
y0.58C 4838.08 4835.52 4827.44 4801.86 4720.98 – – –
y0.68C 4715.87 4714.17 4708.77 4691.71 4637.74 4467.10 – –
y0.78C 4593.44 4592.26 4588.54 4576.76 4539.51 4421.72 – –
y0.88C 4470.86 4470.07 4467.56 4459.62 4434.51 4355.10 – –
y0.98C 4348.17 4347.68 4346.12 4341.19 4325.62 4276.36 – –
y1.08C 4225.38 4225.13 4224.36 4221.92 4214.19 4189.76 4112.52 –
y1.18C 4102.49 4102.46 4102.35 4102.02 4100.97 4097.66 4087.19 –
y1.28C 3979.51 3979.66 3980.14 3981.64 3986.41 4001.47 4049.10 –
y1.38C 3856.45 3856.76 3857.75 3860.88 3870.79 3902.12 4001.18 –
y1.48C 3733.30 3733.76 3735.21 3739.80 3754.33 3800.25 3945.47 –
y1.58C 3610.07 3610.66 3612.53 3618.45 3637.16 3696.32 3883.40 –
y1.68C 3486.76 3487.47 3489.72 3496.85 3519.39 3590.67 3816.07 –
y1.78C 3363.36 3364.19 3366.79 3375.04 3401.11 3483.56 3744.29 –
y1.88C 3239.89 3240.82 3243.75 3253.03 3282.38 3375.20 3668.71 –
y1.98C 3116.33 3117.36 3120.60 3130.85 3163.26 3265.74 3589.83 –
y2.08C 2992.70 2993.82 2997.34 3008.50 3043.77 3155.32 3508.08 –
y2.18C 2868.99 2870.19 2873.99 2885.99 2923.97 3044.05 3423.78 –
y2.28C 2745.19 2746.48 2750.53 2763.34 2803.86 2932.01 3337.22 4618.63
y2.38C 2621.32 2622.68 2626.98 2640.55 2683.49 2819.27 3248.64 4606.42
y2.48C 2497.38 2498.81 2503.33 2517.63 2562.87 2705.90 3158.23 4588.62
y2.58C 2373.35 2374.85 2379.59 2394.58 2442.01 2591.96 3066.17 4565.74
10 MPa
y0.88C 9913.44 9909.33 9896.31 9855.15 – – – –
y0.98C 9791.31 9788.89 9781.24 9757.04 9680.51 – – –
y1.08C 9668.67 9667.00 9661.74 9645.09 9592.44 9425.96 – –
y1.18C 9545.82 9544.65 9540.93 9529.18 9492.03 9374.55 – –
y1.28C 9422.84 9422.03 9419.47 9411.35 9385.68 9304.50 – –
y1.38C 9299.76 9299.23 9297.58 9292.35 9275.80 9223.47 9058.01 –
y1.48C 9176.57 9176.28 9175.39 9172.55 9163.57 9135.20 9045.45 –
y1.58C 9053.29 9053.21 9052.96 9052.17 9049.67 9041.76 9016.76 –
y1.68C 8929.92 8930.02 8930.33 8931.33 8934.49 8944.46 8976.02 –
y1.78C 8806.46 8806.72 8807.54 8810.12 8818.30 8844.16 8925.94 –
y1.88C 8682.92 8683.32 8684.59 8688.61 8701.30 8741.45 8868.40 –
y1.98C 8559.30 8559.83 8561.51 8566.82 8583.62 8636.76 8804.77 –
y2.08C 8435.59 8436.24 8438.30 8444.80 8465.37 8530.41 8736.07 –
y2.18C 8311.81 8312.57 8314.97 8322.58 8346.62 8422.64 8663.06 –
y2.28C 8187.94 8188.80 8191.53 8200.16 8227.43 8313.66 8586.37 –
y2.38C 8064.00 8064.96 8067.98 8077.56 8107.85 8203.62 8506.48 –
y2.48C 7939.97 7941.02 7944.33 7954.80 7987.92 8092.64 8423.79 –
y2.58C 7815.87 7817.00 7820.58 7831.89 7867.67 7980.82 8338.62 9470.09
y2.68C 7691.69 7692.90 7696.73 7708.84 7747.14 7868.25 8251.25 9462.38
y2.78C 7567.42 7568.71 7572.78 7585.65 7626.33 7755.00 8161.89 9448.58
y2.88C 7443.08 7444.44 7448.74 7462.32 7505.29 7641.14 8070.75 9429.29
y2.98C 7318.67 7320.09 7324.61 7338.88 7384.00 7526.71 7977.99 9405.05
Specific Gibbs free energy GŽ s,t, p . of sea ice in Jrkg calculated after Eq. Ž4.6. as a function of sea ice salinity s in PSU, temperature t in
8C, and applied pressure p in MPa.
Table 6
Enthalpy H Ž s,t, p . in kJrkg
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
0 MPa
y0.18C y331.85 y327.83 y315.11 y274.89 y147.69 – – –
y0.28C y333.00 y331.02 y324.76 y304.96 y242.35 y44.35 – –
y0.38C y333.52 y332.21 y328.07 y314.98 y273.59 y142.69 – –
y0.48C y333.89 y332.91 y329.82 y320.05 y289.16 y191.48 – –
y0.58C y334.19 y333.41 y330.94 y323.15 y298.52 y220.62 – –
y0.68C y334.46 y333.81 y331.76 y325.28 y304.79 y240.01 y35.13 –
y0.78C y334.71 y334.15 y332.40 y326.85 y309.31 y253.85 y78.44 –
y0.88C y334.95 y334.47 y332.93 y328.08 y312.74 y264.24 y110.86 –
y0.98C y335.18 y334.75 y333.39 y329.08 y315.45 y272.34 y136.03 –
y1.08C y335.41 y335.03 y333.80 y329.92 y317.65 y278.85 y156.15 –
y1.18C y335.64 y335.29 y334.17 y330.64 y319.48 y284.20 y172.62 –
y1.28C y335.86 y335.54 y334.51 y331.28 y321.04 y288.68 y186.34 –
y1.38C y336.08 y335.78 y334.84 y331.85 y322.39 y292.50 y197.96 –
y1.48C y336.30 y336.02 y335.14 y332.36 y323.58 y295.79 y207.93 –
y1.58C y336.52 y336.26 y335.44 y332.84 y324.63 y298.67 y216.58 –
y1.68C y336.73 y336.49 y335.72 y333.28 y325.58 y301.21 y224.16 –
y1.78C y336.95 y336.72 y335.99 y333.70 y326.43 y303.47 y230.87 –
y1.88C y337.16 y336.94 y336.26 y334.09 y327.22 y305.50 y236.84 y19.69
y1.98C y337.37 y337.17 y336.52 y334.46 y327.94 y307.34 y242.19 y36.17
y2.08C y337.59 y337.39 y336.77 y334.81 y328.61 y309.01 y247.02 y51.00
y2.18C y337.80 y337.61 y337.02 y335.15 y329.24 y310.54 y251.40 y64.40
y2.28C y338.01 y337.83 y337.27 y335.48 y329.82 y311.94 y255.40 y76.58
5 MPa
y0.48C y326.97 y311.05 y260.69 y101.43 – – – –
y0.58C y333.08 y329.91 y319.88 y288.15 y187.84 – – –
y0.68C y333.95 y332.20 y326.68 y309.23 y254.04 y79.51 – –
y0.78C y334.41 y333.21 y329.41 y317.40 y279.42 y159.31 – –
y0.88C y334.75 y333.84 y330.94 y321.79 y292.86 y201.35 – –
y0.98C y335.04 y334.30 y331.97 y324.58 y301.20 y227.30 – –
y1.08C y335.31 y334.69 y332.73 y326.53 y306.92 y244.93 y48.89 –
y1.18C y335.55 y335.02 y333.33 y327.99 y311.10 y257.70 y88.83 –
y1.28C y335.79 y335.32 y333.84 y329.15 y314.31 y267.40 y119.03 –
y1.38C y336.03 y335.61 y334.28 y330.10 y316.87 y275.02 y142.69 –
y1.48C y336.25 y335.88 y334.68 y330.90 y318.96 y281.18 y161.72 –
y1.58C y336.48 y336.13 y335.04 y331.60 y320.71 y286.27 y177.37 –
y1.68C y336.70 y336.38 y335.38 y332.22 y322.21 y290.56 y190.47 –
y1.78C y336.92 y336.62 y335.70 y332.77 y323.51 y294.22 y201.60 –
y1.88C y337.14 y336.86 y336.00 y333.27 y324.65 y297.39 y211.19 –
y1.98C y337.35 y337.10 y336.29 y333.74 y325.68 y300.17 y219.53 –
y2.08C y337.57 y337.33 y336.57 y334.17 y326.60 y302.63 y226.86 –
y2.18C y337.78 y337.56 y336.84 y334.58 y327.43 y304.83 y233.35 –
y2.28C y338.00 y337.78 y337.10 y334.96 y328.20 y306.80 y239.14 y25.16
y2.38C y338.21 y338.01 y337.36 y335.33 y328.91 y308.59 y244.34 y41.16
y2.48C y338.42 y338.23 y337.62 y335.68 y329.56 y310.22 y249.04 y55.57
y2.58C y338.63 y338.45 y337.86 y336.02 y330.18 y311.71 y253.31 y68.62
10 MPa
y0.88C y331.12 y322.36 y294.66 y207.07 – – – –
y0.98C y334.13 y331.42 y322.84 y295.72 y209.97 – – –
y1.08C y334.86 y333.26 y328.22 y312.29 y261.89 y102.52 – –
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
10 MPa
y1.18C y335.28 y334.15 y330.59 y319.33 y283.70 y171.05 – –
y1.28C y335.61 y334.74 y331.98 y323.27 y295.74 y208.65 – –
y1.38C y335.89 y335.18 y332.94 y325.84 y303.39 y232.41 y7.95 –
y1.48C y336.15 y335.55 y333.66 y327.67 y308.72 y248.80 y59.33 –
y1.58C y336.40 y335.88 y334.24 y329.05 y312.66 y260.81 y96.84 –
y1.68C y336.63 y336.18 y334.73 y330.16 y315.70 y269.99 y125.44 –
y1.78C y336.86 y336.46 y335.16 y331.07 y318.14 y277.26 y147.97 –
y1.88C y337.09 y336.72 y335.55 y331.85 y320.15 y283.16 y166.18 –
y1.98C y337.31 y336.98 y335.91 y332.53 y321.84 y288.06 y181.22 –
y2.08C y337.53 y337.22 y336.24 y333.13 y323.30 y292.20 y193.85 –
y2.18C y337.75 y337.46 y336.55 y333.67 y324.56 y295.74 y204.62 –
y2.28C y337.97 y337.70 y336.85 y334.17 y325.68 y298.82 y213.91 –
y2.38C y338.19 y337.93 y337.14 y334.62 y326.67 y301.53 y222.01 –
y2.48C y338.40 y338.16 y337.42 y335.05 y327.57 y303.92 y229.14 –
y2.58C y338.61 y338.39 y337.69 y335.45 y328.39 y306.07 y235.47 y12.21
y2.68C y338.83 y338.62 y337.95 y335.83 y329.15 y308.00 y241.12 y29.64
y2.78C y339.04 y338.84 y338.20 y336.19 y329.84 y309.75 y246.20 y45.26
y2.88C y339.25 y339.06 y338.46 y336.54 y330.49 y311.34 y250.80 y59.36
y2.98C y339.46 y339.28 y338.70 y336.87 y331.09 y312.81 y254.98 y72.13
Specific enthalpy H Ž s,t, p . of sea ice in kJrkg calculated after Eq. Ž4.15. as a function of sea ice salinity s in PSU, temperature t in 8C, and
applied pressure p in MPa.
Table 7
Entropy s Ž s,t, p . in Jrkg K
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
0 MPa
y0.18C y1214.89 y1200.15 y1153.54 y1006.13 y539.98 – – –
y0.28C y1219.12 y1211.86 y1188.90 y1116.29 y886.69 y160.63 – –
y0.38C y1221.02 y1216.22 y1201.04 y1153.02 y1001.17 y520.97 – –
y0.48C y1222.35 y1218.77 y1207.43 y1171.59 y1058.25 y699.82 – –
y0.58C y1223.46 y1220.60 y1211.56 y1182.97 y1092.56 y806.68 – –
y0.68C y1224.45 y1222.07 y1214.55 y1190.77 y1115.57 y877.78 y125.82 –
y0.78C y1225.37 y1223.34 y1216.90 y1196.54 y1132.16 y928.57 y284.78 –
y0.88C y1226.26 y1224.48 y1218.85 y1201.05 y1144.75 y966.73 y403.77 –
y0.98C y1227.12 y1225.53 y1220.53 y1204.71 y1154.68 y996.49 y496.22 –
y1.08C y1227.96 y1226.53 y1222.03 y1207.79 y1162.77 y1020.39 y570.15 –
y1.18C y1228.78 y1227.49 y1223.40 y1210.45 y1169.51 y1040.05 y630.65 –
y1.28C y1229.60 y1228.41 y1224.66 y1212.79 y1175.25 y1056.53 y681.10 –
y1.38C y1230.41 y1229.31 y1225.85 y1214.88 y1180.21 y1070.56 y723.83 –
y1.48C y1231.22 y1230.20 y1226.97 y1216.79 y1184.57 y1082.69 y760.51 –
y1.58C y1232.01 y1231.06 y1228.05 y1218.54 y1188.44 y1093.28 y792.36 –
y1.68C y1232.81 y1231.92 y1229.09 y1220.16 y1191.93 y1102.64 y820.28 –
y1.78C y1233.60 y1232.76 y1230.10 y1221.69 y1195.09 y1110.97 y844.97 –
y1.88C y1234.39 y1233.59 y1231.08 y1223.13 y1197.98 y1118.45 y866.97 y71.70
y1.98C y1235.18 y1234.42 y1232.04 y1224.49 y1200.64 y1125.22 y886.70 y132.44
y2.08C y1235.96 y1235.24 y1232.97 y1225.80 y1203.11 y1131.37 y904.51 y187.10
y2.18C y1236.74 y1236.06 y1233.90 y1227.06 y1205.42 y1137.01 y920.67 y236.54
y2.28C y1237.53 y1236.87 y1234.80 y1228.26 y1207.59 y1142.19 y935.40 y281.48
Žcontinued overleaf.
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
5 MPa
y0.48C y1197.87 y1139.48 y954.86 y371.04 – – – –
y0.58C y1220.25 y1208.61 y1171.81 y1055.42 y687.36 – – –
y0.68C y1223.44 y1217.03 y1196.77 y1132.71 y930.12 y289.47 – –
y0.78C y1225.13 y1220.72 y1206.77 y1162.67 y1023.20 y582.18 – –
y0.88C y1226.38 y1223.02 y1212.39 y1178.78 y1072.51 y736.43 – –
y0.98C y1227.45 y1224.73 y1216.15 y1189.00 y1103.16 y831.69 – –
y1.08C y1228.42 y1226.14 y1218.94 y1196.16 y1124.15 y896.43 y176.30 –
y1.18C y1229.33 y1227.37 y1221.16 y1201.55 y1139.51 y943.35 y323.02 –
y1.28C y1230.21 y1228.48 y1223.03 y1205.80 y1151.31 y978.98 y434.03 –
y1.38C y1231.06 y1229.52 y1224.66 y1209.29 y1160.69 y1007.00 y520.98 –
y1.48C y1231.90 y1230.51 y1226.12 y1212.25 y1168.38 y1029.65 y590.96 –
y1.58C y1232.72 y1231.46 y1227.46 y1214.81 y1174.83 y1048.39 y648.54 –
y1.68C y1233.53 y1232.37 y1228.70 y1217.08 y1180.34 y1064.16 y696.76 –
y1.78C y1234.34 y1233.27 y1229.87 y1219.12 y1185.13 y1077.65 y737.75 –
y1.88C y1235.14 y1234.14 y1230.98 y1220.98 y1189.35 y1089.33 y773.05 –
y1.98C y1235.94 y1235.01 y1232.05 y1222.69 y1193.11 y1099.58 y803.78 –
y2.08C y1236.73 y1235.86 y1233.08 y1224.29 y1196.51 y1108.64 y830.78 –
y2.18C y1237.53 y1236.70 y1234.08 y1225.79 y1199.59 y1116.73 y854.71 –
y2.28C y1238.31 y1237.53 y1235.05 y1227.21 y1202.42 y1124.01 y876.07 y92.02
y2.38C y1239.10 y1238.36 y1236.00 y1228.56 y1205.03 y1130.60 y895.26 y151.05
y2.48C y1239.88 y1239.18 y1236.94 y1229.85 y1207.45 y1136.61 y912.61 y204.24
y2.58C y1240.67 y1239.99 y1237.85 y1231.09 y1209.72 y1142.12 y928.37 y252.43
10 MPa
y0.88C y1213.91 y1181.76 y1080.10 y758.61 – – – –
y0.98C y1224.94 y1214.98 y1183.48 y1083.88 y768.93 – – –
y1.08C y1227.60 y1221.74 y1203.23 y1144.67 y959.50 y373.94 – –
y1.18C y1229.16 y1225.02 y1211.93 y1170.52 y1039.60 y625.56 – –
y1.28C y1230.36 y1227.16 y1217.04 y1185.03 y1083.80 y763.69 – –
y1.38C y1231.40 y1228.79 y1220.54 y1194.45 y1111.93 y851.00 y25.85 –
y1.48C y1232.36 y1230.15 y1223.19 y1201.16 y1131.51 y911.24 y214.71 –
y1.58C y1233.26 y1231.36 y1225.33 y1206.27 y1145.99 y955.39 y352.64 –
y1.68C y1234.13 y1232.45 y1227.14 y1210.34 y1157.20 y989.17 y457.82 –
y1.78C y1234.98 y1233.48 y1228.73 y1213.70 y1166.18 y1015.91 y540.73 –
y1.88C y1235.82 y1234.46 y1230.16 y1216.56 y1173.58 y1037.64 y607.79 –
y1.98C y1236.64 y1235.40 y1231.47 y1219.06 y1179.81 y1055.68 y663.17 –
y2.08C y1237.45 y1236.31 y1232.70 y1221.27 y1185.15 y1070.92 y709.71 –
y2.18C y1238.26 y1237.20 y1233.85 y1223.27 y1189.81 y1084.00 y749.39 –
y2.28C y1239.06 y1238.07 y1234.95 y1225.10 y1193.92 y1095.35 y783.63 –
y2.38C y1239.85 y1238.93 y1236.01 y1226.78 y1197.60 y1105.32 y813.51 –
y2.48C y1240.64 y1239.78 y1237.03 y1228.36 y1200.92 y1114.16 y839.81 –
y2.58C y1241.43 y1240.62 y1238.03 y1229.84 y1203.95 y1122.07 y863.15 y44.39
y2.68C y1242.22 y1241.45 y1238.99 y1231.24 y1206.72 y1129.19 y884.02 y108.72
y2.78C y1243.01 y1242.27 y1239.94 y1232.58 y1209.29 y1135.66 y902.80 y166.43
y2.88C y1243.79 y1243.09 y1240.87 y1233.86 y1211.68 y1141.55 y919.79 y218.49
y2.98C y1244.57 y1243.90 y1241.79 y1235.09 y1213.92 y1146.96 y935.24 y265.70
Specific entropy s Ž s,t, p . of sea ice in Jrkg K calculated after Eq. Ž4.14. as a function of sea ice salinity s in PSU, temperature t in 8C, and
Table 8
Density r s1r V Ž s,t, p . in kgrm3
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
0 MPa
y0.18C 917.16 918.09 921.07 930.60 962.08 – – –
y0.28C 916.96 917.42 918.91 923.63 938.89 990.64 – –
y0.38C 916.90 917.21 918.21 921.37 931.52 965.13 – –
y0.48C 916.88 917.12 917.87 920.27 927.92 952.99 – –
y0.58C 916.87 917.06 917.68 919.61 925.80 945.91 – –
y0.68C 916.87 917.04 917.55 919.19 924.40 941.27 998.94 –
y0.78C 916.88 917.02 917.47 918.89 923.41 938.01 987.38 –
y0.88C 916.88 917.01 917.41 918.67 922.68 935.59 978.92 –
y0.98C 916.89 917.01 917.36 918.50 922.11 933.73 972.46 –
y1.08C 916.90 917.01 917.33 918.37 921.67 932.25 967.37 –
y1.18C 916.91 917.01 917.31 918.27 921.31 931.05 963.26 –
y1.28C 916.92 917.01 917.29 918.18 921.01 930.05 959.86 –
y1.38C 916.94 917.02 917.28 918.12 920.76 929.22 957.02 –
y1.48C 916.95 917.03 917.27 918.06 920.55 928.50 954.60 –
y1.58C 916.96 917.04 917.27 918.01 920.37 927.89 952.52 –
y1.68C 916.97 917.04 917.27 917.97 920.21 927.36 950.71 –
y1.78C 916.99 917.05 917.27 917.94 920.07 926.89 949.12 –
y1.88C 917.00 917.06 917.27 917.91 919.96 926.48 947.72 1021.82
y1.98C 917.01 917.07 917.27 917.89 919.85 926.11 946.48 1017.21
y2.08C 917.03 917.09 917.27 917.87 919.76 925.78 945.36 1013.11
y2.18C 917.04 917.10 917.28 917.85 919.68 925.49 944.35 1009.43
y2.28C 917.05 917.11 917.28 917.84 919.60 925.22 943.45 1006.12
5 MPa
y0.48C 919.56 923.31 935.36 975.66 – – – –
y0.58C 918.20 918.95 921.34 928.99 954.05 – – –
y0.68C 918.06 918.48 919.81 924.06 937.75 983.86 – –
y0.78C 918.01 918.31 919.24 922.20 931.69 963.04 – –
y0.88C 918.00 918.22 918.94 921.23 928.55 952.46 – –
y0.98C 917.99 918.18 918.77 920.64 926.63 946.06 – –
y1.08C 917.99 918.15 918.65 920.25 925.33 941.79 997.89 –
y1.18C 918.00 918.14 918.58 919.97 924.41 938.73 987.09 –
y1.28C 918.00 918.13 918.52 919.76 923.72 936.44 979.08 –
y1.38C 918.01 918.13 918.48 919.60 923.18 934.66 972.92 –
y1.48C 918.02 918.13 918.45 919.48 922.75 933.24 968.03 –
y1.58C 918.03 918.13 918.43 919.38 922.40 932.07 964.06 –
y1.68C 918.04 918.13 918.41 919.30 922.11 931.11 960.77 –
y1.78C 918.06 918.14 918.40 919.23 921.87 930.29 958.00 –
y1.88C 918.07 918.15 918.39 919.18 921.66 929.60 955.63 –
y1.98C 918.08 918.15 918.39 919.13 921.48 929.00 953.59 –
y2.08C 918.09 918.16 918.39 919.09 921.33 928.47 951.82 –
y2.18C 918.11 918.17 918.39 919.06 921.19 928.01 950.25 –
y2.28C 918.12 918.18 918.39 919.03 921.08 927.61 948.87 1023.04
y2.38C 918.13 918.19 918.39 919.01 920.97 927.24 947.64 1018.49
y2.48C 918.15 918.20 918.39 918.99 920.88 926.92 946.53 1014.43
y2.58C 918.16 918.22 918.40 918.97 920.80 926.63 945.54 1010.78
10 MPa
y0.88C 919.92 922.02 928.72 950.55 – – – –
y0.98C 919.27 919.93 922.02 928.68 950.38 – – –
y1.08C 919.17 919.56 920.80 924.75 937.48 980.14 – –
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
10 MPa
y1.18C 919.13 919.41 920.30 923.13 932.20 962.09 – –
y1.28C 919.12 919.34 920.04 922.26 929.35 952.50 – –
y1.38C 919.11 919.29 919.87 921.71 927.56 946.56 1012.12 –
y1.48C 919.11 919.27 919.77 921.34 926.34 942.52 997.64 –
y1.58C 919.12 919.26 919.69 921.07 925.46 939.61 987.35 –
y1.68C 919.13 919.25 919.64 920.87 924.79 937.40 979.66 –
y1.78C 919.13 919.25 919.60 920.72 924.27 935.68 973.69 –
y1.88C 919.14 919.25 919.57 920.59 923.85 934.29 968.94 –
y1.98C 919.16 919.25 919.55 920.50 923.51 933.16 965.05 –
y2.08C 919.17 919.25 919.53 920.42 923.22 932.21 961.83 –
y2.18C 919.18 919.26 919.52 920.35 922.99 931.41 959.10 –
y2.28C 919.19 919.27 919.51 920.30 922.78 930.73 956.78 –
y2.38C 919.20 919.28 919.51 920.25 922.61 930.13 954.76 –
y2.48C 919.21 919.28 919.51 920.21 922.46 929.61 953.00 –
y2.58C 919.23 919.29 919.51 920.18 922.32 929.16 951.46 1029.59
y2.68C 919.24 919.30 919.51 920.15 922.21 928.75 950.09 1024.50
y2.78C 919.25 919.31 919.51 920.13 922.10 928.39 948.86 1019.97
y2.88C 919.26 919.32 919.51 920.11 922.01 928.07 947.76 1015.93
y2.98C 919.28 919.34 919.52 920.10 921.93 927.78 946.77 1012.30
Density r Ž s,t, p . s1r V Ž s,t, p . of sea ice in kgrm3 calculated after Eq. Ž4.16. as a function of sea ice salinity s in PSU, temperature t in
Table 9
Specific heat CP Ž s,t, p . in kJrkg K
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
0 MPa
y0.18C 21.11 62.24 192.28 603.52 1903.97 – – –
y0.28C 6.77 16.89 48.88 150.04 469.94 1481.55 – –
y0.38C 4.15 8.60 22.66 67.12 207.73 652.38 – –
y0.48C 3.24 5.72 13.56 38.37 116.81 364.86 – –
y0.58C 2.82 4.40 9.39 25.16 75.04 232.77 – –
y0.68C 2.60 3.69 7.13 18.03 52.49 161.46 506.05 –
y0.78C 2.46 3.26 5.78 13.75 38.96 118.68 370.78 –
y0.88C 2.37 2.98 4.90 10.99 30.22 91.04 283.36 –
y0.98C 2.31 2.79 4.31 9.10 24.25 72.16 223.66 –
y1.08C 2.27 2.66 3.88 7.75 19.99 58.69 181.08 –
y1.18C 2.24 2.55 3.56 6.76 16.85 48.76 149.67 –
y1.28C 2.21 2.48 3.32 6.00 14.46 41.22 125.83 –
y1.38C 2.19 2.42 3.14 5.41 12.61 35.36 107.31 –
y1.48C 2.18 2.37 2.99 4.95 11.14 30.72 92.64 –
y1.58C 2.16 2.33 2.87 4.58 9.96 26.98 80.82 –
y1.68C 2.15 2.30 2.78 4.27 8.99 23.93 71.15 –
y1.78C 2.15 2.28 2.69 4.02 8.19 21.40 63.15 –
y1.88C 2.14 2.26 2.63 3.80 7.52 19.28 56.45 174.00
y1.98C 2.13 2.24 2.57 3.62 6.95 17.48 50.78 156.08
y2.08C 2.13 2.22 2.52 3.47 6.47 15.95 45.94 140.78
y2.18C 2.12 2.21 2.48 3.34 6.05 14.63 41.78 127.62
y2.28C 2.12 2.19 2.44 3.22 5.69 13.49 38.17 116.21
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
5 MPa
y0.48C 291.15 916.19 2892.72 9143.06 – – – –
y0.58C 14.00 39.76 121.21 378.78 1193.28 – – –
y0.68C 5.74 13.62 38.56 117.41 366.76 1155.27 – –
y0.78C 3.82 7.57 19.43 56.93 175.52 550.52 – –
y0.88C 3.10 5.28 12.17 33.95 102.86 320.74 – –
y0.98C 2.75 4.17 8.66 22.86 67.78 209.81 – –
y1.08C 2.55 3.55 6.70 16.68 48.24 148.02 463.58 –
y1.18C 2.43 3.17 5.50 12.89 36.26 110.15 343.81 –
y1.28C 2.35 2.92 4.72 10.41 28.40 85.28 265.17 –
y1.38C 2.29 2.75 4.17 8.69 22.96 68.09 210.81 –
y1.48C 2.25 2.62 3.78 7.45 19.04 55.71 171.67 –
y1.58C 2.22 2.53 3.49 6.53 16.13 46.51 142.56 –
y1.68C 2.20 2.46 3.27 5.82 13.91 39.48 120.33 –
y1.78C 2.18 2.40 3.09 5.27 12.17 33.98 102.96 –
y1.88C 2.17 2.36 2.95 4.84 10.79 29.61 89.14 –
y1.98C 2.16 2.32 2.84 4.48 9.67 26.08 77.96 –
y2.08C 2.15 2.29 2.75 4.19 8.75 23.18 68.79 –
y2.18C 2.14 2.27 2.67 3.95 7.99 20.77 61.17 –
y2.28C 2.13 2.25 2.61 3.75 7.35 18.74 54.78 168.72
y2.38C 2.13 2.23 2.55 3.57 6.81 17.03 49.35 151.57
y2.48C 2.12 2.21 2.50 3.43 6.34 15.56 44.71 136.90
y2.58C 2.12 2.20 2.46 3.30 5.94 14.30 40.72 124.26
10 MPa
y0.88C 90.86 282.82 889.84 2809.42 – – – –
y0.98C 10.83 29.74 89.54 278.64 876.61 – – –
y1.08C 5.13 11.73 32.57 98.47 306.87 965.90 – –
y1.18C 3.61 6.92 17.36 50.40 154.86 485.20 – –
y1.28C 3.00 4.97 11.22 30.97 93.42 290.91 – –
y1.38C 2.69 4.00 8.15 21.25 62.70 193.77 608.25 –
y1.48C 2.52 3.45 6.40 15.72 45.20 138.42 433.21 –
y1.58C 2.41 3.10 5.30 12.27 34.29 103.94 324.19 –
y1.68C 2.33 2.87 4.58 9.98 27.05 81.04 251.77 –
y1.78C 2.28 2.71 4.07 8.38 22.00 65.06 201.24 –
y1.88C 2.24 2.60 3.71 7.22 18.33 53.47 164.59 –
y1.98C 2.22 2.51 3.43 6.35 15.59 44.80 137.18 –
y2.08C 2.19 2.44 3.22 5.69 13.49 38.15 116.14 –
y2.18C 2.18 2.39 3.05 5.16 11.83 32.93 99.64 –
y2.28C 2.16 2.35 2.92 4.75 10.52 28.76 86.45 –
y2.38C 2.15 2.31 2.81 4.41 9.45 25.38 75.76 –
y2.48C 2.14 2.28 2.73 4.13 8.57 22.60 66.96 –
y2.58C 2.13 2.26 2.65 3.90 7.83 20.28 59.64 184.10
y2.68C 2.13 2.24 2.59 3.70 7.22 18.33 53.47 164.61
y2.78C 2.12 2.22 2.54 3.53 6.69 16.67 48.24 148.05
y2.88C 2.12 2.21 2.49 3.39 6.24 15.25 43.75 133.87
y2.98C 2.11 2.19 2.45 3.27 5.85 14.03 39.88 121.62
Specific heat at constant pressure CP Ž s,t, p . of sea ice in kJrkg K calculated after Eq. Ž4.17. as a function of sea ice salinity s in PSU,
temperature t in 8C, and applied pressure p in MPa.
Table 10
Thermal cubic expansion coefficient g Ž s,t, p . in ppmrK
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
0 MPa
y0.18C y4586.2 y14 860.0 y47 487.1 y152 068.3 y497 508.5 – – –
y0.28C y1008.9 y3534.1 y11 536.3 y37 012.9 y119 328.5 y398 518.8 – –
y0.38C y355.0 y1464.8 y4979.2 y16 143.1 y51 958.3 y170 595.1 – –
y0.48C y128.3 y747.5 y2707.4 y8926.7 y28 809.1 y93 918.4 – –
y0.58C y24.2 y418.0 y1664.2 y5616.1 y18 223.6 y59 232.1 – –
y0.68C 32.0 y240.1 y1101.2 y3830.3 y12 525.2 y40 681.5 y136 899.6 –
y0.78C 65.6 y133.5 y763.5 y2759.8 y9113.5 y29 624.0 y98 977.3 –
y0.88C 87.4 y64.6 y545.3 y2068.3 y6911.9 y22 511.1 y74 847.0 –
y0.98C 102.2 y17.5 y396.3 y1596.1 y5409.6 y17 669.2 y58 554.1 –
y1.08C 112.7 16.0 y290.1 y1259.4 y4339.3 y14 225.9 y47 040.2 –
y1.18C 120.5 40.7 y211.7 y1011.1 y3550.0 y11 690.3 y38 604.6 –
y1.28C 126.4 59.5 y152.3 y822.7 y2951.3 y9769.5 y32 240.2 –
y1.38C 131.0 74.0 y106.1 y676.3 y2486.4 y8279.5 y27 320.5 –
y1.48C 134.5 85.5 y69.5 y560.4 y2118.2 y7100.5 y23 438.9 –
y1.58C 137.4 94.8 y40.1 y467.0 y1821.7 y6151.6 y20 322.3 –
y1.68C 139.8 102.4 y16.0 y390.7 y1579.3 y5376.4 y17 781.8 –
y1.78C 141.7 108.6 3.9 y327.5 y1378.6 y4734.9 y15 683.6 –
y1.88C 143.3 113.8 20.6 y274.5 y1210.5 y4198.0 y13 930.5 y47 874.6
y1.98C 144.7 118.2 34.7 y229.8 y1068.4 y3744.2 y12 450.6 y42 691.1
y2.08C 145.8 122.0 46.7 y191.6 y947.1 y3357.0 y11 189.8 y38 295.8
y2.18C 146.8 125.2 57.0 y158.7 y842.8 y3024.1 y10 106.9 y34 536.3
y2.28C 147.6 128.0 66.0 y130.2 y752.4 y2735.6 y9169.8 y31 295.4
5 MPa
y0.48C y73 277.2 y233 006.3 y746 797.8 y2 463 682.8 – – – –
y0.58C y2866.1 y9408.1 y30 166.5 y96 527.6 y313 828.8 – – –
y0.68C y769.4 y2771.1 y9112.9 y29 289.5 y94 338.0 y313 350.6 – –
y0.78C y284.4 y1236.3 y4250.4 y13 822.2 y44 501.0 y145 812.5 – –
y0.88C y100.2 y653.3 y2404.2 y7959.0 y25 708.7 y83 740.3 – –
y0.98C y11.3 y371.9 y1513.2 y5132.1 y16 674.0 y54 180.3 – –
y1.08C 38.2 y215.2 y1017.1 y3558.7 y11 654.5 y37 854.7 y127 203.5 –
y1.18C 68.5 y119.1 y713.0 y2594.7 y8583.1 y27 906.1 y93 153.8 –
y1.28C 88.4 y56.1 y513.4 y1962.1 y6569.2 y21 402.4 y71 120.6 –
y1.38C 102.1 y12.5 y375.4 y1524.9 y5178.2 y16 920.2 y56 052.7 –
y1.48C 112.0 18.8 y276.1 y1210.1 y4177.5 y13 701.6 y45 297.5 –
y1.58C 119.3 42.1 y202.3 y976.1 y3433.8 y11 312.8 y37 353.9 –
y1.68C 124.9 59.9 y145.9 y797.4 y2866.0 y9491.3 y31 321.0 –
y1.78C 129.2 73.7 y101.9 y657.9 y2422.7 y8070.7 y26 631.4 –
y1.88C 132.7 84.8 y66.8 y546.8 y2070.0 y6941.4 y22 913.8 –
y1.98C 135.5 93.7 y38.5 y457.0 y1784.8 y6028.7 y19 916.7 –
y2.08C 137.7 101.0 y15.3 y383.3 y1550.8 y5280.5 y17 465.1 –
y2.18C 139.6 107.0 4.0 y322.1 y1356.5 y4659.5 y15 434.0 –
y2.28C 141.1 112.1 20.2 y270.8 y1193.4 y4138.4 y13 732.2 y47 191.9
y2.38C 142.5 116.4 33.9 y227.2 y1055.1 y3696.8 y12 292.2 y42 148.1
y2.48C 143.6 120.0 45.6 y190.0 y936.9 y3319.2 y11 062.7 y37 861.6
y2.58C 144.5 123.2 55.7 y157.9 y834.9 y2993.9 y10 004.6 y34 187.8
10 MPa
y0.88C y22 755.8 y72 457.1 y231 128.6 y748 415.6 – – – –
y0.98C y2102.0 y6984.0 y22 468.0 y71 898.2 y233 019.2 – – –
y1.08C y632.8 y2333.5 y7721.3 y24 855.2 y80 019.0 y264 910.2 – –
y1.18C y240.8 y1093.3 y3792.5 y12 362.6 y39 814.1 y130 287.1 – –
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
10 MPa
y1.28C y82.5 y592.2 y2205.5 y7323.6 y23 672.3 y77 066.7 – –
y1.38C y3.3 y341.6 y1412.4 y4807.2 y15 632.4 y50 787.4 y172 092.6 –
y1.48C 41.7 y198.9 y960.5 y3374.4 y11 062.2 y35 932.1 y120 631.3 –
y1.58C 69.8 y110.1 y679.2 y2482.4 y8220.5 y26 731.2 y89 181.8 –
y1.68C 88.4 y51.1 y492.3 y1890.1 y6335.1 y20 643.6 y68 575.8 –
y1.78C 101.4 y9.9 y361.9 y1476.9 y5020.7 y16 409.3 y54 349.0 –
y1.88C 110.8 19.9 y267.4 y1177.4 y4068.3 y13 346.2 y44 117.4 –
y1.98C 117.8 42.2 y196.7 y953.3 y3356.2 y11 059.2 y36 514.3 –
y2.08C 123.1 59.3 y142.4 y781.3 y2809.8 y9306.7 y30 710.6 –
y2.18C 127.3 72.7 y99.9 y646.5 y2381.6 y7934.2 y26 180.1 –
y2.28C 130.6 83.4 y66.0 y538.8 y2039.6 y6839.1 y22 575.6 –
y2.38C 133.3 92.1 y38.4 y451.5 y1762.2 y5951.4 y19 660.7 –
y2.48C 135.5 99.2 y15.8 y379.6 y1534.0 y5221.8 y17 269.8 –
y2.58C 137.4 105.1 3.1 y319.8 y1344.1 y4614.8 y15 284.2 y52 671.0
y2.68C 138.9 110.1 18.9 y269.5 y1184.3 y4104.3 y13 617.1 y46 800.4
y2.78C 140.2 114.3 32.4 y226.8 y1048.6 y3670.8 y12 203.7 y41 848.7
y2.88C 141.3 117.9 43.9 y190.1 y932.3 y3299.7 y10 995.0 y37 633.3
y2.98C 142.2 121.0 53.9 y158.5 y832.0 y2979.4 y9953.1 y34 014.9
Thermal isobaric cubic expansion coefficient g Ž s,t, p . of sea ice in ppmrK calculated after Eq. Ž4.21. as a function of sea ice salinity s in
PSU, temperature t in 8C, and applied pressure p in MPa.
Table 11
Isochoric pressure coefficient b Ž s,t, p . in 1rK, multiplied by absolute pressure P in MPa
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
0 MPa
y0.18C y7.827 y10.990 y12.546 y13.127 y13.322 – – –
y0.28C y3.158 y6.950 y10.416 y12.278 y13.004 y13.250 – –
y0.38C y1.312 y4.138 y8.056 y11.080 y12.525 y13.059 – –
y0.48C y0.506 y2.489 y6.041 y9.732 y11.919 y12.816 – –
y0.58C y0.099 y1.517 y4.498 y8.392 y11.223 y12.525 – –
y0.68C 0.132 y0.916 y3.361 y7.159 y10.473 y12.195 y12.855 –
y0.78C 0.275 y0.525 y2.527 y6.072 y9.703 y11.831 y12.697 –
y0.88C 0.368 y0.259 y1.909 y5.141 y8.939 y11.440 y12.526 –
y0.98C 0.433 y0.071 y1.444 y4.354 y8.200 y11.029 y12.341 –
y1.08C 0.479 0.066 y1.089 y3.692 y7.499 y10.605 y12.146 –
y1.18C 0.514 0.169 y0.813 y3.138 y6.843 y10.174 y11.941 –
y1.28C 0.540 0.249 y0.595 y2.672 y6.236 y9.739 y11.727 –
y1.38C 0.560 0.311 y0.421 y2.280 y5.679 y9.307 y11.505 –
y1.48C 0.576 0.361 y0.279 y1.947 y5.170 y8.879 y11.277 –
y1.58C 0.590 0.401 y0.162 y1.664 y4.707 y8.460 y11.044 –
y1.68C 0.600 0.434 y0.065 y1.422 y4.287 y8.052 y10.806 –
y1.78C 0.609 0.462 0.016 y1.214 y3.906 y7.656 y10.565 –
y1.88C 0.616 0.485 0.085 y1.033 y3.560 y7.274 y10.321 y11.838
y1.98C 0.623 0.504 0.144 y0.876 y3.247 y6.906 y10.076 y11.714
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
0 MPa
y2.08C 0.628 0.521 0.195 y0.739 y2.963 y6.554 y9.830 y11.588
y2.18C 0.632 0.535 0.238 y0.618 y2.706 y6.217 y9.584 y11.459
y2.28C 0.636 0.548 0.277 y0.512 y2.471 y5.895 y9.339 y11.328
5 MPa
y0.48C y12.697 y13.076 y13.200 y13.240 – – – –
y0.58C y6.217 y9.838 y11.934 y12.782 y13.075 – – –
y0.68C y2.544 y6.096 y9.731 y11.860 y12.728 y13.027 – –
y0.78C y1.070 y3.654 y7.481 y10.648 y12.233 y12.831 – –
y0.88C y0.398 y2.222 y5.616 y9.328 y11.623 y12.586 – –
y0.98C y0.046 y1.364 y4.200 y8.041 y10.934 y12.297 – –
y1.08C 0.159 y0.826 y3.154 y6.865 y10.200 y11.970 y12.656 –
y1.18C 0.287 y0.470 y2.383 y5.834 y9.451 y11.612 y12.501 –
y1.28C 0.373 y0.226 y1.808 y4.950 y8.711 y11.229 y12.333 –
y1.38C 0.433 y0.051 y1.374 y4.202 y7.997 y10.828 y12.153 –
y1.48C 0.476 0.077 y1.040 y3.573 y7.320 y10.415 y11.963 –
y1.58C 0.509 0.175 y0.778 y3.045 y6.687 y9.995 y11.763 –
y1.68C 0.533 0.250 y0.571 y2.599 y6.102 y9.573 y11.555 –
y1.78C 0.553 0.310 y0.404 y2.223 y5.564 y9.153 y11.339 –
y1.88C 0.568 0.357 y0.268 y1.903 y5.072 y8.738 y11.118 –
y1.98C 0.581 0.396 y0.156 y1.630 y4.624 y8.331 y10.891 –
y2.08C 0.591 0.428 y0.062 y1.396 y4.216 y7.934 y10.660 –
y2.18C 0.600 0.455 0.016 y1.194 y3.847 y7.549 y10.426 –
y2.28C 0.607 0.477 0.083 y1.019 y3.511 y7.177 y10.189 y11.689
y2.38C 0.613 0.496 0.140 y0.866 y3.206 y6.819 y9.951 y11.569
y2.48C 0.618 0.512 0.190 y0.732 y2.930 y6.476 y9.712 y11.447
y2.58C 0.622 0.527 0.233 y0.615 y2.678 y6.147 y9.472 y11.322
10 MPa
y0.88C y11.459 y12.515 y12.888 y13.010 – – – –
y0.98C y5.183 y8.948 y11.406 y12.469 y12.845 – – –
y1.08C y2.160 y5.504 y9.200 y11.508 y12.480 y12.821 – –
y1.18C y0.917 y3.326 y7.056 y10.299 y11.979 y12.623 – –
y1.28C y0.329 y2.041 y5.311 y9.013 y11.373 y12.378 – –
y1.38C y0.014 y1.262 y3.988 y7.772 y10.695 y12.092 y12.609 –
y1.48C 0.173 y0.766 y3.009 y6.644 y9.977 y11.771 y12.471 –
y1.58C 0.292 y0.436 y2.284 y5.657 y9.248 y11.420 y12.320 –
y1.68C 0.373 y0.206 y1.741 y4.811 y8.530 y11.047 y12.157 –
y1.78C 0.429 y0.040 y1.327 y4.094 y7.838 y10.656 y11.982 –
y1.88C 0.471 0.082 y1.008 y3.490 y7.182 y10.254 y11.797 –
y1.98C 0.502 0.175 y0.757 y2.980 y6.569 y9.845 y11.602 –
y2.08C 0.526 0.248 y0.558 y2.550 y6.001 y9.434 y11.400 –
y2.18C 0.544 0.305 y0.396 y2.186 y5.479 y9.025 y11.191 –
y2.28C 0.559 0.351 y0.264 y1.875 y5.001 y8.622 y10.976 –
y2.38C 0.571 0.389 y0.155 y1.610 y4.565 y8.226 y10.755 –
y2.48C 0.581 0.420 y0.064 y1.382 y4.168 y7.839 y10.531 –
y2.58C 0.590 0.446 0.013 y1.185 y3.807 y7.464 y10.303 y11.665
y2.68C 0.597 0.468 0.078 y1.013 y3.479 y7.102 y10.073 y11.551
y2.78C 0.603 0.487 0.134 y0.864 y3.181 y6.752 y9.841 y11.435
y2.88C 0.608 0.503 0.183 y0.732 y2.910 y6.417 y9.609 y11.317
y2.98C 0.612 0.517 0.225 y0.617 y2.664 y6.096 y9.376 y11.196
Isochoric pressure coefficient b Ž s,t, p . of sea ice in 1rK calculated after Eq. Ž4.30. as a function of sea ice salinity s in PSU, temperature t
in 8C, and applied pressure p in MPa, multiplied by absolute pressure P in MPa.
Table 12
Isothermal compressibility v Ž s,t, p . in ppmrMPa
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
0 MPa
y0.18C 585.95 1352.09 3785.18 11 584.06 37 344.38 – – –
y0.28C 319.47 508.50 1107.53 3014.65 9176.63 30 076.24 – –
y0.38C 270.62 354.02 618.10 1457.01 4148.33 13 063.24 – –
y0.48C 253.62 300.32 448.17 917.30 2417.06 7328.38 – –
y0.58C 245.78 275.59 369.95 669.19 1623.82 4728.94 – –
y0.68C 241.51 262.19 327.63 535.07 1195.93 3335.97 10 649.12 –
y0.78C 238.93 254.12 302.18 454.49 939.23 2504.02 7795.12 –
y0.88C 237.25 248.88 285.69 402.32 773.23 1967.78 5975.52 –
y0.98C 236.08 245.28 274.39 366.61 659.73 1602.02 4744.50 –
y1.08C 235.23 242.70 266.31 341.09 578.69 1341.38 3872.85 –
y1.18C 234.60 240.78 260.32 322.21 518.79 1149.08 3232.97 –
y1.28C 234.10 239.30 255.76 307.85 473.26 1003.10 2749.26 –
y1.38C 233.71 238.15 252.20 296.67 437.83 889.63 2374.61 –
y1.48C 233.39 237.22 249.36 287.78 409.71 799.66 2078.43 –
y1.58C 233.12 236.47 247.06 280.60 387.00 727.10 1840.15 –
y1.68C 232.89 235.84 245.17 274.71 368.40 667.70 1645.55 –
y1.78C 232.70 235.32 243.60 269.81 352.96 618.44 1484.50 –
y1.88C 232.53 234.87 242.27 265.70 339.99 577.14 1349.68 4044.09
y1.98C 232.38 234.48 241.14 262.20 329.00 542.14 1235.64 3644.43
y2.08C 232.24 234.15 240.16 259.21 319.60 512.22 1138.30 3304.90
y2.18C 232.12 233.85 239.32 256.62 311.49 486.44 1054.53 3013.93
y2.28C 232.01 233.59 238.58 254.37 304.44 464.06 981.90 2762.63
5 MPa
y0.48C 5771.24 17 819.37 56 573.89 186 075.94 – – – –
y0.58C 461.03 956.29 2527.80 7551.66 24 002.40 – – –
y0.68C 302.51 454.60 936.47 2469.54 7412.09 24 053.22 – –
y0.78C 265.73 338.32 568.18 1298.14 3637.75 11 363.89 – –
y0.88C 251.71 294.04 428.05 853.23 2211.79 6653.56 – –
y0.98C 244.90 272.60 360.28 638.28 1524.92 4406.14 – –
y1.08C 241.08 260.62 322.45 518.40 1142.57 3162.56 10 051.21 –
y1.18C 238.72 253.25 299.20 444.80 908.16 2403.30 7451.94 –
y1.28C 237.16 248.38 283.89 396.39 754.15 1906.00 5766.80 –
y1.38C 236.06 245.00 273.28 362.85 647.56 1562.61 4612.21 –
y1.48C 235.25 242.54 265.61 338.65 570.72 1315.55 3786.53 –
y1.58C 234.64 240.71 259.88 320.61 513.49 1131.84 3175.54 –
y1.68C 234.17 239.29 255.49 306.80 469.71 991.48 2710.64 –
y1.78C 233.79 238.17 252.05 295.99 435.45 881.80 2348.57 –
y1.88C 233.47 237.27 249.30 287.36 408.14 794.43 2061.00 –
y1.98C 233.21 236.54 247.05 280.35 386.00 723.68 1828.74 –
y2.08C 232.99 235.92 245.20 274.59 367.80 665.58 1638.38 –
y2.18C 232.80 235.41 243.66 269.78 352.65 617.25 1480.38 –
y2.28C 232.63 234.96 242.35 265.73 339.90 576.61 1347.75 4037.20
y2.38C 232.48 234.58 241.23 262.29 329.06 542.10 1235.31 3643.13
y2.48C 232.34 234.25 240.27 259.33 319.77 512.54 1139.13 3307.62
y2.58C 232.22 233.95 239.43 256.77 311.74 487.02 1056.19 3019.54
10 MPa
y0.88C 1985.79 5789.73 17 933.85 57 525.02 – – – –
y0.98C 405.59 780.54 1969.79 5766.29 18 141.19 – – –
y1.08C 292.91 423.99 839.26 2159.86 6411.62 20 662.16 – –
y1.18C 262.76 328.69 537.46 1200.33 3323.61 10 321.38 – –
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
10 MPa
y1.28C 250.53 290.09 415.31 812.57 2081.52 6225.89 – –
y1.38C 244.38 270.73 354.13 618.55 1461.72 4199.93 13 648.33
y1.48C 240.85 259.66 319.19 507.86 1108.74 3052.59 9672.74 –
y1.58C 238.63 252.74 297.38 438.81 888.85 2340.67 7238.74 –
y1.68C 237.14 248.12 282.84 392.85 742.68 1868.77 5641.08 –
y1.78C 236.09 244.88 272.67 360.73 640.58 1539.93 4536.02 –
y1.88C 235.31 242.51 265.28 337.38 566.45 1301.61 3739.85 –
y1.98C 234.72 240.72 259.72 319.87 510.91 1123.34 3147.14 –
y2.08C 234.25 239.34 255.44 306.40 468.22 986.48 2693.89 –
y2.18C 233.88 238.25 252.06 295.81 434.68 879.09 2339.43 –
y2.28C 233.57 237.36 249.36 287.33 407.84 793.25 2056.91 –
y2.38C 233.31 236.63 247.15 280.43 386.02 723.53 1828.02 –
y2.48C 233.09 236.03 245.32 274.73 368.04 666.12 1639.94 –
y2.58C 232.90 235.51 243.79 269.97 353.03 618.26 1483.46 4515.22
y2.68C 232.73 235.08 242.49 265.96 340.38 577.93 1351.84 4051.45
y2.78C 232.58 234.70 241.38 262.53 329.61 543.63 1240.06 3659.60
y2.88C 232.45 234.36 240.42 259.58 320.36 514.19 1144.28 3325.42
y2.98C 232.33 234.07 239.58 257.03 312.35 488.74 1061.58 3038.07
Isothermal compressibility v Ž s,t, p . of sea ice in ppmrMPa calculated after Eq. Ž4.19. as a function of sea ice salinity s in PSU,
Table 13
Adiabatic compressibility vaŽ s,t, p . in ppmrMPa
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
0 MPa
y0.18C 289.38 296.88 308.51 341.46 448.84 – – –
y0.28C 274.73 288.48 298.76 316.39 367.83 540.38 – –
y0.38C 261.58 279.77 292.95 307.28 341.72 451.65 – –
y0.48C 252.11 271.28 287.59 301.78 328.58 409.26 – –
y0.58C 245.71 263.78 282.29 297.52 320.43 384.37 – –
y0.68C 241.39 257.54 277.13 293.76 314.67 367.95 544.55 –
y0.78C 238.41 252.49 272.23 290.25 310.23 356.23 504.57 –
y0.88C 236.29 248.46 267.69 286.87 306.56 347.40 475.26 –
y0.98C 234.74 245.25 263.57 283.60 303.38 340.45 452.84 –
y1.08C 233.57 242.67 259.87 280.43 300.53 334.80 435.11 –
y1.18C 232.67 240.58 256.59 277.38 297.90 330.07 420.74 –
y1.28C 231.96 238.88 253.69 274.45 295.43 326.02 408.83 –
y1.38C 231.39 237.48 251.13 271.65 293.08 322.49 398.80 –
y1.48C 230.92 236.31 248.88 269.00 290.82 319.35 390.22 –
y1.58C 230.54 235.33 246.90 266.49 288.65 316.52 382.78 –
y1.68C 230.21 234.50 245.15 264.13 286.54 313.94 376.27 –
y1.78C 229.93 233.78 243.60 261.91 284.50 311.56 370.52 –
y1.88C 229.69 233.17 242.22 259.84 282.52 309.35 365.38 546.17
y1.98C 229.47 232.63 241.00 257.90 280.59 307.27 360.76 530.60
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
0 MPa
y2.08C 229.29 232.16 239.91 256.08 278.71 305.30 356.58 516.73
y2.18C 229.12 231.75 238.93 254.39 276.89 303.43 352.77 504.28
y2.28C 228.97 231.38 238.05 252.82 275.13 301.64 349.28 493.05
5 MPa
y0.48C 301.09 314.06 354.84 490.80 – – – –
y0.58C 286.84 295.79 306.05 332.08 415.01 – – –
y0.68C 271.88 287.33 298.27 314.41 359.43 508.51 – –
y0.78C 259.45 278.46 292.65 306.73 338.37 437.92 – –
y0.88C 250.74 270.05 287.25 301.68 327.04 401.86 – –
y0.98C 244.89 262.76 281.91 297.58 319.72 379.93 – –
y1.08C 240.91 256.75 276.73 293.88 314.41 365.11 532.02 –
y1.18C 238.15 251.92 271.84 290.38 310.22 354.37 495.61 –
y1.28C 236.17 248.06 267.35 287.00 306.71 346.17 468.60 –
y1.38C 234.71 244.98 263.28 283.72 303.63 339.65 447.74 –
y1.48C 233.61 242.50 259.64 280.54 300.83 334.31 431.13 –
y1.58C 232.75 240.50 256.42 277.48 298.24 329.81 417.58 –
y1.68C 232.07 238.86 253.57 274.55 295.79 325.93 406.31 –
y1.78C 231.52 237.50 251.06 271.75 293.45 322.53 396.77 –
y1.88C 231.07 236.37 248.85 269.10 291.20 319.49 388.58 –
y1.98C 230.70 235.42 246.90 266.60 289.03 316.74 381.47 –
y2.08C 230.38 234.61 245.18 264.24 286.92 314.23 375.22 –
y2.18C 230.11 233.91 243.66 262.03 284.88 311.90 369.68 –
y2.28C 229.87 233.31 242.30 259.97 282.89 309.72 364.72 541.33
y2.38C 229.66 232.79 241.10 258.03 280.96 307.67 360.26 526.35
y2.48C 229.48 232.33 240.03 256.23 279.08 305.73 356.21 512.97
y2.58C 229.31 231.92 239.06 254.55 277.25 303.88 352.52 500.95
10 MPa
y0.88C 298.58 306.51 328.77 400.36 – – – –
y0.98C 284.79 295.21 305.08 327.49 397.38 – – –
y1.08C 269.82 286.54 298.17 313.47 354.36 488.43 – –
y1.18C 258.01 277.56 292.60 306.63 336.36 428.72 – –
y1.28C 249.85 269.23 287.15 301.85 326.21 396.81 – –
y1.38C 244.38 262.10 281.76 297.85 319.46 376.90 570.35 –
y1.48C 240.64 256.27 276.56 294.18 314.46 363.22 522.83 –
y1.58C 238.03 251.58 271.69 290.67 310.45 353.19 489.00 –
y1.68C 236.15 247.85 267.22 287.28 307.04 345.45 463.67 –
y1.78C 234.76 244.86 263.18 283.98 304.03 339.26 443.97 –
y1.88C 233.70 242.46 259.58 280.79 301.28 334.15 428.21 –
y1.98C 232.87 240.51 256.39 277.72 298.71 329.81 415.29 –
y2.08C 232.21 238.92 253.58 274.78 296.27 326.07 404.50 –
y2.18C 231.68 237.59 251.10 271.97 293.94 322.76 395.35 –
y2.28C 231.24 236.49 248.92 269.32 291.69 319.80 387.46 –
y2.38C 230.88 235.55 246.99 266.82 289.51 317.11 380.60 –
y2.48C 230.56 234.76 245.29 264.46 287.40 314.65 374.55 –
y2.58C 230.30 234.07 243.79 262.25 285.35 312.35 369.19 553.93
y2.68C 230.06 233.48 242.45 260.19 283.35 310.21 364.38 537.58
y2.78C 229.86 232.96 241.26 258.25 281.41 308.18 360.04 523.05
y2.88C 229.67 232.51 240.19 256.45 279.52 306.26 356.09 510.07
y2.98C 229.51 232.11 239.24 254.77 277.69 304.42 352.49 498.39
Adiabatic compressibility vaŽ s,t, p . of sea ice in ppmrMPa calculated after Eq. Ž4.36. as a function of sea ice salinity s in PSU,
Table 14
Adiabatic lapse rate G Ž s,t, p . in mKrMPa
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
0 MPa
y0.18C y64.67 y71.01 y73.21 y73.93 y74.16 – – –
y0.28C y44.34 y62.26 y70.11 y72.90 y73.82 y74.11 – –
y0.38C y25.46 y50.69 y65.30 y71.22 y73.26 y73.93 – –
y0.48C y11.78 y38.86 y59.31 y68.95 y72.49 y73.67 – –
y0.58C y2.55 y28.25 y52.67 y66.18 y71.52 y73.35 – –
y0.68C 3.66 y19.36 y45.87 y63.00 y70.36 y72.96 y73.81 –
y0.78C 7.93 y12.18 y39.24 y59.51 y69.02 y72.50 y73.66 –
y0.88C 10.94 y6.44 y33.02 y55.82 y67.52 y71.98 y73.49 –
y0.98C 13.13 y1.86 y27.32 y52.01 y65.87 y71.40 y73.29 –
y1.08C 14.76 1.79 y22.19 y48.16 y64.10 y70.76 y73.08 –
y1.18C 15.99 4.73 y17.62 y44.34 y62.22 y70.06 y72.85 –
y1.28C 16.95 7.11 y13.58 y40.61 y60.26 y69.31 y72.59 –
y1.38C 17.71 9.07 y10.02 y36.99 y58.22 y68.50 y72.32 –
y1.48C 18.32 10.68 y6.88 y33.51 y56.12 y67.64 y72.03 –
y1.58C 18.81 12.03 y4.13 y30.21 y53.99 y66.74 y71.71 –
y1.68C 19.22 13.16 y1.71 y27.07 y51.83 y65.80 y71.38 –
y1.78C 19.56 14.12 0.43 y24.12 y49.66 y64.81 y71.03 –
y1.88C 19.84 14.94 2.32 y21.34 y47.48 y63.79 y70.66 y73.06
y1.98C 20.08 15.64 3.99 y18.74 y45.32 y62.73 y70.27 y72.94
y2.08C 20.28 16.24 5.48 y16.31 y43.17 y61.64 y69.86 y72.81
y2.18C 20.46 16.77 6.80 y14.05 y41.05 y60.52 y69.43 y72.67
y2.28C 20.61 17.23 7.99 y11.93 y38.96 y59.37 y68.99 y72.52
5 MPa
y0.48C y74.65 y75.13 y75.28 y75.33 – – – –
y0.58C y60.78 y70.20 y73.65 y74.79 y75.16 – – –
y0.68C y39.81 y60.36 y70.03 y73.58 y74.76 y75.14 – –
y0.78C y22.07 y48.43 y64.83 y71.73 y74.14 y74.93 – –
y0.88C y9.60 y36.73 y58.57 y69.30 y73.31 y74.66 – –
y0.98C y1.22 y26.47 y51.79 y66.39 y72.28 y74.31 – –
y1.08C 4.44 y17.98 y44.95 y63.09 y71.06 y73.90 y74.83 –
y1.18C 8.36 y11.14 y38.36 y59.51 y69.66 y73.42 y74.68 –
y1.28C 11.15 y5.69 y32.22 y55.75 y68.11 y72.88 y74.50 –
y1.38C 13.18 y1.35 y26.63 y51.90 y66.42 y72.28 y74.30 –
y1.48C 14.71 2.12 y21.61 y48.02 y64.60 y71.62 y74.07 –
y1.58C 15.87 4.92 y17.15 y44.19 y62.69 y70.90 y73.83 –
y1.68C 16.78 7.20 y13.21 y40.45 y60.68 y70.12 y73.57 –
y1.78C 17.50 9.08 y9.74 y36.84 y58.61 y69.30 y73.29 –
y1.88C 18.08 10.63 y6.69 y33.38 y56.49 y68.42 y72.99 –
y1.98C 18.55 11.92 y4.01 y30.10 y54.33 y67.50 y72.67 –
y2.08C 18.94 13.01 y1.64 y26.99 y52.15 y66.54 y72.33 –
y2.18C 19.26 13.94 0.44 y24.06 y49.96 y65.53 y71.96 –
y2.28C 19.54 14.73 2.28 y21.31 y47.77 y64.49 y71.59 y74.08
y2.38C 19.77 15.41 3.92 y18.74 y45.59 y63.41 y71.19 y73.95
y2.48C 19.96 16.00 5.37 y16.33 y43.44 y62.31 y70.77 y73.81
y2.58C 20.13 16.51 6.66 y14.09 y41.31 y61.17 y70.34 y73.67
10 MPa
y0.88C y74.14 y75.68 y76.17 y76.33 – – – –
y0.98C y57.47 y69.49 y74.09 y75.65 y76.15 – – –
y1.08C y36.49 y58.90 y70.08 y74.29 y75.70 y76.15 – –
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
10 MPa
y1.18C y19.73 y46.77 y64.57 y72.29 y75.03 y75.93 – –
y1.28C y8.14 y35.22 y58.11 y69.74 y74.15 y75.64 – –
y1.38C y0.37 y25.25 y51.24 y66.71 y73.07 y75.28 y75.99 –
y1.48C 4.91 y17.06 y44.38 y63.32 y71.80 y74.85 y75.85 –
y1.58C 8.57 y10.49 y37.82 y59.67 y70.36 y74.35 y75.69 –
y1.68C 11.20 y5.25 y31.74 y55.86 y68.76 y73.79 y75.50 –
y1.78C 13.12 y1.08 y26.23 y51.96 y67.03 y73.17 y75.29 –
y1.88C 14.57 2.27 y21.29 y48.06 y65.18 y72.49 y75.06 –
y1.98C 15.68 4.97 y16.91 y44.22 y63.23 y71.75 y74.82 –
y2.08C 16.56 7.17 y13.04 y40.48 y61.20 y70.96 y74.55 –
y2.18C 17.25 8.98 y9.64 y36.87 y59.10 y70.12 y74.26 –
y2.28C 17.81 10.48 y6.65 y33.42 y56.95 y69.23 y73.95 –
y2.38C 18.26 11.74 y4.02 y30.15 y54.77 y68.29 y73.62 –
y2.48C 18.64 12.80 y1.70 y27.05 y52.57 y67.31 y73.27 –
y2.58C 18.95 13.70 0.34 y24.14 y50.36 y66.29 y72.90 y75.21
y2.68C 19.22 14.47 2.15 y21.41 y48.15 y65.23 y72.52 y75.08
y2.78C 19.44 15.14 3.76 y18.86 y45.96 y64.14 y72.11 y74.95
y2.88C 19.64 15.72 5.18 y16.47 y43.80 y63.02 y71.69 y74.81
y2.98C 19.80 16.22 6.46 y14.25 y41.66 y61.86 y71.24 y74.66
Adiabatic lapse rate G Ž s,t, p . of sea ice in mKrMPa calculated after Eq. Ž4.29. as a function of sea ice salinity s in PSU, temperature t in
Table 15
Latent heat LŽ s,t, p . in kJrkg
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
0 MPa
y0.18C 331.85 327.82 315.08 274.81 147.47 – – –
y0.28C 333.00 331.02 324.74 304.89 242.12 43.66 – –
y0.38C 333.52 332.21 328.05 314.91 273.37 142.00 – –
y0.48C 333.88 332.90 329.80 319.98 288.94 190.79 – –
y0.58C 334.18 333.40 330.92 323.08 298.30 219.93 – –
y0.68C 334.45 333.80 331.74 325.21 304.57 239.31 32.99 –
y0.78C 334.71 334.15 332.38 326.78 309.09 253.16 76.30 –
y0.88C 334.95 334.46 332.91 328.01 312.52 263.55 108.72 –
y0.98C 335.18 334.75 333.37 329.01 315.22 271.65 133.89 –
y1.08C 335.41 335.02 333.77 329.85 317.42 278.16 154.01 –
y1.18C 335.64 335.28 334.15 330.57 319.26 283.51 170.48 –
y1.28C 335.86 335.53 334.49 331.20 320.82 287.99 184.20 –
y1.38C 336.08 335.77 334.81 331.77 322.17 291.81 195.82 –
y1.48C 336.30 336.01 335.12 332.29 323.35 295.10 205.79 –
y1.58C 336.51 336.25 335.41 332.77 324.41 297.98 214.44 –
y1.68C 336.73 336.48 335.69 333.21 325.35 300.52 222.03 –
y1.78C 336.94 336.71 335.97 333.62 326.21 302.78 228.73 –
y1.88C 337.16 336.94 336.23 334.01 326.99 304.81 234.70 12.81
y1.98C 337.37 337.16 336.49 334.38 327.72 306.65 240.06 29.29
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
0 MPa
y2.08C 337.58 337.38 336.75 334.74 328.39 308.32 244.89 44.12
y2.18C 337.80 337.61 337.00 335.08 329.01 309.85 249.27 57.52
y2.28C 338.01 337.83 337.24 335.41 329.60 311.25 253.26 69.70
5 MPa
y0.48C 325.26 309.34 258.98 99.74 – – – –
y0.58C 331.37 328.19 318.15 286.39 185.96 – – –
y0.68C 332.23 330.49 324.95 307.46 252.14 77.22 – –
y0.78C 332.70 331.49 327.68 315.62 277.51 156.99 – –
y0.88C 333.04 332.12 329.21 320.01 290.94 199.01 – –
y0.98C 333.33 332.58 330.23 322.80 299.28 224.95 – –
y1.08C 333.59 332.97 330.99 324.75 305.00 242.57 45.17 –
y1.18C 333.84 333.30 331.60 326.21 309.18 255.34 85.10 –
y1.28C 334.08 333.61 332.11 327.37 312.39 265.03 115.29 –
y1.38C 334.31 333.89 332.55 328.32 314.94 272.65 138.94 –
y1.48C 334.54 334.16 332.95 329.12 317.03 278.81 157.96 –
y1.58C 334.77 334.42 333.31 329.82 318.78 283.90 173.60 –
y1.68C 334.99 334.67 333.65 330.44 320.28 288.18 186.70 –
y1.78C 335.21 334.91 333.97 330.99 321.58 291.84 197.83 –
y1.88C 335.43 335.15 334.27 331.50 322.73 295.02 207.41 –
y1.98C 335.64 335.38 334.56 331.96 323.75 297.80 215.75 –
y2.08C 335.86 335.61 334.84 332.40 324.67 300.26 223.07 –
y2.18C 336.07 335.84 335.11 332.80 325.51 302.45 229.56 –
y2.28C 336.29 336.07 335.38 333.19 326.27 304.42 235.35 16.76
y2.38C 336.50 336.29 335.63 333.55 326.98 306.21 240.55 32.76
y2.48C 336.71 336.52 335.89 333.90 327.64 307.84 245.25 47.16
y2.58C 336.93 336.74 336.14 334.24 328.25 309.33 249.52 60.21
10 MPa
y0.88C 327.66 318.90 291.21 203.64 – – – –
y0.98C 330.66 327.95 319.36 292.22 206.39 – – –
y1.08C 331.39 329.79 324.74 308.77 258.27 98.58 – –
y1.18C 331.81 330.68 327.11 315.80 280.06 167.05 – –
y1.28C 332.14 331.27 328.50 319.75 292.09 204.62 – –
y1.38C 332.43 331.71 329.45 322.31 299.74 228.36 2.68 –
y1.48C 332.69 332.08 330.17 324.14 305.06 244.74 54.01 –
y1.58C 332.93 332.41 330.76 325.53 308.99 256.73 91.49 –
y1.68C 333.17 332.71 331.25 326.63 312.04 265.91 120.06 –
y1.78C 333.40 332.99 331.68 327.55 314.48 273.17 142.57 –
y1.88C 333.63 333.25 332.07 328.33 316.49 279.07 160.77 –
y1.98C 333.85 333.51 332.43 329.00 318.18 283.97 175.80 –
y2.08C 334.07 333.76 332.76 329.60 319.63 288.10 188.42 –
y2.18C 334.29 334.00 333.08 330.15 320.89 291.65 199.18 –
y2.28C 334.51 334.24 333.38 330.64 322.01 294.72 208.46 –
y2.38C 334.73 334.47 333.66 331.10 323.01 297.43 216.56 –
y2.48C 334.95 334.70 333.94 331.53 323.91 299.82 223.68 –
y2.58C 335.16 334.93 334.21 331.93 324.73 301.96 230.00 2.28
y2.68C 335.37 335.16 334.47 332.31 325.48 303.89 235.65 19.69
y2.78C 335.59 335.38 334.73 332.67 326.18 305.64 240.73 35.31
y2.88C 335.80 335.60 334.98 333.02 326.82 307.24 245.33 49.39
y2.98C 336.01 335.83 335.23 333.36 327.43 308.70 249.51 62.15
Latent heat LŽ s,t, p . of sea ice in kJrkg calculated after Eq. Ž4.34. as a function of sea ice salinity s in PSU, temperature t in 8C, and
Table 16
Specific latent heat lŽ s,t, p . in kJrkg
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
0 MPa
y0.18C 370.24 345.11 337.17 334.66 333.86 – – –
y0.28C 482.80 380.71 348.42 338.21 334.98 333.96 – –
y0.38C 673.07 440.87 367.45 344.23 336.88 334.56 – –
y0.48C 942.01 525.92 394.34 352.73 339.57 335.41 – –
y0.58C 1290.15 636.02 429.16 363.75 343.06 336.52 – –
y0.68C 1717.79 771.25 471.93 377.27 347.34 337.88 334.88 –
y0.78C 2225.10 931.68 522.67 393.32 352.42 339.49 335.40 –
y0.88C 2812.18 1117.34 581.38 411.90 358.30 341.35 335.99 –
y0.98C 3479.15 1328.26 648.09 433.00 364.98 343.48 336.67 –
y1.08C 4226.15 1564.49 722.80 456.64 372.47 345.85 337.43 –
y1.18C 5053.37 1826.09 805.54 482.81 380.75 348.48 338.28 –
y1.28C 5961.06 2113.14 896.32 511.53 389.85 351.37 339.20 –
y1.38C 6949.56 2425.75 995.19 542.81 399.75 354.51 340.21 –
y1.48C 8019.30 2764.04 1102.18 576.66 410.47 357.92 341.30 –
y1.58C 9170.77 3128.19 1217.35 613.09 422.01 361.58 342.47 –
y1.68C 10 404.58 3518.37 1340.76 652.13 434.37 365.51 343.73 –
y1.78C 11 721.41 3934.81 1472.46 693.80 447.57 369.70 345.08 –
y1.88C 13 122.02 4377.74 1612.55 738.13 461.61 374.16 346.51 337.77
y1.98C 14 607.25 4847.43 1761.11 785.13 476.49 378.90 348.03 338.27
y2.08C 16 178.00 5344.17 1918.22 834.84 492.24 383.90 349.64 338.81
y2.18C 17 835.24 5868.27 2083.98 887.28 508.85 389.19 351.34 339.38
y2.28C 19 579.99 6420.04 2258.50 942.50 526.35 394.75 353.13 339.97
5 MPa
y0.48C 334.98 333.33 332.81 332.65 – – – –
y0.58C 390.95 351.03 338.40 334.41 333.15 – – –
y0.68C 523.23 392.85 351.63 338.59 334.47 333.16 – –
y0.78C 733.34 459.30 372.64 345.23 336.57 333.82 – –
y0.88C 1022.11 550.62 401.51 354.36 339.45 334.74 – –
y0.98C 1390.00 666.95 438.31 366.00 343.14 335.91 – –
y1.08C 1837.23 808.38 483.03 380.15 347.61 337.33 334.07 –
y1.18C 2363.96 974.96 535.71 396.81 352.89 339.00 334.61 –
y1.28C 2970.30 1166.70 596.36 416.00 358.96 340.93 335.22 –
y1.38C 3656.34 1383.66 664.97 437.70 365.83 343.11 335.92 –
y1.48C 4422.25 1625.87 741.57 461.93 373.51 345.54 336.70 –
y1.58C 5268.20 1893.39 826.18 488.70 381.98 348.23 337.56 –
y1.68C 6194.47 2186.31 918.82 518.01 391.26 351.18 338.50 –
y1.78C 7201.42 2504.75 1019.53 549.87 401.35 354.38 339.53 –
y1.88C 8289.46 2848.83 1128.36 584.29 412.25 357.84 340.64 –
y1.98C 9459.12 3218.73 1245.34 621.30 423.97 361.56 341.83 –
y2.08C 10 711.01 3614.63 1370.56 660.92 436.51 365.55 343.11 –
y2.18C 12 045.81 4036.75 1504.06 703.15 449.89 369.80 344.47 –
y2.28C 13 464.29 4485.33 1645.94 748.04 464.10 374.31 345.92 336.94
y2.38C 14 967.28 4960.64 1796.27 795.60 479.17 379.10 347.46 337.45
y2.48C 16 555.70 5462.97 1955.14 845.87 495.09 384.16 349.08 337.99
y2.58C 18 230.49 5992.61 2122.66 898.87 511.88 389.50 350.80 338.56
10 MPa
y0.88C 339.41 334.07 332.39 331.85 – – – –
y0.98C 410.76 356.63 339.52 334.10 332.39 – – –
y1.08C 558.65 403.40 354.30 338.78 333.87 332.31 – –
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
10 MPa
y1.18C 784.41 474.79 376.88 345.92 336.12 333.03 – –
y1.28C 1088.76 571.03 407.31 355.54 339.17 333.99 – –
y1.38C 1472.08 692.25 445.65 367.67 343.01 335.21 332.74 –
y1.48C 1934.60 838.52 491.91 382.30 347.64 336.68 333.21 –
y1.58C 2476.44 1009.87 546.10 399.44 353.06 338.40 333.76 –
y1.68C 3097.69 1206.33 608.23 419.09 359.28 340.37 334.39 –
y1.78C 3798.46 1427.94 678.32 441.26 366.30 342.60 335.10 –
y1.88C 4578.90 1674.74 756.37 465.95 374.12 345.08 335.89 –
y1.98C 5439.21 1946.81 842.41 493.17 382.73 347.81 336.77 –
y2.08C 6379.68 2244.22 936.47 522.93 392.15 350.80 337.72 –
y2.18C 7400.64 2567.09 1038.59 555.23 402.38 354.05 338.76 –
y2.28C 8502.55 2915.56 1148.80 590.10 413.42 357.55 339.88 –
y2.38C 9685.92 3289.79 1267.15 627.54 425.28 361.31 341.09 –
y2.48C 10 951.37 3689.97 1393.72 667.58 437.95 365.34 342.38 –
y2.58C 12 299.58 4116.34 1528.57 710.24 451.46 369.63 343.75 335.57
y2.68C 13 731.32 4569.11 1671.77 755.55 465.81 374.19 345.22 336.05
y2.78C 15 247.43 5048.57 1823.41 803.52 481.01 379.02 346.76 336.57
y2.88C 16 848.78 5554.99 1983.58 854.20 497.06 384.12 348.40 337.11
y2.98C 18 536.35 6088.67 2152.37 907.60 513.97 389.49 350.13 337.68
Specific latent heat lŽ s,t, p . of sea ice in kJrkg calculated after Eq. Ž4.35. as a function of sea ice salinity s in PSU, temperature t in 8C,
and applied pressure p in MPa.
Table 17
Liquid mass fraction w Ž s,t, p . in %
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
0 MPa
y0.18C 0.54 1.70 5.37 16.99 53.74 – – –
y0.28C 0.27 0.85 2.69 8.50 26.87 84.98 – –
y0.38C 0.18 0.57 1.79 5.67 17.92 56.67 – –
y0.48C 0.13 0.43 1.34 4.25 13.45 42.52 – –
y0.58C 0.11 0.34 1.08 3.40 10.76 34.03 – –
y0.68C 0.09 0.28 0.90 2.84 8.97 28.38 89.74 –
y0.78C 0.08 0.24 0.77 2.43 7.70 24.34 76.98 –
y0.88C 0.07 0.21 0.67 2.13 6.74 21.32 67.41 –
y0.98C 0.06 0.19 0.60 1.90 6.00 18.97 59.98 –
y1.08C 0.05 0.17 0.54 1.71 5.40 17.09 54.04 –
y1.18C 0.05 0.16 0.49 1.56 4.92 15.55 49.19 –
y1.28C 0.05 0.14 0.45 1.43 4.51 14.28 45.15 –
y1.38C 0.04 0.13 0.42 1.32 4.17 13.20 41.73 –
y1.48C 0.04 0.12 0.39 1.23 3.88 12.27 38.81 –
y1.58C 0.04 0.11 0.36 1.15 3.63 11.47 36.29 –
y1.68C 0.03 0.11 0.34 1.08 3.41 10.78 34.08 –
y1.78C 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.02 3.21 10.16 32.14 –
y1.88C 0.03 0.10 0.30 0.96 3.04 9.62 30.41 96.17
y1.98C 0.03 0.09 0.29 0.91 2.89 9.13 28.87 91.30
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
0 MPa
y2.08C 0.03 0.09 0.27 0.87 2.75 8.69 27.49 86.93
y2.18C 0.03 0.08 0.26 0.83 2.62 8.30 26.24 82.99
y2.28C 0.03 0.08 0.25 0.79 2.51 7.94 25.11 79.42
5 MPa
y0.48C 2.35 7.44 23.54 74.44 – – – –
y0.58C 0.44 1.38 4.38 13.84 43.76 – – –
y0.68C 0.24 0.76 2.41 7.63 24.13 76.29 – –
y0.78C 0.17 0.53 1.67 5.27 16.66 52.68 – –
y0.88C 0.13 0.40 1.27 4.02 12.72 40.24 – –
y0.98C 0.10 0.33 1.03 3.26 10.30 32.56 – –
y1.08C 0.09 0.27 0.86 2.73 8.65 27.35 86.48 –
y1.18C 0.07 0.24 0.75 2.36 7.46 23.58 74.58 –
y1.28C 0.07 0.21 0.66 2.07 6.56 20.73 65.57 –
y1.38C 0.06 0.19 0.59 1.85 5.85 18.51 58.52 –
y1.48C 0.05 0.17 0.53 1.67 5.29 16.72 52.86 –
y1.58C 0.05 0.15 0.48 1.52 4.82 15.25 48.21 –
y1.68C 0.04 0.14 0.44 1.40 4.43 14.02 44.33 –
y1.78C 0.04 0.13 0.41 1.30 4.10 12.98 41.04 –
y1.88C 0.04 0.12 0.38 1.21 3.82 12.08 38.21 –
y1.98C 0.04 0.11 0.36 1.13 3.58 11.31 35.76 –
y2.08C 0.03 0.11 0.34 1.06 3.36 10.63 33.62 –
y2.18C 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.17 10.03 31.73 –
y2.28C 0.03 0.10 0.30 0.95 3.01 9.50 30.05 95.03
y2.38C 0.03 0.09 0.29 0.90 2.85 9.03 28.55 90.28
y2.48C 0.03 0.09 0.27 0.86 2.72 8.60 27.20 86.02
y2.58C 0.03 0.08 0.26 0.82 2.60 8.22 25.98 82.16
10 MPa
y0.88C 1.24 3.93 12.42 39.27 – – – –
y0.98C 0.38 1.19 3.75 11.87 37.53 – – –
y1.08C 0.22 0.70 2.21 6.99 22.11 69.93 – –
y1.18C 0.16 0.50 1.57 4.96 15.68 49.57 – –
y1.28C 0.12 0.38 1.21 3.84 12.15 38.41 – –
y1.38C 0.10 0.31 0.99 3.14 9.92 31.36 99.16 –
y1.48C 0.08 0.27 0.84 2.65 8.38 26.50 83.80 –
y1.58C 0.07 0.23 0.73 2.30 7.26 22.95 72.58 –
y1.68C 0.06 0.20 0.64 2.02 6.40 20.25 64.04 –
y1.78C 0.06 0.18 0.57 1.81 5.73 18.12 57.31 –
y1.88C 0.05 0.16 0.52 1.64 5.19 16.40 51.87 –
y1.98C 0.05 0.15 0.47 1.50 4.74 14.99 47.39 –
y2.08C 0.04 0.14 0.44 1.38 4.36 13.80 43.64 –
y2.18C 0.04 0.13 0.40 1.28 4.05 12.79 40.45 –
y2.28C 0.04 0.12 0.38 1.19 3.77 11.93 37.71 –
y2.38C 0.04 0.11 0.35 1.12 3.53 11.17 35.33 –
y2.48C 0.03 0.11 0.33 1.05 3.32 10.51 33.24 –
y2.58C 0.03 0.10 0.31 0.99 3.14 9.93 31.39 99.27
y2.68C 0.03 0.09 0.30 0.94 2.98 9.41 29.75 94.08
y2.78C 0.03 0.09 0.28 0.89 2.83 8.94 28.28 89.44
y2.88C 0.03 0.09 0.27 0.85 2.70 8.53 26.96 85.26
y2.98C 0.03 0.08 0.26 0.81 2.58 8.15 25.77 81.48
Liquid mass fraction w Ž s,t, p . s srSŽ t, p . of sea ice in percent, calculated by means of brine salinity S as numerical solution of Eq. Ž4.3.,
as a function of sea ice salinity s in PSU, temperature t in 8C, and applied pressure p in MPa.
Specific heat of brine CPB Ž t, p . can be calculated within an r.m.s. of 0.7 Jrkg K Ž CP in Jrkg K, t in K, p in
MPa. by
CPB Ž t ,0 . s 4217.37 q t Ž 131.302 q 6.31446 t .

Ž 5.11 .
CPB Ž t , p . s CPB Ž t ,0 . q p Ž 5.11849 q t P Ž 0.211705 y 0.049827t . q 0.0175606 p .
The absolute term has been taken from the heat capacity of seawater ŽFeistel and Hagen, 1995., all other
terms have been fitted to CPB Ž S,t, p . s yT ŽE 2 G B rEt 2 .S, p taken at SŽ t, p ..
The thermal expansion coefficient of brine g B Ž t, p . can be described within 0.07 ppmrK as
g B Ž t ,0 . s y67.15 y t Ž 58.265 q 4.738t .

Ž 5.12 .
g B Ž t , p . s g B Ž t ,0 . q p y1.95613 q Ž 0.41287 y 0.15316 t . Ž yt . y 0.014626 p
(
The absolute term g B Ž0,0. has been taken from seawater ŽFeistel and Hagen, 1995., the remaining ones have
been fitted to V Bg B Ž t, p . s ŽE 2 G B rEtE p .S .
Table 18
Brine salinity SŽ t, p . in PSU
0 MPa 2 MPa 4 MPa 6 MPa 8 MPa 10 MPa
y0.18C 1.792 – – – – –
y0.28C 3.638 0.901 – – – –
y0.38C 5.500 2.730 – – – –
y0.48C 7.366 4.585 1.812 – – –
y0.58C 9.231 6.450 3.658 0.890 – –
y0.68C 11.093 8.315 5.518 2.718 – –
y0.78C 12.950 10.178 7.383 4.573 1.770 –
y0.88C 14.801 12.037 9.247 6.436 3.614 0.819
y0.98C 16.645 13.890 11.107 8.300 5.473 2.644
y1.08C 18.481 15.736 12.962 10.161 7.337 4.497
y1.18C 20.311 17.575 14.811 12.018 9.199 6.359
y1.28C 22.132 19.407 16.652 13.869 11.058 8.221
y1.38C 23.944 21.231 18.487 15.713 12.911 10.081
y1.48C 25.748 23.047 20.314 17.550 14.758 11.936
y1.58C 27.543 24.854 22.132 19.380 16.597 13.786
y1.68C 29.329 26.652 23.942 21.202 18.430 15.628
y1.78C 31.104 28.441 25.744 23.015 20.254 17.463
y1.88C 32.870 30.220 27.536 24.819 22.071 19.291
y1.98C 34.624 31.989 29.319 26.615 23.879 21.110
y2.08C 36.368 33.747 31.091 28.401 25.678 22.922
y2.18C 38.100 35.495 32.854 30.178 27.467 24.724
y2.28C 39.820 37.231 34.605 31.944 29.247 26.517
y2.38C – 38.956 36.346 33.700 31.018 28.301
y2.48C – – 38.075 35.444 32.777 30.075
y2.58C – – 39.792 37.178 34.527 31.839
y2.68C – – – 38.900 36.265 33.592
y2.78C – – – – 37.991 35.335
y2.88C – – – – 39.705 37.066
y2.98C – – – – – 38.785
Brine salinity SŽ t, p . of sea ice in PSU calculated as numerical solution of Eq. Ž4.3. as a function of temperature t in 8C and applied
pressure p in MPa.
For isothermal compressibility of brine we have determined Žr.m.s. of 0.01 ppmrMPa, v in ppmrMPa, t in
8C, p in MPa.
v B Ž t ,0 . s 508.82 q t Ž 22.7145 q 1.042 t .
Ž 5.13 .
v B Ž t , p . s v B Ž t ,0 . q p Ž 0.561975 q 0.0941143t q 0.00436626 p .
The absolute term v B Ž0,0. has been taken from seawater ŽFeistel and Hagen, 1995., the remaining ones from
a regression to V Bv B Ž t, p . s yŽE 2 G B rE p 2 .S,t .
For the dilution coefficient we have obtained Ž D in Jrkg PSU, t in 8C, p in MPa, r.m.s. of 0.01 Jrkg PSU,
Fig. 3b.
D Ž S,t , p . s 72.6670 y 7.2214'S q 2.51436S y 0.370614S'S q 0.023785S 2 q t Ž 0.247933
q3.31333 P 10y3 S . q 6.01781 P 10y3 p'S Ž 5.14 .
The absolute term is NS P k B P T o . Temperature Ž0 to y38C. and pressure Ž0 to 10 MPa. vary D around this
dominating absolute value by only 1%, but the salinity dependence causes about 10% at 7 PSU.
Table 19
Dilution coefficient DŽ t, p . in Jrkg PSU
y0.18C 66.663 – – – – –
y0.28C 65.724 67.736 – – – –
y0.38C 65.411 66.039 – – – –
y0.48C 65.352 65.503 66.597 – – –
y0.58C 65.420 65.347 65.681 67.697 – –
y0.68C 65.561 65.366 65.380 66.001 – –
y0.78C 65.747 65.479 65.330 65.471 66.582 –
y0.88C 65.962 65.648 65.405 65.321 65.654 67.771
y0.98C 66.200 65.852 65.553 65.345 65.353 65.991
y1.08C 66.457 66.082 65.744 65.464 65.305 65.447
y1.18C 66.730 66.332 65.964 65.638 65.385 65.294
y1.28C 67.019 66.599 66.207 65.847 65.536 65.320
y1.38C 67.324 66.882 66.468 66.082 65.732 65.442
y1.48C 67.647 67.182 66.745 66.336 65.956 65.619
y1.58C 67.987 67.497 67.038 66.607 66.203 65.832
y1.68C 68.346 67.830 67.347 66.894 66.468 66.070
y1.78C 68.726 68.182 67.673 67.196 66.748 66.328
y1.88C 69.126 68.552 68.017 67.515 67.045 66.603
y1.98C 69.548 68.943 68.379 67.851 67.357 66.893
y2.08C 69.993 69.356 68.761 68.206 67.686 67.198
y2.18C 70.462 69.790 69.164 68.579 68.032 67.520
y2.28C 70.954 70.248 69.588 68.972 68.396 67.858
y2.38C – 70.729 70.035 69.386 68.780 68.214
y2.48C – – 70.505 69.822 69.185 68.589
y2.58C – – 70.999 70.281 69.610 68.984
y2.68C – – – 70.763 70.058 69.399
y2.78C – – – – 70.529 69.836
y2.88C – – – – 71.023 70.295
y2.98C – – – – – 70.778
Dilution coefficient DŽ t, p . of sea ice in Jrkg PSU calculated after Eq. Ž4.12. as a function of temperature t in 8C and applied pressure p in
MPa.
The apparent melting enthalpy H M is given by Žr.m.s. of 17 Jrkg, H M in Jrkg, t in 8C, p in MPa, see Fig.
9b.
HM Ž S,t , p . s 333500q 72.667S q 0.266033S P t y 3.20314S'S q 0.822859S 2 q 3344.74 t
q 58.326 p y 4.31045t P p Ž 5.15 .
o
The first three terms have been computed from Q q S P NS k B P ŽT q t ..
The apparent melting volume V M is Žin mm3rkg, t in 8C, S in PSU, p in MPa, r.m.s. of 30 mm3rkg, see
Fig. 10b.:
VM Ž S,t , p . s y90700.5 y 4.01524S'S y 261.905t y 254.282 p Ž 5.16 .
The absolute term is the specific volume difference dV of water and ice.
As described in the previous chapter, a number of further thermodynamic properties can be expressed in
terms of DŽ S,t, p ., H M Ž S,t, p ., VM Ž S,t, p ., and SŽ t, p ..
All approximations listed here have certain error ranges, which even grow if derivatives of these formulas are
computed. They have mutual inconsistencies as one may check out by various thermodynamic cross-relations
Table 20
Apparent melting volume V M Ž t, p . in cm3 rkg
y0.18C y90.68 – – – – –
y0.28C y90.67 y91.17 – – – –
y0.38C y90.67 y91.15 – – – –
y0.48C y90.67 y91.15 y91.63 – – –
y0.58C y90.67 y91.14 y91.62 y92.10 – –
y0.68C y90.68 y91.15 y91.62 y92.09 – –
y0.78C y90.69 y91.15 y91.62 y92.08 y92.55 –
y0.88C y90.71 y91.16 y91.62 y92.08 y92.54 y93.01
y0.98C y90.72 y91.18 y91.63 y92.08 y92.54 y93.00
y1.08C y90.74 y91.19 y91.64 y92.09 y92.54 y93.00
y1.18C y90.77 y91.21 y91.66 y92.10 y92.55 y93.00
y1.28C y90.79 y91.23 y91.67 y92.11 y92.56 y93.00
y1.38C y90.82 y91.26 y91.69 y92.13 y92.57 y93.01
y1.48C y90.85 y91.29 y91.72 y92.15 y92.58 y93.02
y1.58C y90.89 y91.31 y91.74 y92.17 y92.60 y93.03
y1.68C y90.92 y91.35 y91.77 y92.20 y92.62 y93.05
y1.78C y90.96 y91.38 y91.80 y92.23 y92.65 y93.07
y1.88C y91.00 y91.42 y91.84 y92.26 y92.67 y93.09
y1.98C y91.04 y91.46 y91.87 y92.29 y92.70 y93.12
y2.08C y91.09 y91.50 y91.91 y92.32 y92.73 y93.15
y2.18C y91.14 y91.54 y91.95 y92.36 y92.77 y93.18
y2.28C y91.18 y91.59 y92.00 y92.40 y92.80 y93.21
y2.38C – y91.64 y92.04 y92.44 y92.84 y93.24
y2.48C – – y92.09 y92.49 y92.88 y93.28
y2.58C – – y92.14 y92.53 y92.93 y93.32
y2.68C – – – y92.58 y92.97 y93.36
y2.78C – – – – y93.02 y93.41
y2.88C – – – – y93.07 y93.45
y2.98C – – – – – y93.50
Apparent specific melting volume V M Ž t, p . of sea ice in cm3 rkg calculated after Eq. Ž4.24. as a function of temperature t in 8C and applied
pressure p in MPa.
as, e.g., Eq. Ž4.24., V M s DŽESrEp . t . If precision or consistency are essential, we recommend to use the full
mathematical expressions.
With two examples, we give a recipe how this bunch of formulas may be used.
Given temperature t and pressure p, one first computes brine salinity S by either Eqs. Ž5.7. and Ž5.9. or by
solving Eq. Ž4.3. numerically. Then, with sea ice salinity s, the liquid mass fraction w s srS of sea ice is
obtained.
If we want to know sea ice density, we calculate specific brine volume V B Ž S,t, p . by Eq. Ž5.10. or by the
pressure derivative EG B rE p of Eq. Ž2.1.. We find specific ice volume V I Ž t, p . from the pressure derivative
EG IrE p of Eq. Ž3.9.. Now we have r s 1rV by means of Eq. Ž4.16..
If we want to know the thermal expansion coefficient, we need DŽ S,t, p . s SŽE 2 G B rES 2 . as second salinity
derivative of Eq. Ž2.1. or from Eq. Ž5.14., H M Ž S,t, p . from Eq. Ž4.24. or Eq. Ž5.15. and VM Ž S,t, p . from Eq.
Ž4.24. or Eq. Ž5.16.. Together with brine salinity V B and absolute temperature T s T o q t, g M is computed
after Eq. Ž4.25.. Next, g B Ž S,t, p . is calculated by Eq. Ž5.12. or by second t–p derivative of Eq. Ž2.1., g I Ž t, p . is
given by second t–p derivative of Eq. Ž3.9., and now Eq. Ž4.21. can be used for the final result.
Table 21
Apparent melting enthalpy H M Ž t, p . in kJrkg
y0.18C 333.29 – – – – –
y0.28C 333.08 333.02 – – – –
y0.38C 332.87 332.81 – – – –
y0.48C 332.67 332.61 332.55 – – –
y0.58C 332.47 332.40 332.34 332.27 – –
y0.68C 332.28 332.20 332.13 332.07 – –
y0.78C 332.08 332.01 331.93 331.86 331.79 –
y0.88C 331.89 331.81 331.73 331.66 331.58 331.51
y0.98C 331.71 331.62 331.54 331.46 331.38 331.30
y1.08C 331.52 331.43 331.35 331.26 331.18 331.10
y1.18C 331.34 331.25 331.16 331.07 330.98 330.90
y1.28C 331.16 331.06 330.97 330.88 330.79 330.70
y1.38C 330.98 330.88 330.79 330.69 330.60 330.50
y1.48C 330.81 330.70 330.60 330.50 330.41 330.31
y1.58C 330.64 330.53 330.42 330.32 330.22 330.12
y1.68C 330.47 330.36 330.25 330.14 330.03 329.93
y1.78C 330.30 330.19 330.07 329.96 329.85 329.75
y1.88C 330.14 330.02 329.90 329.79 329.67 329.56
y1.98C 329.98 329.86 329.73 329.61 329.50 329.38
y2.08C 329.83 329.69 329.57 329.44 329.32 329.20
y2.18C 329.67 329.54 329.40 329.28 329.15 329.03
y2.28C 329.52 329.38 329.24 329.11 328.98 328.86
y2.38C – 329.23 329.09 328.95 328.82 328.68
y2.48C – – 328.93 328.79 328.65 328.52
y2.58C – – 328.78 328.63 328.49 328.35
y2.68C – – – 328.48 328.33 328.19
y2.78C – – – – 328.18 328.03
y2.88C – – – – 328.03 327.87
y2.98C – – – – – 327.72
Apparent specific melting enthalpy H M Ž t, p . of sea ice in kJrkg calculated after Eq. Ž4.24. as a function of temperature t in 8C and applied
pressure p in MPa.
6. Discussion
The most compact and consistent description of thermodynamic equilibrium properties of any substance is
the construction of one of its thermodynamic potential functions expressed in suitable ‘natural’ independent
variables. We have carried out this task for air-free sea ice with brine salinities up to 40 PSU and pressures up to
10 MPa on the base of data available from the literature. This way theory permits access to various quantities
that only partially or even not yet have been subject to experimental investigations.
There is a number of aspects where the present potential function could be improved in future.
Ži. Ice data knowledge is weak concerning especially thermal expansion and compressibility. Adiabatic and
isothermal compressibility data differ significantly more than thermodynamics predicts.
Žii. Seawater Žbrine. thermodynamics is known quantitatively only up to 40 PSU. For the description of sea
ice down to y8.28C, brine properties up to saturation are required.
Žiii. Seawater thermodynamics is based on only few data below 08C, namely freezing points at one
atmosphere and maximum density temperatures, but no direct measurements of densities, heat capacities or
sound speeds. The corresponding extrapolation error is probably acceptable here because seawater density is
Table 22
Melting heat capacity CPM Ž t, p . in kJrkg K, multiplied by brine salanity SŽ t, p . in PSU
y0.18C 6102.56 – – – – –
y0.28C 6184.23 5998.55 – – – –
y0.38C 6208.48 6147.22 – – – –
y0.48C 6208.83 6192.08 6088.12 – – –
y0.58C 6197.17 6201.59 6167.57 5981.58 – –
y0.68C 6178.83 6194.59 6190.62 6129.87 – –
y0.78C 6156.50 6178.83 6190.16 6174.10 6068.49 –
y0.88C 6131.61 6158.00 6177.87 6183.04 6148.91 5954.27
y0.98C 6104.91 6134.04 6159.01 6175.54 6171.95 6109.42
y1.08C 6076.82 6107.98 6136.24 6159.33 6171.23 6154.85
y1.18C 6047.54 6080.38 6110.96 6138.09 6158.62 6164.02
y1.28C 6017.14 6051.53 6083.92 6113.77 6139.43 6156.42
y1.38C 5985.65 6021.54 6055.52 6087.38 6116.33 6139.99
y1.48C 5953.05 5990.48 6025.95 6059.48 6090.73 6118.50
y1.58C 5919.29 5958.33 5995.31 6030.36 6063.41 6093.90
y1.68C 5884.35 5925.06 5963.60 6000.13 6034.75 6067.25
y1.78C 5848.17 5890.64 5930.81 5968.86 6004.95 6039.11
y1.88C 5810.73 5855.02 5896.90 5936.53 5974.11 6009.76
y1.98C 5772.01 5818.17 5861.82 5903.11 5942.23 5979.34
y2.08C 5732.00 5780.06 5825.55 5868.57 5909.29 5947.90
y2.18C 5690.70 5740.67 5788.04 5832.86 5875.27 5915.43
y2.28C 5648.13 5700.01 5749.28 5795.95 5840.11 5881.91
y2.38C – 5658.09 5709.26 5757.81 5803.79 5847.30
y2.48C – – 5667.99 5718.44 5766.27 5811.54
y2.58C – – 5625.47 5677.81 5727.52 5774.62
y2.68C – – – 5635.95 5687.54 5736.51
y2.78C – – – – 5646.34 5697.18
y2.88C – – – – 5603.93 5656.64
y2.98C – – – – – 5614.89
Melting heat capacity CPM Ž t, p . of sea ice in kJrkg K calculated after Eq. Ž4.18. as a function of temperature t in 8C and applied pressure p
in MPa, multiplied by brine salinity SŽ t, p . in PSU Žsee Table 18. for a smoother appearance.
known within some ppm, ice density however is uncertain within 1000 ppm, and at lower temperatures sea ice
properties are dominated by its solid fraction.
Živ. For various quantities computed in this paper there is no experimental verification known to the authors
by now.
Although sea ice properties discussed in the literature have often been derived under crude approximations
like an empirical ideal solution treatment of brine, the results often do fairly agree with ours Žcompare, e.g., heat
capacity or latent heat.. The most crucial point in these approximations is to our opinion a precise determination
of the liquidrsolid fraction of sea ice and therefore the freezing pointr brine salinity. A tiny temperature error
may cause a substantial amount of ice to melt or water to freeze, altering coefficients like heat capacity
essentially this way. The theoretical slope of the freezing point depression curve ŽRaoult’s law. is not the best
choice even though the virtually linear dependence of t on S is very suggestive; a simple polynomial like the
UNESCO freezing point formula is recommended for use instead.
Quantitative descriptions given here do not cover brine salinities above 40 PSU and are therefore restricted to
a relatively narrow temperature window, which is the most important for cold regions oceanography, however.
While the present paper is based on experimental data only, future extensions to lower temperatures may
possibly be made using suitable numerical models of aqueous solutions ŽSpencer et al., 1990; Marion and Grant,
Table 23
Melting thermal expansion g M Ž t, p . in ppmrmK, multiplied by brine salinity SŽ t, p . in PSU
y0.18C y1662.61 – – – – –
y0.28C y1688.26 y1644.70 – – – –
y0.38C y1698.39 y1688.80 – – – –
y0.48C y1702.07 y1704.61 y1683.06 – – –
y0.58C y1702.51 y1710.80 y1708.46 y1663.88 – –
y0.68C y1701.15 y1712.50 y1718.40 y1708.51 – –
y0.78C y1698.72 y1711.82 y1721.90 y1724.36 y1701.74 –
y0.88C y1695.59 y1709.76 y1722.15 y1730.47 y1727.77 y1679.82
y0.98C y1691.97 y1706.85 y1720.61 y1732.04 y1737.83 y1727.01
y1.08C y1687.97 y1703.37 y1718.00 y1731.21 y1741.29 y1743.41
y1.18C y1683.63 y1699.47 y1714.70 y1728.99 y1741.45 y1749.65
y1.28C y1678.99 y1695.21 y1710.90 y1725.92 y1739.77 y1751.20
y1.38C y1674.02 y1690.64 y1706.73 y1722.27 y1737.01 y1750.28
y1.48C y1668.74 y1685.75 y1702.23 y1718.20 y1733.55 y1747.94
y1.58C y1663.12 y1680.55 y1697.42 y1713.78 y1729.60 y1744.72
y1.68C y1657.14 y1675.01 y1692.30 y1709.04 y1725.27 y1740.93
y1.78C y1650.79 y1669.14 y1686.86 y1704.00 y1720.62 y1736.70
y1.88C y1644.05 y1662.90 y1681.08 y1698.64 y1715.65 y1732.13
y1.98C y1636.93 y1656.28 y1674.95 y1692.96 y1710.38 y1727.25
y2.08C y1629.40 y1649.27 y1668.45 y1686.94 y1704.79 y1722.06
y2.18C y1621.46 y1641.87 y1661.56 y1680.55 y1698.87 y1716.56
y2.28C y1613.12 y1634.07 y1654.29 y1673.79 y1692.59 y1710.74
y2.38C – y1625.85 y1646.62 y1666.65 y1685.96 y1704.58
y2.48C – – y1638.54 y1659.11 y1678.94 y1698.06
y2.58C – – y1630.06 y1651.17 y1671.54 y1691.17
y2.68C – – – y1642.82 y1663.74 y1683.90
y2.78C – – – – y1655.53 y1676.24
y2.88C – – – – y1646.93 y1668.18
y2.98C – – – – – y1659.72
Melting thermal cubic expansion coefficient g M Ž t, p . of sea ice in ppmrmK calculated after Eq. Ž4.22. as a function of temperature t in 8C
and applied pressure p in MPa, multiplied by brine salinity SŽ t, p . in PSU Žsee Table 18. for a smoother appearance.
1994; Mironenko et al., 1997.. Further, bubbles, cracks, aging phenomena, precipitated solid salt or other
impurities, and gas solutionrdissolution processes were excluded from the present paper, but partly treated by
other studies. Transport coefficients like heat conduction are principally beyond the scope of equilibrium
thermodynamics and have to be described theoretically by Onsager coefficients in the framework of linear
irreversible thermodynamics. Extensive further theoretical and laboratory work is needed for a more comprehen-
sive knowledge of sea ice.
Acknowledgements
The authors express their gratitude to the IOW librarians, Mrs. A. Schroder ¨ and Mrs. B. Sievert, for their
kind support in literature recherches. They also like to thank the referee for his hints on the work of Spencer et
al. and Marion and Grant. This paper contributes to the project ‘Improved Microstructure Measurement
Technologies for Marine Near Surface Flux Studies ŽMITEC.’, funded by EU under MAS3-CT97-0114. To
Table 24
Melting isothermal compressibility v M Ž t, p . in ppmrkPa, multiplied by brine salinity SŽ t, p . in PSU
y0.18C 123.52 – – – – –
y0.28C 125.45 122.89 – – – –
y0.38C 126.23 126.20 – – – –
y0.48C 126.53 127.41 126.48 – – –
y0.58C 126.60 127.90 128.41 125.74 – –
y0.68C 126.54 128.06 129.19 129.13 – –
y0.78C 126.40 128.05 129.48 130.36 129.33 –
y0.88C 126.21 127.93 129.54 130.85 131.33 128.36
y0.98C 125.99 127.76 129.46 131.00 132.13 131.99
y1.08C 125.74 127.55 129.31 130.98 132.42 133.27
y1.18C 125.47 127.31 129.11 130.85 132.47 133.78
y1.28C 125.19 127.04 128.87 130.67 132.39 133.93
y1.38C 124.88 126.76 128.61 130.44 132.22 133.90
y1.48C 124.54 126.45 128.33 130.19 132.01 133.77
y1.58C 124.19 126.12 128.03 129.91 131.76 133.57
y1.68C 123.81 125.77 127.70 129.61 131.48 133.33
y1.78C 123.40 125.40 127.36 129.28 131.19 133.06
y1.88C 122.97 125.00 126.98 128.94 130.87 132.77
y1.98C 122.51 124.57 126.59 128.58 130.53 132.45
y2.08C 122.02 124.11 126.17 128.19 130.17 132.12
y2.18C 121.50 123.63 125.72 127.77 129.78 131.76
y2.28C 120.95 123.11 125.24 127.33 129.37 131.38
y2.38C – 122.57 124.73 126.86 128.94 130.98
y2.48C – – 124.20 126.36 128.47 130.55
y2.58C – – 123.63 125.83 127.98 130.09
y2.68C – – – 125.27 127.46 129.60
y2.78C – – – – 126.91 129.09
y2.88C – – – – 126.32 128.55
y2.98C – – – – – 127.97
Melting isothermal compressibility v M Ž t, p . of sea ice in ppmrkPa calculated after Eq. Ž4.20. as a function of temperature t in 8C and
applied pressure p in MPa, multiplied by brine salinity SŽ t, p . in PSU Žsee Table 18. for a smoother appearance.
Table 25
Melting temperature t M Ž s, p . in 8C
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.32 1.00 3.16 10.00 31.62
0 MPa y0.001 y0.002 y0.006 y0.018 y0.056 y0.174 y0.541 y1.729
1 MPa y0.075 y0.076 y0.080 y0.093 y0.131 y0.249 y0.616 y1.804
2 MPa y0.150 y0.151 y0.155 y0.167 y0.205 y0.323 y0.690 y1.879
3 MPa y0.224 y0.226 y0.230 y0.242 y0.280 y0.398 y0.765 y1.955
4 MPa y0.299 y0.301 y0.305 y0.317 y0.355 y0.473 y0.840 y2.030
5 MPa y0.375 y0.376 y0.380 y0.392 y0.431 y0.549 y0.916 y2.106
6 MPa y0.450 y0.451 y0.455 y0.468 y0.506 y0.624 y0.991 y2.182
7 MPa y0.526 y0.527 y0.531 y0.543 y0.582 y0.700 y1.067 y2.258
8 MPa y0.602 y0.603 y0.607 y0.619 y0.658 y0.776 y1.143 y2.334
9 MPa y0.678 y0.679 y0.683 y0.695 y0.734 y0.852 y1.219 y2.411
10 MPa y0.754 y0.755 y0.759 y0.772 y0.810 y0.928 y1.296 y2.488
Melting temperature t M Ž s, p . of sea ice in 8C calculated as numerical solution of Eq. Ž4.3. as a function of sea ice salinity s in PSU and
Table 26
Temperature of maximum volume TMVŽ s, p . in 8C
s ŽPSU. 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.15
0 MPa y0.537 y0.924 y1.190 y1.407 y1.593 y1.760 y1.912 y2.052
1 MPa y0.612 y1.001 y1.268 y1.485 y1.672 y1.840 y1.992 y2.132
2 MPa y0.689 y1.078 y1.346 y1.564 y1.752 y1.919 y2.072 y2.213
3 MPa y0.765 y1.156 y1.425 y1.643 y1.831 y1.999 y2.153 y2.294
4 MPa y0.842 y1.234 y1.503 y1.722 y1.911 y2.080 y2.233 y2.375
5 MPa y0.919 y1.312 y1.582 y1.801 y1.991 y2.160 y2.314 y2.456
6 MPa y0.996 y1.390 y1.661 y1.881 y2.071 y2.241 y2.395 y2.538
7 MPa y1.073 y1.468 y1.740 y1.961 y2.152 y2.322 y2.477 y2.620
8 MPa y1.150 y1.547 y1.820 y2.041 y2.232 y2.403 y2.558 y2.702
9 MPa y1.228 y1.626 y1.899 y2.121 y2.313 y2.484 y2.640 y2.784
10 MPa y1.306 y1.705 y1.979 y2.202 y2.394 y2.566 y2.722 y2.866
Temperature of maximum volume TMVŽ s, p . of sea ice in 8C, calculated as numerical solution for vanishing thermal expansion
g Ž s,TMV, p . s 0 after Eq. Ž4.21., as a function of sea ice salinity s in PSU and applied pressure p in MPa.
obtain numerical polynomial coefficients, especially for the Gibbs potential of seawater, the reader may contact
the authors by email: rainer.feistel@io-warnemuende.de.
Appendix A. Tables of thermodynamic function values
Tables 5–26 list the various thermodynamic function values.
Appendix B. List of symbols used
b isochoric pressure coefficient

CP specific heat at constant pressure Žheat capacity. of sea ice
CPB heat capacity of brine
CPI heat capacity of ice
CPM melting heat capacity of sea ice

c absolute salinity, grams of salt per kilogram of seawater
D dilution coefficient of brine, D s SŽEmB rES . t, p
Do dielectric constant of water at 08C and 0 MPa, 87.8956
e electron charge, 1.60218 P 10y1 9
dV melting excess volume at 08C and 0 MPa, dV s V B y V I s y90.7005 cm3rkg
H specific enthalpy of sea ice
HB specific enthalpy of brine
HI specific enthalpy of ice
HM apparent melting enthalpy of sea ice
G specific Gibbs free energy Žfree enthalpy. of sea ice
GB specific Gibbs free energy Žfree enthalpy. of brine
GI specific Gibbs free energy Žfree enthalpy. of ice
G 0 , G 1 , etc. expansion coefficient of G B with respect to S
g 0 , g 1 , g i jk coefficients of the seawater Gibbs potential
gi j coefficients of the ice Gibbs potential
G adiabatic lapse rate
g iosobaric thermal expansion coefficient of sea ice
gB thermal expansion coefficient of brine
gI thermal expansion coefficient of ice
gM melting thermal expansion coefficient of sea ice
kB Boltzmann constant 1.380642 P 10y2 3 JrK
L latent heat of sea ice
l specific latent heat of sea ice, l s yELrEw
Mw Fx apparent specific melting term of some F, M w F x s w F B y F I y SŽEF B rES . t, p xrS
m relative chemical potential of sea ice
mo some reference chemical potential
mB relative chemical potential of brine
mI chemical potential of ice
mS chemical potential of salt in brine
mW chemical potential of water in brine
NS salt particles per PSU and kilogram seawater Ž1.92688 P 10 22 rkg PSU.
O order symbol, O Ž x n . means any powers x m with m G n
v , vt isothermal compressibility of sea ice
vB isothermal compressibility of brine
v I , v tI isothermal compressibility of ice
vM melting isothermal compressibility of sea ice
va adiabatic compressibility of sea ice
vaB adiabatic compressibility of brine
vaI adiabatic compressibility of ice
P absolute pressure P s P o q p
Po standard atmospheric pressure, 0.101325 MPa
p applied pressure relative to P o
ppm part per million, 1 P 10y6
PSU practical salinity unit, 1 PSU s 1.00488 g sea saltrkg seawater
Q melting heat Žfusion enthalpy. of ice at 08C and 0 MPa, 333.5 kJrkg
q q s crS s 1.00488 grkg PSU relates absolute to practical salinity
r.m.s. root mean square
r density 1rV
S brine salinity
s sea ice salinity
s specific entropy of sea ice
sB specific entropy of brine
sI specific entropy of ice
T absolute temperature T s T o q t
To 273.15 K
t temperature relative to T o Ž8C.
tM melting temperature Žs freezing point.
TMV temperature of maximum volume
U sound speed Žin seawater.
V specific volume of sea ice
Vo specific volume of water at 08C and 0 MPa Ž1.000157 dm3rkg.
VB specific volume of brine
VI specific volume of ice
VM apparent specific melting volume of sea ice
w liquid mass fraction Žkilogram brine per kilogram sea ice.
x, y, z dimensionless variables for S, t, p
²Z2: valence factor of sea salt, 1.24515
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A Gibbs Thermodynamic Potential of Sea Ice

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A Gibbs Thermodynamic Potential of Sea Ice

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Cold Regions Science and Technology 28 Ž1998.

A Gibbs thermodynamic potential of sea ice

2. Gibbs potential of seawater

Starting from the total differential of GŽ S,t, p .,

and the chemical potential of salt in brine is given by

3. Gibbs potential of ice

V I s GpI s 1r916.71, Ž 3.1 .

Žii. Fusion enthalpy in kJrkg at t s 08C

Žv. Isothermal compressibility in ppmrMPa, t in 8C

v tI s yGpI prV I s 232.2 q 0.418 P t. Ž 3.5 .

G I Ž t , p . s G B Ž S,t , p . y Sm B Ž S,t , p . Ž 3.7 .

from the coefficients of seawater.

4. Gibbs potential of sea ice

G Ž s,t , p . s w P G B Ž S,t , p . q Ž 1 y w . P G I Ž t , p . , Ž 4.1 .

mW s G B Ž S,t , p . y S P Ž E G BrE S . t , p s G B y S P mB Ž 4.4 .

Živ. Heat capacity: CP s T ŽEsrEt .S, p

We can now write

b P s Ž E prE t . s,V s y Ž E 2 GrE tE p . r Ž E 2 GrE p 2 . s grv Ž 4.30 .

lim G s T o VM rH M s y74.2874 mKrMPa Ž 4.31 .

and with atmospheric pressure P o s 101325 Pa

lim b s H M r Ž T o P o VM . s y132.852rK Ž 4.32 .

and we have in agreement with Eq. Ž4.23.

G B Ž S,t , p . s G 0 q G 1 S ln Ž S . q G 2 S q G 3 S 3r2 q G4 S 2 q PPP Ž 5.1 .

It is solved in lowest order for S as

Inserting this expression into mB s ŽEG B rES . we find

S Ž t , p . s y Ž Q P trT o q pdV . rNS k B T o

t Ž S,0 . s S Ž y57.5 q 1.710523 P 'S y 0.2154996 P S . Ž 5.6 .

CPB Ž t ,0 . s 4217.37 q t Ž 131.302 q 6.31446 t .

g B Ž t ,0 . s y67.15 y t Ž 58.265 q 4.738t .

Appendix A. Tables of thermodynamic function values

Tables 5–26 list the various thermodynamic function values.

Appendix B. List of symbols used

b isochoric pressure coefficient

CPM melting heat capacity of sea ice

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