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THERMODYNAMIC
CYCLES
BSECE-4B
Thermodynamic Cycles
A thermodynamic cycle is a series of processes where the properties of the system are
the same after the cycle as they were prior. Three main properties — temperature, pressure,
and specific volume — are tracked when a system undergoes a set of processes. To be
considered a cycle, all three properties need to be the same at their initial state and at the end.
One property could remain the same throughout any one of processes; the cycle is considered
isothermal if temperature is constant, isobaric if pressure is constant, and isochoric or isometric
if specific volume is constant. The most efficient type of cycle is one that has only reversible
processes, such as the Carnot cycle, which is made up of four reversible processes.
CARNOT CYCLE
The Carnot cycle has the greatest efficiency possible of an engine (although
other cycles have the same efficiency) based on the assumption of the absence of
incidental wasteful processes such as friction, and the assumption of no conduction of
heat between different parts of the engine at different temperatures.
1. Reversible isothermal expansion of the gas at the "hot" temperature, TH( Isothermal
heat addition ). During this step, the expanding gas causes the piston to do work on the
surroundings. The gas expansion is propelled by absorption of heat from the high
temperature reservoir.
2. Reversible adiabatic expansion of the gas. For this step we assume the piston and
cylinder are thermally insulated, so that no heat is gained or lost. The gas continues to
expand, doing work on the surroundings. The gas expansion causes it to cool to the
"cold" temperature, TC.
3. Reversible isothermal compression of the gas at the "cold" temperature, TC.(
Isothermal heat rejection ) Now the surroundings do work on the gas, causing heat to
flow out of the gas to the low temperature reservoir.
4. Reversible adiabatic compression of the gas. Once again we assume the piston and
cylinder are thermally insulated. During this step, the surroundings do work on the gas,
compressing it and causing the temperature to rise to TH. At this point the gas is in the
same state as at the start of step 1.
P-V diagram of the Carnot Cycle
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. Carnot engine operates with efficiency of 40 %. How much must the temperature of the
hot reservoir increase, so that the efficiency increases to 50 %? The temperature of the
cold reservoir remains at 9 °C.
Formula:
𝐓𝟏−𝐓𝟐
η= 𝐓𝟏
Where :
T1 – temperature of hot reservoir
T2 – temperature of cold reservoir
Given values:
η = 40 % = 0.4
1
η = 50 % = 0.5
2
t = 9 °C => T = 282 K
2 2
T =?1
Solution:
First we write down the relationships for the initial efficiency η1 of Carnot engine and for
the efficiency η2 after changing the temperature of the hot reservoir:
where T1 is the initial temperature of the hot reservoir, T1* is the new temperature of the hot
reservoir, and T2 is the temperature of the cold reservoir.
Now we evaluate the unknown temperatures T1 and T1* from these relations:
The unknown temperature difference ΔT1 of the hot reservoir is given by:
Solution:
OTTO CYCLE
The Otto cycle was given by Dr. Nikolaus August Otto. It is a gas power cycle that is used
in spark ignition engine (petrol engine) for its working. The entire modern petrol engine works
on Otto cycle. It consist of four processes, Two isentropic (reversible adiabatic) processes and
two isochoric (constant volume) processes. It has low compression ratio ranges from 7:1 to 10:1.
Application
It is used in all two stroke and four stroke petrol engines of motorcycles, cars, and other
light duty vehicles.
Example Problems:
1. The compression ratio of an air-standard Otto cycle is 9.5. Prior to the isentropic
compression process, the air is 100 kPa, 35℃, and 600𝑐𝑚3 . The temperature at the end
of the isentropic expansion process is 800 K. Using the specific heat values at room
temperature, determine
a. The highest temperature and pressure in the cycle
b. The amount of heat transferred in kJ
c. Thermal efficiency
d. Mean effective pressure (MEP)
Solution:
2. An air standard Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 15. The outside air conditions are
14.7 and the temperature is 560 R. When 1500 btu/lbm is added to the cycle, what is
the ideal thermal efficiency?
Solution: