KAS 1 NOTES - History straddles as both *pre-literate [ insert diagram here ]

humanities and social societies– societies

(1st LE) science w/o an advanced Note: PAST is not equivalent to
system of writing => HISTORY!
HISTORY oral tradition
CREDENTIALS OF HISTORY Add: Kasaysayan (Salazar) –
[conceptual] *Baybayin (not
AS A SCIENCE Sanaysay na may saysay para
- Edward H. Carr advanced… not
3 Objectives of History RPS sa…
- 1960s preserved, short term
It aims to…
- Book: “What is History?” transaction)
1. Record the truth about
- “a continuous interaction - Spaniards recorded
what happened in the ELEMENTS OF HISTORY
between the historian and the writing system
past
his facts; an unending ~Types of Literature~ (Salik ng Kasaysayan) PTS
2. Produce/build a body of
dialog between the past Fiction- one’s imagination 1. People – most decisive
knowledge about the past
and the present” element of history
3. Study the past through a Non- Fiction – evidence- based
Ex: Fact: 12 June 1898 (Ph - Create and record events
discipline methodology – History is an ART
Independence) as they occur
historical method because it is a form of
- Backbone 2. Time – an abstract notion
 Falsifiable, no finality, LITERATURE in the form
- Flesh and Blood – wherein events occur
open ended of narrative or prose ----------------
historian ~ interpretation
argument (because it should be in Linear Motion of time –
SCIENCE – organized body of sequence, like telling a continuum
- Benedetto Croce knowledge
- “all history is story!) 2-Dimensional – live in the
- Scientific method – truth present while we study
contemporary history” about the natural world
- Interpretations of the HISTORY VS. CHRONOLOGY the past
- Conclusion (may be
past are affected by the  Chronology – mere 3. Setting – spatial notion (
falsifiable) where events occurred)
context of the present listing of events in
Ex: 1990s *NHCP --- 1st mass sequence (ex. Year –
- Renato Constantino event) Note: History is always CONTEXT
(Limasawa or Butuan City?) ~ NHI
*1960s-1980s Cold War  History – connexity – BOUND!
 Grancayco Panel (acted as
- Struggle of the masses (show the connection - Bound by time and space
quasi – judicial body) -----
- Class conflict (Marxist of events, causes, -> Spatio-temporal
LIMASAWA
Interpretation) consequences)
- Uses chronology as an SOURCES (Batis)
CREDENTIALS OF HISTORY
- Keith Windschuttle auxiliary science (eval/use 1. Primary Source
AS AN ART (primaryang batis
- Book: The Killing of sources)
 Literature - Multi-causal – ( a lot of pangkasaysayan) – any
History: How Modern
- any written product reasons why one event object, doc, book, etc
Literary Critics are
of an era, culture, and occurred) – Multi – created, published and
Murdering our Past
society consequential written during the event
(ex. H Bills, RA, EO, PP,
 SONA, jewelry,
newspapers, letters, etc.)
- People who were present
in that particular event
(ex. eye-witnesses)
2. Secondary Source CCIA –
collation, collection,
interpretation, analysis of
primary sources
(ex. documentaries,
textbooks, movies, thesis,
research articles, journals,
dissertation)
Note: conflicting primary
sources
ex. Cry of Pugadlawin –
When?
23/24/26 August (24 cos no
rain wew)
Important!!: Corroboration
(validation, justification) of
Sources
2 Levels of Criticism
(Primary Sources)
1. Internal Criticism (higher
level) ---read the content
of the doc
2. External Criticism (lower
level)
- Answer questions about
its provenance…origin
- Physical attribute of the
object (est authenticity of
the document)
*semantics – change in meaning
PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY
[theoretical]
- attempts to explain the
general movement of
history and where it is
heading
note: NOT historical
philosophy ( *Bible -------------
philosophical ideas and
context)
1. Cyclical History –
maintains the view that
events in history are
recurring/repeating
- agent/actor/element
remains unchanged
[Time is a social construct]
a. Su Ma Chien (qian)
~ Bamboo Anals
~ Cyclical Dynasties
b. India: Vedas
- Mahayuga (the Cycle of
Periods)
4 stages:
Satya Yuga Dvapara Yuga
Treta Yuga. Kali Yuga
---- Desavatara (10 Avatars of
Vishnu)
Satya Yuga (100% Good)
Treta Yuga (1/4 Evil. ¾ good)
Dvapara Yuga (3/4 evil, ¼ good)
Kali Yuga (100% Evil)
Kali -> Kalki
2.Linear History
- Events in history happen in
succession without repetition
- continuum
- beginning and ending
a.) Providential
-History is a continuous struggle
between good and evil
-Ending is determined by divine
providence; supreme being
-“Christian View”, “Sacred View”
*Qur’an – early days: cannot be
translated
Note: anti-Christ – Daggal
*Ishmael, Isaac, Abraham
- St. Augustine of Hippo
Book: De Civitate Dei
“The City of God”
~De Civitas Terrena (city of man)
- De Civitas Dei (infinite)
Addnote: concupiscence
(sin)
b.) Progressive
- progress and events in
history are caused by
man’s own efforts
-continuum of progress
-tech and scientific
advancement
Note: not all
advancements are
considered progress!
3.Spiral History
-patterns,trends, rhythms
- events may occur
again/repeat but on a diff.
level (diff. context)
*chaotic – no pattern
(post modern, no-
metanarrataives)
-Gian batista Vico
~ Social Cycle Theory
(pattern)
PHILIPPINE
HISTORIOGRAPHY
- Historiography is the
history of history writing
- Historiografia
-
1.Traditional Historiography
- focuses on the great men,
politics and the elite
- political history
-Gregorio Zaide – start of PH
hist: 1521
- influenced by an ideological
movement in Europe in the
19th century
-Leopold Von Ranke
- make history more scientific
- more empirical (solely based
on evidence, ex: documents)
-positivism
no document, no history
no judgment (do not
interpret), as is “colorless
history” ---- boring history
2.Nationalist Historiography
(1950s)
- focuses on discourses relating to
nation-building, nationalism and
revolution
*nation = state (4 char)
* nation-state
- people sharing same history,
language and culture
Note: UK – diff. nations, 1 state;
Spain – nation-state
*PH – 1 history, 1 culture
Samuel Tan – people of Muslim
Mindanao are people without a
state
Benedict Anderson
- nation = imagined
community
*Nationalism – love for country
~ ultranationalism ---
pro-colonial
*Revolution – entails a 360
degree turn
- planning to topple down the
status quo
--Review and Connect:
Edward Carr, What is history,
documents and facts cannot
make science on their own,
historians are needed
a) Teodoro Agoncillo
“The Revolt of the Masses: The
Story of Bonifacio and the
Katipunan” ~ a watershed,
turning pt.
- Before 1872, there is no
history (why? Cos there is
no concept of a nation!)
- Parochial problems …
sporadic results (before)
---- Gomburza
- Rizal – El Fili – Bonifacio –
KKK (1896-1898)
- Conc: we are all one and
the same
- “Filipino View of History”
b. Renato Constantino
- Marxist ideas
- class conflict theory
(collective) struggle – CORE
*society is a historical product of
struggle
Note: Traditional and Nationalist
are similar ~~~
POLITICAL!
3.Nouvelle Histoire (New History
or Bagong Kasaysayan)
- Annales School
- the study of history involves
all the sciences
e.g. history of mentalities,
memories, women, typhoons,
etc
GEOGRAPHY AND
HISTORY
Fernand Browdel ( A Short
History of Civilizations)
- Geography (can be
located in a map)
- Civilization ~ on a map
-territory
-landscape
-climate
-topography
Add note: La Longue Duree
(Long Duration)
Xgeographical determinism!
(why? cos there are also
changes in geography that
are caused by people)
Geodeterminism
(racist theory) - Descendant:
- Above the equator--- lazy Australomelanesian
Ph – Monsoon Asia – fertile 3. Indones (A/B)
land - indolent - Taller, broad chest, fair
*but this is not always the complexion, … nose, Bark
case! cloth wearing
4. Central Asian Group (Rice
Hernan Goetz Terraces Building)
- 2 essential INDIAS 5. Metal Tool Using
- [ insert drawing] Civilized Malay --- -- -
Ethnolinguistic Group
Note: Imperial Manila (Capital) - 80% of people during
1565-1570 – Miguel Lopez de that time
Legaspi -- est. settlements Add note: Rizal – pride of
1570 - Martin de Goiti, Juan de the Malay Race
Salcedo
Why Manila? Cos of resources and Problems: RSM
strategic location 1. Race – social
*Tundun (Tondo) construct
Add note: QC – supposed to be - Way of classifying people
the new capital accdg to skin color
2. Sources – skull cap…
WAVES OF MIGRATION no evidence
THEORY 3. Methodology –
-Groups of people migrated to appropriated
the Ph in succession like waves characteristics of a
-Prof. Otley H. Beyer living person to a
Inland Push Theory non-existent group of
A =inland people
B
C = inland ~ Austronesian
*mountains, plains, plateaus - (super) family of
languages
5 Groups of People (starting - Speakers
10000 years ago) - Pertains to the speakers
1. Austroloid Sakai Type of the language,
2. Pygmoid Type (Negrito ~ language
little negros)
- Kinky hair, flat nose, thick AUSTRONESIAN
lips, dark-skinned, short MIGRATION
 - Most phenomenal, *Dialect – variety/variation of a [communal]
cultural, and territorial language based on geography *wangka
expansion in human *Sociolect-jejemon, etc; (bangka) Tagalog Visayas
history (Taiwan – Ph – discipline vs discipline BARANGAY– est a community Maginoo <common men > Kadatoan
Indonesia – Central *Idiolect – based on the individual based on their past community (nobility)
Pacific – Africa) ~rice – kanin, bigas, palay, etc - Smallest socio-political
With around 360 million ~ snow – none cos no snow in the structure (50 to 100 Maharlika <dependents> Timawa
speakers, 1200 living ph families) in the
languages Philippines
Robert Blust (linguist) – Non- Austronesian speakers in SEA - Ruled independently Alipin <debt bondage > Oripun
used linguistic evidence in or Ph? from e/o by a chieftain
trying to explain the called Datu
migration of people into NUSANTAO MARITIME *multiplicity of the brgy –
Cont’n (brgy)
mentioned places TRADING AND no central authority
1. Datu – political and
Peter Bellwood – same COMMUNICATION before the Spaniards
economic head of the
ideas, but in an NETWORK came
brgy (more economic
archaeological *focused on culture (patterns of - still interact w/ each
than political – Salazar)
perspective cultural diffusion) other BAW
*political power emanates
-out-of-Taiwan-model Wilhelm Solheim 1. Barter
from economic power
(patterned after Out of *Nusantao 2.Alliances– Sanduguan
(distribution is up to him)
Africa/ Out of Eden - nesus – south (blood compact)
Theory) = “Taiwan is the - tao – people 3. Warfare – Resources,
[ Bagani (Warrior Class)
place of origin of people in “southern people” Pangangayaw,
- Defend the brgy from
Southeast Asia” -natives of southern island kidnapping of wives
external invasion;
*Why do people migrate? Southeast Asia *these brgys. Are not
maintain peace in the
- agricultural instability -descendants homogeneous (variation,
brgy ]
- population growth - maritime oriented culture – modification)
- Juridical head of the brgy
= culture not immune to Southern Philippines ~ Binukot
- (executive, legislative,
changes! - 5000 BC or earlier ~ Babaylan
juridical and military
-Austronesian speakers head)
[insert diagram] - did not consider: Austronesian Main Personalities
- Position is inherited (son,
speakers w/o maritime oriented 1. Datu
nephew, etc)
*Pintados –> Batik(an) culture 2. Bayani (warrior class)
- Or position is given to one
(achievement / heroes) - not a product of migration , but a 3. Babaylan/ Catalonan
who kills the datu
*Domesticated Animals (pigs, product of yrs of trading  Panday *Urduja (female datu) –
chickens)  Mamamalayok Ibn Batuta
*interchangeable d~r (Ratu/Datu) *banga, bangka, bangkay  Manghahabi - male dominated
Kilual <- Keluar (exit)
 Magsasaka
 Mangingisda 2. Babaylan (Visayas)
 Catalonan/ Katona
(Tagalog)
Maaram – Antique
Mumbaki – Ifugao
- Philosophical, scientific,
cultural and religious
head
- Comparable to a priestess
- Padre Chirino, SJ –
“Brujas”
“as if they yielded
themselves to the
demons”
*written by a Spaniard,
priest
~ destroy Babaylans to
destabilize the old belief
system
~ weird appearances –
animist belief (everything
has a soul, “kaluluwa”)
- Female dominated, BUT a
male can be a babaylan
too (BINABAYI)
Two Divisions of the
World:
1. Physical (pisikal)
2. Spiritual
*Rituals – used to connect
the physical w/ the
spiritual (Babaylan acts as
a bridge)
2 Rituals
1. Individual Rituals
2. Community Rituals
~ Construct a house for
the sick, sacrifice a pig,
etc, “mini fiesta”, dancing
and chanting, TRANCE
(spirit separates from the
body… anito), good/bad
news = feast
*they did not question
someone else’s faith
BAKIT BABAE?
1. They give life
2. Females are generally
perceptive and
intuitive (needed in
order to bridge phys
and spiritual)
How are Babaylans
chosen?
Visayas – Supernatural
Luzon – by choice
(training)
*Mumbaki – Ifugao
(males) – eg a man from
the states… his father, a
mumbaki, died. Thus, he
became the new
Mumbaki (Mamerto
Tindongan)
*subsistence economy
*mobile
10000 years ago – Tabon
Man, etc.
“Neolithic Revolution”
*surplus economy – more
than what they need
*surplus in time –
wonder?
--- explain the natural
world
Rise of science
(early societies
rise of religion –
rise of science)
Community Rituals
*guibang-guibang
“guibang guibang cun magtoto
cami”
- If the boat doesn’t move,
do not continue the
expedition
 Bacalag – offer/
sacrifice a “slave” ->
dies -> blood goes to
the boat -> boat will
be named after the
slave
*alipin – debt bonded/
driven (pay using services)
[social groupings before
Spaniards came were not
rigid]
Note: India caste system –
reincarnation
3. Panday
- Technological head of the
brgy… agricultural tools
and weapons
- Goldsmith
- Blacksmith
- Panday Pira – Apalit,
Pampanga – Canons
4. Binukot
- Female dominated
- Young females chosen by
their families because of
their beauty (white
complexion)
- Secluded like a nun,
house/ tower will be built
to house the binukot
(liyamin), feet are not
allowed to touch the
ground, not to be seen by
males
- Apid (specific servants
hired for the binukot)
- Why? Secure fertility…
prepare for marriage
*puberty stage: 1st
menstruation – apid
accompanies her to the
lake – paraded around the
town – ready for marriage
(dowry)
- economic and cultural
importance (dance,
chant, weave)
- most important char:
FERTILITY
- even before Spaniards
came: penchant for fair
complexion already exists
* Ifugao – professional
deflowerer
~ virginity doesn’t matter
Binukot Babaylan
Fairest of them all supernatural
young Old women
Prized possession Empowered
w/ a price individual, freedom
Economic and Religious
cultural
Are women highly regarded? YES!
SOCIAL CLASSES
(refer to 1st table)
 - Not rigid, allows social - KSA - Memorize the revelations 632 AD – death of
mobility - Bahrain word for word, preach Muhammad
 Alipin – ~ before: word for word *AR – RASHIDON
Sagigilid - Quraysh CALIPHATE KHALIFA
Namamahay (own - Bedouins – headed by an 5 Pillars of Islam - Akbar -> Sunni
property) elected council of 1. Shahada - Omar
 Oripun – tumataban members 2. Salah / Salat -Uthman
(works 3 to 4 days a (Sheikh/Shaykh) 3. Sawm – fasting - Ali -> Shia
week) -generosity, industry, 4. Zakat – Alms giving
Tumarampuk (works tribal loyalty, 360 deities 5. Hajj – pilgrimage to *Filioque (search!)
1 day) -forged a trading route Mecca at least once in the - eastern orthrodox
Ayuey (works when from Yemen to Mecca lifetime if one is able - church
summoned) -became wealthy and (Title: Hajji Q) ~ Schism
prosperous Add notes:
~ maritime oriented culture BUT THEY WANTED *Salah – Al Israa -> Al Miraj UMAYYAD CALIPHATE
- Geography(ph MORE! *Zakat – 2.5% assets, net - Territorial expansion
surrounded by bodies of -selfishness (greed), self- income - Spread Islamic civilization
water) centered, familial loyalty, *Sawn- fasting from West to East
- Livelihood (life) 360 deities  Iberian Peninsula (Spain
Communities: ~ Jahiliya or Period of 621 AD ---- Ka’ba and Portugal)
Saraya - bundok Ignorance ~ - Muhammad has - Muslims colonized
Salawod – ilog - As a historical marker: GROWING INFLUENCE ( Southern Spain for 800
Note: Boxer Codex – “Pre-Islamic Arabia” council of Bedouins were yrs…, “al andalusiao”)
Charles Boxer - By 570 AD, Muhammad threatened) - Baghdad, Iraq
 Pigafetta – birds w no was born - ~ persecute Sufism – Mystical Islam
tails, sharks w/ 3 rows - Raised by a Bedouin - Makka (Mecca) to Yathrib  Cannot interact w/
of teeth, St. Elmo’s family (Medina) untouchables
fire) - Khadija (+15 yrs) – - Hejira /Hijra (flight from  Buddhism
th th
9 to 15 Century employer when he was of Mecca to Medina to Sunna (more
(801-900) – (1401 -1500) BRGY age… became his wife escape) fundamentalist than
- Merchant - Ummah – “community of Shia)
13th Century - 610 AD – “startling believers” - Maulanas (Sufism
12th Century vision” that commanded *1 Anno Hegirae (AH) teachers)
ISLAM him to preach or recite - people were unified under 1 - “Trading Religion”
- - the God through faith (expansion of Islam is
BRIEF HISTORY OF ISLAM Angel Jibril - belief in 1 God relatively peaceful in
6th C. Arabian Peninsula - -He wanted to reveal the -unify Southeast Asia compared
~ present: revelations (bec previous ~ cannot afford the death of to the expansion of Islam
- Yemen rev were altered) Muhammad during this time in Europe)
- Oman  China X
  Settled in Malaysia,
Indonesia, Brunei, etc
14th Century – Karim Ul
Makdum
-Najeeb Saleeby (no!) =>
1280 AD
*1400 – Rajah Baguinda
w/ Para Misuli (daughter)
~ 50 yrs later would marry
Abu Bakr (nobility,
Johore)
*Almost 2 yrs…
=> many were converted
to Muslim
- Tombstone
- Tarsila (chain)
- Contains a genealogy
(connection w the
prophet)
1. Tuan Mashaika (title)
- Maimbung, Jolo
- Indra Suga (wife)
- 4 children
*RB & AB (consolidate their
power)
*consolidate converted
natives (Ummah)
* establish sultanates
SULTANATE – Islamic state
w centralization of political
power to the sultan
- Has bureaucracy (head:
sultan)
- *Sultan – both political
and religious leader
~ Sulu Sultanate
- Sulu
- Tawi-Tawi
- Zamboanga
- Sabah ( was given to the
Sulu Sultanate as a gift
*British colonized
Malaysia,… rented Sabah
1945- 1946 => X Sulu
Sultanate (ph repub)
~ enter decolonization
~ Macapagal – reclaim
Sabah ; referendum
~ Marcos – colonize
Sabah by force
“Oplan Merdeka” – diff
ethnolinguistic groups =>
relatives of those in
Sabah
 All were massacred!
(Jabidah Massacre)
- Basilan
- Palawan
 Sultanate of Sulu
- Bureaucracy
- Ruma Bichara (set of
advisers to the sultan) –
Datus
~ to avoid alienation
- Madrassah (institutions
of learning) – dedicated
to the study of Qur’an
 Sultanate of
Maguindanao - 1500
- Tabunaway
- Sheriff Kabungsuwan
(arrangement: married
the daughter of a political
leader => political
alliance, lineage w/ the
prophet)
- Dumatu/s (soon to be
datu, reality: not)
-serves as the adviser to
the sultan
- Claim to the throne:
must be directly
connected to Sheriff
Kabungsuwan
- Tabunaway -> highest
position = Dumatu/s
Lanao
- Pangangampong (brgy
level communities)
*Samuel Tan – We can
conclude that the kind of
Islam that entered the Ph is
Folk Islam (syncretic Islam)
~ very evident in the political
structure of the Sultanate
~ Sarimanok (very
Austronesian) = form of
syncretism
[Note: folk Christianity]
AGE OF DISCOVERY AND
EXPANSION
- 14 to 15th century
th
- “new world” – America
a. Ancient – Graeco -
Roman (Think of
Rome as Glue)
- 15th century – Roman
Empire collapsed
- Capital moved to Eastern
Europe (byzantine
empire)
b. Middle/Dark/Medieva
l - Series of wars were
- World (flat), earth is the
center
- Pope/ Church – symbolic
“glue” that sticks Western
Europe together
- Feudal Society (one
feudal lord owning land…
has slaves)
- “Holy Roman Empire” –
successor of Roman
empie
- Not HRE
~ Not Italian
Ex: Florence – Florentine
Venice – Venetian
*do not identify
themselves as Italians
* Spain – 2 major kingdoms in the
northern part
c. Modern
- advances in thinking,
etc.
~~ the age of discovery and
expansion occurred between
medieval and modern (transition)
*knowledge-saved by the
Muslims (Arab-Muslims in
Europe)
2 Major Kingdoms in Spain
- When Ummayad entered
Western Europe, these
kingdoms were
established (to protect)
a. Reconquista (8th/9th
Century)
fought between the
Muslims and Christians in
Spain
Forge Alliance:
  Aragon.
 Castille
~ marriage between
Ferdinand of Aragon
and Isabela of Castile
- Emirate of Granada – Last
stronghold
*convert or go out
- Holy Office of the Spanish
Inquisition
~ you will be tortured if
you don’t want to be
converted
Resulted to the
emergence of the
1. Kingdom of Spain
(GLORY)
- One political authority –
one law
- Standardized political
systems and laws
- Standardization of
weights and measures
- Standardization of
currency
- Stable economy
- More investors
- Magellan’s expedition:
(partly funded by a family
in Germany)
- Bigger Economy = *Manila Acapulco Galleon
Greater Political Power
[Economic Capital]
- “Super Power”
*Fall of Constantinopole
(present day Istanbul)
- seat of the Easter
Roman Empire
(Byzantine)
Why? Sultanate of Sulu – trades w/ *Friars --- eg Padre
 Rise to power of the the Dutch Damaso
Ottoman Empire - British empire *Domingo de Salazar
 Colonization of - 1st archbishop of Manila
Venetians Andre Gundar Frank – - Dominican
 Served as the gateway Dependency Theory - Student of Bartolome de
between Europe and Asia Immanuel Wallerstein – World las Casas (present in the
(Silk Route) -Systems Analysis colonization of Mexico –
 2 gates *core “What right do we have to
1 run by Venetians SPAIN … industrial colonize??” -> champion
 Alternative Route: Down … need more of Indians)
the Atlantic Ocean -> materials ~ de Salazar asked the
Africa -> Go back up (not  venture into colonizing same question
safe) lands w/ high level of 1582 – discussed abuses
 Spain launched resources done by Spaniards in the
expeditions PH – periphery, raw Ph, what can we do in
2. Spices (Gold) materials (coffee, tobacco, order to repay…
- Wealth vinegar, abaca, opium, etc), “The Handbook of
- Spices command high “free labor” Confessions” -> official
prices in Europe - The underdeveloped ---- abused (steps to bring
-“Spice Island” – present countries remain justice back)
day Indonesia underdeveloped because  Recognition of justice
- whoever controls this of their relation with the and repayment
island controls the spice core *Miguel de Benavides
trade - The core is sucking out
- Mercantilism – nations the wealth from the Portugal – launched the 1st
measure/reckon their wealth periphery voyages (established diff
through their gold/silver Note: Semi-peripheries – navigational tools like
Note: bullionism – most Mexico and Brazil) compasses, maps, etc.)
primitive form of
mercantilism 3. Spread of Christianity Hispano – Lusitanian
(God) --- Religion *Azores
Trade - Catholic Monarchies - claimed everything west
~ not allowed to trade with - Patronato Real (Royal of Azores
other European countries Patronage) 1492- Cristoforo Colombo
(only w/ your colonial master) - Spain – responsibility to (Spanish expedition)
--- not allowed to export defend and spread the ~ Nueva Mundo (New World)
gold Catholic Faith - Western side of the
Galleon Trade – India, China, *missionaries Azores (part of the claim
Spain Note: royal touch
 of Portugal) -> invasion of
their claimed property!
1493 – Papal Bull Intercaetera
- Pope Alexander VI –
interference (bias,
Spanish)
- Ph was not the original target
- Nicholas Cushner
“Spain in the Philippines: From
Conquest to Revolution” 1971
(ADMU)
 Magallanes, Fernando -
Portugese
1480 Sabrosa, Tras-os -
Montes, Portugal
1507 – expedition to India
(colonize Goa)
- Ruy Faleiro (friend)
- Don Juan de Barbosa (Sevilla,
Spain)
-introduced Magellan and
Ruy to Casa de Contratacion
~ the king agreed
22 March 1528 – signed the
Capitulacions – “The
Agreements”
- Equip the expedition w/ five
vessels:TVCSS
 Trinidad (flagship)
 Victoria
 Concepcion
 Santiago
 San Antonio
Voyagers – some died of scurvy (lack
of vit c)
- Rat is a delicacy
- Negotiation continued
until they reached
compromise (move the
imaginary line 1700 km
westward)
- Cook leather
Feb 1521- Magellan and that
expedition cited an island they
tried to anchor on (lots of sharks)
“Isla de Tiburones” (Island of
Sharks)
“Las Islas de Desaventurados”
(Unfortunate Islands) – (400
nothing
6 March 1521- Islands of
Marianas (anchored)
- Natives provided them w
food, stayed there for 3 days
- One of the natives stole one
of the skiffs of the ship
- Burned the houses of the
natives
“Las Islas de Ladrones” (Island of
Thieves)
*Guam *penal colony
16/17 March 1521 – Samar
-natives provided him w/ wine,
fish and banana
- 2 bodies of fresh water
“ La Aquada delas Buenas
Señales”
28 March 1521 – Limasawa (where
the 1st mass was held)
07 April 1521 – Cebu
----- Treaty of Tordesillas
(1494) – 375 leguas, ~1700
kms
Who will control the spice
Island?
- Rajah Humabon (carlos) – in
honor of King Carlos V of
Spain
- Wife: Juana -> Magellan gave
her an image of Sto. Niño
14 April 1521 – mass baptism
cebuanos were
converted to Christianity)
- Rajah Zula _> Rival Chieftain:
Kalipulaku/ Lapu-lapu
27 April 1521 – Battle of
Mactan (Death of Magellan)
~ East, 5 am
- Magellan attacked w/o
knowing the terrain of
Mactan
- “sayad”
- Prob: sunrise (thus cannot fire
canons properly), lowtide (big
ships cannot go to shore)
- Accdg to PIgafetta, spears
were like drops of rain
- This ended the journey of
Magellan
~ Return to Cebu -> poisoned
by Humabon
Victoria -> Spain
*Portugal
- Commanded by Sebastian del
Cano
 Magellan’s voyage
proved that there is
indeed a westward route
going to the east
 Proved that the world is
round
 Opens up questions
regarding the ownership
of Moluccas
 Opens up the possibility
of owning a sizable
archipelago (Ph?)
1525 – Jofre Garcia de Loaysa
1. Go back to SEA using
Magellan’s route
2. Claim Moluccas for the
king of Spain
3. Find the return route to
Spain (Why? cos Victoria
used the old route)
~ Moluccas
- Natives were hostile towards
them (Portugese would
attack natives as “Spaniards”)
- Ill-fated expedition
1527 – Alvaro Saavedra Cero’n
 Look for survivors of the
ill-fated de Loaysa
expedition
  Results were
discouraging – FAILED
1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza
- 350 000 ducats (sold claim
over Moluccas)
- King Carlos V
~ New Objective: Claim the
Philippines ~

QUESTIONS

1) In looking at the credentials

of history as an art and as a
science it is important that
we also list down its
functions. First, explain the
FUNCTIONS of history.
Second, explore the
CREDENTIALS of HISTORY
AS AN ART
3 Objectives of History
It aims to…
1. Record the truth about what
happened in the past
2. Produce/build a body of
knowledge about the past
3. Study the past through a
discipline methodology –
historical method

CREDENTIALS OF HISTORY AS
AN ART
  Literature
- any written product of
an era, culture, and
society
*pre-literate societies–
societies w/o an
advanced system of
writing => oral tradition
*Baybayin (not
advanced… not
preserved, short term
transaction)
- Spaniards recorded the
writing system
~Types of Literature~
Fiction- one’s imagination
Non- Fiction – evidence- based
History is an ART because it
is a form of LITERATURE in
the form of narrative or
prose (because it should be
in sequence, like telling a
story!)
2. Compare and contrast the 2
LEVELS OF CRITICISMS and
while discussing, do not
forget to mention the 2
TYPES OF SOURCES,
including the probs one might
encounter w these sources
2 Levels of Criticism (Primary
Sources)
3. Internal Criticism (higher
level) ---read the content of
the doc
4. External Criticism (lower
level)
- Answer questions about its
provenance…origin
- Physical attribute of the
object (est authenticity of the
document)
SOURCES (Batis)
3. Primary Source (primarying
batis pangkasaysayan) – any
object, doc, book, etc
created, published and
written during the event (ex.
H Bills, RA, EO, PP, SONA,
jewelry, newspapers, letters,
etc.)
- People who were present in
that particular event (ex. eye-
witnesses)
4. Secondary Source – collation,
collection, interpretation,
analysis of primary sources
(ex. documentaries, textbooks,
movies, thesis, research articles,
journals, dissertation)
Note: conflicting primary sources
ex. Cry of Pugadlawin – When?
23/24/26 August (24 cos no rain
wew)
Important!!: Corroboration of
Sources
3. Trace the dev’t of PH
HISTORIOGRAPHY
and their external
influences
- Historiography is the history
of history writing
- Historiografia
- *Nationalism – love for country
1.Traditional Historiography
- focuses on the great men,
politics and the elite
- political history
-Gregorio Zaide – start of PH hist:
1521
- influenced by an ideological
movement in Europe in the 19th
century
-Leopold Von Ranke
- make history more scientific
- more empirical (solely based on
evidence, ex: documents)
-positivism
no document, no history
no judgment (do not interpret), as
is “colorless history” ---- boring
history
2.Nationalist Historiography
(1950s)
- focuses on discourses relating to
nation-building, nationalism and
revolution
*nation = state (4 char)
* nation-state
- people sharing same history,
language and culture
Note: UK – diff. nations, 1 state; Spain
– nation-state
*PH – 1 history, 1 culture
Samuel Tan – people of Muslim
Mindanao are people without a
state
Benedict Anderson
- nation = imagined
community
~ ultranationalism ---
pro-colonial
*Revolution – entails a 360 degree
turn
- planning to topple down the
status quo
--Review and Connect:
Edward Carr, What is history,
documents and facts cannot make
science on their own, historians
are needed
b) Teodoro Agoncillo
“The Revolt of the Masses: The
Story of Bonifacio and the
Katipunan” ~ a watershed, turning
pt.
- Before 1872, there is no
history (why? Cos there is no
concept of a nation!)
- Parochial problems …
sporadic results (before)
---- Gomburza
- Rizal – El Fili – Bonifacio –
KKK (1896-1898)
- Conc: we are all one and the
same
- “Filipino View of History”
b. Renato Constantino
- Marxist ideas
- class conflict theory
(collective) struggle – CORE
*society is a historical product of
struggle
Note: Traditional and Nationalist are
similar ~~~
POLITICAL!
3.Nouvelle Histoire (New History or
Bagong Kasaysayan)
- Annales School
- the study of history involves all
the sciences
e.g. history of mentalities,
memories, women, typhoons, etc
4. Professor Landa Jocano
debunked an influential theory
on the peopling process: Otley
Beyer’s “Inland Push Theory”,
explore the more accepted and
alternative theories on the
peopling process namely “Out
of Taiwan Model” and
“Nusantao Hypothesis”
AUSTRONESIAN
MIGRATION
- Most phenomenal, cultural,
and territorial expansion in
human history (Taiwan – Ph –
Indonesia – Central Pacific –
Africa)
With around 360 million
speakers, 1200 living
languages
Robert Blust (linguist) – used
linguistic evidence in trying to
explain the migration of
people into mentioned places
Peter Bellwood – same ideas,
but in an archaeological
perspective
-out-of-Taiwan-model
(patterned after Out of Africa/
Out of Eden Theory) =
“Taiwan is the place of origin
of people in Southeast Asia”
*Why do people migrate? - maritime oriented culture – young Old women
Prized possession Empowered
- agricultural instability Southern Philippines w/ a price individual, freedom
- population growth - 5000 BC or earlier Economic and Religious
= culture not immune to -Austronesian speakers cultural
changes! - did not consider: Austronesian
speakers w/o maritime oriented 10. Explain the role of the Babaylan
[insert diagram] culture as the mediator between the
7. Reconstruct an ethnic idea/ physical and spiritual world
*Pintados –> Batik(an) (achievement conception about peopling process Babaylan (Visayas)
/ heroes) 8. Expound on this idea: The Brgy as Catalonan/ Katona (Tagalog)
*Domesticated Animals (pigs, a socio-political and economic Maaram – Antique
chickens) institution Mumbaki – Ifugao
*interchangeable d~r (Ratu/Datu) Barangay – est a community based on
Kilual <- Keluar (exit) their past community - Philosophical, scientific,
- Smallest socio-political cultural and religious head
*Dialect – variety/variation of a structure (50 to 100 families) - Comparable to a priestess
language based on geography in the Philippines - Padre Chirino, SJ – “Brujas”
*Sociolect-jejemon, etc; discipline vs - Ruled independently from e/o “as if they yielded themselves
discipline by a chieftain called Datu to the demons”
*Idiolect – based on the individual *multiplicity of the brgy – no *written by a Spaniard, priest
~rice – kanin, bigas, palay, etc central authority before the ~ destroy Babaylans to
~ snow – none cos no snow in the ph Spaniards came destabilize the old belief
- still interact w/ each other system
Non- Austronesian speakers in SEA or 1. Barter ~ weird appearnces – animist
Ph? 2.Alliances– Sanduguan belief (everything has a soul,
(blood compact) “kaluluwa”)
NUSANTAO MARITIME 3. Warfare – Resources, - Female dominated, BUT a
TRADING AND Pangangayaw, kidnapping of male can be a babaylan too
wives (BINABAYI)
COMMUNICATION NETWORK
*focused on culture (patterns of *these brgys. Are not
homogeneous (variation, Two Divisions of the World:
cultural diffusion)
modification) 3. Physical (pisikal)
Wilhelm Solheim
~ Binukot 4. Spiritual
*Nusantao
~ Babaylan *Rituals – used to connect the
- nesus – south
9. Explain the differences and physical w/ the spiritual
- tao – people
similarities of the binukot and the (Babaylan acts as a bridge)
“southern people”
-natives of southern island Southeast Babaylan
2 Rituals
Asia
Binukot Babaylan 3. Individual Rituals
-descendants Fairest of them all supernatural
4. Community Rituals
 ~ Construct a house for the
sick, sacrifice a pig, etc, “mini
fiesta”, dancing and chanting,
TRANCE (spirit separates
from the body… anito),
good/bad news = feast
*they did not question
someone else’s faith
BAKIT BABAE?
5. They give life
Females are generally perceptive and
intuitive (needed in order to bridge
phys and spiritual
11. Expound this idea: Islam is a
trading religion
- “Trading Religion”
(expansion of Islam is
relatively peaceful in
Southeast Asia compared to
the expansion of Islam in
Europe)
 China X
 Settled in Malaysia,
Indonesia, Brunei, etc
12. Narrate the establishment
of the Maguindanao sultanate
and explain its salient features
 Sultanate of
Maguindanao - 1500
- Tabunaway
- Sheriff Kabungsuwan
(arrangement: married the
daughter of a political leader
=> political alliance, lineage
w/ the prophet)
- Dumatu/s (soon to be datu,
reality: not)
-serves as the adviser to the
sultan
- Claim to the throne: must
be directly connected to
Sheriff Kabungsuwan
- Tabunaway -> highest
position = Dumatu/s
13. Explain the historical
precedents leading to the age
of Discovery and Expansion in
Europe, while discussing do not
forget to point out
mercantilism and the policies
within this economic theory
AGE OF DISCOVERY AND
EXPANSION
- 14th to 15th century
- “new world” – America
c. Ancient – Graeco -Roman
(Think of Rome as Glue)
- 15 century – Roman Empire
th
collapsed
- Capital moved to Eastern
Europe (byzantine empire)
d. Middle/Dark/Medieval
- World (flat), earth is the
center
- Pope/ Church – symbolic
“glue” that sticks Western
Europe together
- Feudal Society (one feudal
lord owning land… has slaves)
- “Holy Roman Empire” –
successor of Roman empie
- Not HRE
~ Not Italian
Ex: Florence – Florentine
Venice – Venetian
*do not identify themselves
as Italians
* Spain – 2 major kingdoms in the
northern part
c. Modern
- advances in thinking, etc.
~~ the age of discovery and expansion
occurred between medieval and
modern (transition)
*knowledge-saved by the Muslims
(Arab-Muslims in Europe)
2 Major Kingdoms in Spain
- When Ummayad entered
Western Europe, these
kingdoms were established
(to protect)
b. Reconquista (8th/9th
Century)
- Series of wars were fought
between the Muslims and
Christians in Spain
Forge Alliance:
 Aragon.
 Castille
~ marriage between
Ferdinand of Aragon and
Isabela of Castile
- Emirate of Oranada – case
stronghold
*convert or go out
- Holy Office of the Spanish
Inquisition
~ you will be tortured if you
don’t want to be converted
Resulted to the emergence of
the
4. Kingdom of Spain
(GLORY)
- One political authority – one
law
- Standardized political
systems and laws
- Standardization of weights
and measures
- Standardization of currency
- Stable economy
- More investors
- Magellan’s expedition: (partly
funded by a family in
Germany)
- Bigger Economy = Greater
Political Power [Economic
Capital]
- “Super Power”
*Fall of Constantinopole
(present day Istanbul)
- seat of the Easter Roman
Empire (Byzantine)
Why?
 Rise to power of the
Ottoman Empire
 Colonization of Venetians
 Served as the gateway
between Europe and Asia
(Silk Route)
 2 gates
1 run by Venetians
 Alternative Route: Down the
Atlantic Ocean -> Africa ->
Go back up (not safe)
 Spain launched expeditions
5. Spices (Gold)
- Wealth
- Spices command high prices
in Europe
-“Spice Island” – present day
Indonesia
- whoever controls this island
controls the spice trade
- Mercantilism – nations
measure/reckon their wealth
through their gold/silver
Note: bullionism – most primitive
form of mercantilism
*Manila Acapulco Galleon Trade
~ not allowed to trade with other
European countries (only w/ your
colonial master) --- not allowed
to export gold
Galleon Trade – India, China,
Spain
Sultanate of Sulu – trades w/ the
Dutch
- British empire
14. What were the
expeditions ff Magellan’s
expedition? What was the
target location/s of these
expeditions? Were they
successful? Finally, w/c of
the expeditions after
Magellan started the
colonization of the Ph?
1525 – Jofre Garcia de Loaysa
4. Go back to SEA using
Magellan’s route
5. Claim Moluccas for the
king of Spain
6. Find the return route to ~ not allowed to trade with other
Spain (Why? cos Victoria European countries (only w/ your
used the old route) colonial master) --- not allowed
~ Moluccas to export gold
- Natives were hostile towards Galleon Trade – India, China,
them (Portugese would Spain
attack natives as “Spaniards”)
- Ill-fated expedition
1527 – Alvaro Saavedra Cero’n
 Look for survivors of the
ill-fated de Loaysa
expedition
 Results were
discouraging – FAILED
1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza
- 350 000 ducats (sold claim
over Moluccas)
- King Carlos V
~ New Objective: Claim the
Philippines ~
13. Explain the impt social
changes w/c the Spaniards
introduce to the Ph. What
were the changes introduced
spec. to the field of educ?
Explain the emergence of
exclusive schools and early
school instis.
14. Accdg to most historians
the actual participation of the
Filipinos is in the rowing of
galleons. Explain the Galleon
Trade, its long term effects,
the exchange of products and
its route
*Manila Acapulco Galleon Trade