12/14/2018 Welding Defects | Welding and NDT

Welding and NDT

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December 6, 2017 ⁄ sandeep

Welding Defects
Any discontinuity (irregularity or flaw) in the weld metal, which
exceeds the applicable code limit, is termed as a WELD DEFECT
(or Welding Defect). Please note that a discontinuity can be Search … 
termed as a defect only when if it exceeds the specified code
limit, hence we can say that every defect present in a weld
metal is a discontinuity but every discontinuity present in the Recent
weld metal may not necessarily be a defect. A defect can be Comments
macroscopic or microscopic.
Mahesh b on
Defects may occur due to the following reasons Welding Procedure
Specification (WPS)
1. Incorrect welding parameters Sunny Oraon on

2. Inappropriate welding procedures My YouTube Videos

3. Poor process condition MD ISHTYAQUE

ANSARI on Dye
4. Inappropriate selection of filler metal and parent metal
Penetrant Test (DPT,
5. Unskilled welder or welding operator
LPI, PT) – Non
6. Incorrect job preparations
Destructive Test

Classification of Defects:
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Defects can be classified as external defect (also known as

visual defect or surface defect) and internal defect (also known bestweldinghelemt
as hidden defect or subsurface defect). External defects are on Welding
those which are found on the surface itself. Internal defects are Procedure
those which exist in the material at some depth. We can say
Specification (WPS)
that defects which are not present on the surface are internal
MD SAJID on
defects. Please see the following table;
Development Of
Radiography Film

Categories

(GTAW/TIG) Gas
Tungsten Arc
Welding
(MIG/GMAW) Gas
Metal Arc Welding
(SMAW) Shielded
Metal Arc Welding
ASME Standards
Dye Penetrant
1. CRACKS: It is the most dangerous of all defects. Cracks may
be of any size or shape; it can be either microscopic or Test

macroscopic. Cracks may appear anywhere i.e. on the surface, Hydrotest

subsurface, at any depth or at the root. Crack occurs when the My YouTube
localized stress exceeds the ultimate Tensile Stress (UTS) of Videos
the material. It may propagate within the material. Non Destructive
Tests (NDT)
Preparatory
Questions For AWS
& CSWIP Exams
Radiography
Testing
Types of steel
Types of weld
joints
Types of Welding
Cracks are of two types Visual Inspection
Welder
Hot Crack Performance Test
Cold Crack Welding
Welding Defects
HOT CRACK: Hot cracks occurs during welding or soon after
Welding
completion of welding, It is most likely to occur during the
Electrodes
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solidification of the molten weld pool. Hot cracks mostly occur in Welding Positions
the weld metal but it may occur at the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) Welding
region too. Procedure
Specification (WPS)
When hot crack occurs on the weld metal then it is termed as
Welding Symbols
Solidification Crack and if it occurs in the HAZ then called as
Liquation crack.
Archives
Causes of Hot Crack:
1. High concentration of residual stress December 2018

2. Rapid cooling of weld pool October 2018

January 2018
3. High thickness of base material
December 2017
4. Poor ductility of welded material
October 2017
5. High welding current
September 2017
6. Inadequate heat treatment
August 2017

Prevention:
1. Preheating and post heating to avoid rapid cooling Recent Posts
2. Using right filler metal
Visual Inspection
of Weld Joints
COLD CRACK: Cold cracks occur after the solidification of weld
metal; it can even develop several days after completion of My YouTube
welding. Most of the time it develops in the HAZ but may occur Videos
on the weld metal too. It is often associated with non-metallic Gas Tungsten
inclusion. Arc Welding
(GTAW/TIG)
Causes of Cold Crack: Welding
Procedure
1. Diffusion of Hydrogen atoms: Hydrogen atoms cause cold Specification (WPS)
cracking. These hydrogen atoms may be induced in the weld Hydrotest
metal from the surrounding, electrode, base metal or any
contamination present on the root face.

2. Lack of Preheating: Due to inadequate preheating,

microstructural changes may take place. Microstructural
crystals may re-structure itself to form martensite. Matensite is
very prone to cracks. Preheating also helps in reducing diffusion
of hydrogen atoms and ensures no moisture on the joint before
welding.

Prevention:
1. Preheating and post welding the weld metal
2. Using low Hydrogen electrode

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STAR CRACK (CRATER CRACK): Star crack is a type of hot crack

and it develops at the crater on the weld metal. A crater is a
depression formed on the weld bead where arc gets broken or
when electrode is changed.
It develops when center of the weld pool solidifies before its
surrounding and due to this the center pulls the outer weld and
thus star cracks are formed.

2. POROSITY/BLOW HOLES: Porosity is a small pore or void

whereas blowholes are comparatively larger hole or cavity. It
may be present on the surface or inside the weld metal. Porosity
can occur individually or it may occur in groups also (mostly),
group of porosity is known as cluster porosity.

Causes of Porosity:

Porosity occurs due to the entrapment of gases in the molten

weld pool, these entrapped gases doesn’t get a chance to
release and hence causes porosity or blowhole. Gases which are
entrapped are mostly Hydrogen, Carbon mono oxide, Carbon
dioxide, Nitrogen and Oxygen. Source of these gases are fluxes
present on the welding electrode, Moisture, Oil, Grease other
foreign contaminants present on the joint etc.

Prevention:

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1. Use low Hydrogen electrode

2. Baking of electrodes before welding as per the
recommended procedure
3. Through cleaning of joint surface and adjacent area before
welding
4. Preheat the joint before welding
5. Ensure sufficient flow of shielding gases if using TIG or MIG
welding

3. UNDERCUT: Undercut appears as a narrow groove on the

base metal adjacent to the weld metal along the edge.
Undercut always runs parallel to the weld metal. It acts as a
stress raiser during fatigue loading.

Causes of Undercut:
1. High welding current and arc voltage
2. Large electrode diameter
3. Incorrect electrode angle
4. Longer arc length

4. UNDERFILL: When the weld metal surface remains below the

adjacent surface of the base metal then it is called as an
underfill. Underfill is an undersized welding.

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5. LACK OF PENETRATION: When the weld metal doesn’t

completely penetrate the joint, then it is called as Lack of
Penetration of Incomplete Penetration. It is one of the most
dangerous defects, since it acts as a stress raiser and hence
crack may originate or propagate from here.

Causes of Lack of Penetration:

1. Root gap too small
2. Fast travel speed
3. Low heat input
4. Too large an electrode diameter

Prevention:
1. Proper joint preparation i.e. providing a suitable root gap.

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2. Proper heat input

3. Correct travel speed
4. Using electrode of suitable size

Lack of penetration can be repaired by proper back gouging.

6. LACK OF FUSION: It is the lack of proper melting (or proper

fusion) either between the weld metal with the base metal or
one pass of the weld with the other pass. Lack of fusion is also
called as Cold lapping or cold shuts. One of the most prominent
reasons for the cause of lack of fusion is poor welding
technique.

Causes of Lack of Fusion:

1. Low welding current
2. Travel speed to high or too low
3. Unfavorable heat input

7. SPATTERS: Spatters are small globular metal droplets (of

weld metal) splashed out on the base metal during welding.
Spatters stick on the base metal hence can be removed by wire
brush or buffing.

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Causes of Spatters:
1. Excessive arc current
2. Excessive long arc
3. Improper shielding gases
4. Electrode with improper flux
5. Damp electrodes

8. OVERLAP: Overlap occurs due to the overflow of weld metal

on the surface of base metal. During welding, molten metal
overflows on the base metal without fusing with the base metal.

Causes of Overlap:
1. Current too low
2. Large deposition in a single run
3. Longer arc
4. Slow arc travel speed

9. EXCESSIVE PENETRATION: When the penetration of weld

metal is too high through the joints then it is called as excessive

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penetration. It acts as notch where stress concentration takes

place. In addition to this it results in economical wastage.

Causes of Excessive Penetration:

1. Too wide a root gap
2. High welding current
3. Slow travel Speed

10. INCLUSION: Entrapment of any foreign material (either

metallic or non metallic) in the weld metal is called as inclusion.
If slag doesn’t get a chance to float over the surface of molten
weld pool, then it gets entrapped within the weld metal such
inclusion is called as slag inclusion. Similarly, sometimes
droplets of tungsten get entrapped within the weld metal
resulting in tungsten inclusion (in TIG welding). Sulphides,
oxides and silicates also get entrapped resulting in inclusion.
Inclusion acts as a stress raiser hence should be avoided.

11. WAGON TRACKS: Linear slag inclusion along the axis of the

weld is called as wagon tracks. During root pass a groove is
formed at the toe, due to wrong welding techniques, and that
groove is filled by slag (especially Hydrogen which has been
trapped by the solidified slag) and thus wagon tracks are
formed. It is also known as worm tracking.

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12. ARC STRIKE: When the electrode or the electrode holder,

unintentionally or accidentally strikes with the work piece, an
unwanted arc is generated causing arc strike. Arc strikes may
initiate failure in bending and cyclic loading. In addition to this is
affects the aesthetics of the work piece.

13. SHRINKAGE CAVITY: During solidification of the molten weld

pool, metal shrinkage occurs. Due to the shrinkage of weld
metal a cavity is formed known as shrinkage cavity.

Please watch this video lecture for a better

understanding of welding defects: 

Welding Defects

Adjacent Amd Fusion Applicable Axiss Baking Be Present Bead Brush

Cancer Center Carbon Dioxide Adjacent Amd Fusion Applicable Axiss Baking

WELDING DEFECTS

« Development Of Radiography Film

ASME Codes and Standards – A summary »

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12 comments

PARVEEN YADAV says:

December 24, 2017 at 12:42 pm

Thanks for valuable Basic Information with Remedies

parveen.yadav@bhelectrodes.com

Reply

Donnie WILLIAMS says:

March 31, 2018 at 7:33 am

One defect I never new the cause of. Worm hole porosity in FCAW
welding. Can you comment ?

Reply

Roland Kovacs says:

March 31, 2018 at 3:56 pm

Happens especially when on a T joint on side is welded already

and you weld the other side and the gas gets trapped under the
plate.

Reply

Y,kannan says:
April 1, 2018 at 11:43 am

Thanks for basic information or welding

Reply

L Richardson says:
April 1, 2018 at 5:23 pm

Wagontracks should be parallel lines. What is depicted is an

ElongatedvSlag Inclusion (ESI)

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Vivek V V says:
April 8, 2018 at 4:05 pm

Super demonstration

Reply

arnold Cardoso says:

June 11, 2018 at 9:27 am

Thanks for valuable Basic Information with Remedies

Reply

Sreejith says:
June 11, 2018 at 9:38 pm

Excellent work, great demonstration

Reply

Carlos Ahumada says:

June 12, 2018 at 2:08 am

In my personal experience the main cause of porosity are the air

currents in smaw and gmaw process

Reply

Sanjay Raul says:

October 20, 2018 at 11:02 pm

Dear Sir, Thanking for basic knowledge of Welding defact. Thanks.

Reply

Libin blushar says:

October 23, 2018 at 12:27 pm

Thanks sir for the valuable information about welding defects

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Reply

Bimal kunwar says:

November 4, 2018 at 6:43 am

Porosity came in ss welding by 309l what to do?

Reply

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