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Tough
A continuous dynamical system has hybrid characteristics, when there is discrete state
transition in the system caused by switch operation. A switch operation in a hybrid system
induces many kinds of non-linear phenomena, even if the system dynamics to the
respective switch conditions are linear and continuous. Power electronics is the technology
to realize power conversion by means of switching operation with power semiconductor
devices. Then, the system with power electronics apparatus can be regarded as a hybrid
system.
The conditions for switch operation differ among types of power semiconductor switching
devices. The switch operation of diode depends on the device voltage and current, hence
the state is uncontrollable. The gate voltage determines the switch state for a power
MOSFET and an IGBT. Therefore, their states are fully controllable by gate drive. Thyristor
is a semi controlledcontrollable device, whose turn-on operation is driven by a gate pulse,
but turn-off is determined by the device voltage and current. Therefore, a voltage of power
system as external periodic excitation or a forced commutation circuit is requisite for a
thyristor power conversion circuit. High power thyristor with high voltage and large current
ratings were realizedbrought to realization, and they are used in a power electronics
apparatus apparatuses connected to a power system.
Tougher
A helmet for baseball is one of the important tools for preventing an the injury by the hit
by a pitch to a man's head by a pitch hit. Although the evaluations of impact
performance of a helmet for baseball have been studied, the change of impact
performance of helmet by athe secondrepeat impact of baseball ball has not been
studied. This reason is that the helmet which has been impacted before got a big impact
once is not used even if there is no damage in appearance. However, when the damage
of helmet cannot be distinguished from appearance, there is a possibility that the
shocked helmet is re-used. In this study, the baseball ball launcher was produced, the
repeat impact experiment with a helmet and a ball was conducted, and the effect of the
number of times of impact on the acceleration which acts on man's head was considered.
Q. How do you think you did on these tests (on a ten-point scale)?
A. Easy: 8/10
Tough: 8/10
Tougher: 9/10