SRSC Pub 020517 2 PDF

HOUSING CONDITION IN INDIA
With special focus on Rural Areas and Socially

Disadvantaged Sections
Volume I
Study sponsored by the SR Sankaran Chair,

National Institute of Rural Development
Hyderabad
Laurie Baker Centre for Habitat Studies

Vilappilsala, Trivandrum 695573
Kerala, India
December 2014
Preface
This study on Housing Condition in India is part of a larger collaborative project
between the SR Sankaran Chair on Rural Labour Studies, National Institute of Rural
Development, Hyderabad and the Laurie Baker Centre for Habitat Studies,
Thiruvananthapuram. The main objective of the collaborative effort is to analyse the
condition of housing and related living amenities for the poor in the country with
special focus on rural areas as well as the socially disadvantaged sections of the
population. As a first step, this study examines the housing condition and related
living amenities in the country and presents quantitative estimates based on data from
the two Population Censuses viz., 2001 and 2011 as well as the National Sample
Survey 65th Round (2008-09). While certain indicators are similar for both sources,
the latter allows for a detailed computation of several additional indicators relating to
housing and related living amenities.
This study report has taken care to examine the condition of housing in rural areas in
the constituent states of India and place it in relation to the situation in urban areas. In
addition it has also focused on the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes separately
to examine their position in relation to other sections of the population. The resulted
are summarized in the introductory chapter.
The study team consisted of K.P. Kannan (Team leader), G. Raveendran (Statistical
Adviser), Neethi P. Menon and Soumya Maria (Research Associates) and S. Dhanya
(Research Assistant. The study team would like to place on record the cooperation,
support and advice received from Professor D. Narasimha Reddy, the first SR
Sankaran Chair Professor at the NIRD as well as his successor Professor Kailas Sarap.
The team also would like to thank their colleagues at the LBC especially P.B. Sajan,
Member Secretary, V.K. Anilkumar, Chief Administrative and Programme Manager
for their administrative support.
K. P. Kannan
On behalf of the LBC Study Team
31 December 2014
Contents
Volume I
1 Introduction and Summary of Findings
2 Housing Condition in India: An Overview
3 Housing Condition: A State Level Analysis
4 Housing Condition in Rural Areas
5 Social Dimension of Housing Condition:

Unequal Access to ST and SC Households
6 Concluding Remarks
Appendix to Chapter 2
Volume II: Appendix Tables

Chapter 1
Introduction and Summary of Findings
“Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being
of himself and his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and
necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment,
sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances
beyond his control.”
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 25.1)
1. Introduction
Housing is a basic requirement of human well-being. Along with the requirement of

shelter, other facilities in the micro environment of housing such as type of dwelling
unit, drinking water, sanitation, drainage, etc., constitute housing condition of the
people that forms a vital component of their overall quality of life.
Housing is one of the basic needs of every individual as besides providing shelter and
security, it also enables easy access to the credit market by working as collateral
comfort / security.
Inadequate and inappropriate housing is a manifestation of deprivation and is

important both as a factor in enhancing human development that would not only
contribute to enhancing productivity and efficiency but also enhance social dignity.
If housing is to be considered as a basic deprivation, then the state in a democratic

polity has a primary obligation to ensure that it is not just alleviated but eradicated
altogether. However, studies focusing on this basic deprivation in India is far and few
although periodic collection of information relating to housing and related aspects are
collected nationally by the Registrar of Census Operations through its decennial
population census as well as by the National Sample Survey Organization for selected
years. It is also equally important to note that while struggles for other basic
entitlements such as food security, employment, social security, basic education and
basic health care have a long history and are continuing, such broad-based and
prolonged struggle and advocacy for housing are relatively absent. This is not to
underestimate the importance of the struggles in specific locations and for specific
groups such slum dwellers in many of the cities. As we shall see in this report, the
condition of housing in rural areas is quite appalling and requirement exceeds that of
urban areas.
Going by several indicators, more than half the households in India i.e. covering more
than half the population want and need better housing. Families in poverty seize every
available opportunity to own a quality home. Indians take pride in their homes,
patching them up after they crumble every monsoon by scavenging bricks and
building their homes a wall at a time. The problem, however, is that a quality house is
getting further and further out of reach for the common man and woman with bricks,
mortar and labor costs up over fifty percent in many areas across India in recent years.
A severe lack of financing for the rural poor without land title makes quality housing
difficult to attain.
1.1 Rationale for research study on housing for the poor
There are currently no available studies documenting the status of housing for
different segments of the population such as those in rural an urban areas in a
comparative inter-state perspective. This is important because it is the state-level
government which is responsible for implementation of housing schemes and
programmes to the designated sections of the people. As mentioned above, there is a
need here to differentiate between rural and urban areas. But such a spatial approach
is not sufficient to get a more nuanced understanding of the more deprived sections.
As in the case of almost all human development and economic well-being indicators,
the two social groups who are at the bottom of the social and economic hierarchy are
those belonging to the Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Scheduled Castes (SC). It is
therefore quite important to focus on their housing condition in rural and urban areas
separately. The current study proposes to fill these gaps. It has two components; the
first one is a study focusing on the country as a whole including an inter-state
comparison and the other is a study focusing on Kerala that perhaps has a reasonably
successful experience in eliminating the extreme forms of housing deprivation and
securing decent housing and related amenities as part of its socio-economic
transformation as well as targeted state policies and schemes.
This first report deals with the housing condition in India.
3. Objectives of the research study
The specific objectives of the study are the following:
 To understand the housing condition in India and prepare a national profile

based on selected but important aspects of housing between 2001 and 2011
supplemented by analysis of data from the NSS 2008-09 round on specific
aspects;
 To analyze the housing condition across Indian states and provide a

comparative profile on selected indicators;
 To analyze the housing condition in rural areas; and
 To analyze the housing condition in terms of social groups by focusing on SCs

and STs and comparing their condition with that of ‘Others’ as a category.
4. Methodology
Given the nature and coverage of the area of enquiry, this report is based on an
analysis of dta collected in two population censuses i.e. 2001 and 2011 as well as the
NSS 65th Round on Housing Condition in India. While the tables on housing released
by the Registrar of Census Operations provide useful information the unit level data
are not available to the public. Hence the analysis is based on the census tables.
However, the availability of unit level data of NSS rounds has made it possible for
researchers to work with such data and process it to suit their questions and
requirements. We have therefore used the NSS data as an additional source of
information to go beyond the information provided by the census data. Since the latest
NSS data relates to 2008-09 this is close to the time period of 2011 census.
4. Summary of main findings
Given the large number of indicators used in both population censuses as well as in the
NSS round, we had to make a selection of the indicators that would give us a rounded
picture of the housing situation. Additional information collected is given in the
Appendix to each chapter in the form of detailed tables. The findings are summarized
in the following order.
Between 2001 and 2011 there has been an impressive growth of nearly 32 per cent
in the number of housing units – i.e. building units used as residence - in the country.
However the growth in urban areas at 52 per cent is far in excess of the growth in rural
areas at 24 per cent.
In terms of quality of housing based on ‘good’, ‘livable’ and ‘dilapidated’ housing,

the inequality between rural and urban areas has widened to the disadvantage of the
latter. While 68 per cent of urban housing is classified as ‘good’ the proportion in
rural areas in 2011 was only 46 per cent. In rural areas 6.5 per cent were found to be
in a ‘dilapidated’ condition while that proportion in urban areas was 2.9 per cent.
For finding out the quality of housing among the SC and ST segments viz-a-viz
Others, findings from the NSS 2008-09 survey revealed that the SC segment had the
highest share of ‘bad’ housing at 22 per cent followed by ST at 19 and others at 13 per
cent. In rural areas these were 24, 20 and 16 per cent respectively.
Availability of adequate space within a housing unit is perhaps crucial to judge the
housing condition. Going by this standard, the 2011 census revealed that 37 per cent of
all households in the country lived in just one-room housing units. Here it is important
to note the definition adopted by the census authorities. The definition was:
“A dwelling room would include living room, bedroom, dining room,

drawing room, study room, servant's room and other habitable rooms
provided they satisfy the criterion of their dimensions. Do not include
kitchen, bathroom, latrine, store room, passageway and veranda which are
not normally usable for living. A room, used for multipurpose such as
sleeping, sitting, dining, storing, cooking, etc., should be regarded as a
dwelling room.”
To this we should add another 32 per cent housing units which had only two-rooms.
This worked out to 69 per cent. We may recall here that the proportion of population
who did not have more than two PPP$ (in equivalent Indian Rupees for consumption
expenditure) was reported as 69 per cent earlier (see Kannan 2014:xx). This does not
mean that they all had a separate kitchen. Most of them did not have a separate
kitchen (see 4. 6)
According to the NSS, a room was defined as the above but with some minor
difference. This definition was:
A room with floor area (carpet area) of at least 4 square metres, a height of
at least 2 metres from the floor to the highest point in the ceiling and used
for living purposes was considered as a living room. Thus, rooms used as
bedroom, sitting room, prayer room, dining room, servant’s room - all
were considered as living rooms provided they satisfied the size criterion.
Kitchen, bathroom, latrine, store, garage etc. were not living rooms. A
room which was used in common for living purpose and as kitchen or
store was also considered as living room.
As per the NSS, 38 per cent of the households lived in with one room while another 36
per cent lived with just two rooms thus totalling 74 per cent i.e. 5 percentage points
higher than the census findings of 2011.
From a social group point of view, analysis of NSS data revealed that 49 per cent of
SC households lived in one-room housing units in 2008-09 where this proportion was
42 for ST and 35 for Others. Rural-urban difference in this respect was not pronounced
except that the proportion with one-room housing was a little higher in urban areas for
all groups.
Very few people would think of a house without a kitchen because it is so central to
the existence of the family. But that seems to be a luxury for a significant share of
Indian households. Half the households, as per the NSS, reported that they had no
separate kitchen. This means that a majority of those with one or two rooms totaling
74 per cent in 2008-09 had no separate kitchen. Contrary to what one would expect
rural area seems to be more deprived on this indicator than urban area. 55 per cent of
housing units reported no kitchen in rural India while this was 37 per cent in urban
India.
The social profile of not having a separate kitchen has disproportionately been on
the SC and ST communities. While 64 per cent of SC households did not have a
separate kitchen, the proportion was 60 for the ST and 44 for Others.
Of all the indicators, the one that impinges on human dignity is perhaps the
availability of a toilet. The state of affairs on this count is perhaps one of the most
shameful statistics on the condition of living. The 2001 reported that 64 per cent of
the households report no toilet facility but that share came down to 54 per cent in
2011, still quite high by any standard. In rural India the share came down from 78 to
69 per cent. The NSS also reported a similar picture but somewhat lower for 2008-09;
49 per cent reporting no latrine facility with 65 and 11 per cent in rural and urban areas
respectively.
The social group profile revealed, as per NSS, that the most deprived in this respect
are the ST segment with 69 per cent reporting no latrine facility followed by SC at 65
and Others at 42 per cent. Of course the rural situation was quite bad with an overall
deprivation of 65 per cent without any latrine facility as against 11 in urban areas.
Here the situation was worst for SC households with 76 per cent reporting no latrine
facility and 75 for ST and 60 per cent for Others.
Electrification of households as a source of lighting is something that had been

accorded a high priority in government development programmes. The census of 2011
however reported that only two-thirds of the households – 67 per cent – reported
electricity as a source of lighting with only 55 per cent in rural areas and 93 per cent in
urban areas. However, the NSS round of 2008-09 reported a higher percentage of 75
per cent overall with 66 per cent for rural and 96 per cent for urban areas.
As in other indicators, the most deprived in this respect are the SC and ST
households. While 61 per cent of ST households reported as having electricity for
domestic use, 66 per cent of SC reported the same. It was 79 per cent for Others.
Here again rural areas lag behind urban areas with 57 per cent for ST, 60 and 70 per
cent for SC and Others.
An inter-state comparison of the housing situation reveals a scenario that are not
surprising going by the overall human development indicators of various states. At the
top are five states – Delhi, Kerala, Haryana, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh – that have
achieved reasonable levels of housing conditions. At the bottom are the states that are
at the lower end of human development indicators as well as overall economic
performance such as Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand
and Odisha. The remaining 19 states occupy a position between these two groups. In
general the smaller states have performed reasonably well although not as good as
those at the top level.
According to the NSS Round 2008-09, there were only three states, among the
larger states, where a majority of the households lived in housing units with more than
two rooms i.e. three rooms and above. These are Kerala (72 per cent), Jammu and
Kashmir (64 per cent) and Assam (51 per cent). All the other larger states, the
majority lived in housing units with either one or two rooms. At the bottom were
Andhra Pradesh (currently Andhra Pradesh and Telangana) (12 per cent), Tamil Nadu
(14 per cent), Maharashtra (14 per cent), West Bengal (15 per cent), Odisha (16 per
cent), Gujarat (18 per cent) and Delhi (21 per cent). This should come as a surprise as
these states, with the exception of Odisha, with very little space within the residence
are those with high per capita income, relatively high levels industrialization as well as
urbanization. High growth and high industrialization do not seem to have translated
into decent housing conditions for the overwhelming majority of the residents going
by the amount of space.
If the above seven states were the bottom seven states in terms of paucity of housing
space, a majority of houses (i.e. more than 50 per cent) in the states of Jharkhand,
Odisha, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh did not
have a latrine facility.
Similarly, a majority of households in the states of West

Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, Assam and Uttar Pradesh did not have electricity
connection for lighting.
In sum, the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Rajasthan,

Uttar Pradesh and Odisha emerges as the worst performers in terms of several
indicators of the housing condition.
By focusing on the rural areas (in Chapter 4), we get an idea of the rural-urban gap.
The overall picture is that rural India considerably lags behind urban India in terms of
both quality of housing as well as amenities that are basic to a decent and dignified
living.
There is also considerable variation of the housing condition in rural India across
states. Those states that lag behind are also the states mentioned in 4.14 with overall
poor performance. To this should be added the states of Assam and West Bengal
where the rural-urban differences seems to be quite significant with a larger gap for
rural areas than many other states.
Going by the NSS classification of ‘good’ housing, only two states from the larger
states category reported either half or a majority living in ‘good’ houses. These are
Delhi (52.5 per cent) and Kerala (49.8 per cent) closely followed by undivided Andhra
Pradesh Punjab (49.4 per cent) and Punjab (49.1 per cent). At the bottom were the
two states of Jharkhand (7.2. per cent) and Bihar (18.4 per cent).
While the definition of ‘good’ refers to housing units that do not require repairs,
there is another classification based on the type of materials. Thus NSS defines
‘pucca’ houses as those made of durable materials. Going by this definition two larger
states – Delhi (98.2 per cent), Uttarakhand (92.7 per cent) and Punjab (90.4 per cent) –
reported that 90 per cent or more houses in the rural areas in the pucca category.
Undivided Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Himachal Pradesh reported between 70 and 79
per cent. At the bottom were Assam (20.6 per cent), Chattisgarh (30 per cent), Odisha
(32.8 per cent), Jharkhand (34.2 per cent) and West Bengal (36.3 per cent).
If we go by space considerations by defining it as those who have to live with one

living room only, the best performing states in rural India are Kerala (7.4 per cent),
Assam (8.0 per cent), Jammu and Kashmir (10.8 per cent) where only less than 11 per
cent of the households had to live in such houses closely followed by rural Himachal
Pradesh (21.4 per cent). But at the bottom level are those mostly belonging to
relatively more industrialised, urbanized and high income states such as undivided
Andhra Pradesh (51.1 per cent), Maharashtra, West Bengal and Gujarat (around 47-48
per cent). It would appear that states such as Assam and Jharkhand which come low
on pucca housing and other amenities have somewhat more space – two rooms and
above – for the overwhelming majority in their rural areas.
Another critical indicator that we would like to highlight is the availability of a

separate kitchen. Rural India presents a sorry picture on this count too. A majority of
states that are a mix of both poorer and not so poor/better off states show that a
majority of the households in their rural areas do not have a separate kitchen. These
range from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Assam (exceeding 70 per cent) to Chattisgarh,
Bihar, Odisha and Gujarat (ranging from 52 to 59 per cent).
As we mentioned earlier, availability of latrine facility is something that directly

impinges on the dignity of an individual. In this respect too, rural India presents
distressing picture with most states reporting ‘no latrine facility’ for majority of
households. Only rural Kerala (5.3 per cent) and rural Delhi (7.5 per cent) report the
lowest percentage with no latrine facility. At the bottom are Odisha (88 per cent)
Madhya Pradesh 85 per cent), Jharkhand 84 per cent) Chattisgarh and Rajasthan (82
per cent), Bihar and UP (79 per cent) and Karnataka (75 per cent).
All in all, the basic deprivation in terms of housing condition is well above the
deprivation indicated by the poverty line estimates and close to the idea of poor and
vulnerable households with less than two PP dollars per capita per day. If we widen
the housing deprivation to a larger set of indicators, then the deprivation is closer to
the notion of multidimensional deprivation reported by the Human Development
Reports of the UNDP.
In the following chapters we give a detailed analysis of the housing situation. In

Chapter 2 the focus is on the all India scenario decomposed into rural and urban areas
as well as by the broad three social groups viz., ST, SC and Others. In Chapter 3 we
focus on an inter-state comparison of the housing condition. While doing so we have
categorized the states into (a) Larger States, and (b) Smaller States. The larger states
are those where the population is more than half-a-per cent of the all India total
population whereas the smaller states represent those with less than half-a-per cent of
the total population. It also includes the Union Territories. Our interpretation of
results are mostly based on the results obtained for the larger states which account for
xx per cent of the total population of the country in 2011. However, the results for all
states and Union Territories are given in the tables given in the Appendix to each
chapter given at the end of this report.
Chapter 2
Housing Condition in India
An Overview
Introduction
In this chapter we discuss the various aspects of housing at the national level. Our
analysis is based on the data provided by two most credible agencies namely, the
Census and the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO). The two most recent
data sets provided by these two agencies are the Population Census Reports released
by the Registrar General of Census and the 65th round of NSSO’s comprehensive
survey on housing condition and amenities (June 2008-July 2009). The latest census
data pertain to 2011 while the NSS data relate to the situation in 2008-09. They can
therefore be treated as data for the recent period of 2009-11.
Census provides information based on complete enumeration of all households

unlike the sample survey of buildings and housing units by the NSS. But the advantage
of NSS is that while the population census provides us with processed data as tables,
NSSO provides unit level data which enable us to process and carry out analyses than
is possible with census data. NSSO’s comprehensive survey also provides us with
details on housing condition and amenities some of which are not available in the
population census.
In the first section in this chapter, we discuss housing characteristics such as the
condition and type of structure of the houses, number of rooms in the house/dwelling
unit, ventilation, type of kitchen, type of roof, wall and floor of the dwelling which are
indicators of the quality of dwelling.
In the second section we discuss basic amenities within the dwelling such as
drinking water, sanitation facilities such as bathing and toilet, type of lighting and
cooking fuel.
Finally the third section presents the discussion on households’ access to basic
facilities outside the dwelling such as drainage and garbage collection arrangements
and accessibility to road.
For each aspect of the housing situation, we first examine the all India scenario,
followed by rural and urban areas separately. We have also examined the social
dimension in relation to the condition of those belonging to the Scheduled Tribe (ST)
and Scheduled caste (SC) categories. We define a third group ‘Others’ as the residual
households obtained by deducting ST and SC households from total households. By
comparing the housing condition in 2001 and 2011 Censuses, we have also been able
to measure the improvements in the selected indicators for rural and urban areas.
Coverage of Houses, and their Various Uses
The 2011 Census covered 330.836 million housing (i.e. building) units which was
31.24 percent (73 million) more housing units than the previous Census of 2001. Of
the total, 306.163 million units were occupied for various purposes. These are shown
in Table 2.1. We can see that around 80 percent of the census houses were used as
residence including 2.8 percent which were used for residence cum other uses.
Table 2.1: Various uses of Occupied Census houses, 2011

All India percentage share
Total Number of Occupied Census Houses 30,61,62,799 100
Occupied Census Houses used as Residence 23,60,62,866 77.1
Residence cum Other Use 85,78,716 2.8
Shop/Office 1,76,72,786 5.8
School/College 21,06,530 0.7
Hotel/Lodge/Guest House etc. 7,20,806 0.2
Hospital/Dispensary etc. 6,83,202 0.2
Factory/Workshop/Workshed etc. 24,96,655 0.8
Place of Worship 30,13,140 1
Other Non Residential Use 3,35,47,747 11
Source: Census 2011
While there was a 52 percent growth in the occupied census houses used as
residence in urban areas, it was only 24 percent in rural areas (see Table 2.2). We can
also see that the rate of growth in all categories of census houses in urban areas was
considerably higher compared to rural areas. The most notable of these were ‘other
non-residential use’ and ‘hospital/dispensary/etc.
Table 2.2: Growth in the number of houses and their uses between 2001 and 2011
Growth (%)
Total Rural Urban
Total Number of Occupied Census Houses (building units) 31.2 23.2 52.1
Occupied Census Houses used as Residence 31.7 23.9 51.6
Residence cum Other Use 8.8 3.0 27.8
Shop/Office 32.0 25.3 36.7
School/College 40.2 38.5 48.0
Hotel/Lodge/Guest House/etc. 38.2 28.7 48.1
Hospital/Dispensary/etc. 13.1 5.8 22.5
Factory/Workshop/Workshed/etc. 12.9 1.3 22.3
Place of Worship 25.6 22.1 42.6
Other Non Residential Use 31.6 21.6 113.1
Source: Census 2001 and 2011
What the overall growth of 31 percent suggests is the boom in construction
industry that is heavily, if not only, concentrated in urban areas during the first decade
of the twenty-first century.
Section 1
Indicators of Housing Condition

In this section we discuss those aspects of housing which are indicators of the housing
condition some of which also measure the quality of the dwellings of households. We
first look at the condition of the structure of houses.
Condition of structure of houses
Condition of structure means the physical condition of the structure of the house. Both
the Census and NSSO classifies the condition of households by means of a three-fold
classification. While it is ‘good’, ‘livable’, and ‘dilapidated’ in the Census, it is ‘good’,
‘satisfactory’ and ‘bad’ in NSSO. But both give similar definition to the categories
(See Appendix to this chapter). The condition of the house was considered to be
‘good’ if the structure did not require any immediate repairs, ‘satisfactory’ if the
structure required immediate repairs but no major repairs and ‘bad’ if the structure
required immediate major repairs. We first present our analysis based on the Census
data.
Figure 1 shows that at the all India level majority of households (53%) lived in
houses/dwellings which were ‘good’ in condition. While 42 percent households lived
in ‘livable’ houses, 5 percent of households i.e., around 13 million households lived in
‘dilapidated’ houses.
Figure 1: Distribution of households by the condition of

Census Houses (all India)
5.4
Good
Liveable
41.5 53.1
Dilapidated
Source: Census 2011 Note: All figures are in percentages

Figures 2 and 3 show that the proportion of households living in ‘good’ condition
houses in rural areas (46%) is below the all-India proportion (53%), and far below the
proportion in urban areas (64%). Also, in rural areas, more households live in
“dilapidated” condition houses (6.5%) compared to the national level (5.4%), and
especially the urban level (3.6%). Most rural households appear to live in ‘livable’
houses, which hopefully, over time, will change towards ‘good’, just as in the all-India
and Urban cases.
Figure 2: Distribution of households in Rural India (2011) Figure 3: Distribution of households in Urban India (2011)
6.5 2.9
28.7
Good Good
45.9
Liveable Liveable
Dilapidated Dilapidated
47.6
68.4
Source: Census 2011 Note: All figures are in percentages
Let us note some changes over 2001 and 2011. During 2011, 53 percent of the
total households lived in “good” condition houses, which shows a 3 percentage point
increase than that of 2001. The proportion of households living in “livable” houses
was 42 percent which is a nearly 3 percentage point lower than 2001 Census. As far
as “dilapidated” houses go, it is to be noted that while the proportion of households
living in this was small (around 5%) during both 2011 and 2001, an alarming trend is
that there was a 25 percent growth in the absolute number of these houses in 2011
compared to 2001. The growth in the absolute number of households living in
“dilapidated” houses is less than that of “good” houses (36%), but outstrips that of
“livable” houses. Figure 4 illustrates the percentage point change in proportion of
good, livable, and dilapidated houses between 2001 and 2011.
Figure 4 Percentage Point Change in proportion of good, livable, and dilapidated
houses between 2001 and 2011
5
4.2
4
2.9
3
2
1.1
1
0.3
0
-0.1
-1 -0.7
-2 -1.3
-3
-2.8
-4 -3.5
Total Rural Urban
Good Liveable Dilapidated
As for changes over time i.e., between 2001 and 2011 we can see from
Table 2.3 that the picture was rather gloomy with a nearly 27 percent growth in
“dilapidated” houses in rural areas, as against only a 25 percent growth in
“good” and 18 percent growth in “livable”. The urban scene was brighter, with
a high growth of 57 percent in households living in “good” houses, and a 31
and 18 percent growth in “livable” and “dilapidated” houses respectively.
Table 2.3: Growth in the absolute number of houses, by condition

Growth (%)
Total Rural Urban
Good 35.85 24.26 56.70
Liveable 20.60 18.04 30.63
Dilapidated 25.11 26.79 17.59
NSSO data that are only two years behind the 2011 Census gives a
rather conservative picture when it comes to the condition of the housing
structure.
Table 2.4 shows that 38 percent households in the country lived in

‘good’ houses. Major proportion of households (46.9%) lived in houses which
were “satisfactory” in condition while 15 percent of households lived in houses which
were ‘bad’ in condition.
When we compare households in rural and urban areas, majority of households
in rural India (50.8%) lived in houses which were “satisfactory” in condition whereas
majority of the urban households (54.2%) lived in “good” houses. Proportion of rural
households living in “good” houses (31%) was considerably lower than urban
households (54.2%). Also, rural area had higher proportion of households living in bad
houses (18.2%) than urban areas (8.4%).
Table 2.4: Classification of households by the condition of structure (in percentages), 2008-09
Social Good Satisfactory Bad
Group R+U Rural Urban R+U Rural Urban R+U Rural Urban
ST 26.6 23.4 52.8 54.1 56.4 35.3 19.2 20.2 11.9
SC 26.5 23.3 38.3 51.3 52.4 47.5 22.2 24.3 14.2
Others 42.6 35.0 57.0 44.7 49.3 35.8 12.8 15.7 7.2
Total 37.9 31.0 54.2 46.9 50.8 37.5 15.3 18.2 8.4
Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June2009)
Among the different social groups, SC had the highest proportion (22.2%) of
households living in bad condition, at the all India level. For each social group, the
proportion of households living in “good” houses was considerably higher in urban
areas than in rural areas. Similarly the proportion of households living in bad condition
was higher in rural areas. While the proportion of households belonging to SC and ST
had lower proportion of households living in good and satisfactory houses than the all
India level, ‘Others’ had higher proportion of households living in ‘good’ and
‘satisfactory’ houses than the all India level in both rural and urban areas.
The picture emerging from Table 2.4 shows that as a social group the condition
of the structure of dwelling of SC and ST households is worse in comparison to
‘Other’ social groups. On the whole it looks like STs are marginally better than SCs,
since the former live in isolated areas, have access to traditional land, whereas the
latter, being an asset-less or asset-poor category, has very little access to land as well
as housing.
Type of Structure of the Houses
Since the classification of households on the basis of the condition of structure is

subjective, a more appropriate and objective indicator is the type of structure of the
houses. NSSO classifies structure of houses as ‘pucca’, ‘semi-pucca’ and ‘katcha’ (see
Appendix to the chapter for definition). By their constructional characteristics ‘pucca’
houses were considered better than ‘semi- pucca’ houses, which are again better than
‘katcha’ houses.
Table 2.5 shows that major proportion of households at the all India level
(66.1%) lived in ‘pucca’ houses, followed by 21 per cent in ‘semi- pucca’ houses and
13 per cent in katcha houses. However there was a stark difference between rural and
urban areas. While 91.6 percent of urban households lived in ‘pucca’ houses only 55.4
percent of rural households lived in ‘pucca’ houses.
In the case of social groups there existed wide disparities not only between
social groups but also within social groups in urban and rural areas. While ‘Others’
had the highest proportion of households (71.8%) living in ‘pucca’ houses the ST
group had the lowest proportion of households (39.4%) living in ‘pucca’ houses.SC
had highest proportion of houses (18.7%) living in ‘katcha’ houses closely followed
by ST households (16.4%). Urban areas had higher proportion of ‘pucca’ houses than
rural areas across social groups.
Table 2.5: Classification of households by the type of structure of houses (in percentages), 2008-
09
Pucca Semi –pucca Katcha
Social group
R+U Rural Urban R+U Rural Urban R+U Rural Urban
ST 39.4 34 83.5 44.2 48.3 11.5 16.4 17.8 5
SC 58 50.8 85.1 23.2 26.5 10.5 18.7 22.5 4.4
others 71.8 60.5 93.1 17.9 24.5 5.2 10.4 14.9 1.6
total 66.1 55.4 91.6 21.3 27.6 6.2 12.6 17 2.1
Number of Dwelling Rooms
In order to understand the quality of housing, the number of rooms in the dwelling is
very important as an indicator of the level of congestion in the house. First let us look
into the data provided by the Census. It can be seen from Figure 4 that both one-room
and two-room housing units formed the majority during the census years, for all
categories of household size.
While there is a 2 percentage point increase in two-room dwellings over

2001-11, there is a 1 percentage point decrease in the more than six room
dwellings during the same period.
Classifying the households by number of dwelling rooms and

household size, it can be seen that while around 60 percent of the households
with one member families live in one room dwellings in 2001, there is a 2
percentage point fall in this category during 2011. But one important aspect to
be noted is that around 33 percent of both five and six-eight member
households also live in two room dwellings, and there is a 1 percent point increase in
the six-eight member households living in just two-room dwellings, even in 2011.
Strangely, 25 percent of the households with >9 members live in houses with just two
rooms, with a 1 percent point increase in this category over 2001-11.
Figure 5 Households classified by Number of Dwelling Rooms and Household Size (Total, incl: Rural +
Urban)
All Households One Member

70
45
38 37 60 58
40 60
35 30 32 50
30
25 40
20
14 15 30
15 22
19
10 7 7 20
3 4 3 3 4 3 11
5
10 8 6 7
0 2 3 1 1 1 1
No One Two Three Four Five Six 0
Exclusive Room Rooms Rooms Rooms Rooms Rooms No One Two Three Four Five Six
Room and Exclusive Room Rooms Rooms Rooms Rooms Rooms
Rooms and
Above Above
2001 2011 2001 2011
Two Members Three Members

60 55
51 60
50 48
50 44
40
40
26 27
30 29 31
30
20
9 10 20
10 4 5 3 4 1 1 1 1 11 13
10 4 4 5 5 1 2 2 1
0
No One Two Three Four Five Six 0
Exclusive Room Rooms Rooms Rooms Rooms Rooms No One Room Two Three Four Five Six Rooms
Rooms and Exclusive Rooms Rooms Rooms Rooms and Above
Above Rooms
2001 2011 2001 2011
Four Members Five Members

42
45 39 45 39
40 40 36
31 33 32 34
35 35
30 30
25 25
20 14 14 20 14 15
15 15
6 7 7 7
10 3 4 10 4
2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2
5 5
0 0
No One Room Two Three Four Five Six Rooms No One Room Two Three Four Five Six Rooms
Exclusive Rooms Rooms Rooms Rooms and Above Exclusive Rooms Rooms Rooms Rooms and Above
Rooms Rooms
2001 2011 2001 2011
Six to Eight Members nine members or more
40 30
33 33 34 25 26
35 30 25
30 20 20
25 20 18 16 15 16
20 17 17 15 13 12
15 9 10 8 8
9
10
2 3 3 3 4 4 5 2 3
5
0 0
No One Room Two Three Four Five Six Rooms No One Room Two Three Four Five Six Rooms
Exclusive Rooms Rooms Rooms Rooms and Above Exclusive Rooms Rooms Rooms Rooms and Above
Rooms Rooms
2001 2011 2001 2011
NSSO uses the term ‘living room’ instead of ‘dwelling room’ used by Census.
There is close correspondence between the definitions of two terms. NSSO defines
‘living room’ as a room with a floor area of at least 4 square metres, a height of at least
2 metres from the floor to the highest point in the ceiling and used for living purposes.
A room which was used in common for living purposes and as kitchen or store was
also considered as living room.
Comparison of Figure 5 and Table 2.6 shows a close correspondence between

the data provided by Census and NSSO. From Table 2.6 we can see that highest
proportion of households (38.3%) in the country had only one living room. Only 28
percent of households have three or more rooms while 35.6per cent households had
two living rooms.
Compared to rural areas where 37.6 percent of households lived in houses with
single living room, urban India has a higher proportion of households (40.4%) with
only one living room. The proportion of households with dwellings which did not
satisfy the specification for living room was also higher in urban area (2.2%).
Among the social groups, SC households had the highest proportion of

households with single living room (48.6%), followed by ST households (42%). This
was true in the case of both rural and urban areas.
Table 2.6: Classification of households by the number of living rooms (in percentages)
No. of living Rural+Urban Rural Urban
rooms ST SC Others Total ST SC Others Total ST SC Others Total
No exclusive
room 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.1 0.6 0.8 2.0 2.4 2.2 2.2
One room 42.0 48.6 35.1 38.3 41.3 47.9 33.2 37.6 45.5 51.7 38.2 40.4
Two rooms 36.6 35.4 35.6 35.6 36.8 36.5 37.3 37.2 33.5 31.1 32.0 31.9
Three rooms
and above 20.1 14.7 28.2 24.7 20.1 14.7 28.4 24.4 18.9 14.9 27.6 25.6
It is a matter of concern that 1.2 percent of households in the country live in
dwelling with no exclusive room which seems to suggest that their living space does
not meet the definition of a floor area of at least 4 square metres and a height of at
least 2 metres from the floor to the highest point in the ceiling. In this respect urban
areas were worse than rural areas. While only 0.8 percent of rural households lived in
houses with no exclusive room it was 2.25 in urban India. This suggests absolute lack
of housing and dependent on living in small make-shift places or in public spaces,
verandas of buildings and often sleeping in streets.
Ventilation of houses
Let us now examine ventilation of housing units that is an important indicator of the
quality of housing and living.
From Table 2.7 we can see that only 29.7 percent of households in India had
good ventilation. Nearly half the households in the country lived in houses with
satisfactory ventilation while 23.4 percent of households lived in houses with bad
ventilation.
The difference in the proportion of households with good ventilation in rural

and urban areas was starker. In rural India only 23.3 percent households lived in
houses with good ventilation whereas in urban area it is 44.7 percent. While 26.8
percent of rural households lived in houses with bad ventilation, it was only 15.1
percent in urban areas.
Among the social groups, SC households had the worst ventilation in both rural
and urban India. Within the social groups also there existed rural-urban disparities. In
urban areas, the difference in the proportion of houses having good ventilation
between ST and SC households was more pronounced. While 42.6 percent ST
households in urban India have good ventilation, only 30.9 percent of SC households
have good ventilation. Similarly SC households have a higher proportion (25.4%) of
households living in houses with bad ventilation while it is 17.6 percent for ST
households.
Cooking in houses with bad ventilation is a health hazard. The fact that 23
percent households had bad ventilation is matter of great concern as it has direct
relation with health condition of the dwellers.
Table 2.7: Distribution of households by ventilation (in percentages), 2008-09

All India
Rural+Urban Rural Urban
Ventilation
ST SC Others Total ST SC Others Total ST SC Others Total
Good 20.5 19.2 33.8 29.7 17.8 16.1 26.8 23.3 42.6 30.9 47.4 44.7
Satisfactory 48.6 49.0 46.4 47.3 49.7 50.4 50.1 49.9 39.9 43.7 39.6 40.1
Bad 31.0 31.9 20.0 23.4 32.7 33.7 23.7 26.8 17.6 25.4 13.2 15.1
Kitchen type
NSSO provides information on the type of kitchen in the households which is also an
important indicator of the quality of housing.
Table 2.8 shows that only 12.4 percent of households in the country had a
separate kitchen with water tap. While 38.2 percent households had a separate kitchen
without water tap, almost half the households (49.6%) in the country did not have a
separate kitchen.
The proportion of households in rural areas without a separate kitchen was

above the all India level (54.7%) while for urban India it was 37.3 percent. Rural-
urban disparity was more pronounced in the case of separate kitchen with water tap.
While only 4 percent of rural households had separate kitchen with water tap, 32
percent of urban households had separate kitchen with water tap.
Table 2.8: Classification of households by the type of kitchen, 2008-09

Separate kitchen
Social No separate kitchen
Group with water tap without water tap
R+U Rural Urban R+U Rural Urban R+U Rural Urban
ST 3.5 1.2 22.5 37.0 38.0 29.7 59.6 60.8 47.8
SC 4.5 1.5 15.9 31.9 32.3 30.3 63.5 66.3 53.8
Others 15.7 5.4 35.4 39.9 44.9 30.6 44.3 49.7 34.2
Total 12.4 4.0 32.1 38.2 41.3 30.4 49.6 54.7 37.3
Across the social groups, ‘Others’ (16%) had higher proportion of households
with separate kitchen and with water taps. For ST and SC it was just 4 percent and 5
percent of households respectively. In rural India 66 percent of SC households did not
have separate kitchen while 60.8 percent of rural ST households had no separate
kitchen.
Predominant Material for Roofing
Distribution of households by predominant roof material based on Census data reveals

that while tiles remained as the predominant material in 2001 (32.5%), this has moved
to concrete (29 %) during 2011. Also, the proportion of houses with
grass/thatch/bamboo wall has declined (see Table 2.9).
Table 2.9: Distribution of households by roof type (in percentages)
2001 2011
Roof Material Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban
Grass/Thatch/Bamboo/Wood/Mud
etc. 21.9 27.7 7.0 15 20 4.6
Plastic/Polythene 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6
All Tiles 32.6 37.6 19.7 23.6 28.7 13.2
Burnt Brick 5.6 5.6 5.6 6.6 7.2 5.4
Slate and Stone** 7.5 7.3 7.8 8.6 8.9 7.9
G.I./Metal/Asbestos 11.6 9.8 16.1 15.9 15.9 15.9
Concrete 19.8 11.0 42.5 29.0 18.3 51.9
Any Other Material 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4
There has been an 89 percent growth in households reporting concrete and 76

percent growth in G.I/Metal/Asbestos category. In rural areas, while tiles remained as
the major category of roof (29%) in 2011, a sweeping shift can be seen by a more-
than-double growth in concrete and plastic/polythene, seconded by a 20 percent fall in
the use of tiles over the years. In urban areas however, concrete remained as the
predominant material of roof, with a huge 80 percent increase over the years.
Table 2.10: Growth in the number of houses by material of roof, and percentage point
difference in proportion of total
Growth (%) % Point Difference

Material of Roof
Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban
Grass/Thatch/Bamboo/Wood/Mud
-11.79 -12.67 -2.77 -6.92 -7.73 -2.37
etc.
Plastic/Polythene 69.87 108.56 22.26 0.12 0.23 -0.17
- -
All Tiles -40.73 -53.68 -19.26 -13.49
42.92 18.06
Burnt Brick 53.16 57.61 41.79 1.03 1.64 -0.21
Slate and Stone** 47.49 46.77 49.20 1.14 1.58 0.08
G.I./Metal/Asbestos 76.38 96.43 44.86 4.30 6.06 -0.22
Concrete 88.65 102.38 79.50 9.21 7.31 9.45
Any Other Material -21.65 -30.00 2.31 -0.22 -0.23 -0.17
Our analysis of NSSO data of 2008-09 on the type of materials used for roof
corresponds to that of Census data.
Classification of households by the type of material used for the construction

of roofs of their houses shows that highest proportion of households (35.1%) lived in
houses with cement/RBC/RCC roof. Tiles or slate was the predominant material of
roof for 20.9 percent of households while 14.2 percent households lived in houses with
iron or other metal sheet as the predominant material of roof.
In rural India only 24.7 percent of households lived in houses with
cement/RBC/RCC roof whereas in urban areas it is was high as 60 percent of the
households. In rural India timber was the second most predominant (24.5%) material
of roof (see Table 2.11).
Analysis across broad social groups reveal the predominance of concrete as the
roofing material among ‘Others’ in urban areas (close to 69 per cent) followed by ST
(49%) and then SC (45%). In rural India tile and concrete constitute half of all
housing roofs in which the share of concrete among ‘Others’ was about 28 per cent.
Table 2.11: Distribution of households by the type of roof (in percentages), 2008-09
All India
Roof type
Grass/straw/
leaves/reeds/ 15.3 18.4 10.4 12.4 16.7 21.9 14.9 16.6 4.0 5.4 0.9 2.4
bamboo,etc
Mud/unburnt brick 1.7 3.4 2.0 2.3 1.8 4.1 2.9 3.1 1.0 0.6 0.3 0.4
Canvas/cloth 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.3
Other katcha 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.6 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.3
Tiles/slate 39.7 20.4 18.7 20.9 43.0 22.2 23.5 25.4 13.4 13.4 6.3 10.4
Burnt brick/stone/
13.9 12.4 12.3 7.8 14.0 13.6 13.0 5.6 13.8 9.5 10.5
lime stone 7.6
Iron or other metal

19.5 14.0 13.6 14.2 18.9 12.4 13.6 13.9 25.1 19.8 13.6 14.9
sheet
Cement/RBC/RCC 13.7 26.4 40.3 35.1 9.3 21.7 28.3 24.7 49.4 44.5 68.5 60.1
Other pucca 1.0 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.7 1.5 1.5 0.6 1.4 0.7 0.8
Predominant Wall Material
The distribution of households living in census houses by predominant material of

wall in 2011 shows burnt brick as the predominant material, followed by mud/unburnt
brick (see Table 2.12).
While in rural areas in 2001, mud/unburnt brick formed the major category of
wall, by 2011 burnt brick category has become prominent. In urban areas, again, burnt
brick remains as the predominant material of wall in both periods.
In the case of predominant material of walls also our finding based on NSSO
data closely corresponds to Census data. From Table 13 we can see that predominant
material of wall in the country is burnt brick/stone/lime stone (59% of households had
their walls made of burnt brick or stone or lime stone). Next in line is mud or unburnt
brick (23% households) followed by cement/RBC/RCC (10%).
Table 2.12: Distribution of households by wall type

2001 2011
Wall Material
Total Number of Households 100 100 100 100 100 100
Grass/Thatch/Bamboo/Wood etc. 10.21 12.65 3.92 9 11.9 2.7
Plastic/Polythene 0.29 0.26 0.35 0.3 0.3 0.3
Mud/Unburnt Brick 32.19 39.72 12.78 23.7 30.5 9.3
Wood 0.92 0.93 0.88 0.7 0.8 0.5
Stone 9.41 10.46 6.73 3.4 3.6 2.7
Stone packed with Mortar n.a. n.a. n.a. 10.8 10 12.3
G.I./Metal/Asbestos 0.65 0.37 1.35 0.6 0.5 0.9
Burnt Brick 43.67 34.21 68.02 47.5 40 63.5
Concrete 2.44 1.16 5.72 3.5 1.7 7.2
Table 2.13: Distribution of households by the type of wall (in percentages)
All India
Wall type
ST SC OTH Total ST SC OTH Total ST SC OTH Total
Grass /straw/
leaves/reeds/ 9.6 7.3 5.4 6.2 10.2 8.7 7.7 8.2 4.5 2.3 1.1 1.3
bamboo, etc.
Mud/unburnt
46.8 28.6 18.8 23.2 51.3 33.7 26.2 30.8 10.7 9.3 4.4 5.3
brick
Canvas/cloth 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1
Other katcha 1.8 1.1 0.6 0.8 1.9 1.3 0.8 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3
Timber 1.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 1.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 2.1 0.3 0.5 0.5
Burnt brick/
stone/lime 33.9 54.3 63.5 59.1 31.7 50.1 57.7 53.3 51.4 69.8 74.4 73.0
stone
Iron or other
0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.9 1.0 0.6 0.7
metal sheet
Cement/RBC/
5.7 7.9 10.4 9.5 3.1 5.5 6.2 5.7 27.0 16.5 18.5 18.5
RCC
Other pucca 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 2.0 0.2 0.1 0.2
Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June2009). Note: OTH- Other than SC and ST
In rural areas 53.3 percent households had their walls made of burnt
brick/stone/lime stone while in urban areas 73 percent of households lived in houses
with walls made of burnt brick/stone/lime stone.
Among the different social groups major proportion of ST households in rural

India (51.3%) lived in houses with walls made of mud/unburnt brick. For SC and other
households burnt brick or stone or lime stone was the predominant material of wall.
It is difficult to provide a value judgment as to what type of wall is to be

considered a better material from the point of view of health and environmental
compatibility. In a tropical country like India mud/unburnt brick is much favourable to
climate compared to cement which absorbs more heat. But since cement is used by
rich and for institutional building it has acquired a superior status in popular
perception. Often mud or unburnt brick is used by the poor as they cannot afford the
more costly burnt brick or granite.
Predominant Floor Material
From Census data we can see that while mud remains the predominant material of
floor during both census periods, there is a greater than 10 percentage point fall in this
category during 2011. In rural areas, while mud and cement form the major material of
floor, in urban areas it is cement and mosaic/floor-tiles that form the majority (see
Table 2.14).
Table 2.14: Distribution of households by floor type (in percentages)

2001 2011
Floor material
Mud 57.1 72.3 18 46.5 62.6 12.2
Wood/Bamboo 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.4
Burnt Bricks 2.3 2 3 2.3 2.3 2.4
Stone 5.8 4.5 9.1 8.1 6.2 12.2
Cement 26.5 18 48.3 31.1 24.2 45.8
Mosaic/Floor Tiles 7.3 2.2 20.5 10.8 3.7 25.9
Any Other Material 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.2 1
And just as in the all-India case, in rural areas we see that the proportion of
mud as a prominent material of wall has dropped around 10 percentage points in 2011,
and cement and mosaic/floor tiles have increased as a category (Figure 6).
Figure 6: Percentage point change between 2001 and 2011
8
6
6 5
5
4 3
4
2
2 2
2
0
Total Rural Urban
-2
-4 -3
-6
-6
-8
-10
-10
-12 -11
Mud Stone Cement Mosaic/Floor Tiles
Note: All figures are in percentage
In the case of the predominant material used by households for floor also our
findings based on NSSO data corresponds to Census data. Table 2.15 shows that major
proportion of households in the country (40.4%) lived in houses with mud floors.
While 37 percent households had cement floors, 11percent households had brick/lime
stone/stone floors and 10 percent of households had mosaic/tiles as the material of
floor.
Comparison of rural and urban areas shows that while 54 percent of

households lived in houses with mud floors in rural areas only 8 percent of households
in urban India had mud floors. While majority of households in urban India (53%) had
cement floors, only 31 percent households in rural India had cement floor.
Table 2.15: Distribution of households by floor type (in percentages)

All India
Floor Type
Mud 65.7 53.4 33.7 40.4 71.6 63.2 48.3 54.1 16.3 16.4 6.2 8.0
Bamboo/log 1.7 0.3 0.2 0.4 1.8 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1
Wood/plank 1.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.8 0.3 0.4 0.5 3.2 0.2 0.1 0.2
Brick/lime
6.5 9.5 12.1 11.1 5.9 8.7 11.5 10.3 11.2 12.3 13.2 13.0
stone/stone
Cement 21.0 32.7 40.9 37.4 17.4 26.0 35.0 30.9 50.5 58.4 52.3 53.2
Mosaic/tiles 3.2 3.6 12.7 10.0 1.4 1.4 4.8 3.6 18.2 12.1 27.8 25.3
Others 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.4
Among the social groups, ST had the highest proportion of households (65.7%)
with mud floors while 33.7 percent of other households lived in houses with mud
floors. Only 21 percent of ST households in the country had mud floors while 40.9
percent of other households lived in houses with cement floor. In the rural areas while
71.6 percent of ST households and 63.2 percent of SC households had mud floors,
48.3 percent of other households had mud floors.
Section 2
Basic Amenities within Dwelling

The different characteristics of the structure of the dwelling, examined in earlier
paragraphs, though important are only one element of the housing condition. Without
amenities like drinking water facility, sanitation, electricity and other basic amenities
in a household cannot function as a useful one. In this section we discuss basic
amenities within the dwelling.
Drinking Water
This is one of the most important aspects of housing. We can see from our analysis of
Census data that tap water, hand pump and well are generally the three major sources
among households. While nearly 37 percent of households depended on tap-water in
2001, this proportion increased to nearly 44 percent in 2011. Second was hand pump,
with nearly 34 percent of households depending on this during 2011, almost the same
as in 2001. But dependence on wells has fallen from 18 percent in 2001 to 11 percent
in 2011 at an all-India level (see Appendix Table). The fall in the dependence on hand
pump and well can be attributed to tap water; conversely, it can be proposed that
dependence on tap water has increased as more traditional sources such as a well have
decreased.
NSSO also provides data on these as well as few other sources of drinking
water the results of which are presented in Table 2.16.
Classification of households on the basis of their first major source of drinking

water i.e., the source of drinking water which was used most by the household shows
that households in the country depend on two major sources namely tap water and tube
well/hand pump. While 43.6 percent households had tube well/hand pump as the first
major source of drinking water 43 percent of households had tap water as their major
source of drinking water. The third major source of drinking water was well- both
protected and unprotected.
Table 2.16 Major source of drinking water
All India
Drinking Water Rural+Urban Rural Urban
Source ST SC Others Total ST SC Others Total ST SC Others Total
Bottled water 0.5 0.6 1.4 1.2 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.5 3.0 1.1 2.9 2.7
Tap 24.1 38.5 46.9 43.1 18.6 30.1 31.9 30.1 68.5 70 75.5 74.2
Tube well/hand
52.3 51.4 40.5 43.6 56.2 59.1 53.1 54.7 20.4 23 16.4 17.5
pump
Protected well 6.9 3.0 4.6 4.4 7.5 3.4 5.8 5.5 2.5 1.4 2.2 2.1
Unprotected
11.0 4.1 4.2 4.8 12.0 4.9 5.8 6.3 2.8 1.4 1.2 1.2
well
Tank/pond 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.2
Other
tank/pond 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1
River/canal/lake 1.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0
Spring 2.6 0.3 0.4 0.5 2.8 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.1
Harvested
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
rainwater
Others 0.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.6 2.9 1.8 1.9
Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June 2009)
In the rural areas 54.7 percent of households depended on tube well/ hand
pump while 30 percent of households had tap water as their first major source. Almost
12 percent of rural households depended on well as their major source of drinking
water. In urban areas 74 percent households had tap water as their major source of
drinking water and 17.5 percent households depended on tube well/hand pump.
Among the social groups, ST and SC households depended on tube well/ hand
pump as the main source of drinking water (52% and 51% respectively) while for
‘Others’ tap was the major source of drinking water with 47 percent of households
depending on tap water as their first major source. In the rural areas across social
groups’ tube well/hand pump is the major source of drinking water. In rural India ST
had the lowest proportion of households (18.6%) with tap water as the major source
while SC and others had almost same proportion (30%) of households depending on
tap water.
Nature of access to source of drinking water
An examination of the access to drinking water shows that a major proportion

of households in the country (46.7%) depended on community use i.e. for use of
households in the locality. 35.7 percent of households in the country had their source
of drinking water for the exclusive use of households. The details are given in Table
2.17.
In urban area 47 percent of households had their drinking water source for
exclusive use of the households while in rural India 57 percent reported community
use of water source was more common.
Among the social groups majority of ST (72.7%) and SC (61.5%) households

depended on drinking water facility common for the use of households in the
locality/community. In the case of others 42 percent of households had drinking water
facility for exclusive use of the households. Only 15.7 percent ST and 23.3 percent of
SC households had drinking water facility for exclusive use of the households.
Table 2.17classification of households by drinking water facility (in percentages), 2008-09

All India
Drinking Water Rural+Urban Rural Urban
Facility ST SC OTH Total ST SC OTH Total ST SC OTH Total
Hhs' exclusive use 15.7 23.3 42.0 35.7 13.5 21.0 37.6 31.1 33.5 31.9 50.2 47.0
Common use of Hhs

8.4 11.1 14.3 13.1 5.7 7.7 8.9 8.3 30.3 23.8 24.7 24.7
in the building
Community use 72.2 61.5 39.4 46.7 77.3 68.0 49.6 56.8 31.3 37.9 20.0 22.9
Others 3.8 4.1 4.4 4.3 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.8 4.8 6.4 5.2 5.4
Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June2009). Note: OTH means Others.
In rural areas though community drinking water facility was predominant

across all social groups, ST (77.3%) and SC (68%) households had higher proportion
of households compared to other households (49.6%) depending on community
drinking water facility. Other households had the highest proportion of households
with drinking water facility for exclusive use of households (37.6%) and ST
households had the lowest proportion (13.5%).
While in urban areas major proportion of households belonging to ‘Others’

(50.2%) and ST (33.5%) had drinking water facility for exclusive use of the
household, majority of SC households (37.9%) depended on community facility.
Distance to the source of drinking water
The Census data on drinking water provide not only the major sources but also the
distance at which it is available. And the distance is assessing at three levels – within
the premises, near the premises and away from the premises. A close look at these
distance indicators gives certain interesting insights. While tap water remains the
major source of drinking water within the premises, hand pumps remain the
predominant source both near the premises and away.
Figure 7a: Households by Main Source of Drinking Water (Total, incl: Rural +
Urban)
Total Households Within Premises

50
45 44 70
58
40 37 60 53
36
35 33
50
30
40
25 29
30 25
20 18
15 20 13
11
8 9 8
10 10 4
6
4 4
5
0
0 Tap Water Well Handpump Tubewell/Borehole
Tap Water Well Handpump Tubewell/Borehole Other Sources
2001 2011 2001 2011
Near Premises Awayfrom Premises

50 45 41
43
40 40
40 37 33
35
29
29 30
30
25
19 19
18 20 17
20
15 10
11 9
10 8 10
6
5
0 0
Tap Water Well Handpump Tubewell/Borehole Tap Water Well Handpump Tubewell/Borehole
2001 2011 2001 2011
The rural-urban divide is rather extreme. In rural areas while the hand pump
is the major source of drinking water, while tap water and wells are secondary
sources, in urban areas the major source at all locations is the tap, i.e. public piped
water supply.
Figure 7b: Households by Main Source of Drinking Water (Rural)
Total Households Within Premises

50 45 43 41
43 44 40
40
40 33
35
31 30
30
24 25
22 19
20
20
13 15 11
10 8
10 8
6 4
5
0 0
2001 2011 2001 2011
Near Premises Awayfrom Premises

50 47 46 50
44
40 40 35
31 32
30 30
24
20 20
20 20 16
12 13
8 10
10 6 8 10
0 0
Tap Water Well Tubewell/Borehole Tap Water Well Handpump Tubewell/Borehole
Handpump 2001 2011
2001 2011
In rural areas, the proportions of households having a hand pump facility away
from the premises have increased from 35 percent to 44 percent, from 2001 to 2011.
Another notable change is the fall in the proportion of households depending on the
well as a source of drinking water from 22 percent to 13 percent over this period.
During the 2011 census, an extra classification under tap water, i.e., tap water
from treated and untreated sources has been added to measure the quality of drinking
water. While the proportion of households using tap water from treated sources is
nearly 32 percent, it is 61 percent in urban areas and only 18 percent in rural areas (see
Appendix Table).
Figure 7c: Households by Main Source of Drinking Water (Urban)
All Households Within Premises
80 80 76 76
69 71
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
16
20 12 20 13
9 9 9
10 8 6 5 10 7 6 4
0 0
2001 2011 2001 2011
Near Premises Awayfrom premises

70 64 45 42 41
60 40
60
35
50
30
40 25 22 23
30 20
23 14
17 15 12
20 9 9
8 8 10
10 5 5
5
0 0
2001 2011 2001 2011
NSSO also provides data for the distance to households’ major source of
drinking water but not in as much detail as the Census. The findings are given in Table
2.18.
Classification of households by their distance to the source of drinking water

shows that major proportion of households in the country had their source of drinking
water within a distance of 200 metres from their dwelling. While 24.7 percent of
households in the country had their source of drinking water within dwelling, 26
percent households had drinking water source within the premises and 7 percent
households had their drinking water source at a distance of 0.2-05 km.
When we compare rural and urban areas majority of urban households (46.2%)
had drinking water source within dwellings while in rural areas it was only 15.6
percent of households. Major proportion of rural households (48.1%) had drinking
water source within a distance of 200m from their dwellings.
Majority of households across social groups had their drinking water facility
within 200m of dwelling. ‘Others’ had highest proportion of households (29.6%) with
drinking water facility within dwelling while ST had the lowest proportion (6.9%),
followed by SC households (15%).
Both in rural and urban areas social group ‘others’ had the highest proportion
of households with drinking water source within dwelling.
Table 2.18: Classification of households by the distance to drinking water source (in percentages)
All India
Within
6.9 15.0 29.6 24.7 3.6 10.5 19.4 15.6 33.7 31.9 49.3 46.2
dwelling
Outside
dwelling but 17.2 21.3 28.3 26.0 15.2 20.1 28.2 24.9 33.9 25.5 28.6 28.3
within premises
Less than
0.2km 57.6 53.2 34.9 40.7 61.4 57.1 42.8 48.1 28.4 38.3 19.9 22.7
0.2 - 0.5km 14.8 8.9 5.6 7.1 16.2 10.4 7.6 9.2 3.2 3.4 1.7 2.0
0.5- 1km 2.6 1.3 1.0 1.2 2.9 1.5 1.3 1.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4
1.0- 1.5 km 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2
1.5km or more 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
Adequacy of drinking water
Information was collected on whether availability of drinking water was sufficient

throughout the year from the first major source of drinking water. Table 2.19 shows
that 87.6% of households in the country had sufficient drinking water from their first
major source.
Adequacy of drinking water in urban areas at 91 percent was higher than the all
India level while in the rural areas it was lower than the national level at 86 percent.
Table 2.19: Classification of households by the availability of adequate

drinking water from 1st major source (in percentages), 2008-09
All India
Yes No
Social group R+U Rural Urban R+U Rural Urban
ST 77.2 76.3 84.3 22.8 23.7 15.7
SC 87.4 86.9 89.3 12.6 13.1 10.7
Others 89.0 87.6 91.7 11.0 12.4 8.3
Total 87.6 86.2 91.1 12.4 13.8 8.9
Among the social groups, ST households experienced the worst in terms of

sufficiency of drinking water from first source. At the all India level close to 23
percent did not get sufficient drinking water from first source while in rural areas 24
percent households did not have sufficient drinking water throughout the year.
Availability of Bathing Facility
Our analysis of Census data shows that the proportion of households having a bathing
facility has increased considerably during the decade 2001 to 2011. It can be seen that
at an all-India level while the proportion of households having no bathrooms were a
huge 64 percent in 2001, this has been greatly reduced to 41 percent in 2011. The fall
has been the greatest in rural areas where households having no bathroom facilities
stand at 55 percent in 2011, when they were around 77 percent in 2001. In urban areas
also, this fall has been significant, from nearly 30 percent to around 13 percent.
Figure 8: Households by Availability of Bathing Facility, and percentage point

change 2001-11
Total (2001) Total (2011)

Rural (2001)
23
36 Bathroom
42 42
Bathroom
Bathroom
Enclosures Without
No Bathroom
No Bathr oom Roof
No Bathroom
64
77
16
Rural (2011)
25
Bathroom
Enclosures
Without Roof
55
No Bathroom
20
Note: All figures are in percentage.
However, it must be noted that the proportion of households having

bathing facility alone is more compared to households having a latrine facility.
NSSO in addition to providing information on the availability of bathroom also
gives information on whether bathroom is attached or detached. The details are given
in Table 20.
From the Table 2.18 we can see that at the all India level nearly 52 percent of
households had no facility of bathroom. Only 23% of households had attached
bathrooms. In rural areas while 65 percent of households had no bathroom facility
only 22 percent of households in urban areas were without bathroom facility.
Among the social groups ST households had the highest proportion of

households (69.2%) without bathroom facility closely followed by SC households
(68.6%). Only ‘Other’ households had lower proportion of households(44.7%) without
bathroom facility than that for all India.
Table 2.20: Classification of households by bathroom facility (in percentages)

All India
Bathroom Rural+Urban Rural Urban
facility ST SC Others Total ST SC Others Total ST SC Others Total
Attached 9.3 11.6 28.0 22.9 5.7 6.6 15.7 12.5 38.9 30.3 51.5 48.0
Detached 21.7 20.0 27.3 25.2 20.3 16.6 25.8 23.2 33.5 32.6 30.1 30.6
no bathroom 69.2 68.6 44.7 51.6 74.4 76.9 58.5 64.6 27.6 37.1 18.5 21.5
Both in rural and urban areas SC households had the highest proportion of
households (77% in rural areas and 37% in urban areas) without bathroom facility.
Availability of Latrine Facility
According to Census 2001, nearly 64 percent of households did not have access to
latrine facility within their premises, but this proportion has reduced by nearly 10
percentage point, to 53 percent, by 2011. There has been data collected separately for
households having a “latrine facility within the premises”, which is around 47 percent.
The proportion of households having a water closet has nearly doubled.
As for rural-urban difference it can be seen that in rural areas while 78 percent
of households did not have a latrine facility in 2001, this figure is now 69 percent. The
corresponding decrease in urban areas is from 28 percent to 18 percent.
Figure 9: Households by Type of Latrine Facility, and percentage point change

between 2001-11
Total (2001) Total (2011)
Latrine Facility
18 Within the
Water Closet Premises
47
53 Water Closet
Pit Latrine
12
Other Latrine Pit Latrine
64
7 No Latrine within
the Premises Other Latrine
1
9
36
Rural (2001) Rural (2011)

7
Latrine Facility
10 31
Water Closet Within the Premises
Water Closet
5
Pit Latrine
Pit Latrine
Other Latrine 69
Other Latrine
19
No Latrine within
the Premises No Latrine within
78 the Premises
11
1
Urban (2001) Urban (2011)

19 Latrine Facility
2 Within the
26 Water Closet 7 Premises
Water Closet
Pit Latrine
46 81
Other Latrine Pit Latrine
13 No Latrine within
the Premises 73 Other Latrine
15
Figure 10: Percentage point change in bathroom facility, 2001-2011
30 27
25
20 18
15 12
10
5
0
Total Rural Urban
-5
-10 -8
-9
-11
-15
Water Closet No Latrine within the Premises
The situation with regard to the type of latrine shows that the proportion of
water closet, compared to pit latrine or other latrine, was much higher. Interestingly, in
rural areas pit latrines were the prominent type during 2001 (with 10.3% of households
using one), but this has now been taken over by the water closet, the proportion of
which has more than doubled in rural areas. In urban areas, where the proportion of the
water closets is nearly 73%, this has been a doubling since 2001.
Thus one thing which is to be noted in this context is that, though the
proportion of households that do not have access to latrine facility is still very high in
both rural and urban areas, for those who do have latrine facilities, the quality of
facility has improved during the decade 2001 to 2011.
To understand the access to latrine facility across social groups we have used
the data provided by NSSO.
Classification of households by their access to latrine facility shows that nearly
half the households in the country (49.3%) had no latrine facility in 2008-09. Only
36.8 percent of households in the country had latrine for exclusive use of households.
While only 11.3 percent of households in urban area had no latrine facility 65.2% of
rural households had no latrine facility (see Table 2.21).
Table 2.21: Classification of households by latrine facility (in percentages), 2008-09
All India
latrine facility
ST SC OTH Total ST SC OTH Total ST SC OTH Total
Exclusive use of
Hhs 20.8 22.9 42.9 36.8 17.7 17.7 33.1 28.0 44.9 41.9 61.5 58.1
Shared with other

Hhs 8.4 9.0 12.1 11.1 5.7 4.9 5.9 5.7 29.5 24.6 23.9 24.1
Public/community
latrine 1.9 3.2 2.8 2.8 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.2 4.5 10.8 5.8 6.5
No latrine 69.2 65.1 42.3 49.3 74.6 76.3 59.8 65.2 21.1 22.7 8.9 11.3
Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June 2009). Note: OTH means Others.
Among social groups ST households had the highest proportion of households

(69.2%) with no latrine facility, followed by ST households (65.1%). Comparison of
rural and urban areas shows that there is huge disparity within and between social
groups. While 59.8% ‘other’ households in rural area had no latrine facility, in urban
areas only 8.9% of ‘other’ households had no access to latrine facility.
Lighting
Our analysis of Census data shows that electricity remains the major source of
lighting, with a proportion of 67 percent of total census households in India in 2011,
which is a 11.4 percentage point increase from 2001. After electricity, kerosene is the
most important source of lighting. While the proportion of kerosene as a source of
lighting has decreased from 43 percent in 2001 to 31 percent in 2011 at an all-India
level, the growth in the number of households reporting electricity as the major source
of lighting has increased nearly by 55 percent. The use of kerosene has been nearly
replaced by the use of electricity (see Table 2.22).
Table 2.22: Distribution of households by source of lighting

Source of lighting 2001 2011
Electricity 55.8 43.5 87.6 67.2 55.3 92.7
Kerosene 43.3 55.6 11.6 31.4 43.2 6.5
Solar Energy 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.2
Other Oil 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1
Any Other 0.2 0.2 0.14 0.2 0.2 0.2
No Lighting 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3
Source: Census 2001 and Census 2011
If we look at the rural-urban divide it can be seen that in rural areas kerosene
was the major source of lighting in 2001 with nearly 55 percent of the household
depending on it and electricity only second. During 2011 this trend has swapped. In
urban areas nearly 93 percent of the households depend on electricity as the major
source of lighting, an improvement from 87 percent in 2001. The rural-urban divide,
however, is still stark.
Though the proportion of solar energy as a source of lighting among

households is very small, the growth in the use of this has doubled over the years,
which is, very interestingly, greater among rural than in urban households.
But it is startling to note that the proportion of households not having any
source of lighting at all, though meagre, has actually increased over the years, even
doubling in rural areas (from 0.3% to 0.5%) during 2011 compared to 2001. This fact
is unpleasant especially when we understand that the number of houses with no
lighting at all has very drastically increased in both rural and urban areas (from 4.26
lakhs to nearly 9 lakhs in rural areas; from 1.88 lakhs to 2.66 lakhs in urban areas)!
Figure 11: Percentage point change in source of lighting, 2001-2011
15
11 12
10
5
5
0
Total Rural Urban
-5
-5
-10
-12 -12
-15
Electricity Kerosene
Note:All figures are in percentage
NSSO, unlike Census, provides information only on the availability of

electricity for domestic use of the households.
The situation as presented in Table 2.23 shows huge disparity between rural
and urban areas. While 96.2 percent of households in urban areas had electricity for
domestic use, only 65.8 percent of households in rural areas had electricity for
domestic use.
Table 2.23: Distribution of households by the availability of
electricity for domestic use (in percentages)
All India
Yes No
Social group R+U Rural Urban R+U Rural Urban
ST 61.1 57.1 91.5 39.0 42.5 8.5
SC 66.4 59.6 92.5 33.6 40.7 7.5
Others 79.1 69.8 97.1 20.9 30.2 3.0
Total 74.7 65.8 96.2 25.0 34.0 3.9
Among the social groups ST households had the highest proportion of

households (39%) without electricity, followed by SC households (33.6%) and the
proportion was lowest for ‘other’ households (20.9%). Data also shows disparity
between social groups in rural and urban areas. While 91.5 percent of ST households
in urban areas had electricity for domestic use only 61 percent of ST households in
rural area had electricity for domestic use. This is reflected in the case of ‘Other’ social
groups as well. While 97 percent of ‘Other’ households in urban areas had electricity
only 79 percent households in rural areas had electricity.
Cooking Fuel
The findings on the distribution of households by fuel used for cooking shown in
Table 2.24 indicate firewood as still the predominant source of fuel, with nearly 50
percent of households depending on this even in 2011 (despite a 4 percentage point
fall). Second is LPG/PNG (28.5%), though dependence on this source of fuel has
doubled over the years in India.
The rural-urban divide is very large. In rural areas, the major sources of
fuel are firewood, crop residue and the cow dung cake. Though the use of
LPG/PNG has increased dramatically in rural areas, the three above sources
still remain predominant.
In urban areas on the other hand, LPG/PNG remained as the major

source of fuel in 2011, nearly a 20 percent point increase than 2001. Here,
kerosene is the second most used source of fuel; but the interesting fact is that
over the years, while LPG/PNG has shown a nearly 20 percentage point
increase, kerosene shows a more than 10 percentage point decrease.
Table 2.24: Distribution of Households by Source of Cooking Fuel
2001 2011
Source of cooking fuel
Firewood 52.5 64.1 22.7 49.0 62.5 20.1
Crop Residue 10.0 13.1 2.1 8.9 12.3 1.4
Cow Dung Cake 9.8 12.8 2.0 7.9 10.9 1.7
Coal/Lignite/Charcoal 2.1 1.1 4.6 1.4 0.8 2.9
Kerosene 6.5 1.6 19.2 2.9 0.7 7.5
LPG/PNG 17.5 5.7 48.0 28.5 11.4 65.0
Electricity 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
Biogas 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Any Other 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.2
No Cooking 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.5
Section 3
Access to Basic Facilities outside the Dwelling
Access to basic facilities outside the dwelling like distance to the place of work,
garbage and drainage facilities, access to road, etc is also an important indicator of the
quality of life.
Access to road
The results from the NSS data (Table 2.25) show that for the country as a whole, only
27.6 percent of the households had direct opening to motorable road with street light.
Highest proportion of households in the country (32.7%) had access only to roads or
constructed path other than motorable road without street light. 14.1 percent of
households had no direct opening to roads or lanes or constructed path.
The difference in the accessibility to roads between urban and rural India is
more striking. While in rural India only 15.7 percent of the households had direct
opening to motorable road with street light, 56 percent of the urban households had
direct opening to motorable road with street light. Only 5.5 percent of the urban
households were without direct opening to road or constructed path compared to 17.7
percent households in rural India.
Table 2.25: Classification of households by their access to road (in percentages), 2008-09
Access to road ST SC OTH Total ST SC OTH Total ST SC OTH Total
direct opening to
motorable road with 12.7 21.1 31.4 27.6 8.5 14.9 17.2 15.7 47.0 44.6 58.3 56.0
street light
direct opening to
motorable road 16.8 15.7 16.2 16.2 17.4 16.5 19.5 18.6 11.9 12.9 9.8 10.3
without street light
other road/lane with

7.8 9.0 9.7 9.4 6.6 7.4 7.8 7.6 17.6 15.1 13.3 13.7
street light
other road/lane
39.4 38.2 30.4 32.7 42.3 42.7 39.2 40.4 16.1 21.2 13.3 14.6
without street light
no direct opening to
road/lane/constructed 23.3 16.0 12.4 14.1 25.2 18.5 16.2 17.7 7.5 6.3 5.2 5.5
path
Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June2009). Note: OTH means Others
Among the different social groups also there existed disparities in their access
to roads. ST households were the worst in their road accessibility followed by the SC
households. Only 12.7 percent of ST households in the country had direct access to
motorable roads with street light while 23.3 percent of ST households did not have
direct opening to roads or constructed path. ‘Other’ households had the highest
proportion of households (31.4%) with direct opening to motorable road with street
light.
Within the social groups also there exists significant rural-urban disparity.
While 44.6 percent of SC households in urban areas had direct opening to motorable
road with street light, it was only 14.9 percent of households in rural India. Though
‘Other’ households enjoy better accessibility to roads compared to ST and SC
households, only 17.2 percent of ‘Other’ households in rural areas had access to
motorable road with street light compared to 58.3 percent in urban areas.
Garbage collection arrangement
Garbage collection arrangement is also an important indicator of the quality of life of

households. The information collected on this item relates to the agency that currently
collects the garbage. If there is no arrangement for garbage collection, that has also
been recorded. Table 26 gives the details.
Majority of the households i.e., three-fifth of households in the country
(59.6%) did not have any formal mechanism for collection of garbage. In urban areas
public bodies- municipality/corporation collected garbage from majority of households
(62.0%). Participation of residents in the collection and disposal of garbage was lower
in urban areas (13.1%) compared to rural area (17.2%).
Among the social groups ‘Others’ had better access to formal garbage
collection facilities (24.4%) than SC (13.9%) and ST (6.4%) households. Urban areas
had better access to garbage collection arrangements than rural area With 64 percent of
households in ‘Others’ enjoying public collection while it was 554 and 47 per cent for
SC and ST respectively.
Table 2.26: Classification of households by garbage collection arrangement (in percentages), 2008-09

garbage collection
Tota
ST SC OTH l ST SC OTH Total ST SC OTH Total
panchayat/municip
6.4 13.9 24.4 20.7 1.4 3.2 3.7 3.3 47.4 54.1 64.0 62.0
ality/corporation
by residents 18.1 17.7 17.0 17.2 18.2 19.1 19.1 19.0 16.8 12.7 13.0 13.1
No arrangement 74.0 66.2 55.9 59.6 79.4 75.8 74.9 75.7 30.3 29.9 19.5 21.4
By others 1.5 2.2 2.7 2.5 1.0 1.8 2.3 2.0 5.6 3.4 3.5 3.6
Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June 2009). Note: OTH means Others.
Availability of Drainage Facilities
This facility is also an important one from the point of sanitation and its link with the
health status of the people living in a locality. Table 27 shows that nearly 49 percent of
total households in India did not have any drainage facility in 2011, a figure that was
54 percent during 2001. Thus, the improvement has been very marginal. This has been
the case in both urban as well as rural areas with 63 percent and 18 percent
respectively during 2011, which is again only a marginal increase as compared to
2001.
Table 2.27: Distribution of households by type of drainage (in percentages)

Type of 2001 2011
drainage T R U T R U
Closed
Drainage 12.5 3.9 34.5 18.1 5.7 44.5
Open
Drainage 33.9 30.3 43.4 33 31 37
No
Drainage 53.6 65.8 22.1 48.9 63.2 18.2
Source: Census 2001 and 2011. Note:All figures are in percentage
As for drainage connectivity, we can see the prevalence of open-
drainage compared to closed. The proportion of open-drainage is more or less
the same (33%) during 2001 and 2011, with a slight reduction only in urban
areas. However, comparing rural to urban, we see a very significant gap in the
presence of closed drainage facility – while in urban areas this was 45 percent
in 2011, in rural areas this remains a very meagre 6 percent. The large gap is
seen even in the presence of no drainage facility.
Animal shed
Table 2.21 shows that 63.8 percent of households had no animal shed within 100 feet
of the house. But close to one-tenth percent of households had animal shed attached to
the house while 26.6 percent of households had animal shed detached from the
building. In rural areas 30.8 percentof households had animal shed detached to the
houses while 12.8 percent households had animal shed attached to the building.
Among social groups ST had the highest proportion of households with attached
animal shed (14.8%). In rural area 16.5 percent of ST households had attached animal
shed while 11.3 percent of SC households had attached animal shed.
Table 2.28: Classification of households by the proximity of house to animal shed (in percentages)
animal Rural+Urban Rural Urban
shed ST SC OTH Total ST SC OTH Total ST SC OTH Total
attached
to the
building 14.8 9.4 9.0 9.6 16.5 11.3 12.8 12.9 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.7
detached
from the
building 31.5 25.5 26.3 26.6 34.6 30.8 37.2 35.4 6.9 5.7 5.6 5.7
no
animal
shed 53.6 65.1 64.6 63.8 48.9 57.9 50.0 51.7 91.6 92.4 92.7 92.6
Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June 2009). Note: OTH mean Others
Experience of flood
Majority of households in the country (85.3%) had no experience of flood during the
five years prior to the survey. Rural India had a greater experience of flood than urban
India. The major cause of flood in the country was excessive rains. ST households had
the highest proportion of households with no experience of flood in both the urban and
rural sectors. SC and others had almost same proportion of houses with experience of
flood.
Table 2.29: Distribution of households by their experience of flood (in percentages), 2008-09
Experience of Rural+Urban Rural Urban
Flood ST SC Others Total ST SC Others Total ST SC Others Total
From
excessive rain 4.8 10.2 9.4 9.2 4.5 10.3 9.1 8.9 7.4 9.9 10.0 9.9
From
river,sea,etc 4.6 6.2 5.9 5.8 4.6 7.3 8.0 7.4 4.9 2.0 2.0 2.1
No experience 90.9 83.7 84.9 85.3 90.9 82.5 83.4 83.5 87.6 88.1 87.9 88.0
Chapter 3
Housing Condition: A State level Analysis
Introduction
An analysis of the housing condition and amenities at the national level is of limited
help to understand the inter-state disparities in a large country like India. Policies and
schemes at the national level are no doubt important; but they have to be sensitive to
the huge inter-state disparities in order to make an impact. As such, this chapter is
devoted to an analysis of the regional disparities based on an inter-state comparison.
For our analysis we have classified the states/UTs into ‘larger’ and ‘smaller’
states based on their share in the total population of the country. States with a share of
population greater than 0.5 percent of the all-India total are defined as larger states and
the remaining as smaller states. Table 1 presents the population distribution and
average household size across states. Of the 35 states and Union Territories (UTs) 21
including the national capital territory Delhi falls under larger states.
Since it is difficult to make comparisons between states with huge disparities in

population (it varies between UP which has a population share of 20.1 percent and
Lakshadweep whose share in the total population is just 0.01 percent) in our
discussion we present tables and graphs for the larger states only. Detailed tables for
all states and UTs are given in the appendix.
This chapter is divided into four sections. In the first section we discuss the
physical characteristics of houses which are indicators of the quality of housing. In the
second section we focus on basic amenities within the dwelling and the third section
presents a discussion on access to basic facilities outside the dwelling followed by
conclusion. Our analysis is based on the data provided by the population of census of
2011 and the 65th round of NSSO on housing condition and amenities (June 2008-July
2009).
Table 3.1: Population Distribution Across States (All figures in lakhs)
Occupied census
Census houses Household
Sl.No States Population houses
(building units) size
(residences)
Larger States
1 Uttar Pradesh (UP) 1995.81 451.72 326.67 6.1
2 Maharashtra (MH) 1123.73 335.70 237.19 4.7
3 Bihar (BH) 1038.05 234.15 184.61 5.6
4 West Bengal (WB) 913.48 253.44 199.32 4.6
5 Andhra Pradesh (AP) 846.66 255.95 208.12 4.1
6 Madhya Pradesh (MP) 725.98 184.99 148.54 4.9
7 Tamil Nadu (TN) 721.39 231.67 184.68 3.9
8 Rajasthan (RAJ) 686.21 180.71 125.02 5.5
9 Karnataka (KAR) 611.31 179.99 131.13 4.7
10 Gujarat (GUJ) 603.84 175.24 121.46 5.0
11 Odisha (ODS) 419.47 127.59 94.45 4.4
12 Kerala (KER) 333.88 112.18 77.04 4.3
13 Jharkhand (JHK) 329.66 77.96 61.39 5.4
14 Assam (ASM) 311.69 90.75 63.52 4.9
15 Punjab (PNJB) 277.04 78.47 53.97 5.1
16 Chattisgarh (CHT) 255.40 68.00 55.52 4.6
17 Haryana (HRYN) 253.53 70.88 47.07 5.4
18 Delhi (DEL) 167.53 46.06 33.14 5.1
Jammu&Kashmir
18 (J&K) 125.49 36.04 19.21 6.5
20 Uttaranchal (UTKHD) 101.17 33.83 19.91 5.1
Himachal Pradesh
21 (HP) 68.57 29.34 14.74 4.7
Smaller States and Union Territories (UTs)
1 Tripura 36.71 10.67 8.40 4.4
2 Meghalaya 29.64 7.21 5.36 5.5
3 Manipur 27.22 6.10 5.01 5.4
4 Nagaland 19.81 5.34 3.99 5.0
5 Goa 14.58 5.77 3.20 4.6
6 Arunachal Pradesh 13.83 3.76 2.60 5.3
7 Pondicherry 12.44 3.88 2.96 4.2
8 Mizoram 10.91 2.69 2.21 4.9
9 Chandigarh 10.55 2.98 2.35 4.5
10 Sikkim 6.08 1.69 1.28 4.7
11 A&N Island 3.80 1.42 0.93 4.1
12 D&N Haveli 3.43 1.09 0.73 4.7
13 Daman&Diu 2.43 0.90 0.60 4.0
14 Lakshadweep 0.64 0.21 0.11 6.0
All INDIA 12101.93 3308.36 2446.42 4.9
Source: Census of India 2011
Section 1
Quality of Housing
In this section we discuss the quality of dwelling units with respect to condition and
type of the structure of houses in which households live, number of living rooms in the
dwelling, predominant material used for construction of roof, wall and floorand,
kitchen facility.
Condition of the structure of houses
Our analysis based on the census data shows that the highest proportion of households
living in houses which were ‘good’ in condition was in Himachal Pradesh (72 percent)
followed by Tamil Nadu (70 percent), Andhra Pradesh (70 percent), Gujarat (67
percent) and Kerala (66 percent). The bottom level was occupied first by Odisha (30
percent) followed by Assam (33 percent), Bihar(36 percent), West Bengal (41
percent) and UP (43 percent). We may recall here that the definition of ‘good
condition’ refers to those houding units which do not require any repair and is in good
condition at the time of the investigation.
Figure 3.1: Proportion of households living in ‘good’ condition houses
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
WB
TN
BH
RAJ
GUJ
CHT
J&K
PNJB
JHK
ODS
HP
AP
MP
UP
UTKHD
ALL-INDIA
ASM
HRYN
KAR
KER
DEL
MH
Source: Census 2011. Note: Names of states are given in abbreviated form. Full
names indicating abbreviations are given in Table 3.1.
Under the next category of ‘livable houses’ defined as those houses which
requires minor repairs Odisha comes first with 62 percent followed by Bihar (57
percent), Assam (56 percent), Jharkhand (52 percent) and UP (51 percent).
Figure 3.2: Proportion of households living in ‘livable’ houses
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
WB
RAJ
CHT
GUJ
KAR
ASM
JHK
PNJB
UP
BH
MP
DEL
HRYN
MH
ODS
UTKHD
HP
J&K
ALL-INDIA
KER
TN
AP
Source: Census 2011
The share of dilapidated houses was very less in most states, but two states -
Assam and West Bengal - showed a proportion of around 10 percent to 11 percent.
Analysis of the condition of houses based on NSSO data shows a slightly

different picture both in terms of the ranking of states as well as the percentage share
of households in the different categories.
Figure 3.3: Distribution of households by the condition of structure
100
90
80
70
60
50 bad
40
satisfactory
30
Good
20
10
0
WB
TN
RAJ
GUJ
CHT
KAR
PNJB
KER
J&K
ODS
ASM
DEL
HP
UP
MP
MH
BH
UTKHD
ALL INDIA
AP
HRYN
JHK
Source: NSSO 65th round (July 2008-June 2009)
NSSO gives a more conservative figure in terms of the proportion of

households living in ‘good’ houses. Among the larger states only five states had more
than 50 percent of households living in houses which were ‘good’ in condition.
Andhra Pradesh (55percent) had the highest proportion of households living in ‘good’
houses followed by Punjab (54percent), Gujarat (53percent), Kerala (52percent) and
Delhi (50percent). In Jharkhand only 11 percent of households lived in ‘good’ houses.
Bihar (20percent), Assam (24percent), Chattisgarh (24percent), Odisha (25percent)
and West Bengal (26percent) also had very low proportion of its households living in
‘good’ houses. For most of the states in the country, major proportion of households
lived in houses which were satisfactory in condition. Chattisgarh (66percent) had the
highest proportion of households living in houses which were ‘satisfactory’ in
condition followed by Assam (59percent), Bihar (56percent) and UP
(51percent).Jharkhand had the highest proportion of households living in bad
condition (38percent) followed by Odisha (25.7 percent), West Bengal (25.6percent),
Bihar (24percent) and UP (21percent).
Type of structure of houses
Classification of households by the type of structure of the houses shows that in

majority of states more than 50 percent of the households lived in houses which were
pucca, the exception being Assam (27percent), Chattisgarh (39percent), Odisha
(40percent), Jharkhand (43percent) and Bihar (48percent). A comparison between
Figures 3.3 and 3.4 show that though a higher proportion of households in the country
lived in pucca structures, they were not necessarily in ‘good’ condition. However we
can also see that those states which had a higher proportion of houses in ‘good’
condition had higher proportion of pucca houses as well. While Chattisgarh had the
highest proportion of households living in semi pucca houses (around 60percent),
Odisha (35percent) and Bihar (33percent) had the highest proportion of households
living in katcha houses.
Figure 3.4: Distribution of households on the basis of the type of structure of houses
100
90
80
70
60
50 katcha
40
semi pucca
30
20 pucca
10
0
PNJB
UTKHD
KER
DEL
HP
ALL INDIA
UP
MH
HRYN
GUJ
KAR
J&K
AP
ASM
RAJ
ODS
CHT
JHK
WB
TN
MP
BH

Number of living rooms in the dwelling
Both the subjective indicator (condition of structure) and objective indicator (type of
structure of house) need to be viewed critically as they take into consideration only the
urgency of repair and the materials used in the construction of the house respectively
and not the comfort. Hence to get a better picture of housing condition we look in to
the number of living rooms in the dwelling which should be deemed as an indicator of
the level of congestion in the house.
Figure3.5: Distribution of households by the number of living rooms in the dwelling
100
90
80
70
60
50 no exclusive room/one room
40 two room
30 three rooms and above
20
10
0
WB
BH
RAJ
TN
CHT
GUJ
KAR
PNJB
UTKHD
ODS
UP
DEL
AP
HRYN
MH
KER
J&K
ASM
HP
MP
JHK
All INDIA
Classification of households on the basis of number of living rooms reveals

considerable interstate disparities. While in Kerala (72percent), Jammu& Kashmir,
(64percent) and Assam (51percent) majority of households lived in houses with three
or more living rooms, in West Bengal and Odisha only around 15percent of
households had three or more rooms. In Tamil Nadu 55percent of households lived in
houses with one living room followed by Andhra Pradesh (54percent) and
Maharashtra (52percent). Himachal Pradesh had the highest proportion of households
with no exclusive rooms (6percent), followed by Andhra Pradesh (4percent),
Maharahtra (3percent) and Kerala (2percent). It is a matter of concern that most of the
states in the country had major proportion of its households living in houses with just
one room or two rooms (including kitchen) showing a high degree of
congestion/overcrowding in the houses.
Ventilation
Classification of households on the basis of the ventilation of dwellings, which is an

important indicator of healthy/comfortable housing shows that major proportion of
households across states had only ‘satisfactory’ ventilation (see Appendix Table).
Type of Kitchen
Figure3.6 shows that Kerala had the highest proportion of households with separate
kitchen and water tap (39percent). In Bihar only 3 percent of households had separate
kitchen with water tap. States of Assam, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya
Pradesh, UP and West Bengal had less than 10 percent of their households with
separate kitchen and water tap. Bihar (71percent) had the highest proportion of
households with no separate kitchen followed by UP (69percent) and Jharkhand
(67percent). States of Andhra Pradesh (58percent), Rajasthan (54percent), Gujarat
(44percent), Madhya Pradesh (58percent) and Maharashtra (53percent) also had high
proportion of households with no separate kitchen.
Figure 3.6: Distribution of households by the type of kitchen
100
90
80
70
60 no separate kitchen
50
40 separate kitchen without water
tap
30
20 separate kitchen with water tap
10
0
UTKHD
HRYN
KAR
PNJB
GUJ
KER
J&K
All INDIA
ASM
DEL
RAJ
MH
ODS
CHT
JHK
HP
WB
TN
MP
UP
AP
In the case of households living in houses with no separate kitchen if cooking

is done inside the house, smoke fills the entire house during cooking which in the
absence of good ventilation can cause serious health problems. Hence the huge gap in
many states of households without a separate kitchen is a matter of concern.
Type of roof
Table 3.2 shows wide disparity among the states in the materials used for roof. In
Chandigarh, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab cement/RBC/RCC was
the most predominant material of roof while in Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya
Pradesh and Kerala tile (or slate) was also a predominant material of roof. In
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, UP, Haryana and Punjab burnt brick/stone/lime stone was
also a prominent material used as roofing material along with cement/RBC/RCC. Iron,
zinc or other metal sheets or asbestos sheet was the predominant material of roof in the
north eastern states as well as in the states of Assam (61.6percent), Maharashtra
(41percent) and Jammu & Kashmir (52percent). In Odisha and Bihar 35percent
households lived in houses which had grass/straw/leaves/ reeds/bamboo, etc as
Table 3.2: Distribution of households by the type of roof (in percentages)

Asbestos or Grass/straw/ leaves/
Cement/RBC Tile/ other metal reeds/ bamboo, etc.
States
/RCC slate sheet
Delhi 81.8 0.7 2.8 1.9
Uttarakhand 64.0 3.2 6.5 2.9
Andhra Pradesh 52.4 15.6 10.3 13.4
Punjab 51.7 3.3 0.2 3.5
Tamil Nadu 47.4 29.7 4.9 13.5
Kerala 46.8 40.8 8.1 2.3
Gujarat 45.3 25.9 15.0 4.1
Himachal Pradesh 43.7 33.9 13.6 0.4
Uttar Pradesh 39.2 8.8 1.8 13.8
Haryana 37.3 6.2 0.9 2.4
Bihar 33.8 16.4 7.1 35.0
Maharashtra 32.8 16.4 41.3 2.5
Karnataka 31.1 34.9 15.6 4.0
Jammu & Kashmir 29.0 0.1 51.7 7.8
West Bengal 26.6 24.2 26.7 17.9
Odisha 24.9 24.1 10.8 34.6
Jharkhand 22.7 50.0 4.8 11.3
Madhya Pradesh 17.3 39.9 7.8 4.3
Chattisgarh 16.9 65.2 2.9 1.0
Rajasthan 13.3 12.3 2.7 11.0
Assam 5.0 0.0 61.6 32.6
All INDIA 35.1 20.9 14.2 12.4
material of roof. In West Bengal (18percent), Andhra Pradesh (13percent) and Tamil
Nadu (14percent) also a significant proportion of households lived in houses with roof
made of grass/straw/leaves/ reeds/bamboo, etc.
Asbestos and other metal roof sheets, though classified as permanent material
may not protect the dwellers from weather related and other health hazards. Safety and
sustainability of houses with grass, straw, reeds, bamboo, leaves, etc is also a matter of
concern.
Type of wall
As per NSS (Table 3.3) we can see that in a majority of the states major proportion of
households had their dwellings made of burnt brick or stone or lime stone, followed by
mud or unburnt brick. While Haryana (85percent) had the highest proportion of houses
with walls made of brick or stone or lime stone Chattisgarh (55percent) had the
highest proportion of house with walls made of mud or unburnt brick. Among other
materials use of grass, straw, leaves, bamboo, etc was most common in Assam
(44percent), followed by Bihar (27percent) and West Bengal (16percent).
Table 3.3: Distribution of households by the type wall (in percentages)
Burnt brick/ Mud/unburnt Other

States Cement/RBC/RCC
stone/lime stone brick materials
Haryana 85.4 1.7 11.6 1.3

Uttarakhand 80.4 3.1 14.6 1.8
Punjab 80.1 2.2 16.9 0.8
Rajasthan 73.7 19.9 2.3 3.8
Maharashtra 71.6 14.5 6.7 7.1
Kerala 71.0 17.1 7.8 4.0
Andhra Pradesh 70.2 14.4 10.8 4.7
Uttar Pradesh 67.7 20.5 7.9 3.9
Jammu &Kashmir 67.3 25.4 3.8 3.6
Tamil Nadu 65.3 21.0 10.6 2.9
Gujarat 64.4 19.1 11.3 5.4
Madhya pradesh 55.4 35.9 4.2 4.3
Karnataka 55.2 26.3 14.8 3.4
Bihar 45.3 19.8 7.7 26.9
Delhi 42.2 3.3 53.1 1.4
Jharkhand 37.9 51.9 6.2 4.0
Chattisgarh 37.7 55.3 1.5 5.5
West Bengal 37.0 35.5 11.2 16.2
Odisha 36.7 52.1 6.3 4.9
Assam 14.3 30.7 11.3 43.7
All INDIA 59.1 23.2 9.5 8.2
Type of floor
There was considerable variation across the states in the material used for floor as is
evident from Table 3.4. While cement was the predominant material of floor in Delhi,
Tamil Nadu, Kerala with around 70 percent of households living in houses with
cement floor, mud was the prominent material of floor in Madhya Pradesh
(70percent), Bihar (69percent), West Bengal (55percent), Chattisgarh (71percent),
Assam (72percent), Jharkhand (68percent), UP (63percent) and Orissa (57percent). In
Gujarat 34 percent and Maharashtra 29 percent of households lived in houses with
mosaic/tile as the material of floor. Wood/plank and bamboo/log was the prominent
material used for floor in north eastern states.
Table 3.4: Distribution of households by type of floor (in percentages),

2008-09
Brick/lime
States Mud Cement stone/ston Others
e
Uttar Pradesh 63.3 26.4 6.9 3.3
Maharashtra 29.6 25.1 15.8 29.3
Bihar 68.8 20.9 8.3 1.8
West Bengal 55.2 37.6 3.8 3.2
Andhra Pradesh 17.9 40.0 33.6 8.7
Tamil Nadu 12.5 69.9 2.2 15.3
Rajasthan 34.6 41.4 17.2 6.5
Karnataka 17.4 44.2 20.2 18.0
Gujarat 28.7 30.6 6.2 34.6
Odisha 56.4 40.5 1.6 1.5
Kerala 7.5 69.5 2.0 21.0
Jharkhand 67.6 26.8 4.4 1.3
Assam 71.6 22.0 2.8 3.6
Punjab 22.0 56.8 16.4 4.8
Chattisgarh 70.6 18.5 6.9 4.0
Haryana 22.3 57.2 16.7 3.8
Delhi 1.0 72.4 12.4 14.2
Jammu &Kashmir 40.0 52.6 4.8 2.6
Uttarakhand 26.4 44.6 13.6 15.4
All INDIA 40.4 37.4 11.1 11.0
Section 2
Basic Amenities within Dwelling
Characteristics of the structure of the dwelling, though important is only one element
of housing. Without amenities like drinking water facility, sanitation, electricity, etc a
household cannot function as a useful one. In this section we discuss basic amenities
within the dwelling across states.
Major Source of drinking water
Census 2011 records data on four major categories of drinking water sources – tap
water, handpump, well, and other sources. NSSO gives data on all these as well as
bottled water, tank/pond, river/canal, spring and harvested rainwater. First we look
into the data provided by the census. At an all-India level, tap water was the major
source of drinking water with nearly 44 percent of the households depending on this
source.
Figure 3.7: Distribution of households with tap water as the major source of drinking
water, 2011
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
TN
GUJ
AP
UTKHD
DEL
HRYN
ALL-INDIA
ASM
HP
MH
RAJ
KAR
J&K
PNJB
ODS
CHT
KER
JHK
WB
MP
UP
Source: Census 2011
Among the states we see that Himachal Pradesh had the maximum proportion
of households dependent on tap water, at nearly 89 percent, and Bihar the lowest at 4.4
percent, followed by Assam with 10.5 percent. Conversely, the use of a handpump is
the highest among households in Bihar, with 90 percent of the households depending
upon this source, and Sikkim the lowest with just 0.1 percent of the households
dependence on this source (see Appendix table).
Compared to the other two sources, the proportion of households using well as
a source of drinking water is very low, with a general decline from 2001 in all states in
India. Interestingly, Kerala remains an exception in this regard with 62 percent of
households depending upon a well.
Data on the major source of drinking water provided by the NSSO gives a
similar picture as that of the population census. Tap water was the predominant source
of drinking water in majority of the states, closely followed by tube well/hand pump. It
is interesting to note that in Tamil Nadu 4 percent of households depended on bottled
water as a major source of drinking water.
Nature of Access to Drinking water
NSS data reveals disparities among households across states in the nature of their
access to drinking water source. While in states of Kerala (66 percent), Punjab (61
percent) and Delhi (61percent) major proportion of households had drinking water
facility for the exclusive use of households, majority of households in the states of
Odisha (77percent), Jharkhand (76percent), MP (73percent), Chattisgarh (70percent),
West Bengal (64percent), TN (58percent) and Andhra Pradesh (53percent) depended
on community provision of drinking water.
States where more than 50 percent of Hhs had States where more than 50 percent of Hhs depended
exclusive access to drinking water source on a community source of drinking water
100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 community use
exclusive use 50
40
community use 40 exclusive use
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
ODS JHK MP CHT WB TN AP KAR
Figure 3.8: Distribution of households by their nature of access to drinking water

source, 2008-09
From Table 3.5 we can see that Odisha (20percent), Jharkhand (22percent),
Chattisgarh (25percent) and MP (26percent), had the lowest proportion of households
with drinking water facility within premises. Across the states major proportion of
households had their drinking water source outside premises but within a distance of
200 metres. Manipur (22percent) had the highest proportion of households which had
to travel a distance of 0.2-0.5km to their source of drinking water followed by Odisha
(20percent), Rajasthan (18percent) and Jharkhand (17percent). In Himachal Pradesh
and Mizoram 3 percent and 2 percent respectively of the households had to travel a
distance of 1.5km or more to reach their source of drinking water(see Table in
Appendix to this chapter).
Table 3.5: Distribution of households by their distance to the source of
drinking water
States Within premises 0.2 to 1km 1 km or more
Punjab 86.5 13.3 0.3
Delhi 85.1 14.8 0.0
Kerala 76.5 23.3 0.2
Haryana 68.3 31.0 0.7
Assam 67.1 32.9 0.1
Jammu&Kashmir 64.8 34.5 0.7
Gujarat 64.7 34.9 0.6
Bihar 62.5 37.4 0.0
Uttar Pradesh 62.0 37.9 0.3
Maharashtra 56.4 42.9 0.5
Uttarakhand 56.2 42.9 1.0
Himachal Pradesh 55.3 41.6 3.1
All INDIA 50.7 48.9 0.5
Karnataka 45.7 53.5 0.6
Andhra Pradesh 44.9 54.8 0.5
Rajasthan 42.8 53.9 3.0
Tamil Nadu 40.9 58.6 0.3
West Bengal 34.6 65.0 0.3
Madhya Pradesh 25.7 73.3 0.9
Chattisgarh 24.7 75.0 0.3
Jharkhand 21.8 78.2 0.0
Odisha 20.5 79.3 0.2
Sufficiency of drinking water
Figure3.9: Distribution of households by their sufficiency of drinking water

throughout the year, 2008-09
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
WB
TN
GUJ
CHT
ASM
PNJB
KER
ODS
UP
AP
DEL
HRYN
KAR
UTKHD
MP
BH
MH
RAJ
J&K
JHK
HP
Bihar had the highest proportion of households with sufficient drinking water
throughout the year followed by Assam and UP. Mizoram had the lowest proportion of
households with sufficient drinking water (25percent), followed by Nagaland
(44percent). In Rajasthan drinking water was not sufficient for 30 percent of
households. It is interesting to note that in Kerala where the housing condition and
amenities are one of the top among states, 15 percent of households reported that
drinking water availability was not sufficient for their use.
Latrine Facility
Our analysis of latrine facility on the basis of census data shows that at the state level
Jharkhand and Odisha had the highest proportion of households (78percent) without
latrine facility and Kerala had the lowest proportion of households (<5percent). In
fact, the all-India figure for households without a latrine facility was also on the higher
side, which is a worrisome statistic. The findings are given in Figure 3.10.
Figure 3.10: Distribution of households without latrine facility across states
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
WB
TN
GUJ
KAR
J&K
ASM
UTKHD
AP
MH
HRYN
HP
All-India
CHT
JHK
ODS
KER
PNJB
RAJ
MP
BH
UP
DEL
Source: Census 2011
Data provided by NSSO on the availability of latrine also shows a similar

pattern. Odisha had the highest proportion of households without latrine facility
followed by Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Bihar, UP and MP (see Table in Appendix to this
chapter).
In addition to information on the availability of latrine, NSSO also provides

information on the facility of latrine. Figure 3.11 shows that Kerala along with north
eastern states had the highest proportion of households with latrine facility for the
exclusive of households. Odisha had the lowest proportion of households with latrine
facility for the exclusive use of the households followed by Jharkhand, Chattisgarh,
Bihar, MP, UP and Rajasthan. We can also see that in the states of Tripura
(30percent), Chandigarh (29percent), Delhi (26percent), West Bengal (21percent) and
Punjab (20percent) the practise of sharing latrines with other households was quite
common.
Figure 3.11: Distribution of households with latrine facility for their exclusive use,
2008-09
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
KAR
ASM
J&K
UTKHD
ODS
DEL
WB
KER
TN
All-India
GUJ
CHT
MH
JHK
RAJ
MP
HP
BH
UP
HRYN
AP
PNJB
Type of Latrine
Census provides data on three types of latrine namely water closet, pit latrine, and
other latrine type. The all-India data shows a welcoming trend of a shift from pit
latrine to water closet over the last ten years. This was mirrored also at the state level,
with the exception of a few north-eastern states such as Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura
and Meghalaya where pit latrines still dominate with over 60 percent of households
having one(see Table in Appendix to this chapter).
Figure 3.12: Proportion of households with water closet
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
WB
TN
BH
RAJ
GUJ
CHT
KAR
JHK
KER
PNJB
J&K
ASM
ODS
AP
HP
UP
MP
HRYN
MH
UTKHD
DEL
All-India
Source: Census 2011
The proportion of households with a water closet was highest in Chandigarh

(87percent) and Delhi (86percent). However, the all-India average is on the lower end
of the spectrum, which is brought down mainly by states such as Bihar and Odisha
where only a mere 15-20 percent of households had water closets. Figure 3.13 shows
that these two states also recorded the lowest change in proportion of households with
water closet over the decade.
Figure 3.13: Percentage point change over 2001-11 in proportion of households with
water closet
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
WB
TN
RAJ
GUJ
CHT
KAR
PNJB
JHK
UTKHD
J&K
ASM
ODS
HP
DEL
AP
UP
MP
BH
HRYN
MH
ALL-INDIA
KER
Source: Census 2011
Bathroom facility
NSSO provides information on both availability and type of bathroom (whether

attached or detached). We can understand from Figure 3.15 that Kerala (85percent)
had the highest proportion of households with bathroom followed by, Delhi
(84percent), Haryana (73percent) and Punjab (72percent). Odisha (16percent) had the
lowest proportion of households with bathroom facility.
Figure: 3.14: Distribution of households across states with bathroom facility, 2008-09
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
KAR
J&K
ASM
UTKHD
HP
TN
MH
RAJ
GUJ
CHT
KER
All INDIA
DEL
HRYN
JHK
WB
MP
PNJB
AP
BH
UP
Source of Lighting
The Census records data on three basic sources of lighting: kerosene, electricity and
other sources, besides recording information on households that have no lighting
facilities. A look at the proportion of households having no source of lighting shows
that among larger states, in Jammu and Kashmir 2 percent of households had no
source of lighting.For smaller states, Arunachal Pradesh reports 10.5 percent, with no
source of lighting. The all-India figure for this is extremely low, which is a good sign
overall.
Electricity remains as the major source of lighting in households in India, with

the proportion of households using electricity exceeding 90 percent in twelve states.
The highest in this category is Delhi with 99 percent households, whereas Bihar stands
at a stark low with only 16.4 percent of households reporting electricity as their major
source of lighting.
Figure 3.15: Distribution of households by their major source of lighting, 2011
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
WB
TN
RAJ
KAR
PNJB
KER
JHK
ODS
AP
HP
MP
HRYN
GUJ
UTKHD
ASM
DEL
UP
All-India
CHT
J&K
MH
Source: Census 2011
As for changes in the percentage of households reporting electricity as their

major source of lighting between 2001 and 2011, among the larger states all except
Madhya Pradesh showed an increase in the proportion of households with electricity
over the decade.
Figure 3.16: Percentage point change over 2001-11 in the proportion of households
with electricity as major source of lighting
30
25
20
15
10
0
WB
RAJ
TN
CHT
KAR
J&K
PNJB
ASM
ODS
JHK
KER
HP
UP
BH
DEL
AP
MH
HRYN
GUJ
MP
All-India
-5
Source: Census 2011

As for to sources of lighting other than electricity, Census data show that
though there is a welcome reduction in the use of kerosene as a major source of
lighting across India, Bihar is again an exception with more than 82 percent of
households still depended on kerosene, followed by UP and Assam with nearly 62
percent. Figures 3.16 and 3.17 show these extreme differences in electricity and
kerosene use across states.
Figure 3.17: Proportion of households with kerosene as the major of lighting
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
HP
TN
RAJ
CHT
GUJ
KAR
J&K
KER
AP
BH
MH
HRYN
PNJB
ALL-INDIA
UTKHD
ASM
UP
ODS
JHK
WB
MP
Source: Census 2011
Cooking Fuel
Census provides information on four sources of cooking fuel: firewood, crop-residue,

kerosene and LPG/PNG. Taking firewood, it can be seen that the proportion of
households using firewood as the major source of fuel was highest in Chhattisgarh
with a proportion more than 80 percent, while in Delhi this proportion was less than 5
percent. This contrast can be seen in Figure 3.18.
Figure 3.18: Proportion of households with firewood as the major source of fuel, 2011
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
WB
TN
GUJ
UP
BH
All-India
MH
UTKHD
HRYN
CHT
KAR
ASM
ODS
J&K
PNJB
JHK
KER
RAJ
MP
HP
AP
Source: Census 2011
The all India picture shows that LPG/PNG was next in line after firewood, with
the state having highest proportion of households depending on this source being
Delhi with nearly 90 percent , which was then followed by Punjab (54 per cent) among
the larger states.
Figure 3.19: Proportion of households with LPG/PNG as the major source of fuel,
2011
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
WB
TN
BH
RAJ
CHT
PNJB
UTKHD
ASM
JHK
ODS
UP
DEL
MP
HRYN
J&K
MH
HP
All-India
KAR
GUJ
KER
AP
Source: Census 2011
While dependence on crop-residue as a source of fuel was low, we see that

only Bihar with nearly 33 percent and West Bengal with nearly 26 percent depended
on this source. Also, the share of kerosene as a source of fuel was very meagre at the
all India level.
Section 3
Access to Basic Facilities outside the Dwelling
Access to basic facilities outside the dwelling such as distance to the place of work,
garbage and drainage facilities and access to road are also an important indicators of
the quality of life.
Distance to the place of work
Table 3.6 shows that for majority of households across the states, the earning member
of the family had to travel a distance less than 5km to reach their place of work.
Among the larger states Himachal Pradesh reported the highest percentage (53percent)
of households where the earning member(s) did not have to travel more than one
kilometres for work while Odishawith26 percent reported the least.
Table 3.6: Distribution of households by the distance to the place of work of the
earning member (in percentages)
less
30km or
States than 1 -5km 5-10km 10-15km 15-30
more
1 km
Uttar Pradesh 44.0 36.7 10.8 4.2 2.3 2.1
Maharashtra 31.6 39.6 13.1 6.6 4.7 4.5
Bihar 36.1 44.4 12.0 5.2 1.5 0.6
West Bengal 35.7 37.4 13.3 5.8 3.6 4.3
Andhra Pradesh 31.9 45.4 13.5 3.7 3.0 2.7
Madhya Pradesh 35.1 46.8 12.3 3.6 1.1 1.3
Tamil Nadu 35.1 37.3 15.6 6.0 3.7 2.2
Rajusthan 31.2 40.6 14.9 5.7 3.2 4.1
Karnataka 28.5 49.0 12.2 6.0 2.9 1.2
Gujarat 34.4 38.5 13.3 6.6 3.8 3.6
Odisha 26.3 48.7 16.8 4.7 1.3 2.4
Kerala 38.6 29.1 14.5 6.8 6.4 4.7
Jharkhand 31.6 41.6 17.0 6.2 2.2 1.3
Assam 46.5 35.3 13.2 3.0 1.2 0.8
Punjab 38.4 32.9 14.3 5.6 4.8 4.0
Chattisgarh 26.5 52.0 14.2 4.8 1.5 1.1
Haryana 41.0 32.1 13.7 5.9 3.9 3.4
Delhi 27.0 27.8 26.1 12.7 5.2 1.2
Jammu &Kashmir 42.0 24.3 15.3 7.4 7.0 4.0
Uttarakhand 30.5 42.8 15.8 6.9 2.2 1.7
Himachal
Pradesh 53.3 25.8 11.5 4.7 2.5 2.1
Garbage collection
We can understand from Table 3.7 that across the states only a small proportion of
households had access to any form of garbage collection whether by the local
government bodies or by other arrangements. A major proportion of households in all
states except Delhi did not have any arrangement for garbage collection. Bihar
(87percent) had the highest proportion of households with no garbage collection
arrangement followed by Kerala (86percent) and West Bengal (79percent). Kerala’s
disappointing performance despite being a high achiever in many other respects is a
pointer to the government’s failure in providing this basic public function. Among
the larger states Delhi (12 percent) and Tamil Nadu (33percent) had the lowest
proportion of households without any arrangement for garbage collection followed by
Maharashtra (35 percent)
Table 3.7: Distribution of households by garbage collection facility (in

percentages)
Panchayat/Municipality/ By By No
States
corporation residents others arrangement
Bihar 4.0 8.2 1.3 86.5
Kerala 6.0 5.9 2.4 85.7
West Bengal 16.4 4.0 0.9 78.7
Jammu &Kashmir 16.5 3.9 1.3 78.3
Odisha 7.6 15.6 1.1 75.7
Jharkhand 3.5 19.4 1.5 75.7
Uttarakhand 13.5 14.6 2.2 69.8
Rajasthan 17.0 17.1 1.5 64.4
Andhra Pradesh 28.0 6.9 1.0 64.0
Assam 3.9 27.3 5.1 63.8
Madhya Pradesh 14.1 21.5 1.3 63.1
All INDIA 20.7 17.2 2.5 59.6
Karnataka 27.5 12.2 1.1 59.2
Uttar Pradesh 14.4 22.0 6.7 56.9
Chattisgarh 14.0 25.1 5.5 55.3
Gujarat 25.9 22.2 0.6 51.3
Punjab 20.8 28.4 0.7 50.0
Haryana 12.3 40.4 1.4 45.8
Maharashtra 39.8 24.7 1.0 34.5
Tamil Nadu 42.3 21.5 2.8 33.4
Delhi 53.2 24.6 10.3 11.9
Drainage Facility
Our analysis based on census data on the proportion of households with drainage and
the types of drainage indicate that Odisha had the highest proportion of households
having no drainage facility at 81percent, with Assam second in line, with nearly 80
percent.
As for the types of drainage, there are mainly two categories, closed and open.
A worrisome state of affairs is that most states in India show a high proportion of
households having open drainage, while this is not the case with the proportion having
closed drainage. This can clearly be seen in Figure 3.20. The proportion of households
having closed drainage was the highest in Delhi with 59 percent. However the nearby
state of Haryana was on top with the highest share of open drainage at 65 percent.
Figure 3.20: Proportion of households with open drainage

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
PNJB
UP
UTKHD
HRYN
HP
All-India
RAJ
KAR
J&K
ODS
ASM
DEL
MH
CHT
KER
BH
AP
JHK
WB
MP
TN
Source: Census 2011
NSSO also provides data on the facility and type of drainage. Comparison of
NSSO and census data shows that while Kerala has shown a reduction in the
proportion of households without drainage, there has not been any significant
improvement in the case of Odisha, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
NSSO classifies type of drainage in terms of four types namely,(a)

underground, (b) covered pucca, (c) open pucca and (d) open katcha. Delhi, followed
by Gujarat, Punjab and Maharashtra have the highest proportion of households with
underground drainage. But in these states also with the exception of Delhi open pucca
and open katcha drainage was more predominant.
Access to Road
The Table 3.8 shows that among the larger states Tamil Nadu (61percent) and Andhra
Pradesh (60percent) had the highest proportion of households with direct opening to
motorable road with street light. In Maharashtra only 43 percent of households had
direct opening to motorable road with street light while in Kerala it was only 38
percent of households. Jammu & Kashmir (4 percent) had the lowest proportion of
households with direct opening followed by Bihar (5 percent) and Assam (5 percent).
Sikkim (38 percent), Himachal Pradesh (37 percent) and Jammu & Kashmir
(35 percent) had the highest proportion of households with no direct opening to road.
In Assam (57 percent), Bihar (55 percent), UP (51 percent), West Bengal (50 percent),
Jharkhand (43 percent), Odisha (42 percent) and north eastern states major proportion
of households had direct opening to other roads/lane with no street light.
Table 3.8: Distribution of households by their access to road (in

percentages) , 2008-09
direct opening to
Motorable road Other road/lane
No direct
States With Without With Without opening
street street street street
light light light light
Himachal Pradesh 7.5 10.2 5.1 40.7 36.5
Jammu and Kashmir 4.1 20.8 2.2 37.6 35.3
Uttarakhand 14.8 14.7 4.5 35.1 30.9
Jharkhand 5.8 20.4 2.5 42.8 28.6
Bihar 4.5 16.1 1.4 54.6 23.3
Rajasthan 16.4 20.9 4.5 36.0 22.2
Madhya Pradesh 14.5 22.1 6.2 37.2 20.1
West Bengal 13.2 12.0 8.0 49.8 16.9
Uttar Pradesh 9.9 17.7 5.0 50.6 16.9
Assam 4.5 20.6 1.9 56.9 16.0
Kerala 38.2 17.2 5.0 23.9 15.7
Gujarat 27.0 20.4 14.6 24.6 13.4
Chattisgarh 14.5 14.3 12.1 47.0 12.1
Maharashtra 43.3 11.9 17.2 16.6 11.0
Odisha 10.3 33.3 3.0 42.4 11.0
Haryana 9.8 41.3 4.6 34.6 9.7
Andhra Pradesh 59.5 8.9 14.7 10.6 6.3
Tamil Nadu 61.2 5.6 20.1 7.1 5.9
Karnataka 55.6 9.6 16.2 13.8 4.8
Punjab 24.0 30.2 4.1 37.3 4.3
Delhi 64.0 8.6 8.9 16.2 2.3
Chapter 4
Housing Condition in Rural Areas
Introduction
A study on housing condition and amenities in India is incomplete without an analysis
of the rural sector, as majority of the population (69 percent) live in rural areas. This
also necessitates a comparison between rural and urban areas on their relative
performance in various aspects of housing. Hence in this chapter we analyse housing
condition across the states with particular reference to rural areas, followed by an
analysis of rural-urban gap.
Table 4.1 presents the population distribution and average household size
across states in rural and urban India. Uttar Pradesh has the largest rural population
while Maharashtra has the largest urban population. However this does not indicate the
level of urbanization for which we need to examine the share of urban population in
total population as given in Table 4.2. This shows that the states of Delhi, Tamil
Nadu and Kerala have the three most urbanised population in the country in 2011.
This chapter is divided into two sections. In the first section we discuss the
physical characteristics of houses, basic amenities within the dwelling and households’
access to basic facilities outside the dwelling. In the second section we present our
analysis on rural-urban gap. Our analysis is based on the data provided by Census of
2011 and the 65th round of NSSO on housing condition and amenities (June 2008-July
2009).
Table 4.1: Population distribution across states
Rural Urban
Sl Total
No States Total States no.
Population no. Of Average Population Of Average
(in lakhs) hhs hh size (in lakhs) hhs hh size
1 UP 1551.1 254.8 6.1 MH 508.3 108.1 4.7
2 BH 920.8 169.3 5.4 UP 444.7 74.5 6.0
3 WB 622.1 137.2 4.5 TN 349.5 89.3 3.9
4 MH 615.5 130.2 4.7 WB 291.3 63.5 4.6
5 AP 563.1 142.5 4.0 AP 283.5 67.8 4.2
6 MP 525.4 111.2 4.7 GUJ 257.1 54.2 4.7
7 RAJ 515.4 94.9 5.4 KAR 235.8 53.2 4.4
8 KAR 375.5 78.6 4.8 MP 200.6 38.5 5.2
9 TN 371.9 95.6 3.9 RAJ 170.8 30.9 5.5
10 ODS 349.5 81.4 4.3 DEL 163.3 32.6 5.0
11 GUJ 346.7 67.7 5.1 KER 159.3 36.2 4.4
12 ASM 267.8 53.7 5.0 BH 117.3 20.1 5.8
13 JHK 250.4 46.9 5.3 PNJB 103.9 20.9 5.0
14 CHT 196.0 43.8 4.5 HRYN 88.2 17.5 5.0
15 KER 174.6 41.0 4.3 JHK 79.3 15.0 5.3
16 PNJB 173.2 33.2 5.2 ODS 70.0 15.2 4.6
17 HRYN 165.3 29.7 5.6 CHT 59.4 12.4 4.8
18 J&K 91.3 15.0 6.1 ASM 43.9 9.9 4.4
19 UTKHD 70.3 14.0 5.0 J&K 34.1 5.2 6.6
20 HP 61.7 13.1 4.7 UTKHD 30.9 5.9 5.2
21 TRP 27.1 6.1 4.5 CHND 10.3 2.3 4.5
22 MGH 23.7 4.2 5.6 TRP 9.6 2.4 4.1
23 MAN 19.0 3.4 5.7 GOA 9.1 2.0 4.6
24 NAG 14.1 2.8 4.9 PONDY 8.5 2.1 4.1
25 ARNP 10.7 2.0 5.5 MAN 8.2 1.7 4.8
26 GOA 5.5 1.2 4.4 HP 6.9 1.7 4.1
27 MIZ 5.3 1.0 5.0 MGH 6.0 1.2 5.1
28 SIKM 4.6 0.9 4.9 NAG 5.7 1.2 5.0
29 DEL 4.2 0.8 5.3 MIZ 5.6 1.2 4.8
30 PONDY 3.9 1.0 4.1 ARNP 3.1 0.7 4.8
31 A&N 2.4 0.6 4.1 D&D 1.8 0.5 3.8
32 D&NH 1.8 0.4 5.2 D&NH 1.6 0.4 4.2
33 D&D 0.6 0.1 4.7 SIKM 1.5 0.4 4.2
34 CHND 0.3 0.1 4.3 A&N 1.4 0.3 3.9
35 LKSH 0.1 0.0 5.6 LKSH 0.5 0.1 6.2
All All
INDIA 8330.9 1678.3 5.0 INDIA 3771.1 788.7 4.8
Table 4.2: Share of rural and urban population in Indian states
Share
Total of Share
Population Rural of Urban
Sl.No States (lakhs) Rural Urban Popn Popn
Larger States
1 Uttar Pradesh (UP) 1995.81 1551.1 444.7 77.72 22.28
2 Maharashtra (MH) 1123.73 615.5 508.3 54.77 45.23
3 Bihar (BH) 1038.05 920.8 117.3 88.70 11.30
4 West Bengal (WB) 913.48 622.1 291.3 68.10 31.89
5 Andhra Pradesh (AP) 846.66 563.1 283.5 66.51 33.48
6 Madhya Pradesh (MP) 725.98 525.4 200.6 72.37 27.63
7 Tamil Nadu (TN) 721.39 371.9 349.5 51.55 48.45
8 Rajasthan (RAJ) 686.21 515.4 170.8 75.11 24.89
9 Karnataka (KAR) 611.31 375.5 235.8 61.43 38.57
10 Gujarat (GUJ) 603.84 346.7 257.1 57.42 42.58
11 Odisha (ODS) 419.47 349.5 70 83.32 16.69
12 Kerala (KER) 333.88 174.6 159.3 52.29 47.71
13 Jharkhand (JHK) 329.66 250.4 79.3 75.96 24.06
14 Assam (ASM) 311.69 267.8 43.9 85.92 14.08
15 Punjab (PNJB) 277.04 173.2 103.9 62.52 37.50
16 Chattisgarh (CHT) 255.4 196 59.4 76.74 23.26
17 Haryana (HRYN) 253.53 165.3 88.2 65.20 34.79
18 Delhi (DEL) 167.53 4.2 163.3 2.51 97.48
18 Jammu&Kashmir (J&K) 125.49 91.3 34.1 72.75 27.17
20 Uttaranchal (UTKHD) 101.17 70.3 30.9 69.49 30.54
21 Himachal Pradesh (HP) 68.57 61.7 6.9 89.98 10.06
Smaller States and Union Territories (UTs)
1 Tripura 36.71 27.1 9.6 73.82 26.15
2 Meghalaya 29.64 23.7 6 79.96 20.24
3 Manipur 27.22 19 8.2 69.80 30.12
4 Nagaland 19.81 14.1 5.7 71.18 28.77
5 Goa 14.58 5.5 9.1 37.72 62.41
6 Arunachal Pradesh 13.83 10.7 3.1 77.37 22.42
7 Pondicherry 12.44 3.9 8.5 31.35 68.33
8 Mizoram 10.91 5.3 5.6 48.58 51.33
9 Chandigarh 10.55 0.3 10.3 2.84 97.63
10 Sikkim 6.08 4.6 1.5 75.66 24.67
11 A&N Island 3.8 2.4 1.4 63.16 36.84
12 D&N Haveli 3.43 1.8 1.6 52.48 46.65
13 Daman&Diu 2.43 0.6 1.8 24.69 74.07
14 Lakshadweep 0.64 0.1 0.5 15.63 78.13
All INDIA 12101.93 8330.9 3771.1 68.84 31.16
Source: Census of India 2011
Section 1
Housing Condition and Amenities at Rural Level
In this section we discuss the physical characteristics of houses, basic amenities within
the dwelling and households’ access to basic facilities outside the dwelling.
Condition of the structure of Houses
Figure: 4.1 Distribution of households by the condition of structure of houses
100
90
80
70
60
50 Bad
40
Satisfactory
30
Good
20
10
0
WB
BH
GUJ
CHT
KAR
KER
PNJB
ODS
ASM
JHK
AP
UP
DEL
HP
MP
HRYN
TN
UTKHD
J&K
ALL INDIA
MH
RAJ
In rural India, among the larger states only Delhi (53 percent) and Kerala (50
percent) had a major proportion of their households living in houses which were
‘good’ in condition. For the rest of the states majority of households lived in houses
which were ‘satisfactory’ in condition. A ranking of states on the basis of the
proportion of ‘good’ houses shows that the pattern in rural area reflects the pattern at
the state level. The states of Jharkhand (7 percent), Bihar (18 percent), West Bengal
(21 percent) and Chattisgarh (21 percent) had the lowest proportion of households
living in ‘good’ houses and these states also had the highest proportion of households
living in houses which were ‘bad’ in condition.
Type of structure of houses
Figure 4.2: Distribution of households by the type of structure of houses
100
90
80
70
60
50 katcha
40 semi pucca
30
pucca
20
10
0
PNJB
UTKHD
KER
HP
HRYN
GUJ
KAR
J&K
All INDIA
AP
ASM
DEL
UP
MH
RAJ
ODS
CHT
JHK
WB
TN
MP
BH
Classification of households by the condition of the structure of houses shows

that the states of Haryana (93 percent), Uttarakhand (93 percent) and Punjab (91
percent) had the highest proportion of rural households living in pucca houses. In rural
Assam, Chattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand and West Bengal less than 35 percent of
households lived in pucca houses, with Assam having the lowest proportion (21
percent). While Chattisgarh (68 percent) had the highest proportion of rural
households living in semi-pucca houses, Odisha (41 percent) had the highest
proportion of rural households living in katcha houses.
No of living rooms
Figure 4.3: Distribution of households by the number of dwelling rooms in the house
100
90
80
70
60
50 no exclusive room/one room
40
two rooms
30
three or more rooms
20
10
0
WB
RAJ
CHT
GUJ
KAR
J&K
ASM
ODS
HP
UP
DEL
BH
MP
HRYN
MH
TN
KER
JHK
PNJB
ALL INDIA
UTKHD
Figure 4.3 reveals that there was widespread disparity among the states in terms of the
availability of living rooms, which throws light on the extent of congestion in the
dwellings of households. While states of Kerala (73 percent) and Jammu & Kashmir
(69 percent) had majority of their households in rural areas living in houses with three
or more rooms, Tamil Nadu (59 percent) and Andhra Pradesh (54 percent) had major
proportion of their rural households living in houses with just one living room or no
exclusive room.
Ventilation
Classification of households in rural areas on the basis of the ventilation of

houses shows that Kerala (45 percent) had the highest proportion of households living
in houses with ‘good’ ventilation, followed by Tamil Nadu (41 percent) and Gujarat
(40 percent). Odisha had the highest proportion of households living in houses with
‘bad’ ventilation(48 percent), followed by and Jharkhand (47 percent) and West
Bengal (35 percent). (see Table ... in Appendix to this chapter).
Type of kitchen
Figure 4.4: Distribution of household by type of kitchen
100
90
80
70
60 no separate kitchen
50
separate kitchen without water
40
tap
30
separate kitchen with water tap
20
10
0
WB
BH
RAJ
GUJ
CHT
KAR
J&K
PNJB
UTKHD
ODS
ASM
HP
AP
UP
MP
HRYN
TN
MH
KER
JHK
DEL
From figure 4.4 we can see that majority of the states in the country had major
proportion of their households with a separate kitchen but without water tap. Kerala
had the highest proportion of rural households with a separate kitchen and water tap
(36 percent) while Jharkhand with just 0.3 percent had the lowest proportion.
Himachal Pradesh (59 percent) had the highest proportion of households with separate
kitchen but no water tap and UP with only 23 percent of households having a separate
kitchen had the lowest proportion. Major proportion of rural households in 9 large
states such as UP (75 percent), Bihar (74 percent), Jharkhand (72 percent) and Madhya
Pradesh (64 percent) had no separate kitchen.
Type of wall
Table 4.2 shows that there was strong disparity among states on the type of material
used for wall. The two most prominent material of wall in rural India were burnt
brick/stone/lime stone and mud/unburnt brick. While burnt brick/stone/lime stone was
the prominent material of wall in Haryana (88 percent), Punjab (84 percent),
Uttaranchal (82 percent), Andhra Pradesh (70 percent) and Kerala (68 percent);
mud/unburnt brick was the prominent material used for wall in Chattisgarh (64
percent), Jharkhand (60 percent), Odisha (59 percent), and West Bengal (46 percent).
Among the rural households in north eastern states grass/straw/leaves/reeds/bamboo,
etc was the most prominent material of wall (see Appendix Table ). In Bihar 28
percent of rural households lived in houses with grass/straw/leaves/reeds/bamboo as
the predominant material of wall.
Table 4.2: Distribution of households by type wall (in percentages)
Burnt
Mud/unburnt Other
States brick/stone/lime Cement/RBC/RCC
brick Materials
stone
Haryana 87.6 2.4 9.1 0.9
Punjab 84.0 3.4 11.6 1.0
Uttaranchal 82.4 3.8 11.4 2.4
Delhi 73.9 0.3 25.8 0.0
Himachal
Pradesh 72.2 19.1 5.8 3.0
Kerala 68.5 20.0 7.0 4.5
Rajasthan 67.6 26.7 0.9 4.8
UP 64.4 25.5 5.3 4.7
Maharashtra 61.3 23.8 5.6 9.4
Jammu&Kashmir 60.9 31.4 4.1 3.6
Gujrat 58.7 29.8 4.4 7.1
Tamil Nadu 55.6 31.6 8.8 4.0
Karnataka 53.8 37.1 4.7 4.4
ALL INDIA 53.3 30.8 5.7 10.3
Bihar 42.1 21.4 7.4 29.0
Orissa 32.0 59.3 3.3 5.5
Jharkhand 31.6 60.0 3.9 4.5
Chattisgarh 29.2 64.0 0.7 6.1
West Bengal 26.4 46.1 7.7 19.7
Assam 12.0 33.3 7.2 47.4
Type of roof
Type of material used for roof also reveals diversity in the rural areas across the states
(Table 4.3). While in rural Uttarakhand (66 percent) and Andhra Pradesh (59 percent),
cement/RBC/RCC was the predominant material of roof, in rural Chattisgarh (73
percent), Jharkhand (55 percent), Madhya Pradesh (48 percent), Karnataka (46
percent) and Kerala (44 percent), tile/slate was the prominent material of roof. In
Odisha (40 percent) and Bihar (38 percent) major proportion of rural households’ had
grass/straw/leaves/reeds as the predominant material of roof.
Table 4.3: Distribution of households by the type of roof (in percentages)
asbestos grass/straw/
or other leaves/reeds/
States cement/RBC/RCC tile/slate
metal bamboo,etc
sheet
Delhi 65.8 0.5 2.4 0.0
Uttarakhand 59.1 4.1 6.5 3.5
Andhra Pradesh 43.6 20.4 8.1 17.6
Kerala 42.2 44.3 8.9 2.8
Himachal
Pradesh 39.0 37.7 13.5 0.5
Punjab 38.9 4.8 0.2 4.8
Tamil Nadu 34.0 36.5 4.4 20.8
UP 32.1 10.7 1.5 17.0
Bihar 30.3 17.2 7.0 37.9
Haryana 27.6 6.5 0.9 3.2
Gujrat 27.0 38.2 15.8 6.3
All INDIA 24.7 25.4 13.9 16.6
Jammu&Kashmir 22.7 0.1 54.2 9.3
Odisha 19.4 26.2 9.0 39.6
Maharashtra 18.4 25.3 43.5 3.9
West Bengal 16.7 24.9 30.6 23.7
Jharkhand 15.7 55.4 3.3 13.3
Karnataka 13.3 46.4 15.0 6.0
Chattisgarh 10.2 73.0 1.3 0.9
Rajasthan 5.3 16.4 2.9 14.5
Assam 1.6 0.0 61.0 36.5
It is also important to note that in the states of Jammu & Kashmir (54 percent),
Maharashtra (44 percent) and West Bengal (31 percent) major proportion of rural
households lived in houses with roof made of asbestos or other metal sheet, which are
not considered healthy material of roofing.
Type of floor
Table 4.4 shows that cement and mud were the two predominant material of floor.
While states like Tamil Nadu (73 percent), Kerala (72 percent), Haryana (52 percent)
and Punjab (49 percent) had a higher proportion of their rural houses living in houses
with cement floor in Assam (78 percent), UP (77 percent), Jharkhand (76 percent),
Madhya Pradesh (75 percent), Bihar (74 percent), West Bengal (70 percent) and
Maharashtra (50 percent) major proportion of rural households lived in houses with
mud flooring.
Table 4.4 : Distribution of households by the type of floor (in percentages)
States Cement Mud Others

Brick/limestone/stone
Delhi 73.6 0.7 6.8 18.9
Tamil Nadu 73.1 20.4 1.3 5.3
Kerala 72.3 9.0 1.7 17.0
Haryana 52.2 29.6 15.8 2.4
Punjab 49.4 33.3 14.9 2.4
Jammu&Kashmir 47.0 47.6 2.8 2.6
Karnataka 44.0 25.6 23.5 6.8
Uttaranchal 39.4 32.7 15.3 12.6
Andhra Pradesh 38.8 24.0 33.8 3.5
Rajasthan 38.7 45.8 14.0 1.6
Orissa 33.5 64.3 1.7 0.5
Gujrat 32.5 45.5 4.7 17.3
All INDIA 30.9 54.1 10.3 4.8
West Bengal 24.3 70.4 3.9 1.2
Maharashtra 21.4 49.9 15.8 13.0
Jharkhand 17.7 76.4 5.1 0.8
UP 16.8 76.9 5.5 0.8
Bihar 16.8 73.7 8.4 1.1
Assam 16.2 77.7 2.6 3.5
Chattisgarh 10.2 82.4 5.5 1.8
Major source of drinking water
Our analysis of the census data shows that hand pump was the major source of
drinking water in rural India with a proportion of nearly 44 percent households
depending on hand pump as the major source of drinking water. This was followed by
tap water with 31 percent, well with 13.3 percent and tube well/borehole with 8
percent. Analysis of state level data shows disparities among states on the major
source of drinking water. Bihar had the highest proportion (89 percent) of rural
households depending hand pumps, followed by UP (73 percent), Chattisgarh (70
percent) and West Bengal (63 percent) [Figure 4.5].
Figure 4.5:Proportion of households with hand pump as the major source of drinking
water
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
RAJ
GUJ
PNJB
AP
DEL
BH
MH
ALL-INDIA
UTKHD
HRYN
ASM
UP
KAR
J&K
KER
ODS
CHT
JHK
WB
HP
MP
TN
Source: Census 2011
Analysis of data on households depending on tap water shows Himachal

Pradesh (89 percent), Tamil Nadu (79 percent) , Uttarakhand (64 percent) had the
highest proportion of households depending on tap water as the major source of
drinking water. Bihar with just 3 percent had the lowest proportion of households
depending on tap water, closely followed by Jharkhand (7 percent), Assam (7 percent)
and Odisha (7 percent) [Figure 4.6].
Figure 4.6: Proportion of households with tap water as major source of drinking
water
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
WB
RAJ
CHT
KER
ODS
ASM
UP
MP
JHK
HP
BH
UTKHD
ALL-INDIA
AP
KAR
J&K
PNJB
TN
GUJ
DEL
MH
HRYN
Census also provides information on whether the tap water was treated or non-
treated. Of the 31 percent households depending on tap water as their major source of
drinking water, 18 percent (58 percent of households depending on tap water) had
access to treated tap water. Among the states with a greater dependence on tap water in
Gujarat 39 percent of the rural households (which is 70 percent of rural households
depending on tap water) depended on untreated tap water.
Figure 4.7: Proportion of households depending on treated and non-treated tap water
100
90
80
70
60
50
40 non-treated
30 treated tap
20
10
0
WB
BH
GUJ
CHT
KER
ASM
ODS
JHK
UP
MP
HRYN
UTKHD
J&K
ALL-INDIA
HP
RAJ
DEL
PNJB
AP
TN
KAR
MH
Source: Census 2011

The dependence on well as a major source of drinking water has come down
significantly compared to 2001. Notably, Kerala was the only state which had a higher
share of households (64.8 percent) depending upon wells for drinking water, though
this also has decline considerably since 2001. Open well water is not considered as a
safe drinking water. However, the social culture is to drink mainly boiled water which
is also supplied in hotels and restaurants. Theis perhaps explain the low incidence of
water-borne diseases compared to other states.
NSSO data on the major source of drinking water for rural India shows a close
correspondence to the findings based on census data. Tap and hand pump/ tube well
were the two most prominent sources of drinking water for rural households. While in
the states of Tamil Nadu (87 percent), Karnataka (70 percent), Jammu & Kashmir (66
percent), Andhra Pradesh (64 percent), Gujarat (58 percent) and Maharashtra
(57percent) major proportion of rural households depended on tap water, in Bihar
(94percent), UP (93 percent), West Bengal (85percent), Chattisgarh (81percent),
Madhya Pradesh (74percent) and Orissa (73percent), tube well/hand pump was the
major source of drinking water (see Appendix Table).
Nature of access to drinking water
Figure 4.8: Distribution of households by the nature of access to drinking water

source, 2011
100
90
80
70
60
50
community use
40
exclusive use
30
20
10
0
GUJ
J&K
UP
DEL
BH
HRYN
UTKHD
PNJB
ODS
HP
KER
CHT
KAR
ASM
MH
JHK
RAJ
WB
MP
TN
AP
Source: Census 2011

When we look at the nature of access to the major source of drinking water we can see
that highest proportion of households in the country (47 percent) depended on
community drinking water facility. But there was considerable disparity between the
states which is evident from Figure 4.8. While in the states of Kerala, Punjab and
Assam major proportion of rural households had drinking water facility for the
exclusive use of households, in Jharkhand, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and
West Bengal, community use was predominant. When compared to such other lagging
states as MP, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh Bihar (44 percent) had a higher proportion
of rural households with exclusive use of the water source.
Figure 4.9: Distribution of households by the distance to source of drinking water
100
90
80
70
60
50 1 km or more
40 0.2 to 1 km
30 within premises
20
10
0
PNJB
BH
HRYN
MH
GUJ
J&K
UTKHD
ODS
All India
CHT
KAR
JHK
RAJ
WB
MP
ASM
UP
HP
TN
AP
KER
DEL
From Figure 4.9 we can see that distance to the source of drinking water also shows
disparities among states. Among the larger states Punjab (81 percent) had the highest
proportion of rural households with drinking water within premises followed by
Kerala (75 percent) and Assam (64 percent). In Jharkhand and Odisha 86 percent of
rural households had to travel a distance between 0.2-1 km to their major source of
drinking water. In Rajasthan 4 percent of rural households had to travel a distance of
more than 1 percent to their major source of drinking water.
Figure 4.10: Distribution of households by the sufficiency of drinking water, 2008-09
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
TN
CHT
GUJ
ASM
PNJB
WB
UP
AP
BH
UTKHD
KAR
All INDIA
ODS
J&K
JHK
HRYN
MH
RAJ
DEL
KER
MP
HP
Figure 4.10 shows that Bihar (97 percent) had the highest proportion of rural
households with sufficient drinking water throughout the year followed by UP (95
percent), Assam (95 percent) and Tamil Nadu (94 percent). In Maharashtra only 75
percent households had sufficient drinking water and in Rajasthan it was only 65
percent.
Latrine Facility
Our analysis of the census data shows that nearly 70 percent rural households in the
country had no latrine facility. However, it is to be noted that there was a nearly 10
percent fall in this proportion at all India level for rural households. This is a good
sign, but there is still a long way to go.
It is seen that Jharkhand (92.4 percent) had the highest proportion of rural
households without a latrine facility, followed by Madhya Pradesh (86.9 percent).
During 2001, it was Chhattisgarh (94.8 percent), followed by Jharkhand (93.4
percent). Even after 10 years Jharkhand has not shown much improvement.
Figure 4.11: Proportion of households with no latrine within premises, 2011
no latrines
100
80
60
40
20
WB
J&K
UTKHD
ASM
PNJB
KER
HP
DEL
HRYN
ALL-INDIA
GUJ
JHK
ODS
MP
AP
CHT
KAR
MH
RAJ
BH
UP
TN
Source: Census 2011
It is evident from Figure 4.12 that in all the states, with the exception of Jammu
and Kashmir and Assam, there has been a fall in the proportion of rural households not
having latrine facility (in the former it has increased by more than 3 percentage points
while in the latter it has remained stagnant over ten years). Remarkable progress in
reducing this basic deprivation has been recorded by Himachal Pradesh followed by
Punjab and Haryana. These states – Uttarakhand, West Bengal and Maharashtra – can
also claim some credit in this respect. Kerala, of course, had already a good record in
2001 which has been further improved although five per cent of its households reputed
‘no latrine’ in 2011.
Figure 4.12: Change in the proportion of households with no latrine facility between
2001-2011
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
HP
RAJ
TN
CHT
GUJ
KAR
ASM
JHK
ODS
WB
KER
UTKHD
PNJB
UP
BH
MP
AP
DEL
MH
HRYN
J&K

As for the types of latrine, the all India data for 2011 shows a more than 12
percent increase in the proportion of rural households with water closet compared to
that of 2001 (Appendix table). The state level data also shows a similar trend with all
the states showing an increase in the proportion of rural households having a water
closet.
Figure 4.13: Proportion of households with flush/pour flush latrine, 2011
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
WB
TN
RAJ
GUJ
CHT
KAR
KER
PNJB
UTKHD
J&K
ASM
ODS
HP
AP
UP
BH
MP
HRYN
JHK
MH
DEL
Source: Census 2011
The state with the highest proportion of flush/pour flush latrine in rural
households was Kerala (59 percent) followed by Himachal Pradesh (57 percent) and
Punjab (43 percent). Jharkhand (6.2 percent) remained as the state with the lowest
proportion of rural households with flush/pour flush latrine followed by Odisha,
Chattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh (10 percent).
Figure 4.14: Distribution of households with latrine facility for the exclusive use of
households
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
WB
HP
J&K
PNJB
UTKHD
HRYN
KER
ODS
ASM
DEL
MH
CHT
KAR
GUJ
JHK
RAJ
MP
UP
BH
TN
AP

NSSO provides data on whether latrine facility is available for the exclusive
use of households. From Figure 4.14 we can see that in rural India only 28 percent of
households had latrines for the exclusive use of households. Kerala (90 percent) had
the highest proportion of rural households with latrine facility for the exclusive use of
the households. while Odisha had only 9 percent of rural households had latrine
facility for the exclusive use of households.
Bathroom facility
Our analysis of the census data shows that the share of rural households not having
bathing facility stood at 55 percent, and it was highest in Chhattisgarh with 93.2
percent. This was then followed by Odisha and Jharkhand with more than 88 percent.
Here too, vast differences across states exist, seen Figure 4.15.
Figure 4.15: Proportion of households with no bathroom facility

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-
WB
RAJ
KAR
JHK
ODS
ASM
J&K
KER
BH
MP
AP
HP
DEL
TN
HRYN
MH
GUJ
PNJB
UTKHD
UP
CHT
All INDIA
Source: Census 2011
Our analysis of the NSSO data on the availability of bathroom facility

corresponds to the findings based on census data. NSSO data shows that only a small
proportion (12 percent) of rural households in the country had attached bathroom.
Lighting Facility
Our analysis of census data shows that electricity was the major source of lighting in
rural areas in 2011 with 55 percent of households reporting electricity as the major
source of lighting, a shift from kerosene as the major source of lighting in 2001. We
can see from Figure 4.16 that Delhi (98 percent) had the highest share of rural
households having electricity, followed by Himachal Pradesh (97 percent). We can
also see that Punjab, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu had a proportion of more than 90
percent of rural households having electricity as their major source of lighting.
Figure 4.16: Proportion of households with electricity as the major source of lighting,
2011
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
TN
KAR
PNJB
WB
KER
AP
HP
BH
HRYN
GUJ
ODS
JHK
ASM
UP
UTKHD
ALL-INDIA
DEL
CHT
J&K
MH
RAJ
MP
Source: Census 2011
Our analysis shows that 43 percent of rural households still depend on

kerosene as the major source of lighting.
Figure 4.17: Proportion of households with kerosene as the major source of lighting,
2011
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
RAJ
CHT
KAR
J&K
MP
BH
MH
GUJ
ALL-INDIA
UTKHD
HRYN
ASM
UP
AP
PNJB
ODS
JHK
WB
KER
DEL
HP
TN
Source: Census 2011
Bihar had the highest proportion of rural households depending on kerosene

(88.4 percent) as the major source of lighting, followed by Uttar Pradesh (75 percent)
and Assam (70.4 percent).
Figure 4.18: Change in the proportion of households with electricity as the major
source of lighting between 2001-2011
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
WB
TN
RAJ
GUJ
CHT
KAR
KER
JHK
ODS
ASM
PNJB
AP
DEL
HRYN
MH
UTKHD
MP
J&K
BH
UP
HP
Source: Census 2001 and Census 2011
We can see from Figure 4.18 that Uttarakhand registered the highest change (33
percentage points), Madhya Pradesh showed a reduction in the proportion of
households with electricity as the major source of lighting because it showed a
negative four per cent change.
Cooking Fuel
Our analysis of census data shows firewood as the major source of fuel among rural
households (63 percent), followed by crop-residue (12 percent), LPG/PNG (11
percent) and cow dung cake (11 percent). Very interestingly, kerosene has the least
share with less than 1 percent households depending on it as major source of fuel.
We can see from Figure 4.19 that Chhattisgarh (92 percent) had the highest
proportion of rural households depending on firewood as the major source of fuel for
cooking followed by Karnataka (82 percent) and Assam (81 percent).
Figure 4.19: Proportion of households with firewood as the major source
of fuel for cooking, 2011
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
KAR
ASM
WB
MP
AP
RAJ
ALL-INDIA
PNJB
UP
BH
HRYN
CHT
UTKHD
DEL
ODS
J&K
GUJ
KER
MH
JHK
HP
TN
Source: Census 2011
While Delhi had the highest proportion of rural households (75 percent)
depending on LPG/PNG, Chhattisgarh (2 percent) has the lowest share of households
depending on this.
Figure 4.19: Proportion of households with LPG/PNG as the major

source of cooking fuel, 2011
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
WB
RAJ
KAR
ASM
ODS
UP
MP
BH
TN
PNJB
KER
J&K
JHK
HP
AP
MH
GUJ
CHT
UTKHD
ALL-INDIA
DEL
HRYN
Source: Census 2011

In Bihar and West Bengal more than 35 percent of rural households depended
on crop residue as a source of cooking fuel.
It is interesting to note that in the country, in rural areas around 83 percent of

households cook inside the house which also shows that around 16 percent of
households cook outside the house. Of households that cook inside, around 45.5
percent ( 63.6 million) households do not have a kitchen (which is 37.9 percent of total
rural households). Of the total households cooking outside, 55. 4 percent (14.2 million
) do not have a kitchen.
This is to be understood keeping in mind that 61. 7 percent of households

which do not have kitchen and cooking inside the house use firewood as the major
source of cooking fuel while 16.3 percent use cow dung cake as the major source of
coking fuel. This can have severe health hazards.
Garbage collection and Drainage
Across the states in rural India major proportion of households do not have any
arrangement for garbage collection. Among the larger states Tamil Nadu (13 percent)
and Andhra Pradesh (12 percent) had the highest proportion of households with the
panchayat collecting the garbage (Table 4.5).
Table 4.5: Distribution of households by garbage collection facility (in percentages), 2008-
09
by by no
States panchayat/municipality/corporation
residents others arrangement
Delhi 22.3 39.9 31.9 5.8

Tamil Nadu 13.3 33.8 0.5 52.4
Maharashtra 7.1 38.6 1.6 52.7
Haryana 4.2 43.8 1.1 50.9
Gujrat 3.6 22.9 0.0 73.5
Karnataka 1.8 12.4 1.1 84.7
Chattisgarh 1.7 29.7 5.1 63.6
UP 1.5 23.6 6.6 68.3
Himachal
Pradesh 1.4 6.6 8.3 83.7
Punjab 1.4 29.1 0.6 68.9
Uttaranchal 1.2 14.5 0.7 83.6
Jammu&Kashmir 1.1 4.4 1.2 93.2
Rajasthan 0.6 18.5 0.3 80.6
Assam 0.6 27.2 4.3 68.0
Bihar 0.2 7.3 1.3 91.3
West Bengal 0.1 3.7 0.5 95.7
Kerala 0.1 5.6 1.9 92.4
Orissa 0.0 16.8 0.3 82.9
Jharkhand 0.0 17.3 0.3 82.4
Our analysis of the census data shows that all India share of rural households not
having drainage facility was quite high with more than 63 percent. Among the states,
the highest proportion of rural households not having drainage facility was in Odisha
and Chhattisgarh, with more than 88 percent of rural households not having any
drainage facility. As is evident from Figure 4.20 in most of the states with the
exception of Himachal Pradesh and Haryana, major proportion of households had no
drainage facility.
Figure 4.20: Distribution of households by the type of drainage facility, 2011
100
90
80
70
60
50 no drainage
40 open
30
closed
20
10
0
GUJ
KER
PNJB
UTKHD
HP
DEL
KAR
J&K
MH
AP
UP
HRYN
All INDIA
ASM
BH
TN
ODS
CHT
JHK
RAJ
WB
MP
Source: Census 2011
As for the type of the drainage, we have two categories, closed and open, and
all India picture shows the proportion of households with open drainages is a
staggering six times more than the proportion with closed drainage. Hence, drainage is
a very worrying attribute among rural households.
Access to road
From Table 4.6 we can see that Tamil Nadu (55 percent) had the highest proportion of
households with houses having direct opening to motorable road with street light while
Jammu & Kashmir had just 0.04 percent of the rural households having direct opening
to road. Assam (0.9 percent), Jharkhand (1.3 percent), Bihar (1.9 percent), West
Bengal (2.3percent) and UP (2.5 percent) also had very small proportion of households
with direct opening to motorable road. In these states major proportion of the rural
households had direct opening to other road/lane without street light. Proportion of
households with no direct opening to road was the highest for Sikkim (43.4 percent),
followed by Jammu & Kashmir (42 percent) and Himachal Pradesh (40 percent).
Table 4.6: Distribution of households by their access to road (in
percentages)
direct opening to
motorable road other road/lane
no direct
States with without with without opening
street street street street
Tamil Nadu 54.9 7.9 23.3 8.8 5.1
Andhra Pradesh 51.1 11.9 16.5 13.3 7.3
Karnataka 40.3 13.4 20.4 19.4 6.5
Delhi 36.7 16.8 0.1 44.7 1.7
Kerala 32.2 20.4 4.4 25.3 17.7
Maharashtra 30.2 13.2 22.7 19.5 14.6
Gujrat 11.1 25.9 11.2 33.1 18.6
Chattisgarh 8.3 16.6 6.8 55.1 13.2
Uttaranchal 7.9 13.9 1.8 39.1 37.3
Punjab 4.7 39.2 0.6 49.0 6.4
Madhya Pradesh 3.7 24.3 3.6 43.8 24.6
Orissa 3.0 35.8 1.1 47.6 12.6
UP 2.5 19.1 1.5 56.7 20.2
Rajasthan 2.4 22.6 1.7 44.0 29.2
West Bengal 2.3 14.0 3.2 60.4 20.2
Bihar 1.9 14.5 1.0 57.2 25.4
Haryana 1.6 46.5 0.7 40.0 11.1
Jharkhand 1.3 20.7 1.9 44.7 31.5
Assam 0.9 19.3 0.9 61.3 17.6
Jammu&Kashmir 0.04 18.5 0.1 39.0 42.3
All INDIA 15.7 18.6 7.6 40.4 17.7
Section 2
Rural-Urban Gap
In this section we discuss the rural-urban gap at the state level for various aspects of
housing and amenities. We define rural-urban gap for a particular indicator as the ratio
of the proportion of households in the urban and rural areas possessing that attribute.
For example the rural urban gap for the availability of electricity is given by dividing
the percentage of households with electricity in urban area divided by the percentage
of households with electricity in rural area. A value greater than 1 implies that urban
area is better than rural area for that particular aspect. A value of 1 shows that both
rural and urban areas are at the same level. A value less than 1 implies that urban area
lags the rural area.
This ratio is also an indicator of rural-urban inequality in the spatial sense. The
findings bring out the unequal access and/or achievement in almost all indicators with
rural areas falling significantly behind urban areas. Moreover, there is also the inter-
state inequality across states. The urban-rural inequality is considerably higher in
states that have a poor overall record in many indicators of the housing condtion. This
suggests the neglect or low priority given to rural housing condition.
Condition of structure
Figure 4.21: Rural-urban gap in terms of households living in ‘good’ houses
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
GUJ
J&K
PNJB
AP
MH
JHK
UTKHD
KER
UP
HP
DEL
TN
HRYN
ASM
ODS
All INDIA
CHT
KAR
RAJ
WB
MP
BH
Source: Calculated from NSSO 65th round (July 2008-June 2009)
To understand rural urban gap in the condition of structure we consider the proportion
of good houses. The rural-urban gap for the condition of the structure of houses shows
that the gap between rural and urban areas was the highest for Jharkhand, followed by
Tripura, Assam and Madhya Pradesh. In Delhi and Arunachal Pradesh rural areas are
slightly better than urban areas in terms of the availability of ‘good’ houses.
Type of structure
Figure 4.22: Rural-urban gap in terms of the proportion of households living in pucca
houses
4.0
3.5
H
N
D
D
A
K
T
3.0
I
l
l
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
UP
GUJ
ODS
ASM
J&K
DEL
HRYN
CHT
KAR
JHK
PNJB
WB
MP
BH
KER
MH
RAJ
HP
TN
AP
To understand the rural-urban gap in the type of structure we consider the proportion
of households living in pucca houses. Our analysis shows that Tripura, Assam,
Chattisgarh and Jharkhand had a higher rural urban gap. In states like Kerala and
Punjab rural-urban gap was very low.
Electricity
Figure 4.23: Rural-urban gap in terms of proportion of households with electricity as

major source of lighting, 2008-09
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
WB
TN
RAJ
CHT
GUJ
ASM
JHK
ODS
KER
UP
MP
HP
BH
MH
UTKHD
HRYN
J&K
AP
PNJB
KAR
DEL
Our analysis shows that in Bihar, UP, Assam and Jharkhand there was enormous rural-
urban gap in the availability of electricity. The four southern states along with the
contigeous north-west region of India consisting of Haryana, Delhi, Punjab, Himachal
Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir showed the lowest gap.
Distance to the Source of drinking water (within premises)
Figure 4.24: Rural-urban gap in terms of households’ availability of drinking water

within premises, 2008-09
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
J&K
ASM
UP
HP
UTKHD
HRYN
CHT
KAR
JHK
ODS
PNJB
KER
BH
GUJ
MH
RAJ
WB
MP
DEL
TN
AP
The gap between rural and urban areas in terms of the availability of drinking water
within premises shows that in the states of Jharkhand, Odisha and Madhya Pradesh
rural areas are in much adverse condition than the urban areas. The gap was lowest in
Lakshadweep, Chandigarh and Kerala.
To obtain the rural urban gap in the availability of latrine facility we calculated the
ratio of rural households and urban households with no latrine facility (R/U). Our
analysis shows that Uttarakhand, , Assam, Maharashtra, Gujarat and West Bengal had
very high values implying that in these states the rural areas are much worse than
urban areas in terms of availability of latrine.
Latrine facility
Figure 4.25: Rural-urban gap in terms of non-availability of latrine facility
17.0
16.0
15.0
14.0
13.0
12.0
11.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
WB
RAJ
GUJ
KAR
ASM
PNJB
AP
UP
DEL
MH
UTKHD
HRYN
CHT
HP
ODS
J&K
KER
JHK
MP
BH
TN
Source of drinking water
We have calculated the rural-urban gap in terms of the availability/access to tap water
as major source of drinking water. It shows that in Bihar, UP, Jharkhand, Orissa and
West Bengal there exists enormous rural-urban gap.
Figure 4.26: Rural-urban gap in terms of households’ access to tap water
28.0
27.0
26.0
25.0
24.0
23.0
22.0
21.0
20.0
19.0
18.0
17.0
16.0
15.0
14.0
13.0
12.0
11.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
KAR
J&K
HRYN
UTKHD
HP
BH
UP
AP
PNJB
TN
ASM
ODS
CHT
GUJ
KER
DEL
MH
JHK
RAJ
WB
MP
Kitchen Facility
To understand the rural urban gap in the availability of kitchen we calculated the ratio
of the proportion of rural households with no separate kitchen and the proportion of
urban households with no separate kitchen. Our analysis shows that Uttarakhand had
the highest gap followed by Rajasthan and Jharkhand. In most other states also rural
households are worse off but the extent of gap was smaller, the only exception being
Kerala where rural area was better off than urban area in this respect.
Figure 4.27: Rural-urban gap in terms of households’ with separate kitchen
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
WB
TN
RAJ
JHK
GUJ
KAR
KER
ODS
J&K
PNJB
DEL
ASM
UP
MP
AP
BH
HRYN
HP
CHT
MH
UTKHD
Ventilation
Figure 4.28: Rural-urban gap in terms of ‘good’ ventilation, 2008-09
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
WB
RAJ
CHT
ODS
KAR
AP
BH
MP
ASM
UP
GUJ
UTKHD
KER
DEL
JHK
J&K
HRYN
PNJB
MH
HP
TN
To understand the rural-urban gap in ventilation we calculated the ratio of proportion

of houses with ‘good’ ventilation in urban areas to the proportion of households with
‘good’ ventilation in rural area. Rural-urban gap was very high for Jharkhand. For the
rest of the states also rural areas lagged behind urban areas but the gap was not as high
as that of Jharkhand.
Drainage
To understand the rural-urban gap in the availability of drainage facility we calculated

the ratio of the proportion of rural households with ‘no’ drainage to the proportion of
urban households with ‘no’ drainage. The rural-urban gap was very high for Gujarat,
Uttaranchal, Rajasthan and UP.
Figure 4.29: Rural-urban gap in terms of households with no drainage facility, 2008-
09
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
WB
KAR
J&K
PNJB
JHK
AP
DEL
MP
HP
RAJ
MH
TN
BH
GUJ
CHT
UTKHD
ASM
ODS
KER
UP
HRYN
Fuel
Figure 4.20 shows that there exists huge gap between rural and urban areas with
respect to the availability of LPG/PNG as the major source of cooking fuel.
Chattisgarh had the highest gap followed by Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.
Kerala, Punjab and Tamil Nadu had comparatively lower gap between rural and urban
areas.
Figure 4.20: Rural-urban gap in terms of availability of LPG/PNG as the major source
of cooking fuel
30.0
29.0
28.0
27.0
26.0
25.0
24.0
23.0
22.0
21.0
20.0
19.0
18.0
17.0
16.0
15.0
14.0
13.0
12.0
11.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
J&K
AP
MH
GUJ
HRYN
CHT
PNJB
UTKHD
KER
HP
DEL
TN
JHK
ASM
All INDIA
ODS
KAR
RAJ
WB
MP
BH
UP

Chapter 5
Social Dimension of Housing Condition
Unequal Access to ST and SC Households
Introduction
In this chapter we analyse the housing condition and amenities in terms of social
groups with particular reference to STs and SCs across the states. These two social
groups have been historically disadvantaged and were at the margins of society. Over
the past decades successive governments have launched several programmes and
schemes aimed at improving the housing condition of STs and SCs. Our preliminary
analysis of housing condition and amenities at the all-India level showed that as a
social group ST and SC households performed the worst in all the aspects we
analysed.
Through the analysis of NSSO’s 65th Round data on housing condition and
amenities, we study the achievement ratio in the various aspects of housing condition
and amenities between ST-SC households viz-a-viz ‘Other’ households. For our
analysis we have selected fifteen aspects which are considered to be desirable like
‘good’ condition houses, availability of electricity for domestic use, availability of
drinking water within premises, latrine facility, separate kitchen with water tap, etc.
In this chapter we present our analysis for the larger states only. Detailed
tables on all states and UTs are given in the appendix.
Calculation of the Achievement Rate between ST-SC and ‘Other’ households
The achievement rate can be expressed as:

�
�𝑜�
�𝐶
𝐴𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑣�
𝑒�𝑡𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒(𝐴𝑅)=( )∗100
′𝑂� �
ℎ𝑒�′
100- AR gives us the gap to be covered.
Where AR represents the distance covered by ST/SC households as compared

to ‘Other’ households. A value of AR lower than 100 percent for a particular aspect
indicates that ST/SC households are worse in that particular aspect and a value of AR
higher than 100 percent indicate ST/SC households are better than ‘Other’ households.
A value of AR equal to 100 indicates that no gap exists between ST/SC and ‘Others’
households. Closer the value of AR to 100, lower the disparity between ST/SC and
‘Others’ and vice versa.
Distribution of Households across Social Groups
Before moving into detailed discussion we present the distribution of ST, SC and
‘Other’ households across states in Table 5.1. There are 11 major states where the
share of SC population is 20 per cent or above of the total population. These are
Punjab and Haryana have 36 and 30 percent respectively followed by West Bengal
(27%), UP (26%). The remaining seven states of Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Uttarakhand vary from 20 to 23 per cent. Among
smaller states/UT’s Tripura and Chandigarh have above 20 per cent.As for the share of
ST population, there are only four larger states with a share of 20 or more percent.
These are Chattisgarh (37%), Jharkhand (27%), Odisha (27%) and MP (21%).
However, in a number of smaller states and UT’s, the ST population constitute an
overwhelming majority that are also distinguished for higher human development
indicators. These are Mizoram (98%), Meghalaya (90%), Lakshadweep (85%),
If we combine the two socially most disadvantaged and often excluded population –
ST and SC- Chattisgarh emerges as the only one among the larger states with a major
share (53%) ….. there are three others – Jharkhand, Odhisha and MP – minimum share
of more than forty per cent share of the population. Another nine states – Punjab,
West Bengal, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana and Andhra Pradesh – have a share between
30 and 37 percent. Another four have a share of close to 25 and 29 percent.
Table 5.1 Distribution of households by social groups (as percentage of the respective total)
Rural Urban Rural+Urban
States
Sl.No ST SC Others ST SC Others ST SC Others
Larger States
1 UP 0.7 29.3 70.0 1.3 15.8 82.8 0.8 26.4 72.8
2 Maharashtra 14.5 15.7 69.8 2.7 14.3 83.1 9.2 15.0 75.8
3 Bihar 1.1 22.8 76.1 1.2 11.9 87.0 1.1 21.6 77.3
4 West Bengal 6.9 30.5 62.6 2.1 18.2 79.7 5.7 27.3 67.0
5 Andhra Pradesh 7.0 23.5 69.5 3.5 14.3 82.3 5.9 20.6 73.4
6 Madhya Pradesh 26.7 19.5 53.8 5.2 17.8 77.0 21.4 19.1 59.5
7 Tamil Nadu 1.9 31.7 66.5 0.5 12.9 86.7 1.2 22.8 75.9
8 Rajasthan 16.9 19.6 63.5 2.2 13.4 84.4 13.0 17.9 69.2
9 Karnataka 7.9 21.5 70.5 3.7 11.6 84.7 6.4 17.8 75.9
10 Gujrat 25.7 12.5 61.8 7.4 9.2 83.4 18.5 11.2 70.3
11 Orissa 25.7 21.8 52.5 11.5 17.8 70.7 23.4 21.2 55.4
12 Kerala 2.6 9.2 88.1 0.8 7.7 91.5 2.2 8.8 89.0
13 Jharkhand 30.7 16.0 53.3 9.3 10.5 80.1 27.4 15.1 57.6
14 Assam 20.5 8.2 71.4 9.2 15.5 75.4 19.2 9.0 71.8
15 Punjab 0.6 44.8 54.7 0.5 22.9 76.6 0.5 36.2 63.2
16 Chattisgarh 42.6 15.1 42.3 12.0 13.2 74.8 36.9 14.8 48.3
17 Haryana 0.1 34.3 65.6 0.3 19.4 80.3 0.2 29.6 70.2
18 Delhi 1.7 15.7 82.6 1.4 21.4 77.2 1.5 21.0 77.6
19 Jammu&Kashmir 3.6 13.1 83.3 2.0 8.0 90.0 3.2 12.0 84.8
20 Uttarakhand 2.0 23.0 75.0 4.7 8.8 86.6 2.6 19.9 77.5
21 Himachal Pradesh 8.5 22.2 69.4 1.2 16.6 82.3 7.7 21.6 70.8
Smaller states and Union Territories (UTs)
22 Tripura 34.2 24.7 41.1 9.8 22.9 67.3 29.7 24.3 45.9
23 Meghalaya 93.7 1.1 5.2 73.4 1.4 25.2 89.8 1.2 9.0
24 Manipur 41.8 2.3 55.9 4.9 4.9 90.3 31.2 3.1 65.8
25 Nagaland 97.2 1.9 0.9 77.9 5.6 16.6 91.7 3.0 5.3
26 Goa 14.4 5.9 79.7 0.3 5.5 94.2 7.4 5.7 86.9
27 Arunachal Pradesh 71.6 1.0 27.4 47.0 7.1 45.9 66.3 2.3 31.4
28 Pondicherry * 40.5 59.5 0.3 7.4 92.3 0.2 17.2 82.6
29 Mizoram 99.1 0.0 0.9 97.4 1.4 1.2 98.3 0.6 1.0
30 Chandigarh 2.2 20.8 77.0 0.2 20.0 79.8 0.5 20.1 79.5
31 Sikkim 40.6 7.2 52.3 23.0 8.8 68.2 37.9 7.4 54.7
32 A&N Island 18.0 * 82.0 2.0 * 98.0 12.7 * 87.3
33 D&N Haveli 75.9 7.6 16.6 17.4 1.7 80.9 61.6 6.1 32.3
34 Daman&Diu 11.7 5.8 82.5 0.5 1.0 98.5 7.8 4.2 88.1
35 Lakshadweep 77.5 * 22.5 95.8 * 4.2 85.0 * 15.0
All India 11.2 22.7 66.1 3.3 14.4 82.3 8.8 20.2 71.0
Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June2009). Note: * means nil or negligible.
Condition of houses
To understand the gap in terms of the condition of houses in which the households
belonging to ST and SC social groups live, we have considered the proportion of
households living in ‘good’ condition houses.
Figure 5.1: Gap between ST/SC households and ‘Other’ households in terms of 'good’
houses (Rural+ Urban)
ST SC
RAJ UTKHD
PNJB MP
JHK PNJB
MP WB
HRYN UP
WB ODS
BH KER
HP HRYN
MH RAJ
GUJ DEL
DEL BH
AP CHT
KAR MH
J&K KAR
KER TN
ODS JHK
CHT TN GUJ
ASM AP
UP HP
UTKHD ASM
J&K
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0
Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June 2009). Note : * ST Population less than two
percent of total
From Figure 5.1 we can see that with the exception of Uttarakhand and UP in
all other states ST households were worse than ‘Others’ in terms of the proportion of
households living in ‘good’ houses. Both these were states with a low proportion of ST
housesholds – 2.6 and 0.8 percent of the total – only and hence this ‘impressive’ AR.
Rajasthan had the highest gap with the proportion of ST households living in ‘good’
houses being only 35 percent of the proportion of ‘Other’ households living in ‘good’
condition houses. Rajasthan was closely followed by Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand,
two states with significant proportion of ST households. In Chattisgarh which had the
highest proportion of ST households (37 percent) the gap was comparatively low.
Analysis of the gapbetween SC and ‘Other’ households show that Uttarakhand
(which had a proportion of 20 percent SC households) had the highest gap with only
45 percent of SC households living in ‘good’ houses as a proportion of ‘Other’
households i.e, a gap of 55 per cent
Type of structure
To analyse the gap in terms of the structure of house, we have considered the
proportion of households living in ‘Pucca’ houses. ‘Pucca’ houses are made of
permanent material which can better withstand natural calamities and adverse climatic
conditions.
Figure 5.2: AR of households living in ‘Pucca’ houses (Rural+Urban)
SC
ST
CHT
J&K ODS
WB WB
CHT JHK
JHK MP
RAJ UP
ODS TN
GUJ RAJ
MP KER
MH GUJ
ASM BH
HP KAR
AP J&K
PNJB MH
UP UTKHD
HRYN HRYN
BH AP
KAR PNJB
UTKHD DEL
KER HP
TN ASM
DEL
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Source: NSSO 65th Round. Note * indicates states where ST population is less than
two per cent of total.
From Figure 5.2 we can see that states with a sizeable proportion of ST
households namely Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Odisha had the lowest AR.
This is not surprising as major proportion of ST households in these states live in
forest areas. Compared to ST households SC households had lower gap across states.
Roof Type
To analyse the AR in terms of roof type we have taken ‘concrete’ roof as desirable.
We can see from Figure 5.3 the gap among STs were higher than that of SCs.
Figure 5.3: AR of households living in houses with concrete roof (Rural+Urban)
ST SC
WB MP
ODS KAR
RAJ RAJ
JHK WB
MP HRYN
CHT CHT
PNJB KER
HP PNJB
GUJ MH
ASM ODS
MH
GUJ
J&K
JHK
KAR
BH UP
AP UTKHD
UP TN
KER AP
UTKHD DEL
DEL BH
TN HP
HRYN ASM
0 50 100 150 200 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0
In this case also states with a sizable proportion of ST households had the
highest gap. For instance in Odisha the proportion of ST households with concrete
roof was only 20 percent of ‘Other’ households with concrete roof.
The condition of SCs though better than STs, was considerably worse than
‘Others’. In Madhya Pradesh which had the highest gap, the proportion of SC
households with concrete roof was only 36 percent of ‘Other’ households with
concrete roof.
Floor
The material used for the floor of the house is very important from the point of view of
health and hygiene. For our analysis we have considered cement floor as desirable.
Figure 5.4: AR of households living houses with cement floor (Rural+Urban)
ST SC
MP
MP
CHT
BH
WB
UP CHT
JHK RAJ
WB
PNJB
UTKHD
ODS
JHK
UTKHD
ODS
BH
HRYN
GU
PNJB
J J&K
HP AP
J&K ASM
ASM RAJ
MH HP
KAR KER
KER TN
UP KAR
AP TN DEL
HRYN GUJ
DEL MH
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
0 50 100 150
Our analysis shows that there exist huge disparities in the case of both STs and
SCs. We can see from Figure 5.4 that the states like MP, Chattisgarh and Bengal
which had the highest gap for STs also had the highest gaps for SCs. The condition of
SC households in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Delhi, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu was better
than ‘Other’ households.
Number of living rooms
The number of living rooms a house has is an indicator of the level of congestion and
comfort of the house. To understand the gap in this regard we have considered three or
more living rooms as the desirable attribute. A three room house would indicate a
separate kitchen, living room and a bed-room for an average family size of five
members.
Figure 5.5: AR of households living in houses with three or more living rooms
(Rural+Urban)
ST SC
PNJB HRYN
AP TN
RAJ AP
HRYN DEL
TN UTKHD
GUJ MP
KER PNJB
ODS UP
MH GUJ
MP RAJ
DEL BH
KAR KAR
UP MH
WB WB
HP ODS
J&K KER
JHK J&K
UTKHD CHT
CHT BH HP
ASM JHK
ASM
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150
While in Assam, Bihar and Chattisgarh STs were better than ‘Others’ in terms
of having three or more living rooms, in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Odisha and
Maharashtra they were worse off with huge gap.
In the case of SCs Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Delhi had the
highest gap.
Ventilation
Ventilation is also an important indicator of the quality of housing. Houses with poor
ventilation can have adverse health impacts. We have considered proportion of
households with ‘good’ ventilation for our analysis.
Figure 5.6: AR of households living in houses with good ventilation
ST SC
RAJ HRYN
PNJB MP
BH PNJB
HRYN UTKHD
JHK BH
WB ODS
HP
GUJ JHK
TN UP
WB
KAR KER
ODS DEL
DEL KAR
MP RAJ
MH J&K
AP MH
UP GUJ
KER TN
CHT
AP
HP
ASM
ASM
CHT
J&K
UTKHD
0 50 100 150 200 0 20 40 60 80 100
In terms of good ventilation for STs the gap was highest for Rajasthan, Bihar,
Jharkhand and West Bengal. In the states of Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir,
Chattisgarh and Assam, STs were better than ‘Others’.
As for SCs they were better than ‘Others’ in none of the states. While Assam
and Andhra Pradesh had smaller gap in comparison to other states, Haryana, Madhya
Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand and Bihar had huge gap.
Kitchen Type
To study the gap in this aspect we have considered the proportion of households with
separate kitchen and water tap.
Figure 5.7: AR of households with separate kitchen and water tap
ST SC
HRYN UTKHD
BH JHK
WB HRYN
KER KAR
TN UP
MP
ODS
WB
GUJ RAJ
J&K PNJB
MP BH
MH ODS
RAJ GUJ
PNJB KER
ASM TN
MH
AP
J&K
CHT
AP
KAR DEL
JHK CHT
HP HP
DEL ASM
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150
We can see from figure 5.7 that there exist huge gap between ST-SC and
‘Other’households across states. In Bihar, West Bengal and Kerala as a proportion of
‘Other’ households with separate kitchen and water tap,the AR was only 9 percent, 10
percent and 11 percent respectively for the ST households That shows a huge
disparity between the ST and Others. In the case of SCs, with the exception of Assam
in all other states there existed huge gap (more than 50 percent). Uttarakhand had the
highest gap followed by Jharkhand, Haryana, Karnataka and UP.
Drainage Facility
The presence of proper drainage facility is very important for the health and hygiene of
dwellers. To understand the gap between social groups in this respect we consider the
proportion of households with underground/closed pucca drainage.
Figure 5.8: AR of households with underground/closed pucca drainage (rural+Urban)
ST SC
TN JHK
PNJB UTKHD
WB WB
RAJ PNJB
ODS MP
MP KAR
CHT ODS
KAR AP
BH TN
MH KER
JHK HRYN
KER RAJ
HRYN UP
GUJ BH
AP HP
HP GUJ
ASM MH
DEL CHT
UP J&K
UTKHD DEL
J&K ASM
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
From Figure 5.8 we can see that for both STs and SCs, in majority of the states
there existed a gap of more than 50 percent.
In the case of STs the gap was highest for Tamil Nadu, followed by Punjab,
West Bengal, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha. STs were better off than
‘Others’ in Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, UP and Delhi.
In the case of SCs too Punjab, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha had
huge gaps. It is interesting to note that in Uttarakhand while STs were better off than
‘Others’, SCs were worse off than ‘Others’.
Tap Water
Figure 5.9: AR of households with tap water as major source of drinking water
(Rural+ Urban)
ST SC
BH BH
RAJ CHT
ODS UP
ODS
CHT
MP
HRYN
WB
JHK
UTKHD
ASM
J&K
MP
PNJB
GUJ
MH
J&K
RAJ
WB
KAR
AP
AP
MH
GUJ
PNJB
TN DEL
HRYN
KAR
HP HP
TN
DEL
JHK
UTKHD
UP KER
ASM
KER
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
From Figure 5.9 we can see that for both STs and SCs, the gap was highest in
the states of Bihar, Rajasthan, Odisha and Chattisgarh. We can also see that across the
states the gap was higher for STs compared to SCs.
It is interesting to note that in Kerala for both STs and SCs, the dependence on
tap water was more than that of ‘Others’. It is not surprising given the fact that Kerala
is a state where well the prominent source of drinking water is the open well. The
higher dependence of STs and SCs on tap water may imply their greater reliance on
publicly provided drinking water and location of houses with less water availability or
access to land (especially for SC) and/or economic capacity to construct a well.
Nature of access to drinking water
To understand the gap in the nature of access to major source of drinking water, we
consider the proportion of households with exclusive access to drinking water source.
Figure 5.10: AR of households with exclusive access to drinking water (Rural+Urban)
SC ST
MP AP
ODS MP
KAR ODS
JHK J&K
TN RAJ
BH PNJB
AP GUJ
UP JHK
MH MH
UTKHD KER
KER BH
HRYN KAR
CHT WB
RAJ HP
WB UP
GUJ TN
DEL ASM
PNJB DEL
J&K CHT
HP HRYN
ASM UTKHD
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 50 100 150

From Figure 5.10 we can see that with the exception of Chattisgarh and Assam
all other states with a sizable proportion of ST households such as MP, Odisha,
Gujarat and Rajasthan there existed huge gaps in terms of exclusive access to drinking
water source.
In the case of SCs, they were worse off than ‘Others’ across the states. Figure
also reveals that in the states of Kerala, Gujarat, Punjab, West Bengal and
Rajasthan, SCs were better off than STs whereas in Chattisgarh, Haryana and
Uttarakhand STs were better off than SCs.
Distance to the source of drinking water is also an important aspect of housing. To

understand the gap we considered the proportion of households with drinking water
source within premises.
Figure 5.11: AR of households with drinking water within premises (Rural+ Urban)
ST SC
RAJ MP
MP TN
ODS JHK
PNJB KAR
TN ODS
GUJ BH
JHK UTKHD
AP UP
MH AP
J&K KER
WB WB
KAR MH
BH CHT
HP RAJ
KER HRYN
CHT J&K
UP PNJB
ASM HP
DEL DEL
HRYN GUJ
UTKHD ASM
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150
We can see from Figure 5.11 that in majority of the states STs were worse off
than ‘Others’. The gap was highest in the case of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and
Odisha. Like many other indicators in this also STs were better off than ‘Others’ in
Uttarakhand and Haryana. For SCs also there existed significant gap across the states.
They were however better off compared to STs.
Figure 5.12: AR of households with sufficient drinking water throughout the year
(Rural+Urban)
ST SC
JHK
J&K J&K
RAJ UTKHD
GUJ
KAR
ODS HRYN
WB HP
AP
MH
JHK
ODS
UP KER
MP
MP
ASM
RAJ
BH
TN TN
GUJ
KAR
WB
MH
HRYN CHT
KER BH
PNJB
DEL
UP
PNJB
ASM
UTKHD
CHT
DEL
HP AP
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 5.12 shows that for STs the gap was highest in the case of Jammu &
Kashmir
Latrine Facility
To analyse the gap in the avilability of latrine facility we considered the proportion of
households with latrine facility for the exclusive use of households.
Figure 5.13: AR of households with latrine facility for exclusive use of households
(Rural+ Urban)
ST SC
MP
RAJ
ODS BH
PNJB TN
MP ODS
AP UP
JHK UTKHD
GUJ KAR
MH J&K
KER RAJ
BH AP
HP GUJ
KAR JHK
WB HRYN
CHT MH
HRYN PNJB
DEL DEL
J&K WB
UP CHT
ASM HP
TN KER
UTKHD ASM
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
From figure 5.13 we can see that there exist significant gap between ST-SC
households and ‘Other’ households in this very important indicator of the quality of
housing.
For STs the gap was highest in Rajasthan followed by Odisha, Punjab and
Madhya Pradesh. In the case of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Kerala, the gap was higher
than Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal and UP. In the case of Tamil Nadu and
Uttarakhand, STs were better off than ‘Others’.
For SCs the gap was highest in Madhya Pradesh followed by Bihar, Tamil
Nadu, Odisha and UP.
Electricity
Availability of electricity of domestic use is a very important indicator of the quality

of living.
Figure 5.14: AR of households having electricity for domestic use (Rural+Urban)
ST SC
BH
ODS BH
WB UP
JHK ODS
RAJ JHK
ASM WB
KER RAJ
MH UTKHD
MP MH
CHT KER
AP HRYN
TN KAR
GUJ MP
UP TN
KAR PNJB
PNJB AP
HP CHT
J& HP
K DEL ASM
HRYN GUJ
UTKHD DEL
J&K
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
From Figure 5.14 we can see that for both SCs and STs the gap was highest in the
states of Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Rajasthan. Kerala had a higher
gap compared to other states for both SCs and STs. In all these stats SCs were better
off than STs, the only exception being Uttarakhand.
Chapter 6
Concluding Remarks
In the introductory chapter, we have already summarized the major findings of this
study. The main purpose of this concluding chapter is to comment on the overall
situation of housing and related amenities in the country as well as to point out the
regional and social differences.
At the outset, it must be pointed out that the housing condition captured by
both the Population Censuses as well as by the National Sample Survey closely
resemble each other thereby confirming the overall situation. While some progress in
the quality of housing (revealed by such indicators as the proportion of pucca houses,
durability of materials used for wall and roof, etc.) as well as living amenities such as
having a private latrine, access to drinking water, and electrification of houses have
registered some progress between 2001 and 2011, the country as a whole still faces
significant gaps in assuring a minimum of quality housing and related amenities to its
people. Indeed, in terms of such basic amenities as the availability of floor space,
access to a private toilet facility and access to safe drinking water, India continues to
face a housing question that should be seen as part of its larger social question of many
dimensions.
Drinking water being a major constraint there is need for fresh thinking on the
subject. Given the size and varied climatic conditions, piped water is unlikely to be an
effective answer to this problem. There is need to explore the decentralized
development route which could develop the multiple sources of drinking water with
local management and local level resources. Rain water harvesting and storing as well
as protection and development of wells will have to be considered more seriously than
before. Equally urgent is the need to provide a private toilet facility to all the currently
deprived households both in rural and urban areas.
This study has given a special focus on the situation in rural areas by
separating the progress in housing and related amenities into rural and urban. The
findings clearly point out to the fact that the rural areas of the country not only lag
behind the urban areas in every indicator but the gap is also widening. Of course, this
inequality is not confined to the housing condition only. From a basic economic point
of view, it is reflected in increasing income/consumption inequality as well as in the
quality of employment as well as wages and earnings. Of particular significance here
is the record of high growth rate of the Indian economy during the past three decades
that seems to have only inadequately benefitted the rural areas. This calls for renewed
efforts in rural development and transformation beginning with the further
development of agriculture and related activities assuring significant and gainful
employment generation than before. Increase in employment and income could
contribute to better housing conditions but the latter also could contribute to economic
development through better health, increased productivity as well as social dignity.
State Level Scenario
While the overall picture sums up the housing condition in the country as a whole, it is
important to examine the regional picture given the size of the country and the number
of states that are ultimately responsible for implementing various programmes and
schemes. We have divided the states and Union Territories into two major groups viz.,
(a) 21 Larger States where the total population of a given state is not below 0.5 per
cent of the country’s population, and (b) 14 Smaller States and Union Territories
where the population in each unit is less than 0.5 per cent of the country’s population.
Here there are 9 smaller states and 5 Union Territories.
In general, we find that the ranking of the Indian States in terms of human
development corresponds closely, if not wholly, to the ranking according the housing
condition and related amenities. We list below the first seven states in terms of best
achievements from among the 21 larger states in the country.
Table 6.1: First seven States in terms of best performance in core indicators of housing and related
amenities (Rural and Urban Combined)
HDI ranking ‘Good’ ‘Pucca’ Three Having Drinking Private Electricity
housing housing rooms separate water latrine as the
and kitchen within facility major
above premises source of
lighting
1.Kerala (0.790) 1.HP 1.Haryana 1.Kerala 1.Kerala 1.Punjab 1.Kerala 1.Delhi
2.Delhi (0.750) 2.TN 2.Delhi 2.J& K 2.Assam 2.Delhi 2.Assam 2.HP
3.HP (0.652) 3.AP 3.UTKD 3.Assam, 3.HP 3.Kerala 3.Delhi 3.Punjab
4.Punjab (0.605) 4.Guj 4.Punjab 4.HP 4.GUJ 4.Haryana 4. J&K 4.Kerala
5.MAH (0.572) 5.UTKD 5.HP 5.JHKD 5. J& K 5.Assam 5.TN 5.TN
6.TN (0.570) 6.Kerala 6.Kerala 6.Punjab 6.TN 6. J&K 6.Haryana 6.AP
7.Haryana (0.552) 7.Delhi 7.MAH 7.CHTG 7.Haryana/ 7. GUJ 7.UTKD 7.Karnataka
UTKD
8.J&K(0.529) Note: Column 1 as per the India Human Development Report 2011 (prepared by the
Institute of Applied Manpower Research, New Delhi); Column 2 on ‘Good’ housing as per
Census 2011; all other indicators as per NSS 2008-09.
The picture that emerges from Table 6.1 is worthy of some comments. First of
all, overall human development indicator is a good guide to gauge the housing and
related living condition. Except one state – Maharashtra - all the states that are in the
forefront of HDI also figure in the first seven states ranked in terms of the core
indicators of housing and living conditions selected in the table. Maharashtra, with
one of the highest per capita income as well as the highest rate of industrialization,
figures only in one indicator as a seventh rank holder under ‘pucca’ housing. This
should indeed be a food for thought for those who believe that maximization of per
capita income and industrialization will automatically lead to a better quality of life.
This shows the nature of exclusion, both regionally and socially, leading to a situation
of poor housing condition.
A similar surprise in the reverse direction is the case of Assam. Although

Assam does not figure prominently in terms of HDI, the state figures among the first
seven in four out of the seven core indicators. This calls for a nuanced understanding
of the different indicators of social/human development and be careful in using the
summary indicator of HDI only cautiously and not a synonym for social/human
development. Assam’s relative achievement in having a private toilet facility,
adequate space in the residence, having a separate kitchen and access to drinking water
call for a detailed understanding of the situation.
There is another state – Gujarat – which figures in two of the seven core
indicators but which do not figure among the first seven high HDI states. That means
in some aspects of housing condition, Gujarat seems to have done well from a
comparative perspective but not enough to emerge as a strong contender in a majority
of the indicators. That means it has a long way to go before claiming to be a leading
state let alone a ‘model’ that is sometimes touted around in the current development
discourse in the country.
Among the high human development states, Kerala which has been a front-
ranking one among all states for a considerable period of time is the only state that
figures in all the seven core indicators of housing and living conditions selected here.
That surely speaks of its comparative lead in several dimensions of social/human
development. Of course, as the earlier chapters have shown, Kerala has to continue its
efforts especially in meeting the deficit in housing and living conditions among its SC
and ST people and achieve a much higher rate of success that is certainly within its
reach.
Himachal Pradesh is the next best state as far as housing and living condition is
concerned. It figures in five out of the seven core indicators. Delhi is in a similar
position but it has certain inherent advantages being the national capital of the country.
On the whole the four states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh,
Punjab and Haryana are the leading states in providing a minimum of quality housing
and living amenities to the households.
What about Rural India?
When we examine rural India only what we are trying to find out is about the ‘urban
bias’ which seems to have strengthened since the early 1990s. Interestingly, most of
the states that figure in the first seven ranks also figure when the ranking is done only
for rural India. But there are some important drop outs that could be interpreted as
‘urban bias’ in achieving the relatively better overall performance. In terms of ‘good’
housing one state - Gujarat – drops out of the list in rural ranking and in its place
Punjab comes in the fourth position. As for ‘pucca’ housing, Maharashtra is absent in
the rural ranking and in its place the undivided Andhra Pradesh comes in. As for the
availability of adequate space within the residence (three rooms and above),
Chhattisgarh drops out and in its place Uttarakhand comes in. In terms of having a
separate kitchen, both Gujarat and Haryana drops out and in their place Karnataka and
Delhi enter the first seven states. Gujarat gets dropped out from the indicator of
‘access to drinking water’ and Bihar takes the place. In terms of having a private
latrine facility three states – Assam, Jammu and Kashmir and Tamil Nadu – get
dropped out and their places are taken by Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Gujarat. For
electricity as a source of lighting, Karnataka gives way to Uttarakhand.
While this is an interesting finding, that by itself cannot be counted as absence

of ‘urban bias’ because we are only ranking the states according to their performance
in housing condition in rural areas. As we have shown and discussed in Chapter 4, in
most states the housing condition in urban areas is considerably better than that in
rural areas. However, the gap is either negligible or low in six states that are
prominent in the first seven rank holders. These states are Delhi, Himachal Pradesh,
Kerala, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Even here, there are some glaring gaps in
a few basic indicators such as access to a private latrine facility and access to drinking
water.
At the other end, the highest rural-urban gap is largely, if not only, among
those states in eastern India which are also laggards in overall performance when rural
and urban areas are combined. This of course is a double disadvantage that the rural
households find them in.
Table 6.2: First seven States in terms of best performance in core indicators of housing and related
amenities ( Rural Only)
‘Good’ ‘Pucca’ Three Having Drinking Private Electricity as the
housing housing rooms and separate water within latrine major source of
above kitchen premises facility lighting
1.Delhi 1.Delhi 1.Kerala 1.Kerala 1.Punjab 1.Delhi 1.Delhi
2.Kerala 2.Haryana 2.J&K 2. Assam 2.Kerala 2.Kerala 2.HP
3.AP 3.UTKD 3.Assam 3.HP 3.Delhi 3.HP 3.Punjab
4.Punjab 4.Punjab 4.HP 4.KAR 4.Assam 4.Punjab 4.Kerala
5.HP 5.HP 5.JHKD 5. J&K 5.Haryana 5.UTKD 5.TN
6.Gujarat 6.Kerala 6.Punjab 6.Delhi 6.Bihar 6. Haryana 6.AP
7.Haryana 7.AP 7.UTKD 7.TN 7.J&K 7.Gujarat 7.UTKD
Note: Column 1 on ‘Good’ housing as per Census 2011; all other indicators as per NSS 2008-09.
What about the Social Dimension?
While rural-urban divide in housing and living amenities is quite prominent, as in the
case of many other social and human development indicators, the social divide seems
to be a more prominent feature. Here we focus mainly on the plight of ST and SC
communities viz-a-viz Others who consist of the socially advantaged groups as well as
somewhat less advantages groups called the OBC and the Muslims.
First let us take the case of Scheduled Tribe households. The two states that
figure in the first seven among the Larger States are Uttarakhand and Tamil Nadu with
the former registering a much better performance. The next three states are Delhi,
Himachal Pradesh and Kerala. It must however be mentioned that the performance of
Kerala with regard to the coverage of ST population is quite low compared to its
coverage of the other segments viz. SC and Others.
It needs to be emphasized that of these five states, all but one are also the ones
with relatively high HDI. Therefore, their performance should also be viewed as part
of a larger process of human and social development.
Among the Smaller States the first three best performing ones (constituting
one-third of the total Small States) are those from the North East as far as coverage of
ST population is covered. That these states have a significant share of ST in their
population might have worked as a favourable factor.
As for the SC group is concerned, the best performing ones are Punjab and
Himachal Pradesh followed by Delhi. The other states that figure in the well
performing list are Haryana, Gujarat, Kerala, Assam, Uttarakhand, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharsshtra. This shows that the states with a better
record are quite scattered in the case of SC population than that of ST as well as
Others. The best performers are also the ones with a relatively high rank in HDI.
What is surprising is that Kerala figures quite low in two indicators and absent in
others. As in the case of ST, Kerala’s record in covering the SC population is in
contrast with its overall high performance in housing conditions as well as the HDI.
Among Smaller States the first three front runners are Goa, Pondicherry and
Sikkim as well as Meghalaya and Mizoram. That some of the North Eastern States
such as Meghalaya, Mizoram and Sikkim are sensitive to all segments of the
population is something that should be noted. Same is the case with the State of Goa
given its all round achievement in several indicators of human developments that are
reflected in the housing condition too.
In the case of social groups under ‘Others’, we must point out that this is quite
a varied group consisting of the traditionally socially advantaged groups of upper caste
Hindus, Jains, Christians and Sikhs and other religions as well as those who are
considered as intermediate groups such as OBC as well as Muslims. In this case only
Punjab and Delhi figure as front ranking ones in all core indicators. Others are quite
scattered including Kerala and Himachal Pradesh which are otherwise front ranking in
many indicators of human and social development.
Three main lessons that need to be drawn from this study need to be
emphasized. One, the overall scenario with regard to basic amenities of living
including housing is concerned, India has a huge deficit to fill. Two, the neglect of
rural India is quite prominent and that constitutes itself as a major challenge. Third,
there is a sharp divide in most states, if not all, with regard to the condition of ST and
SC households and Others. This social dimension calls for a special focus on these
two communities which together constitute about a quarter of the Indian people.
Table 6.3: First seven States among the Larger States and the first three States among the Smaller
States in terms of best performance in core indicators of housing and related amenities for ST, SC
and ‘Others’( Rural and Urban combined)
Good housing Pucca housing
ST SC Others ST SC Others
1.UTKD(55.5) 1.AP (45.0) 1.PNB (65.2) 1.DEL (100.0) 1.DEL (90.1) 1.HAR (97.6)
2.TN (47.7) 2.HP (43.1) 2.AP (58.5) 2.UTKD(86.2) 2.PNB (88.5) 2.PNB (96.4)
3.KER (46.2) 3.GUJ (42.4) 3.GUJ (57.7) 3. KER (73.3) 3.HAR (88.2) 3.UTKD(96.0)
4.AP (44.2) 4.J&K (36.3) 4.DEL (54.3) 4.TN (71.1) 4.UTKD(86.3) 4.DEL (95.8)
5.KAR (41.3) 5.KAR (35.9) 5.KER (53.9) 5. HP (60.0) 5.HP (79.4) 5.GUJ (83.9)
6.GUJ (40.8) 6.TN (35.9) 6.KAR (52.9) 6. AP (58.9) 6.MAH (74.6) 6.HP (83.2)
7.DEL(38.4) 7.PNB (34.8) 7.TN (52.2) 7. KAR (56.) 7.AP (72.4) 7.MAH (83.0)
Smaller States
1.MEG(58.3) 1.MEG(55.8) 1.MEG 1.GOA (89.6) 1.GOA(67.0) 1.NAG (86.9)
(68.3)
2.SIKM (57.0) 2.MAN (48.3) 2.PON (66.7) 2.MIZO (67.3) 2.PON (50.3) 2.PON (84.8)
3.MIZO (53.2) 3.ARP (48.3) 3.SIK (63.9) 3.SIKM (62.2) 3.SIK (46.7) 3.MEG (66.1)
Source: All columns computed from unit level data from NSS 65 th Round (2008-09). Note: Those states
with less than one per cent of the total population in SC or ST categories are ignored in the ranking.
Electricity Private latrine facility Drinking water within premises
ST SC Others ST SC Others ST SC Others
Larger States
1.DEL(100) 1.J&K(98.2) 1.HP (99.2) 1.ASM (79.3) 1.ASM(79.7) 1.KER(91.1) 1.DEL(92.4) 1.DEL (79.4) 1.PNB (92.4)
2.HP (97.9) 2.DEL(98.2) 2.PNB(98.6) 2.UTKD(47.5) 2.KER (77.5) 2.ASM 2.UTKD 2.PNB (72.5) 2.DEL (86.1)
(80.3) (68.3)
3.J&K(96.4) 3.HP(7.4) 3.DEL(98.5) 3.J&K (47.5 3.DEL (49.9) 3.DEL 3.ASM (63.7) 3.ASM(59.5) 3. KER (76.9)
(64.9)
4.UTKD 4.PNB(95.3) 4.KAR(97.0)) 4.KER (39.2) 4.PNB (41.4) 4.PNB 4.KER (31.0) 4.GUJ (49.3) 4.GUJ (73.8)
(94.2) (63.2)
5.KAR(92.5) 5.GUJ(94.2) 5.TN (96.2) 5.TN (38.3) 5.WB (37.3) 5.J&K 5.TN (31.1) 5.KER (47.0) 5.HAR (73.5)
(60.6)
6.GUJ(87.4) 6.HAR 6.J&K (96.0) 6.WB (24.2) 6.HP (35.8) 6.HAR 6.CHT (30.9) 6.J&K (46.0) 6.BHR (69.0)
(89.8) (57.2)
7.TN(86.0) 7.CHT(89.1) 7.AP (95.8) 7.HP (21.0) 7.HAR (35.7) 7.UTKD 7.HP (29.9) 7.HP (45.5) 7.ASM (^8.5)
(50.9)
Smaller States
1.GOA(100) 1.NAG(99.6) 1.NAG(100) 1.MIZ (96.5) 1.MEG(85.2) 1.MIZ (84.3) 1.SIK (64.9) 1.ARP (96.1) 1.GOA (92.4)
2.PON(100) 2.PON(98.7) 2.GOA(99.7) 2.MAN (92.2) 2.MAN(84.3) 2.MAN (81.3) 2.NAG (61.1) 2.GOA(87.4) 2.PON (86.3)
3.NAG(99.2) 3.MIZ(98.6) 3.MAN(98.4) 3.SIK (88.5) 3.MIZ (78.2) 3.SIK (79.7) 3.ARP (36.8) 3.PON (71.5) 3.SIK (72.0)
Source: Computed from unit level data from NSS 65 th Round (2008-09). Note: Those states with less than one per cent of the total population in SC or
ST categories are ignored in the ranking. Note: Drinking water within premises refer to access to water for ‘households exclusive use or common use
of the household in the building’.
131
Appendix to Chapter 2
Concepts and definitions
1. Census
Premises
Premises means building along with the land and/or common places in case of
apartments/ flats/multi-storey buildings attached to it. A building may not always have
a compound wall or fencing. In such cases, the land or the common place as the case
may be, that is available to the household may be treated as 'Premises'.
Building
'Building' is generally a single structure on the ground. Usually a structure will have
four walls and a roof. Sometimes it is made up of more than one component unit
which are used or likely to be used as dwellings (residences) or establishments such as
shops, business houses, offices, factories, workshops, work sheds, schools, places of
entertainment, places of worship, godowns, stores, etc. It is also possible that buildings
which have component units may be used for a combination of purposes such as
residence-cum-shop, residencecum- workshop, residence-cum-office, residence-cum-
doctor's clinic etc.
Census House
'Census House' is a building or part of a building used or recognized as a separate unit
because of having a separate main entrance from the road or common courtyard or
staircase etc. It may be occupied or vacant. It may be used for a residential or non-
residential purpose or both.
If a building has a number of Flats or Blocks/Wings, which are independent of one

another having separate entrances of their own from the road or a common staircase or
a common courtyard leading to a main gate, these will be considered as separate
Census houses.
Household
'Household' is usually a group of persons who normally live together and take their
meals from a common kitchen unless the exigencies of work prevent any of them from
doing so.
The persons in a household may be related or unrelated or a mix of both. However, if a

group of unrelated persons live in a Census house but do not take their meals from the
common kitchen, then they will not collectively constitute a household. Each such
person should be treated as a separate household. The important link in finding out
whether it is a household or not is a common kitchen. There may be one member
households, two member households or multi-member households.
You may come across three types of households namely, i) Normal households, ii)
Institutional households and iii) Houseless households.
In a few situations, it may be difficult to apply the definition of household strictly as
given above. For example, a person living alone in a Census house, whether cooking
meals or not, will have to be treated as a household. Similarly, if husband and wife or
a group of related persons are normally living together in a Census house but are
getting cooked meals from outside due to some reason, will also constitute a normal
household. [*In House-listing, you are required to cover only the normal and
institutional households.]
Other non-residential use

This category will cover the Census houses used as places of entertainment and
community gathering and all other non-residential miscellaneous uses of the Census
houses which have not been covered in any of the above categories
Vacant
If a Census house is found vacant at the time of house-listing i.e. no person is living in
it and it is not being used for any other non-residential purpose
Place of worship:
If the Census house is exclusively used as a temple or gurudwara or mosque or church
or any other place of worship
Factory/workshop/work-shed etc. :
If the Census house is exclusively used for running a factory or a workshop or used as
a work-shed, record factory/workshop/work-shed
Residence-cum-other use
If the Census house is used for residence in combination with one or more non-
residential purpose(s). This situation will apply to those houses which have only one
access but are used for residence in combination with non-residential use(s).
Residence
Where the Census house is used for residence only [and not in combination with one
or more other purpose(s)].
Dilapidated
Those houses which are showing signs of decay or those breaking down and require
major repairs or those houses decayed or ruined and are far from being in conditions
that can be restored or repaired may be considered as 'Dilapidated'.
Livable
Those houses which require minor repairs may be considered as 'Livable’.
Good
Those houses which do not require any repairs and in good condition may be
considered as 'Good'.
Owned
If a household is occupying the Census house owned by itself and is not making
payments in the form of rent to anyone, then the household may be considered as
living in owned house. A household living in a Flat or a house taken on 'ownership'
basis on payment of installments, should also be regarded as owning the house,
notwithstanding the fact that all the installments have not been paid
Dwelling Room
A dwelling room would include living room, bedroom, dining room, drawing room,
study room, servant's room and other habitable rooms provided they satisfy the
criterion of their dimensions. Do not include kitchen, bathroom, latrine, store room,
passageway and veranda which are not normally usable for living. A room, used for
multipurpose such as sleeping, sitting, dining, storing, cooking, etc., should be
regarded as a dwelling room.
Main source of drinking water

If a household gets drinking water from two or more sources, the source availed of
more or during the greater part of the year should be recorded
Availability of drinking water source

The drinking water source available 'Near the premises', i.e., code '2' will be
considered only if the available source is within a range of 100 meter from the
premises in urban areas and within a distance of 500 meters in the case of Rural areas.
Latrine within the premises

The latrine facility can be exclusive or it may be combined with the place for bathing.
In this situation both the facility of latrine and bathroom will be treated as available.
2. National Sample Survey, 65th Round
Household: A group of persons who normally lived together and took food from a
common kitchen constituted a household. The adverb “normally” meant that the
temporary visitors and guests (whose total period of stay in the household was
expected to be less than 6 months) were excluded but the temporary stay-aways
(whose total period of absence from the household was expected to be less than 6
months) were included. Thus a child residing in a hostel for studies was excluded from
the household of his/her parents, but a resident domestic servant or paying guest (but
not just a tenant in the house) was included in the employer’s/host’s household.
“Living together” was given more importance than “sharing food from a common
kitchen” in drawing the boundaries of a household in case the two criteria were in
conflict. However, in the special case of a person taking food with his family but
sleeping elsewhere (say, in a shop or a different house) due to shortage of space, the
household formed by such a person’s family members was taken to include the person
also. Each inmate of a hotel, mess, boarding-lodging house, hostel, etc., was
considered to be a single-member household except that a family living in a hotel (say)
was considered one household only. The same principle was applicable for the
residential staff of such establishments. The size of a household is the total number of
persons in the household.
House: Every structure, tent, shelter, etc., was a house irrespective of its use. It might
be
used for residential or non-residential purpose or both or even might be vacant.
Building: Building was a free-standing structure comprising one or more rooms or
other spaces covered by a roof and usually enclosed within external walls or dividing
walls which extended from the foundation to the roof. Dividing walls referred to the
walls of adjoining buildings, i.e., dividing walls of a row of houses. These houses were
practically independent of one another and likely to have been built at different times
and owned by different persons. If more than one physically separated structure
constituted one living unit, all of them together also formed a building. Usually,
building would have four external walls. But in some areas the nature of building
construction was such that it had no walls. Instead, it had a slanting roof which almost
touched the ground and it was provided with an entrance. Such structures and also
structures standing only on pillars were also be treated as buildings for the purpose of
the survey.
Dwelling unit: It was the accommodation availed of by a household for its residential
purpose. It might be an entire structure or a part thereof or consisting of more than one
structure. There might be cases of more than one household occupying a single
structure as those living in independent flats or sharing a single housing unit, in which
case, there would be as many dwelling units as the number of households sharing the
structure. There might also be cases of one household occupying more than one
structure (i.e. detached structures for sitting, sleeping, cooking, bathing, etc) for its
housing accommodation. In this case, all the structures together constituted a single
dwelling unit. In general, a dwelling unit consisted of living room, kitchen, store, bath,
latrine, garage, open and closed veranda etc. A structure or a portion thereof used
exclusively for non-residential purposes or let out to other households did not form
part of the dwelling unit of the household under consideration. However, a portion of a
structure used for both residential and non-residential purposes was treated as part of
the dwelling unit except when the use of such portion for residential purpose was very
nominal. The dwelling unit covered all pucca, semi-pucca and katcha structures used
by a household. Households living more or less regularly under bridges, in pipes,
under staircase, in purely temporary flimsy improvisations built by the road side
(which were liable to be removed at any moment) etc., were considered to have no
dwelling.
Pucca structure: A pucca structure was one whose walls and roofs are made of pucca
materials such as cement, concrete, oven burnt bricks, hollow cement / ash bricks,
stone, stone blocks, jack boards (cement plastered reeds), iron, zinc or other metal
sheets, timber, tiles, slate, corrugated iron, asbestos cement sheet, veneer, plywood,
artificial wood of synthetic material and poly vinyl chloride (PVC) material.
Katcha structure: A structure which had walls and roof made of non-pucca materials
was regarded as a katcha structure. Non-pucca materials included unburnt bricks,
bamboo, mud, grass, leaves, reeds, thatch, etc. Katcha structures could be of the
following two types:
(a) Unserviceable katcha structure included all structures with thatch walls and
thatch roof, i.e., walls made of grass, leaves, reeds, etc. and roof of a similar material
and
(b) Serviceable katcha structure included all katcha structures other than
unserviceable katcha structures.
Semi-pucca structure: A structure which could not be classified as a pucca or a
katcha structure as per definition was a semi-pucca structure. Such a structure had
either the walls or the roof but not both made of pucca materials.
Independent house: An independent house was one which had a separate structure
and entrance with self-contained arrangements. In other words, if the dwelling unit and
the entire structure of the house were physically the same, it was considered as an
independent house. In some parts, particularly in rural areas, two or more structures
together might constitute a single housing unit. While the main residence might be in
one of the structures, the other structures might be used for sleeping, sitting and for
store, bath etc. In all such cases, all the structures together formed a single housing
unit and were treated as an independent house.
Flat: A flat, generally, was a part of the building and had one or more rooms with self-
contained arrangements and normal housing facilities like water supply, latrine, toilet,
etc., which were used exclusively by the household residing therein or jointly with
other households. It also included detached room or rooms with or without other
housing facilities.
Room: A room was a constructed area with walls or partitions on all side with at least
one door way and a roof overhead. Wall / partition meant a continuous solid structure
(except for the doors, windows, ventilators, air-holes, etc.) extending from floor to
ceiling. A constructed space with grill or net on one or more sides in place of wall or
partition was not treated as a room. In case of conical shaped structures in which the
roof itself was built to the floor level, the roof was also regarded as wall.
Living room: A room with floor area (carpet area) of at least 4 square metres, a height
of at least 2 metres from the floor to the highest point in the ceiling and used for living
purposes was considered as a living room. Thus, rooms used as bedroom, sitting room,
prayer room, dining room, servant’s room - all were considered as living rooms
provided they satisfied the size criterion. Kitchen, bathroom, latrine, store, garage etc.
were not living rooms. A room which was used in common for living purpose and as
kitchen or store was also considered as living room.
Other room: It was a room which does not satisfy the specification of 4 square metres
floor area and 2 metres height from the floor to the highest point of the ceiling or a
room which though satisfied the specification was not used for living purposes. A
room which satisfied the size criterion when shared by more than one household or
when used for both residential and business purposes was treated as other room.
Veranda: It is a roofed space often without a door adjacent to living/other room. It is

generally used as an access to the room(s) and is not walled from all sides. In other
words, at least one side of such space is either open or walled only to some height or
protected by grill, net, etc. A veranda was considered as a ‘covered veranda’, if it was
protected from all sides and an ‘uncovered veranda’, if was not protected at least from
any one of the sides. A covered veranda might have a door also. Corridor or passage
within the dwelling unit was treated as portion of a room or a veranda depending on its
layout. However, veranda did not cover a common corridor or passage used mainly as
an access to the dwelling itself.
Earner of a household, place of work and maximum distance travelled by the
earner: A household member with earning either from economic activities and/or
from non-economic activities was considered as an earner in the household. Place of
work meant a place where the activities, considering both the economic and non-
economic activities together, were performed by the earners. Distance meant the one
way actual distance from residence to the place of work normally travelled by the
earner.
Major source of drinking: Information in respect of the household’s major source of

drinking water during the last 365 days was collected. Since a household might have
used more than one source of drinking water, provision was made to record two such
sources. First major source was the one that related to that source of drinking water
which was used most by the household and the second major source was the one
which was the next most used source of drinking water. The classifications of the
sources of drinking water of the household were as follows: bottled water, tap, tube
well/hand pump, well: protected, unprotected, tank/pond (reserved for drinking), other
tank/pond, river/canal/lake/spring, harvested rainwater, others.
Bottled water: Drinking water packaged in bottles, pouches, and similar containers
were classified as ‘bottled water’. Generally this packaged drinking water conformed
to certain safety standards and were considered safe for drinking. However, tap water,
well water, etc., kept by households in bottles, for convenience, was not be treated as
bottled drinking water.
Well: A ‘well’ was considered as protected, if it had generally the following protective
measures to lower the risk of contamination: 1) A headwall around the well with a
properly fitting cover, 2) A concrete drainage platform around the well with a drainage
channel, 3) A hand pump or bucket with windlass.
A ‘well’ without the protective measures to lower the risk of contamination was
considered an ‘unprotected well’. Rainwater harvesting was the gathering or
accumulating and storing of rainwater. Traditionally, rainwater harvesting is practiced
in arid and semi-arid areas, and had provided drinking water, domestic water, water
for livestock, etc. The other codes are self-explanatory.
Sufficiency of drinking water: This information was collected in respect of the most
often used source. Thus, information was collected on whether availability of drinking
water was sufficient throughout the year from the first source (most often used
source). However, for collecting this information, the investigator had to depend on
the judgement of the informant. For the households which did not get sufficient
drinking water throughout the year from the first source (most often used source),
information was collected regarding the calendar months of the year during which
availability of drinking water was not sufficient from the first source.
Type of use of drinking water facility:For the households which had more than one
sources of drinking water, information for this item related to the first source (most
often used source). Information was recorded regarding whether the household’s first
source of drinking water was for: a) household’s exclusive use; if the source was for
the exclusive use of the household, b) common use of households in the building; if the
source was shared by the households with one of more households in the building, c)
community use; if for use of households in the locality or, d) others.
Facility of bathroom: Information about the bathroom facility available to the

members of the household was recorded as follows: a) attached bathroom: b) detached
bathroom and c) no bathroom. If the dwelling unit had no bathroom in its premises, it
was considered as having no bathroom. If the dwelling unit had one or more
bathrooms attached to the dwelling unit (i.e., with direct access from its rooms,
veranda or corridor) it was treated as with attached bathroom. On the other hand, if
the dwelling unit had a bathroom in its premises but not attached to dwelling unit it
was considered as detached bathroom.
Type of use of latrine facility: Information was collected on whether the household’s
latrine facility was for its exclusive use or shared with one or more households in the
building or for use of households in the locality or whether the household had no
latrine facility. If the latrine facility was for exclusive use of the household, these were
classified as for exclusive use of household. If the latrine facility was shared by the
household with one or more households in the building, these were classified as
shared latrine with other household(s). If the latrine facility was for use of the
households in the locality, or was for a specific section of people, these were treated as
public/community latrine. If the household had no access to latrine facility, i.e., if its
members used open area as latrine, these were treated as having no latrine.
Type of latrine (viz., flush, septic tank, pit latrine and service latrine): A latrine
connected to underground sewerage system was called flush system latrine. A latrine
connected to underground septic chambers was considered as a septic tank latrine. A
latrine connected to a pit dug in earth was called a pit latrine. In a few areas, one might
still come across latrines that were serviced by scavengers. These were called service
latrines.
Electricity for domestic use: Information was collected on whether the household
had electricity facilities for domestic use. The use of the electricity for domestic use
might be for lighting or cooking or for both. Moreover, electricity might be used
legally or illegally and the electricity might be supplied to the household either
through public agencies, corporations or by private suppliers. However, if the
household made its own arrangement, either through generator or solar panel, to
generate electricity, the household was not considered as having electricity for
domestic use.
.
Condition of structure: Condition of structure meant the physical condition of the
structure of the house. The specific types of conditions in which the house was
classified were: a) good, b) satisfactory, c) bad. If the structure did not require any
immediate repairs, major or minor, it was regarded as in ‘good’ condition. If the
structure required immediate minor repairs but not major repairs, it was regarded as in
‘satisfactory’ condition. If the structure of the building required immediate major
repairs without which it might be unsafe for habitation or required to be demolished
and rebuilt, it was regarded as in ‘bad’ condition.
Ventilation of the dwelling unit: Information as to whether, in general, ventilation of

the dwelling unit was good, satisfactory or bad was collected. Ventilation meant the
extent to which the rooms were open to air and light. Ventilation of all the rooms in
the dwelling unit was considered. For assessing the situation the following guidelines
were followed: (i) If the majority of the rooms had two or more windows with
arrangement for cross ventilation, the dwelling unit was considered as having ‘good’
ventilation. (ii) If the majority of the rooms had two or more windows without having
any arrangement for cross ventilation or if majority of the living rooms had only a
single window each with proper arrangement for cross ventilation, the dwelling unit
was considered to have a ‘satisfactory’ ventilation arrangement.
(iii) If the majority of the rooms had no window or had only one window each
without
any arrangement for cross ventilation, the dwelling unit was considered to have ‘bad’
ventilation. However, in some cases, if the rooms of the dwelling unit had no proper
ventilation, as per the criteria mentioned above, but the rooms had proper air-
conditioning facility, such cases were considered as ‘good’ ventilation.
Drainage arrangement: Drainage arrangement meant a system for carrying off waste
water and liquid waste of the house. It may be noted that if no system existed to carry
off the waste water of the house, but water flowed down by its own gravity, in an
unregulated manner, it was considered as no drainage.
Garbage collection arrangement: Garbage collection arrangement meant the

arrangement which usually exist to carry away the refuse and waste of households to
some dumping place away from the residential areas. In some places, the public bodies
collected the garbage from the premises of the household or from some fixed points in
the locality where the residents put their garbage; in others, a body of residents
themselves made the arrangement of carrying the garbage to the final dumping place
away from residential areas without participation of any public body.
Animal shed: Animal shed for the purpose of this survey, meant a structure where
livestock (cattle, buffalo, horse, goat, pig, etc. but not poultry and pets) were sheltered.
If there was no animal shed within 100 feet of the house (even on the adjacent plots) it
was considered as having no animal shed. If there was an animal shed in the house or
attached to the house, it was considered as a house with attached animal shed. If there
was an animal shed within 100 feet of the house but not within / attached to, it was
identified as a house with detached animal shed. It was not necessary that the animals
and / or the shed was owned or possessed by any household in the house.
Experience of flood during last 5 years: If rain water during monsoon and / or water
from sea, river, etc., entered into the ground floor of the house, or though water did not
enter the house but the house was surrounded by water for some days then the house
was considered to have experienced flood.
Volume II
Detailed Statistical Tables
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER TWO
Table 1: Distribution of households by the condition of the structure of houses

(in percentages)
2001 2011
Good 50.2 44.8 64.2 53.1 45.9 68.4
Liveable 44.3 48.9 32.2 41.5 47.6 28.7
Dilapidated 5.5 6.2 3.6 5.4 6.5 2.9
Table 2: Growth and % point difference between 2001 and 2011


Good 35.85 24.26 56.70 2.90 1.10 4.20
Livable 20.60 18.04 30.63 -2.80 -1.30 -3.50
Dilapidated 25.11 26.79 17.59 -0.10 0.30 -0.70
Table 3: Growth and percentage point difference between 2001 and 2011 in the
predominant material used for flooring
Mud 4.69 5.18 -0.31 -10.60 -9.70 -5.80
Wood/Bamboo 19.97 17.47 32.41 -0.10 -0.10 0.00
Burnt Bricks 28.98 35.11 18.36 0.00 0.30 -0.60
Stone 80.88 67.53 97.72 2.30 1.70 3.10
Cement 50.96 63.02 39.36 4.60 6.20 -2.50
Mosaic/Floor Tiles 90.74 107.98 86.02 3.50 1.50 5.40
Table 4: Distribution of households by their major source of drinking water and distance to
the source (in percentages) [Rural+Urban]
Within Near Away from
Total Households Premises Premises Premises
2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011
Tap Water 36.70 43.54 53.43 57.57 29.37 37.14 17.11 19.38
Tap water from treated source n.a. 31.97 n.a. 46.92 n.a. 22.42 n.a. 11.82
Tap water from untreated source n.a. 11.57 n.a. 10.65 n.a. 14.72 n.a. 7.57
Well 18.17 11.02 13.32 8.53 18.39 10.51 28.90 18.66
Covered Well n.a. 1.58 n.a. 1.85 n.a. 1.16 n.a. 1.73
Uncovered Well n.a. 9.44 n.a. 6.69 n.a. 9.35 n.a. 16.93
Handpump 35.66 33.48 28.52 25.43 43.01 40.40 32.82 40.71

Tubewell/Borehole 5.56 8.48 4.20 8.46 5.63 7.70 8.56 10.11
Spring 0.74 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.72 0.52 2.50 1.96
River/Canal 1.01 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.98 0.69 3.48 2.17
Tank/Pond/Lake 1.01 0.84 0.36 0.00 1.01 1.38 2.52 1.98

Other Sources 1.15 1.48 0.18 0.00 0.89 1.65 4.11 5.03
Away Away
Total Within Near Total Within Near
from from
Households Premises Premises Households Premises Premises
Premises Premises
Tap Water 52.46 65.55 31.36 53.27 -7.15 -4.78 -7.88 -10.24
Well -22.05 -1.56 -40.64 -12.65 -0.20 0.00 -0.20 -0.54
Handpump 20.66 37.01 -2.42 67.84 0.32 -0.18 0.76 0.92
Spring -7.16 - -24.61 6.21 -7.15 -4.78 -7.88 -10.24
River/Canal -20.23 - -26.30 -15.71 -2.18 -3.09 -2.61 7.89
Tank/Pond/Lake 7.15 -100.00 41.51 6.16 2.92 4.26 2.07 1.55
Other Sources 64.71 -100.00 92.64 65.64 -0.20 0.00 -0.20 -0.54
Source :Census 2001 and 2011
Tables 6: Distribution of Households by Main Source of Drinking Water and distance to the source (in percentages) [Rural]
Total Households Within Premises Near Premises Away from Premises
RURAL 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Tap Water 24.29 30.81 33.48 40.03 23.63 31.10 12.53 15.59
Well 22.23 13.31 19.19 10.86 20.34 11.68 31.68 20.37

Handpump 43.20 43.64 42.57 40.95 46.73 45.75 34.78 43.81

Spring 0.93 0.71 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.53 2.75 2.17
River/Canal 1.33 0.84 0.00 0.00 1.09 0.73 3.93 2.40

Tank/Pond/Lake 1.28 1.06 0.59 0.00 1.12 1.44 2.73 1.99
Other Sources 1.01 1.36 0.19 0.00 0.66 1.19 3.14 3.84
Tables 7: Distribution of Households by Main Source of Drinking Water (in percentages) [Urban]
Total Households Within Premises Near Premises Away from Premises
URBAN 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Tap Water 68.66 70.63 75.99 75.92 59.70 63.75 41.67 41.50
Well 7.71 6.15 6.67 6.10 8.08 5.35 13.96 8.66

Handpump 16.24 11.86 12.63 9.20 23.34 16.82 22.31 22.66

Spring 0.25 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.55 0.50 1.15 0.76
River/Canal 0.19 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.52 1.02 0.82

Tank/Pond/Lake 0.31 0.38 0.10 0.00 0.46 1.11 1.39 1.92
Other Sources 1.52 1.74 0.18 0.00 2.11 3.72 9.33 12.00
Table 8: Households by Bathing Facility
2001 2011
Bathroom 36.1 22.8 70.4 42 25.4 77.5
Enclosures Without Roof n.a. n.a. n.a. 16.4 19.7 9.5
No 63.9 77.2 29.6 41.6 55 13

Bathroom 49.46 34.77 61.72 5.90 2.60 7.10
Enclosures Without Roof n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
No -16.34 -13.50 -35.39 -22.30 -22.20 -16.60
Table 10: Households by Type of Latrine Facility
2001 2011
Latrine Facility Within the Premises n.a. n.a. n.a. 46.9 30.7 81.4
Water Closet 18 7.1 46.1 36.4 19.4 72.6
Pit Latrine 11.5 10.3 14.6 9.4 10.5 7.1
Other Latrine 6.9 4.5 13 1.1 0.8 1.7
No Latrine within the Premises 63.6 78.1 26.3 53.1 69.3 18.6
Table 11: Growth and percentage point difference between 2001 and 2011
Latrine Facility Within the
n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Premises
Water Closet 159.70 231.57 131.15 18.40 12.30 26.50
Pit Latrine 5.45 24.20 -28.61 -2.10 0.20 -7.50
Other Latrine -80.27 -79.51 -80.95 -5.80 -3.70 -11.30
No Latrine within the Premises 7.27 7.67 4.20 -10.50 -8.80 -7.70
Table 12: Growth and % point difference between 2001 and 2011 source of
lighting

Electricity 54.74 54.22 55.42 11.40 11.80 5.10
Kerosene -6.72 -5.80 -18.00 -11.90 -12.40 -5.10
Solar Energy 107.99 132.29 33.21 0.10 0.20 0.00
Other Oil 174.14 179.08 155.24 0.10 0.10 0.00
Any Other 61.57 59.11 68.74 0.00 0.00 0.06
No Lighting 89.41 110.56 41.57 0.20 0.20 -0.10
APPENDIX TABLES TO
CHAPTER THREE
Table 1:Distibution of households by the condition of
structure (in percentages)
States Good Liveable Dilapidated
Larger States
UP 43 51 7
Maharashtra 64 32 4
Bihar 36 57 7
West Bengal 41 47 12
Andhra Pradesh 70 27 3
Madhya Pradesh 52 44 4
Tamil Nadu 70 28 2
Rajasthan 51 45 4
Karnataka 60 36 4
Gujrat 67 31 2
Orissa 30 62 8
Kerala 66 28 5
Jharkhand 43 52 4
Assam 33 56 11
Punjab 50 43 7
Chattisgarh 47 50 4
Haryana 54 42 4
Delhi 66 31 3
Jammu&Kashmir 54 42 4
Uttaranchal 67 30 3
Himachal Pradesh 72 26 2
Smaller States
Tripura 54 41 5
Meghalaya 48 46 6
Manipur 54 41 5
Nagaland 52 46 2
Goa 76 22 2
Arunachal Pradesh 52 45 3
Pondicherry 75 23 2
Mizoram 62 35 3
Chandigarh 69 27 4
Sikkim 57 38 5
A&N Island 67 31 2
D&N Haveli 67 33 1
Daman&Diu 68 31 1
Lakshadweep 79 21 1
All INDIA 53 42 5
Source: Census 2011
Table 2: Distribution of households by the condition of the
structure of houses (in percentages)
Rural+Urban
States
Good satisfactory bad
Larger States
UP 28.2 50.9 20.9
Bihar 19.9 56.1 24.0
West Bengal 25.9 48.5 25.6
Tamil Nadu 48.4 42.6 8.9
Rajasthan 39.2 49.3 11.6
Karnataka 49.2 43.2 7.6
Gujrat 52.9 37.3 9.9
Orissa 24.6 49.6 25.8
Kerala 51.9 37.9 10.2
Jharkhand 11.1 51.4 37.5
Assam 24.1 59.5 16.4
Punjab 53.9 36.7 9.4
Haryana 40.7 49.1 10.2
Delhi 49.8 40.4 9.9
Uttaranchal 39.3 50.6 10.0
Smaller states
Tripura 29.0 52.9 18.1
Meghalaya 59.2 32.6 8.3
Manipur 34.9 52.6 12.5
Nagaland 26.9 58.6 14.5
Goa 53.6 38.7 7.6
Arunachal Pradesh 45.8 46.7 7.5
Pondicherry 60.8 28.9 10.2
Mizoram 52.8 35.0 12.2
Chandigarh 58.5 35.4 6.1
Sikkim 59.5 32.8 7.6
A&N Island 41.2 45.7 13.1
D&N Haveli 30.1 33.9 36.0
Daman&Diu 56.8 27.0 16.2
Lakshadweep 41.7 53.5 4.8
All INDIA 37.9 46.9 15.3
Table 3 :Distribution of households by the type of
structure of houses (in percentages)
Rural+Urban
States
pucca katcha
semi -pucca
Larger states
UP 67.7 15.9 16.3
Bihar 48.3 18.9 32.8
West Bengal 50.3 30.6 19.0
Tamil Nadu 73.5 14.8 11.6
Rajasthan 73.8 14.6 11.6
Karnataka 63.5 31.8 4.7
Gujrat 75.7 18.8 5.6
Orissa 40.3 24.7 35.0
Kerala 80.3 16.8 2.9
Jharkhand 43.1 44.6 12.3
Assam 27.0 40.4 32.6
Punjab 93.4 4.4 2.1
Haryana 94.8 3.6 1.7
Delhi 94.7 2.7 2.6
Smaller states
Tripura 19.2 68.5 12.4
Meghalaya 51.4 20.6 27.9
Manipur 16.9 61.2 21.9
Nagaland 55.2 34.9 9.9
Goa 86.0 12.7 1.4
Mizoram 67.2 18.5 14.3
Sikkim 62.5 29.9 7.7
A&N Island 68.5 25.0 6.6
D&N Haveli 51.1 37.7 11.1
Daman&Diu 93.0 4.7 2.3
All INDIA 65.8 21.2 12.6
Table 4: Distribution of households by the number of living rooms (in
percentages)
Rural+Urban
no exclusive one two three and
States room room rooms above
Larger States
UP 0.9 38.9 34.8 25.7
Maharashtra 2.8 49.1 33.4 14.4
Bihar 0.6 33.4 40.8 25.1
West Bengal 1.1 45.7 38.1 14.9
Andhra Pradesh 3.5 50.0 34.4 12.1
Madhya Pradesh 0.3 34.6 40.0 25.1
Tamil Nadu 0.2 54.5 31.0 14.1
Rajasthan 0.8 31.7 35.8 31.4
Karnataka 0.4 30.4 39.9 29.1
Gujrat 0.9 43.3 37.8 18.2
Orissa 0.5 42.1 41.7 15.7
Kerala 1.8 8.8 17.6 71.8
Jharkhand 0.8 18.8 39.7 40.7
Assam 0.5 9.1 39.7 50.7
Punjab 0.5 33.6 31.6 34.4
Chattisgarh 0.3 25.5 42.0 32.1
Haryana 0.3 30.3 37.4 32.0
Delhi 3.3 45.1 30.4 21.2
Jammu&Kashmir 0.1 14.9 20.8 64.2
Uttaranchal 0.5 31.2 33.2 35.1
Smaller states
Tripura 0.3 46.0 41.6 12.0
Meghalaya 0.5 6.7 34.8 58.0
Manipur 0.0 11.6 34.0 54.4
Nagaland 0.0 11.4 41.0 47.6
Goa 0.0 20.6 28.3 51.2
Arunachal
Pradesh 3.5 41.6 33.3 21.5
Pondicherry 5.3 43.3 33.7 17.7
Mizoram 0.0 19.7 43.2 37.1
Chandigarh 1.8 39.1 22.8 36.3
Sikkim 0.5 20.2 36.9 42.4
A&N Island 0.8 22.3 42.5 34.4
D&N Haveli 0.0 37.2 39.0 23.8
Daman&Diu 0.0 12.0 44.1 43.9
Lakshadweep 0.0 2.6 10.0 87.4
All INDIA 1.2 38.3 35.6 24.7
Table 5: Distribution of households by ventilation of the
houses (in percentages)
Rural+Urban
States
good satisfactory bad
Larger States
UP 23.4 51.3 25.3
Bihar 17.0 53.3 29.4
West Bengal 25.0 44.0 30.9
Tamil Nadu 40.9 46.9 12.0
Rajasthan 31.4 52.6 15.7
Karnataka 37.5 46.3 16.0
Gujrat 40.2 41.8 18.2
Orissa 15.9 39.4 44.6
Kerala 45.5 41.0 13.5
Jharkhand 8.2 47.8 44.0
Assam 23.0 52.9 24.1
Punjab 39.3 41.2 19.5
Haryana 28.7 50.9 20.4
Delhi 45.6 36.3 18.1
Smaller states
Tripura 30.1 50.1 19.7
Meghalaya 59.9 29.0 11.1
Manipur 33.8 51.9 14.4
Nagaland 22.0 54.3 23.7
Goa 45.0 42.0 13.0
Mizoram 49.5 32.7 17.8
Sikkim 54.7 30.1 15.2
A&N Island 37.0 51.1 11.9
D&N Haveli 32.7 36.4 30.9
Daman&Diu 54.1 26.5 19.3
All INDIA 29.7 47.3 23.4
Table 6: Distribution of households by the type of kitchen (in percentages)
Rural+Urban
States separate kitchen
no separate kitchen
with water tap no water tap
Larger States
UP 6.9 24.5 68.7
Bihar 3.0 25.4 71.4
Tamil Nadu 17.3 48.0 34.5
Rajasthan 10.2 36.0 53.5
Karnataka 15.0 58.7 26.1
Gujrat 19.5 36.5 44.2
Orissa 5.1 40.6 54.3
Kerala 38.9 53.0 8.0
Jharkhand 4.8 28.5 66.8
Assam 4.4 82.8 12.8
Punjab 24.1 36.1 39.8
Haryana 16.1 43.9 40.0
Delhi 49.0 14.4 36.5
Smaller states
Tripura 3.5 78.6 17.9
Meghalaya 9.5 70.3 20.2
Manipur 3.5 53.4 43.2
Nagaland 6.7 79.2 14.1
Goa 42.0 41.9 16.1
Mizoram 7.4 7.3 85.3
Sikkim 25.7 56.6 17.7
A&N Island 17.1 60.3 22.6
D&N Haveli 19.7 38.3 42.0
Daman&Diu 39.6 38.4 22.0
All INDIA 12.4 38.2 49.6
Table 7: Distribution of households by the type of roof (in percentages)
Sector: Rural+Urban
grass/straw/ mud/unburnt burnt iron,zinc or
leaves/reeds/ brick brick/stone/lime other metal
bamboo,etc other stone sheet/asbestos other
States canvas/cloth tile/slate sheet cement/RBC/RCC
katcha pucca
Larger States
UP 13.8 7.9 0.3 2.4 8.8 24.3 1.8 39.2 1.6
Maharashtra 2.5 0.7 0.2 1.0 16.4 2.9 41.3 32.8 2.0
Bihar 35.0 1.1 0.2 1.5 16.4 3.8 7.1 33.8 0.8
West Bengal 17.9 1.0 0.6 0.5 24.2 2.1 26.7 26.6 0.2
Andhra Pradesh 13.4 0.9 0.2 0.2 15.6 6.9 10.3 52.4 0.2
Madhya Pradesh 4.3 2.4 0.3 1.3 39.9 26.4 7.8 17.3 0.3
Tamil Nadu 13.5 0.3 0.0 0.6 29.7 3.0 4.9 47.4 0.4
Rajasthan 11.0 2.4 0.3 0.7 12.3 56.7 2.7 13.3 0.3
Karnataka 4.0 6.7 0.2 0.9 34.9 5.6 15.6 31.1 0.8
Gujrat 4.1 0.3 0.3 2.9 25.9 6.1 15.0 45.3 0.2
Orissa 34.6 0.5 0.2 2.8 24.1 1.1 10.8 24.9 0.9
Kerala 2.3 0.0 0.1 1.1 40.8 0.5 8.1 46.8 0.2
Jharkhand 11.3 0.7 0.1 1.5 50.0 8.8 4.8 22.7 0.1
Assam 32.6 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 61.6 5.0 0.2
Punjab 3.5 0.9 0.1 1.4 3.3 38.2 0.2 51.7 0.7
Chattisgarh 1.0 0.9 0.3 0.2 65.2 7.4 2.9 16.9 5.3
Haryana 2.4 1.5 0.1 0.8 6.2 29.2 0.9 37.3 21.6
Delhi 1.9 0.4 0.4 1.7 0.7 9.6 2.8 81.8 0.7
Jammu&Kashmir 7.8 9.0 0.3 0.7 0.1 1.0 51.7 29.0 0.6
Uttaranchal 2.9 1.0 0.0 0.4 3.2 20.8 6.5 64.0 1.1
Himachal Pradesh 0.4 1.0 0.1 0.1 33.9 2.2 13.6 43.7 4.9
Smaller States
Tripura 11.0 0.0 0.1 1.3 0.0 1.7 81.9 4.0 0.0
Meghalaya 28.4 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 55.7 15.0 0.2
Manipur 21.1 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.9 69.8 7.2 0.1
Nagaland 9.2 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 76.3 13.3 0.2
Goa 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.3 46.6 5.2 3.8 42.5 0.0
Arunachal
Pradesh 47.5 0.2 0.4 1.8 0.2 0.5 39.7 6.6 3.0
Pondicherry 17.3 1.0 1.3 0.1 6.0 0.8 6.4 67.2 0.0
Mizoram 14.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 73.5 10.2 1.7
Chandigarh 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 8.8 89.5 0.0
Sikkim 7.4 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 62.8 29.0 0.0
A&N Island 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 79.7 11.1 0.8
D&N Haveli 5.3 6.0 0.0 0.0 44.9 6.5 14.9 22.4 0.0
Daman&Diu 2.0 4.0 0.0 0.6 6.9 11.1 4.5 70.9 0.0
Lakshadweep 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.8 31.9 0.0 2.6 60.9 0.0
All INDIA 12.4 2.3 0.2 1.2 20.9 12.3 14.2 35.1 1.3
Table 8: Distribution of households by the type of wall (in percentages)
Sector: Rural+Urban
grass /straw/ burnt

mud/unburnt other iron or other other
States leaves/reeds/ canvas/cloth Timber brick/stone/lime cement/RBC/RCC
brick katcha metal sheet pucca
bamboo,etc stone
Larger States
UP 3.1 20.5 0.0 0.6 0.1 67.7 0.0 7.9 0.1
Maharashtra 4.3 14.5 0.2 0.4 0.5 71.6 1.5 6.7 0.1
Bihar 25.5 19.8 0.0 1.1 0.2 45.3 0.0 7.7 0.1
West Bengal 12.5 35.5 0.1 0.6 0.9 37.0 1.9 11.2 0.2
Andhra Pradesh 3.9 14.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 70.2 0.1 10.8 0.1
Madhya Pradesh 2.3 35.9 0.3 1.0 0.6 55.4 0.1 4.2 0.0
Tamil Nadu 2.4 21.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 65.3 0.0 10.6 0.1
Rajasthan 2.6 19.9 0.0 0.8 0.1 73.7 0.0 2.3 0.2
Karnataka 1.9 26.3 0.1 1.0 0.2 55.2 0.1 14.8 0.1
Gujrat 1.5 19.1 0.1 1.6 0.5 64.4 0.4 11.3 1.3
Orissa 2.3 52.1 0.2 2.0 0.2 36.7 0.1 6.3 0.1
Kerala 1.1 17.1 0.1 0.7 0.5 71.0 0.1 7.8 1.5
Jharkhand 1.8 51.9 0.0 2.0 0.1 37.9 0.2 6.2 0.0
Assam 40.9 30.7 0.1 0.7 0.7 14.3 0.5 11.3 0.9
Punjab 0.1 2.2 0.0 0.5 0.1 80.1 0.0 16.9 0.0
Chattisgarh 1.1 55.3 0.1 3.8 0.4 37.7 0.0 1.5 0.1
Haryana 0.2 1.7 0.1 0.1 0.6 85.4 0.0 11.6 0.4
Delhi 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.1 1.1 42.2 0.0 53.1 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 0.2 25.4 0.1 1.6 1.0 67.3 0.6 3.8 0.0
Uttaranchal 1.2 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.6 80.4 0.0 14.6 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 28.0 52.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.5 5.3 5.3 0.1
Meghalaya 37.5 7.1 0.0 2.9 12.7 8.0 1.8 29.3 0.6
Manipur 19.0 62.8 0.2 0.9 2.3 9.6 0.1 5.1 0.0
Nagaland 31.1 12.4 0.0 1.1 23.3 6.1 3.1 22.7 0.4
Goa 2.3 10.2 0.3 0.9 0.0 66.7 0.0 18.6 1.1
Arunachal
Pradesh 53.8 7.6 0.3 1.0 6.1 8.8 0.8 12.4 9.3
Pondicherry 4.8 9.9 0.1 0.4 0.0 53.1 0.1 31.3 0.2
Mizoram 32.1 0.4 0.1 0.3 1.8 4.0 12.8 10.2 38.3
Chandigarh 0.0 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 37.6 0.0 60.9 0.4
Sikkim 7.7 28.5 0.4 0.4 6.3 5.6 0.2 49.3 1.5
A&N Island 29.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.4 0.0 15.5 39.5 0.0
D&N Haveli 6.0 41.3 0.0 1.4 0.4 26.9 0.0 24.0 0.1
Daman&Diu 0.5 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 46.9 0.0 50.5 0.0
Lakshadweep 1.4 0.6 0.0 2.3 1.3 71.5 0.0 18.3 4.7
All INDIA 6.2 23.2 0.1 0.8 0.4 59.1 0.4 9.5 0.3
Table 9 : Distribution of households by the type of floor (in percentages)
Rural+Urban
brick/limestone
bamboo/
wood/ / stone cemen mosaic/tile other
States mud log
plank t s s
Larger States
UP 63.3 0.2 0.1 6.9 26.4 2.9 0.1
Maharashtra 29.6 0.1 0.1 15.8 25.1 29.0 0.2
Bihar 68.8 0.4 0.3 8.3 20.9 0.8 0.2
West Bengal 55.2 0.3 0.5 3.8 37.6 2.3 0.1
Andhra Pradesh 17.9 0.1 0.0 33.6 40.0 8.5 0.1
Madhya Pradesh 61.9 0.7 0.4 9.8 22.4 4.5 0.1
Tamil Nadu 12.5 0.0 0.0 2.2 69.9 15.1 0.2
Rajasthan 34.6 0.2 0.0 17.2 41.4 6.2 0.1
Karnataka 17.4 0.2 0.1 20.2 44.2 17.5 0.2
Gujrat 28.7 0.4 0.1 6.2 30.6 33.9 0.2
Orissa 56.4 0.0 0.0 1.6 40.5 1.4 0.1
Kerala 7.5 0.0 0.1 2.0 69.5 20.1 0.8
Jharkhand 67.6 0.5 0.1 4.4 26.8 0.7 0.0
Assam 71.6 2.4 0.6 2.8 22.0 0.5 0.1
Punjab 22.0 0.0 0.0 16.4 56.8 4.6 0.1
Chattisgarh 70.6 0.8 0.2 6.9 18.5 3.0 0.0
Haryana 22.3 0.0 0.0 16.7 57.2 3.6 0.2
Delhi 1.0 0.0 0.0 12.4 72.4 12.2 2.0
Jammu&Kashmir 40.0 1.1 0.9 4.8 52.6 0.6 0.1
Uttaranchal 26.4 0.7 4.8 13.6 44.6 9.8 0.0
Himachal Pradesh 25.8 0.4 16.7 3.3 51.0 2.4 0.4
Smaller States
Tripura 79.8 1.3 0.0 3.6 15.1 0.1 0.0
Meghalaya 32.4 3.1 24.4 0.6 38.5 0.9 0.0
Manipur 69.2 2.2 6.7 2.8 17.9 1.0 0.1
Nagaland 30.1 2.1 13.0 4.6 49.5 0.6 0.1
Goa 10.2 0.0 0.8 1.3 47.6 40.2 0.0
Arunachal Pradesh 17.7 39.1 11.2 2.2 28.4 0.0 1.4
Pondicherry 10.8 0.0 0.0 2.4 50.1 32.3 4.4
Mizoram 3.9 11.8 63.0 0.1 20.7 0.2 0.2
Chandigarh 0.8 0.0 0.0 25.5 65.6 4.5 3.6
Sikkim 28.2 0.1 11.5 0.3 59.0 0.9 0.0
A&N Island 25.2 0.4 1.6 0.0 69.8 3.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 55.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.3 22.1 0.0
Daman&Diu 7.5 0.0 0.0 22.3 17.3 52.8 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.2 74.9 24.1 0.1
All INDIA 40.4 0.4 0.4 11.1 37.4 10.0 0.2
Table 10: Distribution of households by their dependence on tap water (in
percentages)
of which
States tap non-
treated treated
Larger States
UP 27 74 26
Maharashtra 68 83 17
Bihar 4 70 30
Tamil Nadu 80 70 30
Rajasthan 41 79 21
Karnataka 66 62 38
Gujrat 69 58 42
Orissa 14 72 28
Kerala 29 80 20
Jharkhand 13 77 23
Assam 10 88 12
Punjab 51 81 19
Chattisgarh 21 59 41
Haryana 69 81 19
Delhi 81 92 8
Uttaranchal 68 79 21
Smaller states
Tripura 33 61 39
Meghalaya 39 71 29
Manipur 39 66 34
Nagaland 47 13 87
Goa 85 96 4
Pondicherry 95 95 5
Mizoram 59 67 33
Chandigarh 97 97 3
Sikkim 85 34 66
A&N Island 85 81 19
D&N Haveli 47 56 44
Daman&Diu 75 73 27
Lakshadweep 20 45 55
All INDIA 44 73 27
Table 11: Classification of households by the major source of drinking water (in percentages)
Sector: Rural+Urban
tube
protected unprotected other harvested
States Tap well/hand tank/pond river/canal/lake spring others
Bottled well well tank/pond rainwater
pump
water
Larger States
UP 0.5 12.2 83.5 1.2 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Maharashtra 1.3 71.2 14.5 4.7 5.7 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.7
Bihar 0.9 4.1 90.9 2.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 0.4 23.9 69.4 2.1 2.4 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.0 0.2
Andhra Pradesh 2.4 67.3 22.5 1.6 2.8 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 2.3
Madhya Pradesh 0.9 23.3 61.5 6.2 7.0 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0
Tamil Nadu 3.7 84.4 7.2 1.5 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.4
Rajasthan 0.8 43.9 37.4 1.6 6.3 3.6 1.5 0.8 0.0 0.8 2.9
Karnataka 0.7 77.8 12.3 5.3 1.1 1.1 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.4
Gujrat 1.9 68.4 21.8 2.9 2.5 1.1 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.4
Orissa 0.3 15.0 65.2 4.4 12.5 0.2 0.0 1.5 0.7 0.0 0.1
Kerala 0.4 22.6 3.0 47.3 23.8 0.8 0.6 0.1 0.9 0.2 0.3
Jharkhand 0.2 10.7 48.2 8.5 30.9 0.1 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Assam 0.1 9.8 62.6 10.9 7.5 0.5 2.6 2.5 2.9 0.0 0.5
Punjab 0.8 54.2 44.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
Chattisgarh 0.6 17.5 72.8 3.0 5.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1
Haryana 0.6 66.1 30.4 0.9 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3
Delhi 1.4 85.0 10.6 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6
Jammu&Kashmir 1.5 71.3 14.4 0.1 0.8 1.2 0.7 1.2 8.8 0.0 0.0
Uttaranchal 0.2 63.9 23.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 9.6 0.0 2.5
Himachal Pradesh 2.0 79.2 7.3 3.0 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.2 7.1 0.0 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 0.2 33.5 41.9 4.8 15.1 0.8 0.3 1.8 0.2 0.0 1.5
Meghalaya 0.6 59.3 7.8 5.1 4.3 3.1 0.5 1.4 17.9 0.0 0.0
Manipur 1.0 36.4 9.5 3.0 0.1 14.1 5.4 16.3 12.6 0.1 1.4
Nagaland 0.1 27.8 4.4 28.3 9.7 15.1 4.2 1.1 4.8 3.9 0.5
Goa 0.0 86.3 0.2 5.3 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7
Arunachal
Pradesh 1.3 81.5 9.5 2.0 1.9 0.1 0.9 1.9 0.9 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 2.3 95.8 0.5 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 0.1 40.2 2.7 0.2 0.0 2.6 1.1 3.2 47.2 1.4 1.3
Chandigarh 0.3 97.9 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 0.1 72.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 26.8 0.0 0.0
A&N Island 0.7 88.3 0.6 2.3 4.9 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.5 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 1.4 42.0 43.4 6.4 5.7 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 0.7 68.8 29.5 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.1 17.2 6.1 6.1 66.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 0.0
All INDIA 1.2 43.1 43.6 4.4 4.8 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.8
Table 12: Distribution of households (Hhs) by drinking water facility [in percentages]
Sector: Rural+Urban
Hhs' exclusive common use of Hhs
States use in the building others
community use
Larger States
UP 44.9 12.6 40.5 1.9
Maharashtra 41.2 13.7 38.5 6.4
Bihar 44.3 17.0 35.6 2.9
West Bengal 21.5 12.0 63.9 2.5
Andhra Pradesh 23.3 17.9 53.4 5.7
Tamil Nadu 23.1 14.1 58.4 4.4
Rajasthan 33.2 12.5 46.4 7.6
Karnataka 32.0 13.2 51.2 3.4
Gujrat 52.9 10.9 31.1 5.3
Orissa 13.4 7.1 77.4 2.1
Kerala 66.4 7.7 11.8 14.2
Jharkhand 12.9 9.3 75.8 1.9
Assam 59.4 7.8 28.1 4.7
Punjab 61.0 25.3 8.7 5.0
Chattisgarh 20.8 7.3 70.0 1.8
Haryana 50.4 16.1 28.5 4.9
Delhi 60.9 22.0 15.0 2.1
Jammu&Kashmir 52.5 9.9 32.5 5.0
Uttaranchal 42.4 12.9 42.9 1.9
Smaller States
Tripura 21.5 21.0 54.6 2.9
Meghalaya 20.5 7.8 69.4 2.4
Manipur 19.2 10.4 64.7 5.7
Nagaland 41.1 19.6 31.1 8.2
Goa 67.6 20.3 10.4 1.8
Arunachal Pradesh 40.7 21.4 31.6 6.4
Pondicherry 60.5 23.2 13.3 3.0
Mizoram 30.8 7.1 57.0 5.1
Chandigarh 63.0 28.7 7.7 0.6
Sikkim 57.7 10.0 25.0 7.3
A&N Island 42.2 18.4 38.2 1.2
D&N Haveli 22.2 5.6 70.8 1.4
Daman&Diu 55.9 26.9 11.8 5.5
Lakshadweep 83.5 4.2 11.5 0.8
All India 35.7 13.1 46.7 4.3
Table 13: Distribution of households by the distance to the source of drinking water (in percentages)
Sector: Rural+Urban
outside dwelling
within but within less than 0.2 to 0.5to 1.0km to 1.5km or
States
dwelling premises 0.2km 0.5km 1km 1.5 km more
Larger States
UP 40.2 21.8 35.4 2.3 0.2 0.1 0.2
Maharashtra 28.5 27.9 37.2 4.7 1.0 0.2 0.3
Bihar 39.3 23.2 33.7 3.6 0.1 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 12.8 21.8 49.6 13.9 1.6 0.2 0.1
Andhra Pradesh 11.9 33.0 46.5 7.1 1.2 0.4 0.1
Madhya Pradesh 13.5 12.2 60.4 11.2 1.7 0.7 0.2
Tamil Nadu 17.9 23.0 54.3 3.6 0.7 0.1 0.2
Rajasthan 24.1 18.7 31.7 17.6 4.7 1.5 1.5
Karnataka 21.5 24.1 48.8 3.6 1.1 0.2 0.3
Gujrat 35.6 29.1 28.6 5.0 1.3 0.3 0.3
Orissa 8.0 12.5 57.3 19.9 2.2 0.2 0.0
Kerala 9.8 66.7 19.3 3.4 0.6 0.2 0.1
Jharkhand 8.2 13.6 58.5 16.9 2.7 0.0 0.0
Assam 7.3 59.8 26.6 5.5 0.8 0.0 0.1
Punjab 46.1 40.4 11.4 1.6 0.3 0.0 0.3
Chattisgarh 10.0 14.7 62.9 10.4 1.7 0.3 0.0
Haryana 44.4 23.9 24.3 3.9 2.8 0.3 0.4
Delhi 72.3 12.8 9.8 3.9 1.1 0.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 37.6 27.2 25.2 8.1 1.2 0.3 0.4
Uttaranchal 24.7 31.4 33.0 8.8 1.1 1.0 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 3.0 41.7 51.7 3.3 0.1 0.2 0.0
Meghalaya 14.7 19.4 55.6 8.9 1.1 0.0 0.1
Manipur 4.4 23.3 48.1 22.0 1.1 0.5 0.6
Nagaland 9.3 42.3 42.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.4
Goa 47.7 38.9 12.9 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0
Arunachal
Pradesh 28.5 48.4 17.1 3.0 1.9 0.0 1.0
Pondicherry 51.1 34.5 13.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 29.1 7.8 45.5 14.6 0.9 0.5 1.6
Chandigarh 81.6 11.3 7.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 29.3 41.6 22.8 5.8 0.2 0.3 0.1
A&N Island 26.5 37.5 30.4 5.2 0.3 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 17.9 18.3 56.1 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 51.1 38.1 10.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 12.8 76.1 9.9 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 24.7 26.0 40.7 7.1 1.2 0.3 0.2
Table 14: Distribution of households by availability of drinking
water throughout the year (in percentages)
Rural+Urban
States
sufficient not sufficient
Larger states
UP 95.1 4.9
Maharashtra 81.0 19.0
Bihar 97.5 2.5
West Bengal 89.2 10.8
Andhra Pradesh 91.6 8.4
Madhya Pradesh 76.8 23.2
Tamil Nadu 94.4 5.6
Rajasthan 70.4 29.6
Karnataka 82.0 18.0
Gujrat 91.6 8.4
Orissa 84.2 15.8
Kerala 84.9 15.1
Jharkhand 70.9 29.1
Assam 95.3 4.7
Punjab 92.7 7.3
Chattisgarh 88.7 11.3
Haryana 87.9 12.1
Delhi 88.9 11.1
Jammu&Kashmir 81.9 18.1
Uttaranchal 79.1 20.9
Himachal Pradesh 79.4 20.6
SmallerStates
Tripura 87.9 12.1
Meghalaya 78.9 21.1
Manipur 80.8 19.2
Nagaland 44.4 55.6
Goa 84.5 15.5
Arunachal Pradesh 79.7 20.3
Pondicherry 92.1 7.9
Mizoram 25.4 74.6
Chandigarh 99.4 0.6
Sikkim 84.9 15.1
A&N Island 94.6 5.4
D&N Haveli 94.6 5.4
Daman&Diu 96.4 3.6
Lakshadweep 70.6 29.4
All INDIA 87.6 12.4
Table 15: Distribution of households by latrine facility
(in percentages)
States No Latrine within premises
Larger States
UP 64
Maharashtra 47
Bihar 77
West Bengal 41
Andhra Pradesh 50
Madhya Pradesh 71
Tamil Nadu 52
Rajasthan 65
Karnataka 49
Gujrat 43
Orissa 78
Kerala 5
Jharkhand 78
Assam 35
Punjab 21
Chattisgarh 75
Haryana 31
Delhi 10
Jammu&Kashmir 49
Uttaranchal 34
Himachal Pradesh 31
Smaller States
Tripura 14
Meghalaya 37
Manipur 11
Nagaland 23
Goa 20
Arunachal Pradesh 38
Pondicherry 32
Mizoram 8
Chandigarh 12
Sikkim 13
A&N Island 30
D&N Haveli 45
Daman&Diu 22
Lakshadweep 2
All INDIA 53
Source: Census 2011
Table 16: Distribution of households by their use of water closet
(in percentages)
Water closet
States percentage change
2001 2011
Larger States
UP 8 30 22
Bihar 8 20 12
Tamil Nadu 23 41 18
Rajasthan 12 28 16
Karnataka 19 37 18
Gujrat 31 53 22
Orissa 9 18 9
Kerala 65 67 1
Jharkhand 11 20 10
Assam 16 28 13
Punjab 20 59 39
Chattisgarh 9 21 12
Haryana 11 50 40
Delhi 45 86 40
Smaller States
Tripura 12 25 13
Meghalaya 12 38 26
Manipur 9 47 38
Nagaland 9 48 39
Goa 30 74 44
Pondicherry 46 67 22
Mizoram 20 61 41
Chandigarh 68 87 19
Sikkim 32 75 43
A&N Island 31 67 36
D&N Haveli 31 54 23
Daman&Diu 35 77 43
All INDIA 18 53 35
Table 17: Distribution of households by bathroom
facility (in percentages)
Rural+Urban
no
States attached detached bathroom
Larger States
UP 17.2 14.8 68.0
Bihar 7.3 14.7 78.0
West Bengal 13.8 29.3 56.9
Tamil Nadu 27.7 31.2 41.1
Rajasthan 23.7 20.1 56.1
Karnataka 53.4 12.5 34.1
Gujrat 35.1 21.8 43.1
Orissa 6.8 8.7 84.4
Kerala 42.3 42.4 15.4
Jharkhand 7.3 22.8 69.9
Assam 5.6 64.0 30.4
Punjab 23.1 49.2 27.6
Haryana 29.0 43.7 27.3
Delhi 61.7 22.8 15.5
Smaller States
Tripura 4.1 9.8 86.1
Meghalaya 36.7 42.3 21.1
Manipur 8.3 23.0 68.7
Nagaland 11.4 78.9 9.7
Goa 66.4 25.0 8.6
Arunachal
Pradesh 23.3 41.5 35.2
Mizoram 72.3 10.7 17.0
Sikkim 26.5 54.7 18.7
A&N Island 31.9 28.6 39.5
D&N Haveli 30.1 47.7 22.2
Daman&Diu 60.0 17.2 22.8
All INDIA 23.0 25.3 51.7
Table 18: Distribution of households by their depence of electricity as major
source of lighting (in percentages)
Electricity
States percentage change
2001 2011
Larger States
UP 32 37 5
Maharashtra 77 84 6
Bihar 10 16 6
Madhya Pradesh 70 67 -3
Tamil Nadu 78 93 15
Rajasthan 55 67 12
Karnataka 79 91 12
Gujrat 80 90 10
Orissa 27 43 16
Kerala 70 94 24
Jharkhand 24 46 21
Assam 25 37 12
Punjab 92 97 5
Chattisgarh 53 75 22
Haryana 83 91 8
Delhi 93 99 6
Smaller States
Tripura 42 68 27
Meghalaya 43 61 18
Manipur 60 68 8
Nagaland 64 82 18
Goa 94 97 3
Mizoram 70 84 15
Chandigarh 97 98 2
Sikkim 78 93 15
A&N Island 77 86 9
D&N Haveli 86 95 9
Daman&Diu 98 99 1
All INDIA 56 67 11
Table 19: Proportion of households depending on electricity
as major source of lighting
States Kerosene
Larger States
UP 62
Maharashtra 14
Bihar 82
West Bengal 44
Andhra Pradesh 7
Madhya Pradesh 32
Tamil Nadu 6
Rajasthan 31
Karnataka 9
Gujrat 8
Orissa 55
Kerala 5
Jharkhand 53
Assam 62
Punjab 2
Chattisgarh 23
Haryana 8
Delhi 1
Jammu&Kashmir 10
Uttaranchal 11
Himachal Pradesh 3
Smaller States
Tripura 29
Meghalaya 37
Manipur 25
Nagaland 16
Goa 2
Arunachal Pradesh 18
Pondicherry 2
Mizoram 14
Chandigarh 1
Sikkim 7
A&N Island 13
D&N Haveli 4
Daman&Diu 1
Lakshadweep 0
All INDIA 31
Source: Census 2011
Table 20: Distribution of households by major source of
cooking fuel (in percentages)
States Firewood LPG/PNG
Larger States
UP 48 19
Maharashtra 43 43
Bihar 35 8
West Bengal 33 18
Andhra Pradesh 57 36
Madhya Pradesh 66 18
Tamil Nadu 43 48
Rajasthan 62 23
Karnataka 57 32
Gujrat 44 38
Orissa 65 10
Kerala 62 36
Jharkhand 58 12
Assam 72 19
Punjab 13 55
Chattisgarh 81 11
Haryana 26 44
Delhi 3 90
Jammu&Kashmir 59 32
Uttaranchal 49 44
Himachal Pradesh 58 39
Smaller States
Tripura 80 18
Meghalaya 79 12
Manipur 66 30
Nagaland 78 20
Goa 21 73
Arunachal Pradesh 69 29
Pondicherry 18 71
Mizoram 44 53
Chandigarh 5 72
Sikkim 53 41
A&N Island 34 44
D&N Haveli 40 40
Daman&Diu 11 53
Lakshadweep 55 17
All INDIA 49 29
Source: Census 2011
Table 21: Distribution of households by the distance to the place of work of the earning
member (in percentages)
Rural+Urban
not
1- 10- 15- 30km or
States required less than 5-10km
5km 15km 30 more
to travel 1 km
Larger States
UP 16.0 28.0 36.7 10.8 4.2 2.3 2.1
Maharashtra 17.3 14.3 39.6 13.1 6.6 4.7 4.5
Bihar 15.9 20.2 44.4 12.0 5.2 1.5 0.6
West Bengal 15.5 20.2 37.4 13.3 5.8 3.6 4.3
Andhra Pradesh 16.0 15.9 45.4 13.5 3.7 3.0 2.7
Madhya Pradesh 13.2 22.0 46.8 12.3 3.6 1.1 1.3
Tamil Nadu 18.6 16.5 37.3 15.6 6.0 3.7 2.2
Rajasthan 14.5 16.8 40.6 14.9 5.7 3.2 4.1
Karnataka 13.7 14.8 49.0 12.2 6.0 2.9 1.2
Gujrat 16.5 17.9 38.5 13.3 6.6 3.8 3.6
Orissa 11.7 14.6 48.7 16.8 4.7 1.3 2.4
Kerala 26.1 12.5 29.1 14.5 6.8 6.4 4.7
Jharkhand 17.4 14.2 41.6 17.0 6.2 2.2 1.3
Assam 20.4 26.1 35.3 13.2 3.0 1.2 0.8
Punjab 18.9 19.5 32.9 14.3 5.6 4.8 4.0
Chattisgarh 12.5 14.0 52.0 14.2 4.8 1.5 1.1
Haryana 22.8 18.2 32.1 13.7 5.9 3.9 3.4
Delhi 12.6 14.4 27.8 26.1 12.7 5.2 1.2
Jammu&Kashmir 15.6 26.3 24.3 15.3 7.4 7.0 4.0
Uttaranchal 8.1 22.4 42.8 15.8 6.9 2.2 1.7
Smaller states
Tripura 28.2 21.8 32.0 9.4 4.9 1.9 1.8
Meghalaya 16.7 22.8 39.5 13.5 4.0 2.5 1.1
Manipur 15.5 23.3 41.0 14.8 3.9 0.8 0.5
Nagaland 9.8 20.1 49.2 14.8 3.2 1.9 0.9
Goa 21.2 7.6 26.4 17.7 13.6 10.4 3.1
Pondicherry 24.7 7.1 31.2 17.8 12.2 3.2 3.7
Mizoram 19.3 19.9 48.4 9.7 1.5 0.5 0.8
Chandigarh 17.7 8.2 26.2 30.9 8.3 6.6 2.2
Sikkim 45.6 21.9 22.3 3.4 2.5 1.8 2.5
A&N Island 12.1 17.9 33.4 19.1 8.0 8.3 1.2
D&N Haveli 21.5 26.0 22.6 14.4 10.6 4.6 0.2
Daman&Diu 18.9 10.7 60.3 8.6 0.3 1.0 0.3
Lakshadweep 19.2 23.9 20.9 2.1 0.0 0.3 33.6
All INDIA 16.4 19.0 40.0 13.5 5.4 3.1 2.7
Table 22: Distribution of households by garbage collection facility (in percentages)
Rural+Urban
by by no
States panchayat/municipality/corporation
residents others arrangement
Larger States
UP 14.4 22.0 6.7 56.9
Maharashtra 39.8 24.7 1.0 34.5
Bihar 4.0 8.2 1.3 86.5
West Bengal 16.4 4.0 0.9 78.7
Madhya Pradesh 14.1 21.5 1.3 63.1
Tamil Nadu 42.3 21.5 2.8 33.4
Rajasthan 17.0 17.1 1.5 64.4
Karnataka 27.5 12.2 1.1 59.2
Gujrat 25.9 22.2 0.6 51.3
Orissa 7.6 15.6 1.1 75.7
Kerala 6.0 5.9 2.4 85.7
Jharkhand 3.5 19.4 1.5 75.7
Assam 3.9 27.3 5.1 63.8
Punjab 20.8 28.4 0.7 50.0
Chattisgarh 14.0 25.1 5.5 55.3
Haryana 12.3 40.4 1.4 45.8
Delhi 53.2 24.6 10.3 11.9
Jammu&Kashmir 16.5 3.9 1.3 78.3
Uttaranchal 13.5 14.6 2.2 69.8
Smaller States
Tripura 4.5 2.8 0.4 92.3
Meghalaya 9.8 29.4 7.2 53.6
Manipur 4.9 53.9 1.4 39.8
Nagaland 9.1 35.0 4.1 51.9
Goa 30.5 2.1 0.0 67.4
Pondicherry 73.6 14.0 0.1 12.4
Mizoram 9.7 35.0 10.2 45.2
Chandigarh 33.9 28.1 33.9 4.1
Sikkim 16.9 7.1 1.6 74.4
A&N Island 26.3 0.3 0.0 73.4
D&N Haveli 25.2 13.1 0.1 61.7
Daman&Diu 32.3 0.0 0.0 67.7
Lakshadweep 10.7 0.0 0.5 88.8
All INDIA 20.7 17.2 2.5 59.6
Table 23: Distribution of households by the availability of
drainage facility (in percentages)
Closed
States drainage Open no drainage
Larger States
UP 13 56 31
Bihar 7 36 58
West Bengal 9 22 68
Tamil Nadu 25 25 50
Rajasthan 11 31 58
Karnataka 26 35 39
Gujrat 37 9 53
Orissa 4 15 81
Kerala 25 21 54
Jharkhand 7 22 71
Assam 4 17 80
Punjab 28 57 15
Chattisgarh 5 19 76
Haryana 21 65 14
Delhi 59 37 4
Smaller States
Tripura 4 23 73
Meghalaya 6 30 65
Manipur 4 49 47
Nagaland 5 45 50
Goa 44 25 31
Mizoram 13 47 40
Chandigarh 87 9 4
Sikkim 15 38 47
A&N Island 7 45 48
D&N Haveli 27 11 62
Daman&Diu 39 26 35
All INDIA 18 33 49
Source: Census 2011
Table 24:Distribution of households by their access to road (in percentages) Rural+Urban
direct opening to
motorable road other road/lane no direct
States
opening
with street without with street without
light street light light street light
Larger states
UP 9.9 17.7 5.0 50.6 16.9
Maharashtra 43.3 11.9 17.2 16.6 11.0
Bihar 4.5 16.1 1.4 54.6 23.3
West Bengal 13.2 12.0 8.0 49.8 16.9
Andhra Pradesh 59.5 8.9 14.7 10.6 6.3
Madhya Pradesh 14.5 22.1 6.2 37.2 20.1
Tamil Nadu 61.2 5.6 20.1 7.1 5.9
Rajasthan 16.4 20.9 4.5 36.0 22.2
Karnataka 55.6 9.6 16.2 13.8 4.8
Gujrat 27.0 20.4 14.6 24.6 13.4
Orissa 10.3 33.3 3.0 42.4 11.0
Kerala 38.2 17.2 5.0 23.9 15.7
Jharkhand 5.8 20.4 2.5 42.8 28.6
Assam 4.5 20.6 1.9 56.9 16.0
Punjab 24.0 30.2 4.1 37.3 4.3
Chattisgarh 14.5 14.3 12.1 47.0 12.1
Haryana 9.8 41.3 4.6 34.6 9.7
Delhi 64.0 8.6 8.9 16.2 2.3
Jammu&Kashmir 4.1 20.8 2.2 37.6 35.3
Uttaranchal 14.8 14.7 4.5 35.1 30.9
Smaller States
Tripura 5.4 12.0 9.2 57.1 16.2
Meghalaya 13.3 15.5 1.6 60.1 9.4
Manipur 12.6 50.4 5.4 23.3 8.4
Nagaland 10.8 18.4 7.7 44.2 18.9
Goa 53.1 9.6 10.5 16.4 10.4
Arunachal Pradesh 20.5 24.6 6.2 24.7 24.1
Pondicherry 74.9 0.4 19.1 3.8 1.9
Mizoram 31.3 26.1 9.0 21.0 12.6
Chandigarh 72.8 1.8 15.0 10.4 0.1
Sikkim 16.7 11.8 0.7 33.2 37.6
A&N Island 32.9 9.7 25.0 15.3 17.1
D&N Haveli 27.7 7.5 12.2 27.9 24.7
Daman&Diu 56.7 8.0 14.4 19.1 1.8
Lakshadweep 59.2 2.8 14.2 6.3 17.6
All INDIA 27.6 16.2 9.4 32.7 14.1
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER
FOUR
Table 1: Distribution of households by the condition of the structure of houses (in
percentages)
Rural Urban
States
Good satisfactory bad Good satisfactory bad
Larger States
UP 24.4 51.7 23.9 41.5 48.1 10.4
Maharashtra 37.5 49.2 13.3 56.2 36.0 7.8
Bihar 18.4 57.1 24.5 32.9 47.6 19.5
West Bengal 20.8 50.9 28.4 40.7 41.5 17.8
Andhra Pradesh 49.4 38.1 12.5 67.0 26.7 6.3
Madhya Pradesh 21.5 64.4 14.1 45.5 46.3 8.2
Tamil Nadu 38.1 48.8 13.0 60.1 35.6 4.3
Rajasthan 31.8 54.2 14.1 59.5 35.8 4.7
Karnataka 38.3 52.0 9.7 67.5 28.4 4.1
Gujrat 46.3 41.7 12.0 63.0 30.4 6.7
Orissa 21.6 50.3 28.1 40.3 46.0 13.6
Kerala 49.8 39.3 10.9 57.8 34.0 8.2
Jharkhand 7.2 52.8 40.0 31.6 44.0 24.4
Assam 20.8 61.2 18.0 49.3 46.2 4.5
Punjab 49.1 39.7 11.2 61.5 32.0 6.5
Chattisgarh 20.8 70.2 9.0 39.8 46.7 13.5
Haryana 39.5 48.6 11.9 43.3 50.2 6.5
Delhi 52.5 37.9 9.6 49.5 40.6 9.9
Jammu&Kashmir 32.2 52.2 15.7 49.7 41.2 9.1
Uttaranchal 37.6 51.1 11.3 45.4 49.1 5.5
Himachal Pradesh 46.3 48.4 5.3 52.1 40.7 7.3
Smaller states
Tripura 23.1 55.8 21.1 55.2 40.0 4.7
Meghalaya 52.8 37.2 10.0 85.7 13.4 1.0
Manipur 32.7 53.0 14.2 40.1 51.5 8.4
Nagaland 23.8 59.4 16.8 34.8 56.4 8.8
Goa 42.4 50.4 7.2 65.0 27.0 8.1
Arunachal Pradesh 47.0 44.8 8.3 41.6 53.8 4.6
Pondicherry 40.9 41.0 18.1 69.2 23.9 6.9
Mizoram 44.6 35.9 19.5 63.0 33.8 3.3
Chandigarh 25.6 60.7 13.7 63.1 31.9 5.1
Sikkim 54.3 36.7 9.0 89.4 10.5 0.0
A&N Island 38.9 44.1 17.0 46.0 48.8 5.2
D&N Haveli 24.8 33.2 42.1 46.5 36.4 17.1
Daman&Diu 52.6 26.7 20.8 64.7 27.6 7.6
Lakshadweep 34.4 65.6 0.0 52.1 36.1 11.8
All INDIA 31.0 50.8 18.2 54.2 37.5 8.4
Table 2 :Distribution of households by the type of structure of houses (in percentages)
Rural Urban
States
Pucca Katcha Pucca Katcha
Semi- pucca Semi- pucca
Larger states
UP 60.3 19.3 20.2 94.0 3.8 2.1
Maharashtra 65.6 29.9 4.5 95.5 4.1 0.4
Bihar 44.5 20.0 35.5 79.6 10.1 10.3
West Bengal 36.3 38.5 25.3 90.9 8.0 1.1
Andhra Pradesh 70.1 16.2 13.6 92.8 3.4 3.9
Madhya Pradesh 46.5 47.5 6.0 88.6 10.4 1.0
Tamil Nadu 61.0 20.3 18.6 87.7 8.6 3.6
Rajasthan 65.3 19.3 15.4 96.9 1.8 1.3
Karnataka 48.3 45.1 6.6 89.3 9.2 1.5
Gujrat 62.3 29.2 8.5 96.1 2.9 1.0
Orissa 32.8 26.6 40.7 79.8 14.8 5.4
Kerala 77.3 19.2 3.5 88.7 10.1 1.2
Jharkhand 34.2 51.5 14.3 90.4 7.7 1.9
Assam 20.6 42.8 36.6 75.5 22.1 2.4
Punjab 90.4 6.4 3.2 98.2 1.3 0.5
Chattisgarh 30.0 67.7 2.3 80.0 18.9 1.2
Haryana 92.9 4.9 2.2 98.8 0.7 0.5
Delhi 98.2 1.5 0.3 94.4 2.8 2.8
Jammu&Kashmir 61.0 22.7 16.3 93.6 3.4 3.1
Uttaranchal 92.7 4.1 3.1 98.0 1.8 0.2
Smaller states
Tripura 10.6 74.6 14.8 57.6 40.9 1.5
Meghalaya 42.6 22.9 34.4 88.3 11.0 0.7
Manipur 12.1 59.8 28.1 28.9 64.5 6.6
Nagaland 48.2 39.0 12.8 72.7 24.7 2.6
Goa 77.4 22.2 0.4 94.6 3.1 2.4
Pondicherry 56.6 13.4 30.0 88.2 4.6 7.2
Mizoram 47.1 27.8 25.0 92.1 7.0 0.9
Chandigarh 99.7 0.3 0.0 97.5 2.3 0.2
Sikkim 55.9 35.1 9.0 99.9 0.1 0.0
A&N Island 56.2 34.0 9.8 93.4 6.5 0.1
D&N Haveli 37.2 48.1 14.7 94.4 5.6 0.0
Daman&Diu 90.7 6.5 2.9 97.5 1.4 1.1
Lakshadweep 94.5 2.7 2.8 92.9 4.7 2.3
All INDIA 55.4 27.6 17.0 91.6 6.2 2.1
Table 3: Distribution of households by the number of living rooms (in percentages)
Rural Urban
States
0 1 2 3 or more 0 1 2 3 or more
Larger States
UP 0.8 38.9 35.4 24.9 1.1 38.2 32.3 28.4
Maharashtra 1.2 47.2 36.8 14.9 4.8 51.8 29.4 14.0
Bihar 0.5 33.4 40.9 25.2 0.9 33.7 40.3 25.1
West Bengal 0.6 47.6 39.1 12.6 2.7 40.4 35.3 21.6
Andhra Pradesh 2.5 51.1 36.5 10.0 5.8 47.6 29.7 16.8
Madhya Pradesh 0.2 35.9 40.5 23.4 0.7 30.6 38.4 30.3
Tamil Nadu 0.0 59.1 29.8 11.0 0.3 49.5 32.5 17.7
Rajasthan 0.6 33.3 38.6 27.5 1.6 27.7 28.4 42.3
Karnataka 0.5 30.3 42.3 26.9 0.2 30.7 36.2 32.9
Gujrat 0.6 46.6 39.3 13.6 1.5 38.2 35.2 25.2
Orissa 0.6 40.9 43.0 15.5 0.1 48.1 35.0 16.8
Kerala 1.4 7.4 18.5 72.6 2.7 12.7 15.1 69.5
Jharkhand 0.8 17.1 39.8 42.3 0.7 28.2 39.2 31.9
Assam 0.4 8.0 40.5 51.2 1.3 17.8 33.4 47.5
Punjab 0.1 29.5 34.4 36.0 1.0 39.8 27.3 31.9
Chattisgarh 0.3 21.6 44.0 34.1 0.5 42.8 33.4 23.3
Haryana 0.1 28.4 41.0 30.6 0.8 34.4 29.5 35.2
Delhi 4.8 32.8 33.4 29.0 3.2 46.0 30.2 20.6
Jammu&Kashmir 0.1 10.8 20.2 68.9 0.1 29.1 22.9 47.9
Uttaranchal 0.5 31.1 33.2 35.2 0.4 31.6 33.2 34.8
Himachal Pradesh 6.5 21.4 28.9 43.1 4.5 39.9 24.7 30.9
Smaller states
Tripura 0.3 47.6 41.6 10.5 0.6 39.1 41.4 18.9
Meghalaya 0.1 4.4 36.3 59.3 2.3 16.4 28.6 52.7
Manipur 0.0 12.6 36.3 51.1 0.1 8.9 28.4 62.6
Nagaland 0.1 8.2 40.9 50.8 0.0 19.4 41.3 39.3
Goa 0.0 18.5 31.1 50.4 0.0 22.6 25.4 51.9
Arunachal Pradesh 3.4 43.5 30.8 22.4 4.2 34.9 42.5 18.5
Pondicherry 0.0 49.4 33.6 17.0 7.4 40.8 33.7 18.0
Mizoram 0.0 23.3 46.4 30.3 0.0 15.2 39.2 45.6
Chandigarh 0.1 83.4 12.6 3.9 2.0 33.0 24.2 40.8
Sikkim 0.0 18.2 36.9 44.9 3.2 31.6 36.9 28.3
A&N Island 0.0 20.5 39.1 40.4 2.6 25.9 49.3 22.2
D&N Haveli 0.0 32.2 40.6 27.2 0.0 52.6 34.0 13.4
Daman&Diu 0.0 11.4 46.4 42.2 0.0 13.1 39.9 47.0
Lakshadweep 0.0 0.8 8.2 91.0 0.0 5.2 12.7 82.2
All INDIA 0.8 37.6 37.2 24.4 2.2 40.4 31.9 25.6
Table 4: Distribution of households by ventillation of the houses (in percentages)
Rural Urban
States satisfac- satisfac-
good bad good bad
tory tory
Larger States
UP 19.1 52.2 28.8 38.6 48.7 12.7
Maharashtra 25.9 48.3 25.9 38.8 36.3 24.9
Bihar 14.9 54.5 30.4 34.8 44.1 21.2
West Bengal 19.7 45.2 34.8 40.2 40.2 19.6
Andhra Pradesh 28.1 45.6 26.4 46.8 36.4 16.8
Madhya Pradesh 19.3 55.9 24.8 41.6 44.8 13.6
Tamil Nadu 32.5 52.0 15.5 50.6 41.3 8.1
Rajasthan 24.1 57.4 18.5 51.9 40.0 8.2
Karnataka 25.3 54.3 20.4 58.3 33.0 8.7
Gujrat 32.0 44.7 23.4 52.7 37.1 10.2
Orissa 12.8 38.7 48.4 32.3 43.3 24.4
Kerala 44.0 41.4 14.6 49.5 39.8 10.6
Jharkhand 4.1 48.8 47.1 30.1 42.3 27.6
Assam 20.3 53.6 26.2 43.1 48.0 8.9
Punjab 35.3 42.7 22.0 45.6 38.9 15.6
Chattisgarh 15.5 56.5 28.0 35.7 40.1 24.1
Haryana 26.5 49.8 23.7 33.7 53.3 13.0
Delhi 38.4 32.4 29.1 46.1 36.6 17.3
Jammu&Kashmir 28.9 53.4 17.7 45.9 42.4 11.7
Uttaranchal 28.6 57.9 13.5 36.4 56.7 6.9
Smaller states
Tripura 25.0 53.2 21.8 52.9 36.6 10.5
Meghalaya 54.9 31.8 13.4 81.0 17.6 1.4
Manipur 31.6 51.8 16.6 39.1 52.2 8.7
Nagaland 18.8 53.3 27.9 30.0 56.8 13.2
Goa 28.5 55.4 16.1 61.7 28.5 9.9
Pondicherry 36.1 39.7 24.2 61.6 28.1 10.3
Mizoram 43.4 32.1 24.6 57.3 33.5 9.3
Chandigarh 26.3 5.4 68.3 58.7 25.0 16.3
Sikkim 50.2 32.1 17.7 80.6 18.8 0.6
A&N Island 35.8 50.0 14.1 39.4 53.2 7.4
D&N Haveli 29.5 38.9 31.5 42.6 28.4 29.0
Daman&Diu 50.6 25.7 23.7 60.8 28.1 11.1
Lakshadweep 19.2 80.8 0.0 43.1 44.2 12.7
All INDIA 23.3 49.9 26.8 44.7 40.1 15.1
Table 5: Distribution of households by the type of kitchen (in percentages)
Rural Urban
separate kitchen separate kitchen no
States no separate
with no water with separate
kitchen no water tap
water tap tap water tap kitchen
Larger States
UP 1.3 23.5 75.3 27.1 28.2 44.7
Maharashtra 4.2 39.3 56.5 33.4 18.5 48.1
Bihar 0.9 25.5 73.7 20.2 25.1 54.7
West Bengal 1.1 52.4 46.3 26.5 32.2 41.4
Andhra Pradesh 3.1 33.7 63.3 24.0 29.7 46.2
Madhya Pradesh 0.9 35.2 63.9 21.4 38.6 40.0
Tamil Nadu 5.0 55.0 40.0 31.4 40.2 28.4
Rajasthan 1.9 36.8 61.3 33.1 34.1 32.8
Karnataka 2.8 67.8 29.4 35.8 43.5 20.7
Gujrat 6.5 41.6 52.0 39.2 28.6 32.1
Orissa 1.3 42.2 56.5 24.8 32.3 42.8
Kerala 35.5 57.9 6.5 48.4 39.5 12.2
Jharkhand 0.3 28.0 71.7 28.5 31.0 40.5
Assam 1.2 86.0 12.8 29.3 58.1 12.5
Punjab 12.4 46.0 41.6 42.3 20.5 37.1
Chattisgarh 0.6 40.1 59.3 22.4 31.9 45.7
Haryana 6.5 50.4 43.1 37.3 29.5 33.1
Delhi 27.6 34.1 38.3 50.7 12.9 36.4
Jammu&Kashmir 13.1 53.4 33.5 46.7 25.9 27.4
Uttaranchal 8.9 45.7 45.5 44.6 34.4 21.1
Smaller states
Tripura 0.8 81.6 17.5 15.5 65.2 19.3
Meghalaya 2.2 76.9 20.8 40.0 42.2 17.7
Manipur 1.5 53.0 45.5 8.2 54.3 37.5
Nagaland 4.8 79.6 15.7 11.5 78.4 10.1
Goa 26.1 58.4 15.5 58.0 25.3 16.7
Pondicherry 19.1 32.9 48.0 49.7 21.8 28.5
Mizoram 1.9 8.7 89.4 14.3 5.5 80.2
Chandigarh 11.5 21.4 67.1 60.8 7.6 31.6
Sikkim 19.0 64.3 16.7 63.4 12.9 23.7
A&N Island 11.9 68.1 19.9 27.7 44.3 28.0
D&N Haveli 7.1 46.3 46.6 59.0 13.3 27.8
Daman&Diu 29.3 41.0 29.7 59.2 33.5 7.4
Lakshadweep 83.4 16.6 0.0 52.3 43.7 4.0
All INDIA 4.0 41.3 54.7 32.1 30.4 37.3
Table 6 Distribution of households by the type of roof (in percentages)
Sector: Rural
katcha pucca
Larger States
UP 17.0 9.7 0.3 2.9 10.7 24.4 1.5 32.1 1.6
Maharashtra 3.9 1.2 0.3 1.6 25.3 3.0 43.5 18.4 2.9
Bihar 37.9 1.2 0.1 1.6 17.2 3.7 7.0 30.3 0.9
West Bengal 23.7 1.2 0.7 0.6 24.9 1.1 30.6 16.7 0.2
Andhra Pradesh 17.6 1.2 0.1 0.3 20.4 8.6 8.1 43.6 0.2
Madhya Pradesh 5.2 3.0 0.3 1.7 48.1 27.1 6.0 8.4 0.1
Tamil Nadu 20.8 0.6 0.0 0.9 36.5 2.5 4.4 34.0 0.3
Rajasthan 14.5 3.1 0.3 1.0 16.4 56.2 2.9 5.3 0.2
Karnataka 6.0 9.9 0.2 1.2 46.4 7.0 15.0 13.3 1.0
Gujrat 6.3 0.6 0.1 4.5 38.2 7.3 15.8 27.0 0.2
Orissa 39.6 0.6 0.1 3.3 26.2 0.7 9.0 19.4 1.0
Kerala 2.8 0.0 0.1 1.3 44.3 0.3 8.9 42.2 0.2
Jharkhand 13.3 0.8 0.0 1.7 55.4 9.7 3.3 15.7 0.1
Assam 36.5 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 61.0 1.6 0.2
Punjab 4.8 1.4 0.0 2.2 4.8 47.0 0.2 38.9 0.7
Chattisgarh 0.9 1.0 0.4 0.3 73.0 7.5 1.3 10.2 5.3
Haryana 3.2 2.0 0.1 1.1 6.5 30.9 0.9 27.6 27.6
Delhi 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.4 0.5 23.0 2.4 65.8 6.5
Jammu&Kashmir 9.3 11.5 0.0 0.9 0.1 1.2 54.2 22.7 0.1
Uttaranchal 3.5 1.3 0.0 0.3 4.1 23.8 6.5 59.1 1.4
Smaller States
Tripura 13.3 0.0 0.1 1.4 0.0 0.4 83.8 1.0 0.0
Meghalaya 35.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 56.9 7.3 0.0
Manipur 27.2 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 66.8 4.4 0.1
Nagaland 11.8 0.4 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 78.2 8.5 0.0
Goa 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.5 64.4 10.3 1.3 22.6 0.0
Arunachal Pradesh 54.8 0.1 0.2 2.0 0.3 0.5 33.0 5.5 3.7
Pondicherry 38.8 0.2 0.0 0.2 10.3 1.0 6.7 42.9 0.0
Mizoram 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 72.6 1.3 0.7
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 99.3 0.0
Sikkim 8.7 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 71.7 18.7 0.0
A&N Island 11.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 82.0 5.9 0.0
D&N Haveli 7.1 7.9 0.0 0.0 57.5 3.0 15.0 9.6 0.0
Daman&Diu 2.0 6.1 0.0 0.9 5.9 14.6 5.0 65.6 0.0
Lakshadweep 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.7 0.0 0.0 69.8 0.0
All INDIA 16.6 3.1 0.2 1.6 25.4 13.0 13.9 24.7 1.5
Sector: Urban
katcha pucca
Larger States
UP 2.4 1.5 0.2 0.6 2.2 23.8 3.1 64.5 1.6
Maharashtra 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 5.4 2.8 38.8 51.0 0.8
Bihar 12.2 0.4 0.3 0.7 10.2 5.2 8.1 62.8 0.2
West Bengal 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.1 22.4 5.0 15.6 55.3 0.3
Andhra Pradesh 4.0 0.3 0.6 0.1 4.8 3.2 15.1 71.9 0.2
Madhya Pradesh 1.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 14.8 24.2 13.3 44.6 0.9
Tamil Nadu 5.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 22.1 3.6 5.6 62.8 0.5
Rajasthan 1.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 1.2 58.6 2.2 35.4 0.5
Karnataka 0.7 1.5 0.2 0.3 15.6 3.3 16.7 61.4 0.3
Gujrat 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.6 7.1 4.2 13.7 73.1 0.2
Orissa 8.4 0.0 0.7 0.4 13.2 3.4 20.0 53.8 0.1
Kerala 1.2 0.0 0.1 0.6 31.3 1.1 5.8 59.7 0.2
Jharkhand 1.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 20.9 4.0 13.1 60.1 0.0
Assam 2.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.5 65.7 30.6 0.1
Punjab 1.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.9 24.6 0.3 71.7 0.8
Chattisgarh 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 30.9 6.7 9.7 46.0 5.0
Haryana 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 5.5 25.4 1.0 58.5 8.5
Delhi 2.0 0.4 0.3 1.8 0.7 8.5 2.8 83.1 0.3
Jammu&Kashmir 2.5 0.5 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 42.9 50.4 2.2
Uttaranchal 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 10.2 6.6 81.3 0.1
Smaller States
Tripura 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 7.3 73.6 17.6 0.0
Meghalaya 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 50.8 47.3 0.8
Manipur 5.9 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 2.1 77.1 14.1 0.0
Nagaland 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 71.5 25.3 0.6
Goa 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.7 0.1 6.4 62.5 0.0
Arunachal
Pradesh 20.9 0.4 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.8 64.6 10.7 0.4
Pondicherry 8.4 1.3 1.8 0.0 4.2 0.7 6.2 77.3 0.0
Mizoram 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 74.7 21.3 3.0
Chandigarh 0.6 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 10.0 88.1 0.0
Sikkim 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.6 87.4 0.0
A&N Island 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 74.9 21.5 2.3
D&N Haveli 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.1 17.4 14.5 62.1 0.0
Daman&Diu 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 8.7 4.6 3.5 80.9 0.0
Lakshadweep 1.3 0.0 0.0 1.9 42.4 0.0 6.4 48.0 0.0
All INDIA 2.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 10.4 10.5 14.9 60.1 0.8
Sector: Rural
iron
grass /straw/ burnt or
mud/unburnt other other
States leaves/reeds/ canvas/cloth Timber brick/stone/lime other cement/RBC/RCC
brick katcha pucca
bamboo,etc stone metal
sheet
Larger States
UP 3.7 25.5 0.0 0.7 0.1 64.4 0.0 5.3 0.1
Maharashtra 7.2 23.8 0.4 0.6 0.4 61.3 0.7 5.6 0.1
Bihar 27.7 21.4 0.0 1.0 0.2 42.1 0.0 7.4 0.1
West Bengal 15.5 46.1 0.2 0.8 1.0 26.4 2.0 7.7 0.2
Andhra Pradesh 5.0 19.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 70.1 0.0 5.1 0.1
Madhya Pradesh 3.0 44.6 0.3 1.3 0.6 47.7 0.0 2.4 0.0
Tamil Nadu 3.7 31.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 55.6 0.0 8.8 0.1
Rajasthan 3.5 26.7 0.0 1.0 0.1 67.6 0.0 0.9 0.2
Karnataka 2.4 37.1 0.1 1.5 0.2 53.8 0.1 4.7 0.2
Gujrat 2.3 29.8 0.1 2.5 0.1 58.7 0.2 4.4 1.8
Orissa 2.6 59.3 0.2 2.3 0.2 32.0 0.2 3.3 0.1
Kerala 1.2 20.0 0.1 0.8 0.4 68.5 0.1 7.0 2.0
Jharkhand 2.0 60.0 0.0 2.3 0.1 31.6 0.1 3.9 0.0
Assam 44.6 33.3 0.1 0.8 0.5 12.0 0.5 7.2 0.9
Punjab 0.2 3.4 0.0 0.8 0.0 84.0 0.0 11.6 0.0
Chattisgarh 1.1 64.0 0.1 4.5 0.4 29.2 0.0 0.7 0.1
Haryana 0.1 2.4 0.1 0.2 0.6 87.6 0.0 9.1 0.0
Delhi 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 73.9 0.0 25.8 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 0.2 31.4 0.0 2.0 1.1 60.9 0.3 4.1 0.0
Uttaranchal 1.5 3.8 0.0 0.1 0.8 82.4 0.0 11.4 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 28.8 60.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 3.5 3.7 3.2 0.1
Meghalaya 44.4 8.0 0.0 3.5 13.7 6.7 1.6 21.3 0.6
Manipur 21.8 64.6 0.3 1.1 2.5 6.4 0.1 3.3 0.0
Nagaland 36.2 13.8 0.0 1.4 25.6 4.0 2.0 17.0 0.0
Goa 2.2 18.7 0.1 0.6 0.0 68.3 0.1 7.9 2.1
Arunachal
Pradesh 60.4 8.7 0.2 1.0 6.2 9.5 0.6 5.9 7.6
Pondicherry 7.9 24.8 0.0 1.5 0.0 50.1 0.2 14.9 0.6
Mizoram 51.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 2.5 0.9 9.6 2.4 31.9
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 60.1 0.0 39.7 0.0
Sikkim 9.1 33.6 0.4 0.4 6.4 6.0 0.2 42.1 1.8
A&N Island 41.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.1 0.0 22.3 27.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 7.9 52.8 0.0 1.9 0.0 24.3 0.0 13.1 0.0
Daman&Diu 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 47.1 0.0 49.6 0.0
Lakshadweep 1.3 0.0 0.0 1.5 2.3 94.9 0.0 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 8.2 30.8 0.1 1.0 0.4 53.3 0.3 5.7 0.3
Sector: Urban
iron
brick katcha pucca
sheet
Larger States
UP 0.6 2.5 0.0 0.2 0.2 79.2 0.0 17.0 0.2
Maharashtra 0.6 3.0 0.0 0.2 0.7 84.7 2.6 8.1 0.1
Bihar 7.9 7.4 0.1 1.7 0.2 71.4 0.3 10.9 0.2
West Bengal 3.7 4.7 0.1 0.3 0.6 67.8 1.4 21.3 0.2
Andhra Pradesh 1.5 3.9 0.6 0.2 0.0 69.9 0.4 23.4 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 0.3 9.4 0.3 0.2 0.6 79.1 0.2 10.0 0.0
Tamil Nadu 0.9 8.9 0.0 0.5 0.2 76.7 0.0 12.7 0.0
Rajasthan 0.3 1.6 0.0 0.3 0.2 91.3 0.0 5.9 0.2
Karnataka 1.0 8.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 57.9 0.2 32.1 0.0
Gujrat 0.1 2.7 0.2 0.2 1.2 72.7 0.7 21.8 0.4
Orissa 0.7 14.7 0.1 0.5 0.2 61.7 0.0 22.0 0.0
Kerala 0.9 9.3 0.0 0.4 0.9 78.0 0.1 10.1 0.3
Jharkhand 0.5 8.7 0.0 0.3 0.1 71.2 0.4 18.7 0.0
Assam 12.8 10.9 0.0 0.3 1.6 31.0 0.5 42.3 0.5
Punjab 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 74.1 0.0 25.2 0.0
Chattisgarh 1.5 17.0 0.0 1.0 0.1 75.2 0.1 4.7 0.3
Haryana 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 80.7 0.0 17.1 1.1
Delhi 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.1 1.2 39.8 0.0 55.2 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 0.3 4.4 0.6 0.0 0.7 89.4 1.7 2.7 0.2
Uttaranchal 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 73.3 0.0 26.2 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 24.6 17.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.4 12.1 15.0 0.0
Meghalaya 8.3 3.0 0.1 0.2 8.6 13.5 2.7 63.1 0.5
Manipur 12.0 58.3 0.2 0.6 1.9 17.4 0.1 9.5 0.0
Nagaland 18.0 8.8 0.0 0.4 17.5 11.2 5.8 37.0 1.3
Goa 2.3 1.5 0.4 1.2 0.0 65.2 0.0 29.4 0.0
Arunachal
Pradesh 29.3 3.6 0.6 1.3 5.8 6.2 1.7 36.1 15.5
Pondicherry 3.5 3.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 54.4 0.0 38.2 0.0
Mizoram 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.0 7.8 16.8 20.0 46.4
Chandigarh 0.0 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 34.5 0.0 63.8 0.5
Sikkim 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.6 3.4 0.3 90.5 0.0
A&N Island 5.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.0 0.0 1.7 64.9 0.0
D&N Haveli 0.0 5.6 0.0 0.0 1.5 34.8 0.0 57.8 0.3
Daman&Diu 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 46.4 0.0 52.1 0.0
Lakshadweep 1.5 1.4 0.0 3.3 0.0 37.9 0.0 44.6 11.4
All INDIA 1.3 5.3 0.1 0.3 0.5 73.0 0.7 18.5 0.2
Table 10:Distribution of households by the type of floor (in percentages)
Rural
brick/limestone/
Bamboo wood/ stone
States mud cement mosaic/tiles others
/log plank
Larger States
UP 76.9 0.3 0.1 5.5 16.8 0.4 0.1
Maharashtra 49.9 0.1 0.1 15.8 21.4 12.6 0.2
Bihar 73.7 0.5 0.4 8.4 16.8 0.2 0.1
West Bengal 70.4 0.4 0.6 3.9 24.3 0.1 0.1
Andhra Pradesh 24.0 0.1 0.0 33.8 38.8 3.3 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 75.4 0.8 0.5 9.2 13.0 1.0 0.1
Tamil Nadu 20.4 0.0 0.0 1.3 73.1 5.1 0.1
Rajasthan 45.8 0.2 0.0 14.0 38.7 1.2 0.1
Karnataka 25.6 0.3 0.0 23.5 44.0 6.3 0.2
Gujrat 45.5 0.7 0.1 4.7 32.5 16.3 0.1
Orissa 64.3 0.0 0.0 1.7 33.5 0.4 0.0
Kerala 9.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 72.3 16.3 0.7
Jharkhand 76.4 0.5 0.1 5.1 17.7 0.2 0.0
Assam 77.7 2.7 0.7 2.6 16.2 0.1 0.1
Punjab 33.3 0.0 0.1 14.9 49.4 2.3 0.0
Chattisgarh 82.4 0.8 0.1 5.5 10.2 1.0 0.0
Haryana 29.6 0.0 0.0 15.8 52.2 2.2 0.1
Delhi 0.7 0.0 0.0 6.8 73.6 18.9 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 47.6 1.4 1.0 2.8 47.0 0.1 0.0
Uttaranchal 32.7 0.9 6.2 15.3 39.4 5.5 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 88.7 1.6 0.0 1.6 8.1 0.0 0.0
Meghalaya 39.1 3.8 26.0 0.5 30.5 0.2 0.0
Manipur 72.6 3.0 8.5 2.1 12.8 0.7 0.2
Nagaland 34.6 2.7 15.5 5.0 42.1 0.2 0.0
Goa 15.5 0.0 1.6 1.3 60.0 21.6 0.0
ArunachalPradesh 18.2 47.7 10.8 1.6 20.1 0.0 1.7
Pondicherry 25.7 0.0 0.0 0.9 58.6 9.7 5.1
Mizoram 6.3 20.0 65.6 0.0 8.1 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 98.9 0.0 0.2
Sikkim 33.2 0.1 13.4 0.2 52.8 0.4 0.0
A&N Island 34.9 0.1 1.2 0.0 61.4 2.4 0.0
D&N Haveli 70.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.9 15.6 0.0
Daman&Diu 10.8 0.0 0.0 29.9 17.5 41.8 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 76.5 23.4 0.0
All INDIA 54.1 0.5 0.5 10.3 30.9 3.6 0.1
Urban
bamboo/ wood/ brick/limestone/stone

States mud cement mosaic/tiles others
log plank
Larger States
UP 15.4 0.1 0.1 11.9 60.5 11.8 0.3
Maharashtra 4.3 0.0 0.1 16.0 29.9 49.6 0.1
Bihar 30.1 0.0 0.0 7.8 54.8 6.3 0.9
West Bengal 11.5 0.0 0.2 3.5 75.9 8.8 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 4.1 0.1 0.0 33.0 42.6 20.0 0.3
Madhya Pradesh 21.1 0.2 0.1 11.6 51.5 15.1 0.4
Tamil Nadu 3.6 0.0 0.0 3.3 66.3 26.5 0.3
Rajasthan 4.3 0.0 0.2 26.1 49.5 19.9 0.0
Karnataka 3.5 0.0 0.1 14.8 44.8 36.7 0.2
Gujrat 3.0 0.0 0.1 8.5 27.6 60.5 0.3
Orissa 14.8 0.0 0.0 1.1 77.3 6.5 0.2
Kerala 3.1 0.0 0.2 2.9 61.9 30.7 1.2
Jharkhand 20.4 0.2 0.2 0.6 75.0 3.5 0.0
Assam 24.9 0.4 0.1 4.5 66.0 4.1 0.0
Punjab 4.5 0.0 0.0 18.7 68.3 8.2 0.3
Chattisgarh 18.9 0.6 0.7 13.0 54.9 11.7 0.2
Haryana 6.4 0.0 0.0 18.7 68.2 6.5 0.2
Delhi 1.0 0.0 0.0 12.8 72.3 11.6 2.1
Jammu&Kashmir 13.8 0.0 0.4 11.7 71.8 2.1 0.2
Uttaranchal 4.0 0.0 0.0 7.6 63.2 25.2 0.1
Smaller States
Tripura 40.3 0.1 0.0 12.7 46.4 0.5 0.0
Meghalaya 4.2 0.0 17.8 1.3 72.4 4.0 0.3
Manipur 60.8 0.1 2.2 4.4 30.5 1.9 0.0
Nagaland 18.8 0.6 6.8 3.7 68.3 1.6 0.3
Goa 4.8 0.0 0.0 1.2 35.0 58.9 0.0
Arunachal
Pradesh 15.9 7.7 12.5 4.4 59.1 0.0 0.4
Pondicherry 4.6 0.0 0.0 3.1 46.5 41.7 4.1
Mizoram 0.9 1.6 59.8 0.3 36.5 0.4 0.5
Chandigarh 0.8 0.0 0.0 29.0 61.0 5.1 4.0
Sikkim 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.9 94.4 3.6 0.0
A&N Island 5.4 0.9 2.5 0.0 86.8 4.4 0.0
D&N Haveli 9.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.5 42.3 0.0
Daman&Diu 1.5 0.0 0.0 8.0 17.0 73.6 0.0
Lakshadweep 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.5 72.5 25.0 0.2
All INDIA 8.0 0.1 0.2 13.0 53.2 25.3 0.4
Table 12: Distribution of households by major source of drinking water (in percentages)
Tap
States water treated tap water non-treated tap water hand pump
Larger states
UP 20 13 7 73
Maharashtra 50 32 18 16
Bihar 3 2 1 89
West Bengal 11 8 4 63
Andhra Pradesh 63 36 27 18
Madhya Pradesh 10 5 5 58
Tamil Nadu 79 46 33 5
Rajasthan 27 18 9 31
Karnataka 56 23 34 8
Gujrat 56 17 39 18
Orissa 7 4 3 47
Kerala 24 17 7 0
Jharkhand 4 2 2 49
Assam 7 6 1 53
Punjab 35 25 10 34
Chattisgarh 9 3 6 70
Haryana 64 47 16 14
Delhi 59 50 10 15
Jammu&Kashmir 56 22 33 13
Uttaranchal 64 46 18 24
Himachal Pradesh 89 83 6 4
Smaller States
Tripura 25 11 14 17
Meghalaya 29 17 12 3
Manipur 30 13 17 8
Nagaland 52 6 46 1
Goa 78 73 5 0
Arunachal Pradesh 59 20 40 12
Pondicherry 95 89 6 3
Mizoram 41 15 27 1
Chandigarh 95 89 6 1
Sikkim 83 13 69 0
A&N Island 77 55 22 0
D&N Haveli 43 16 27 30
Daman&Diu 85 76 8 6
Lakshadweep 31 1 30 0
ALL-INDIA 31 18 13 44
Source: Census 2011
Table 13: Distribution of households by the major source of drinking water (in percentages)
Sector: Rural
tube
pump
water
Larger States
UP 0.3 2.4 92.7 1.4 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Maharashtra 0.6 57.0 22.7 8.3 9.8 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.1
Bihar 0.9 1.1 94.2 2.4 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 0.2 7.8 84.6 2.3 3.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.0 0.1
Andhra Pradesh 1.6 63.9 26.7 2.1 3.8 0.7 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.6
Madhya Pradesh 0.3 9.1 73.9 7.3 8.2 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0
Tamil Nadu 0.2 87.3 7.3 2.2 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.3
Rajasthan 0.7 28.5 48.3 2.2 8.5 4.7 2.1 1.1 0.0 1.1 2.8
Karnataka 0.3 70.2 17.5 7.4 1.5 1.6 0.3 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Gujrat 0.9 58.0 28.4 4.6 4.1 1.7 0.3 1.3 0.0 0.4 0.3
Orissa 0.1 5.8 73.3 4.2 13.5 0.3 0.1 1.8 0.9 0.0 0.1
Kerala 0.0 15.8 2.6 51.2 26.6 1.1 0.7 0.1 1.3 0.2 0.4
Jharkhand 0.1 3.5 50.9 9.0 34.8 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
Assam 0.1 6.3 65.5 10.4 7.8 0.6 2.9 2.8 3.2 0.0 0.3
Punjab 0.7 36.3 62.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
Chattisgarh 0.5 7.6 81.0 3.6 6.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2
Haryana 0.0 61.2 35.3 1.3 1.4 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Delhi 0.0 46.4 34.3 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.2
Jammu&Kashmir 1.0 65.5 16.9 0.1 1.0 1.6 0.9 1.6 11.4 0.0 0.0
Uttaranchal 0.3 60.8 23.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 12.3 0.0 3.2
Tripura 0.2 27.4 43.7 5.3 18.3 0.9 0.4 2.1 0.3 0.0 1.3
Meghalaya 0.4 50.6 9.4 6.0 5.3 3.8 0.6 1.7 22.1 0.0 0.0
Manipur 1.0 24.6 10.4 3.7 0.0 14.5 6.2 21.2 16.7 0.1 1.4
Nagaland 0.1 28.6 5.2 29.9 10.8 15.0 3.4 1.2 5.3 0.4 0.0
Goa 0.0 85.0 0.0 7.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Arunachal
Pradesh 1.3 80.0 11.1 0.8 2.3 0.0 1.1 2.4 1.1 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 0.0 99.1 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 0.0 14.6 4.8 0.4 0.0 2.7 1.2 5.6 68.5 0.6 1.6
Chandigarh 2.5 89.1 8.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 0.0 67.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 31.3 0.0 0.0
A&N Island 0.6 83.1 0.9 3.4 7.3 0.0 0.0 2.4 2.2 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 1.8 29.8 51.5 8.5 7.5 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 0.0 55.5 44.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.0 22.5 0.1 0.0 71.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.7 0.0
All INDIA 0.5 30.1 54.7 5.5 6.3 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.3
Table 14: Distribution of households by the major source of drinking water (in percentages)
Sector: Urban
tube
pump
water
Larger States
UP 1.4 47.3 50.8 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Maharashtra 2.2 88.9 4.3 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8
Bihar 0.9 29.0 67.0 1.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 0.7 70.4 26.2 1.4 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.4
Andhra Pradesh 4.2 75.4 13.2 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0
Madhya Pradesh 3.1 66.9 23.6 2.6 3.2 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Tamil Nadu 7.7 81.4 7.1 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8
Rajasthan 1.0 86.6 7.9 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.1
Karnataka 1.3 91.3 3.7 1.9 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0
Gujrat 3.4 83.8 11.6 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7
Orissa 1.1 63.6 22.3 5.3 7.2 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Kerala 1.6 41.6 4.1 36.5 16.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
Jharkhand 0.7 49.0 34.3 5.4 10.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Assam 0.3 36.6 41.0 14.7 5.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.9
Punjab 1.1 82.1 16.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chattisgarh 1.0 60.6 37.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1
Haryana 1.9 76.9 19.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1
Delhi 1.5 88.0 8.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6
Jammu&Kashmir 3.4 90.9 5.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Uttaranchal 0.0 75.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Tripura 0.0 60.6 33.7 2.6 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4
Meghalaya 1.6 95.6 0.7 1.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0
Manipur 1.0 65.5 7.4 1.2 0.2 13.0 3.4 4.3 2.5 0.0 1.4
Nagaland 0.2 25.8 2.6 24.2 6.9 15.3 6.2 0.9 3.5 12.6 1.9
Goa 0.0 87.7 0.3 3.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.5
Arunachal
Pradesh 1.2 87.2 3.8 6.7 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 3.2 94.4 0.3 1.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 0.2 71.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.5 1.0 0.3 20.7 2.3 0.9
Chandigarh 0.0 99.1 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 0.5 98.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0
A&N Island 1.1 98.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 0.0 80.2 18.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 2.1 93.8 1.4 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.2 9.5 14.9 14.8 58.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0
All INDIA 2.7 74.2 17.5 2.1 1.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.9
Sector: Rural
Hhs' exclusive common use of community use
States use Hhs in the others
building
Larger States
UP 41.7 9.6 47.0 1.8
Maharashtra 30.0 9.1 57.0 4.0
Bihar 44.3 14.8 38.0 3.0
West Bengal 18.3 8.8 70.0 2.7
Tamil Nadu 17.8 4.1 77.4 0.7
Rajasthan 24.1 5.7 61.2 9.1
Karnataka 23.2 6.4 66.6 3.8
Gujrat 42.2 6.6 45.7 5.5
Orissa 9.1 4.6 84.4 1.9
Kerala 66.9 6.3 11.6 15.3
Jharkhand 7.8 6.6 83.6 2.0
Assam 58.8 5.7 30.7 4.9
Punjab 62.2 18.7 12.3 6.8
Chattisgarh 17.5 5.2 75.6 1.7
Haryana 47.7 12.2 34.6 5.5
Delhi 47.6 19.1 32.8 0.5
Jammu&Kashmir 49.7 4.8 40.4 5.1
Uttaranchal 36.5 10.0 51.1 2.3
Smaller States
Tripura 17.5 17.0 62.9 2.6
Meghalaya 14.6 1.2 81.6 2.6
Manipur 14.5 7.1 71.1 7.2
Nagaland 42.6 16.8 33.0 7.5
Goa 73.9 8.8 17.0 0.4
Pondicherry 63.8 8.9 26.2 1.2
Mizoram 11.6 1.2 79.9 7.2
Chandigarh 22.7 65.6 6.9 4.7
Sikkim 56.7 6.0 28.9 8.4
A&N Island 30.6 14.6 53.6 1.2
D&N Haveli 10.9 0.3 86.9 1.8
Daman&Diu 45.9 31.3 16.1 6.7
Lakshadweep 99.2 0.8 0.0 0.0
All India 31.1 8.3 56.8 3.8
Sector: urban
Hhs' exclusive common use of
States use Hhs in the others
building community use
Larger States
UP 57.4 23.7 16.8 2.2
Maharashtra 55.4 19.6 15.6 9.3
Bihar 45.3 35.0 17.0 2.8
West Bengal 30.6 21.3 46.3 1.9
Andhra Pradesh 24.1 40.4 26.8 8.7
Madhya Pradesh 37.7 17.1 40.9 4.3
Tamil Nadu 29.2 25.5 36.7 8.5
Rajasthan 58.8 31.3 6.4 3.5
Karnataka 47.0 24.7 25.6 2.7
Gujrat 68.8 17.5 8.6 5.1
Orissa 36.0 20.0 40.5 3.5
Kerala 65.0 11.7 12.2 11.1
Jharkhand 40.1 24.1 34.4 1.4
Assam 64.3 23.6 8.7 3.5
Punjab 59.2 35.6 3.0 2.2
Chattisgarh 35.3 16.6 45.9 2.2
Haryana 56.3 24.7 15.2 3.8
Delhi 61.9 22.3 13.6 2.2
Jammu&Kashmir 62.2 27.7 5.6 4.6
Uttaranchal 63.1 23.0 13.7 0.2
Smaller States
Tripura 39.4 39.1 17.6 4.0
Meghalaya 45.0 35.1 18.2 1.7
Manipur 30.7 18.6 48.9 1.8
Nagaland 37.3 26.6 26.3 9.8
Goa 61.2 31.8 3.8 3.1
Pondicherry 59.1 29.2 7.9 3.8
Mizoram 54.5 14.3 28.7 2.5
Chandigarh 68.6 23.6 7.8 0.0
Sikkim 63.6 33.1 2.8 0.5
A&N Island 65.9 26.0 6.8 1.2
D&N Haveli 57.0 22.3 20.8 0.0
Daman&Diu 74.7 18.5 3.5 3.3
Lakshadweep 60.9 9.0 28.2 1.9
All India 47.0 24.7 22.9 5.4
Table 17:Distribution of households by distance to the source of drinking water (in percentages)
Sector: Rural
outside
1.0km
within dwelling less than 0.2 to 1.5km
States 0.5to 1km to 1.5
dwelling but within 0.2km 0.5km or more
km
premises
Larger States
UP 31.9 24.1 40.9 2.6 0.2 0.1 0.2
Maharashtra 10.9 28.6 50.3 7.8 1.7 0.4 0.5
Bihar 36.9 23.2 35.9 3.9 0.1 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 6.5 21.6 52.8 17.1 1.9 0.0 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 7.2 26.9 54.6 9.5 1.4 0.4 0.2
Madhya Pradesh 5.5 9.4 68.3 13.9 1.9 0.8 0.2
Tamil Nadu 8.3 13.7 71.5 4.8 1.2 0.2 0.3
Rajasthan 10.3 16.1 40.7 23.3 5.6 2.0 2.0
Karnataka 8.1 22.9 61.8 5.1 1.5 0.0 0.4
Gujrat 19.0 29.5 40.7 7.8 2.0 0.4 0.6
Orissa 2.7 11.0 61.5 22.2 2.5 0.2 0.0
Kerala 4.2 70.6 20.2 4.0 0.7 0.3 0.1
Jharkhand 3.0 10.6 63.4 19.7 3.2 0.0 0.0
Assam 3.8 59.9 29.2 6.1 0.9 0.0 0.1
Punjab 35.7 44.9 16.3 2.3 0.4 0.0 0.4
Chattisgarh 4.5 13.9 67.7 11.4 2.1 0.4 0.0
Haryana 36.5 24.4 29.3 5.1 4.1 0.2 0.5
Delhi 59.1 8.9 19.9 6.1 6.0 0.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 29.7 26.8 30.8 10.3 1.6 0.3 0.5
Uttaranchal 16.3 31.1 38.6 11.3 1.4 1.2 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 1.4 35.6 58.6 4.0 0.2 0.2 0.0
Meghalaya 6.0 16.3 65.2 11.0 1.4 0.0 0.2
Manipur 2.7 17.0 53.8 23.4 1.6 0.7 0.8
Nagaland 5.9 41.6 45.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.5
Goa 34.3 46.1 19.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 29.0 43.9 26.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 5.7 5.6 63.9 21.3 0.6 0.8 2.1
Chandigarh 37.6 56.2 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 19.4 46.6 26.8 6.8 0.3 0.1 0.0
A&N Island 16.1 34.7 40.9 7.8 0.5 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 5.3 17.1 67.4 10.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 39.0 46.6 14.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 21.7 78.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All India 15.6 24.9 48.1 9.2 1.5 0.3 0.3
Table 18:Distribution of households by the distance to the source of drinking water (in percentages)
Sector: Urban
outside
1.0km
within dwelling less than 0.2 to 0.5to 1.5km
States to 1.5
dwelling but within 0.2km 0.5km 1km or more
km
premises
Larger States
UP 69.5 13.6 15.3 1.3 0.0 0.1 0.2
Maharashtra 50.8 27.1 21.0 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0
Bihar 59.6 23.6 16.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 30.9 22.5 40.3 4.5 0.8 0.6 0.3
Andhra Pradesh 22.4 46.4 28.3 1.9 0.6 0.3 0.1
Madhya Pradesh 38.2 20.9 36.5 2.9 0.9 0.6 0.1
Tamil Nadu 28.9 33.7 34.9 2.2 0.2 0.0 0.1
Rajasthan 62.2 26.1 7.2 2.1 2.2 0.1 0.1
Karnataka 44.3 26.3 27.1 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.1
Gujrat 60.8 28.4 9.9 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.0
Orissa 36.0 20.1 35.4 7.9 0.7 0.0 0.0
Kerala 25.3 56.0 16.8 1.6 0.3 0.0 0.0
Jharkhand 35.7 29.5 32.5 2.0 0.3 0.1 0.0
Assam 33.4 58.4 6.7 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Punjab 62.2 33.4 3.8 0.5 0.1 0.0
Chattisgarh 34.0 18.3 41.9 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
Haryana 61.6 22.9 13.5 1.3 0.1 0.5 0.0
Delhi 73.4 13.1 9.1 3.7 0.7 0.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 64.9 28.4 6.3 0.4 0.0
Uttaranchal 54.5 32.6 12.9 0.1 0.0 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 9.9 68.9 20.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
Meghalaya 50.7 32.5 16.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Manipur 8.3 38.5 34.5 18.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 17.8 44.0 34.6 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Goa 61.2 31.5 6.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 60.2 30.6 8.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 57.9 10.6 22.9 6.5 1.2 0.0 1.0
Chandigarh 87.6 5.1 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 83.3 14.4 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.3
A&N Island 47.7 43.2 9.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 56.7 22.0 21.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 73.9 22.0 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.0 72.8 24.1 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
All India 46.2 28.3 22.7 2.0 0.4 0.2 0.1
Table 19: Distribution of households by availability of drinking water throughout the year (in
percentages)
Rural Urban
States
sufficient not sufficient sufficient not sufficient
Larger states
UP 95.2 4.8 94.8 5.2
Maharashtra 75.1 24.9 88.4 11.6
Bihar 97.4 2.6 98.6 1.4
West Bengal 86.8 13.2 96.2 3.8
Madhya Pradesh 77.3 22.7 75.3 24.7
Tamil Nadu 94.3 5.7 94.5 5.5
Rajasthan 65.1 34.9 85.1 14.9
Karnataka 77.9 22.1 88.8 11.2
Gujrat 88.3 11.7 96.7 3.3
Orissa 83.9 16.1 85.8 14.2
Kerala 82.9 17.1 90.7 9.3
Jharkhand 68.6 31.4 82.9 17.1
Assam 95.2 4.8 96.5 3.5
Punjab 92.3 7.7 93.4 6.6
Chattisgarh 90.3 9.7 81.7 18.3
Haryana 85.7 14.3 92.7 7.3
Delhi 78.7 21.3 89.7 10.3
Jammu&Kashmir 82.0 18.0 81.7 18.3
Uttaranchal 76.0 24.0 90.1 9.9
SmallerStates
Tripura 85.2 14.8 99.6 0.4
Meghalaya 75.6 24.4 92.8 7.2
Manipur 80.9 19.1 80.7 19.3
Nagaland 49.0 51.0 32.8 67.2
Goa 80.7 19.3 88.4 11.6
Pondicherry 83.4 16.6 95.7 4.3
Mizoram 21.1 78.9 30.7 69.3
Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 99.3 0.7
Sikkim 82.2 17.8 100.0 0.0
A&N Island 92.3 7.7 99.2 0.8
D&N Haveli 100.0 0.0 78.0 22.0
Daman&Diu 94.6 5.4 99.8 0.2
Lakshadweep 50.1 49.9 100.0 0.0
All INDIA 86.2 13.8 91.1 8.9
Table 20:Distribution of households (Hhs) by latrine facility ) [in percentages]
Sector: Rural
Exclusive shared public/comm-
use of Hhs with unity latrine
States no latrine
other
Hhs
Larger States
UP 16.48 3.63 0.70 79.35
Maharashtra 27.07 7.07 5.14 60.79
Bihar 17.31 2.15 0.72 79.56
West Bengal 40.52 15.95 1.71 41.66
Andhra Pradesh 26.62 8.27 0.89 64.36
Madhya Pradesh 11.80 2.09 0.81 85.30
Tamil Nadu 22.91 2.06 1.50 73.53
Rajasthan 14.31 3.40 0.19 82.11
Karnataka 21.19 3.12 0.52 75.18
Gujrat 26.73 5.02 0.91 67.34
Orissa 9.39 1.94 0.50 88.18
Kerala 89.70 4.40 0.56 5.34
Jharkhand 12.65 2.52 0.71 84.12
Assam 80.72 5.05 0.68 13.55
Punjab 51.89 10.77 1.11 36.23
Chattisgarh 14.30 1.64 1.69 82.36
Haryana 43.84 10.68 0.21 45.27
Delhi 61.08 25.90 5.56 7.45
Jammu&Kashmir 53.51 5.42 6.16 34.91
Uttaranchal 38.49 7.46 0.54 53.51
Smaller States
Tripura 69.27 27.05 0.27 3.41
Meghalaya 80.42 8.15 0.00 11.43
Manipur 87.27 11.16 0.50 1.08
Nagaland 76.27 19.29 1.29 3.15
Goa 57.67 4.25 1.88 36.20
Pondicherry 28.73 5.88 0.00 65.38
Mizoram 97.83 0.96 0.00 1.21
Chandigarh 17.99 69.60 2.82 9.60
Sikkim 85.06 12.42 0.02 2.50
A&N Island 43.25 14.26 2.58 39.91
D&N Haveli 21.83 18.79 6.14 53.24
Daman&Diu 48.87 19.07 0.11 31.95
Lakshadweep 99.16 0.84 0.00 0.00
All India 27.97 5.66 1.23 65.19
Table 21:Distribution of households (Hhs) by latrine facility ) [in percentages]
Sector: Urban
Exclusive shared public/comm-unity
States use of Hhs with other latrine no latrine
Hhs
Larger States
UP 62.67 21.24 1.93 14.17
Maharashtra 49.23 21.01 23.88 5.87
Bihar 43.06 26.89 2.29 27.76
West Bengal 54.24 35.01 5.16 5.58
Andhra Pradesh 54.60 32.58 1.58 11.23
Madhya Pradesh 55.62 17.37 2.81 24.21
Tamil Nadu 52.55 26.24 5.24 15.97
Rajasthan 62.92 24.17 0.32 12.58
Karnataka 64.60 20.07 4.00 11.33
Gujrat 67.42 20.97 4.28 7.34
Orissa 53.95 14.80 2.19 29.06
Kerala 86.45 12.08 0.02 1.46
Jharkhand 52.73 21.40 1.29 24.58
Assam 74.16 23.31 1.61 0.92
Punjab 59.90 33.50 1.64 4.96
Chattisgarh 44.41 12.78 11.20 31.60
Haryana 66.12 25.04 0.43 8.41
Delhi 61.68 25.47 11.65 1.20
Jammu&Kashmir 68.41 19.44 0.32 11.82
Uttaranchal 71.13 20.08 5.45 3.33
Smaller States
Tripura 57.45 41.65 0.04 0.86
Meghalaya 60.03 39.77 0.03 0.17
Manipur 78.58 21.42 0.00 0.00
Nagaland 56.96 38.74 2.98 1.32
Goa 63.40 19.73 7.30 9.57
Pondicherry 68.27 18.76 3.89 9.08
Mizoram 94.35 5.61 0.00 0.05
Chandigarh 69.02 22.86 7.48 0.63
Sikkim 66.59 31.85 1.56 0.00
A&N Island 61.48 21.02 11.38 6.12
D&N Haveli 52.45 36.23 4.24 7.09
Daman&Diu 78.91 10.84 3.90 6.35
Lakshadweep 93.60 5.41 0.00 0.99
All India 58.13 24.10 6.47 11.28
Table 22: Distribution of households by bathing facility (in percentages)
States Bathroom enclosure without roof no bathroom

Larger States
UP 17 29 53
Bihar 7 27 66
West Bengal 12 8 80
Tamil Nadu 26 18 55
Rajasthan 23 22 55
Karnataka 63 16 21
Gujrat 34 15 51
Orissa 7 5 89
Kerala 75 5 20
Jharkhand 4 7 89
Assam 16 18 66
Punjab 61 24 15
Chattisgarh 4 3 93
Haryana 57 19 24
Delhi 75 8 18
Smaller States
Tripura 8 12 80
Meghalaya 22 7 71
Manipur 22 22 56
Nagaland 41 37 22
Goa 70 11 19
Mizoram 45 14 41
Chandigarh 85 3 12
Sikkim 56 4 40
A&N Island 51 15 34
D&N Haveli 21 20 59
Daman&Diu 58 18 24
Lakshadweep 94 1 5
All INDIA 25 20 55
Source: Census 2011
Table 23: Distribution of households by the source of
lighting (in percentages)
Larger States
States Electricity kerosene
UP 24 75
Maharashtra 74 24
Bihar 10 88
West Bengal 40 58
Andhra Pradesh 90 9
Madhya Pradesh 58 41
Tamil Nadu 91 8
Rajasthan 58 39
Karnataka 87 12
Gujrat 85 13
Orissa 36 63
Kerala 92 7
Jharkhand 32 66
Assam 28 70
Punjab 95 3
Chattisgarh 70 28
Haryana 87 11
Delhi 98 1
Jammu&Kashmir 81 13
Uttaranchal 83 15
Himachal Pradesh 97 3
Smaller States
Tripura 59 38
Meghalaya 52 46
Manipur 61 32
Nagaland 75 21
Goa 96 3
Arunachal Pradesh 55 24
Pondicherry 96 4
Mizoram 69 27
Chandigarh 97 2
Sikkim 90 9
A&N Island 79 19
D&N Haveli 92 8
Daman&Diu 98 1
Lakshadweep 100 0
ALL-INDIA 55 43
Source: Census 2011
Table 24: Distribution of households by major source of cooking fuel (in
percentages)
crop cowdung
States firewood LPG/PNG residue cake
Larger States
UP 54 6 10 28
Maharashtra 69 18 8 2
Bihar 35 3 35 23
West Bengal 39 4 36 14
Andhra Pradesh 75 21 2 1
Madhya Pradesh 79 4 7 10
Tamil Nadu 67 29 1 0
Rajasthan 74 8 14 3
Karnataka 82 11 4 0
Gujrat 68 14 10 4
Orissa 71 3 12 11
Kerala 73 25 1 0
Jharkhand 72 2 5 9
Assam 81 10 7 1
Punjab 17 39 10 30
Chattisgarh 92 2 1 4
Haryana 34 24 21 20
Delhi 11 75 2 4
Jammu&Kashmir 74 16 3 5
Uttaranchal 63 29 2 4
Himachal Pradesh 64 33 1 0
Smaller states
Tripura 93 5 1 0
Meghalaya 94 3 1 0
Manipur 80 16 1 0
Nagaland 92 7 1 0
Goa 35 60 1 0
Arunachal
Pradesh 85 13 1 0
Pondicherry 36 53 0 0
Mizoram 81 18 0 0
Chandigarh 11 67 0 1
Sikkim 71 24 1 0
A&N Island 51 31 1 0
D&N Haveli 72 12 1 0
Daman&Diu 37 42 6 0
All INDIA 63 11 12 11
Source: Census 2011
Table 25:Distribution of households by garbage collection facility (in percentages)
Rural
panchayat/
States municipality/ by residents by others no arrangement
corporation
Larger States
UP 1.5 23.6 6.6 68.3
Maharashtra 7.1 38.6 1.6 52.7
Bihar 0.2 7.3 1.3 91.3
West Bengal 0.1 3.7 0.5 95.7
Tamil Nadu 13.3 33.8 0.5 52.4
Rajasthan 0.6 18.5 0.3 80.6
Karnataka 1.8 12.4 1.1 84.7
Gujrat 3.6 22.9 0.0 73.5
Orissa 0.0 16.8 0.3 82.9
Kerala 0.1 5.6 1.9 92.4
Jharkhand 0.0 17.3 0.3 82.4
Assam 0.6 27.2 4.3 68.0
Punjab 1.4 29.1 0.6 68.9
Chattisgarh 1.7 29.7 5.1 63.6
Haryana 4.2 43.8 1.1 50.9
Delhi 22.3 39.9 31.9 5.8
Uttaranchal 1.2 14.5 0.7 83.6
Smaller States
Tripura 0.1 2.8 0.4 96.6
Meghalaya 0.5 31.2 6.8 61.6
Manipur 0.6 53.2 1.0 45.3
Nagaland 3.4 32.2 4.5 59.9
Goa 0.6 3.9 0.0 95.4
Pondicherry 30.1 39.9 0.2 29.8
Mizoram 2.0 40.0 4.9 53.1
Chandigarh 59.5 17.4 6.7 16.4
Sikkim 3.6 8.3 1.9 86.2
A&N Island 2.4 0.2 0.0 97.4
D&N Haveli 13.3 9.3 0.1 77.3
Daman&Diu 0.8 0.0 0.0 99.2
Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 0.8 99.2
All INDIA 3.3 19.0 2.0 75.7
Table 26: Distribution of households by bathing facility (in percentages)
States Closed Drainage Open Drainage No drainage

Larger States
UP 6 30 64
Bihar 9 72 19
West Bengal 84 11 6
Tamil Nadu 14 74 12
Rajasthan 3 24 73
Karnataka 7 55 38
Gujrat 4 35 61
Orissa 5 32 63
Kerala 3 19 78
Jharkhand 3 36 60
Assam 3 41 56
Punjab 5 33 62
Chattisgarh 2 14 84
Haryana 2 21 77
Delhi 1 12 86
Uttaranchal 2 15 84
Smaller States
Tripura 2 10 88
Meghalaya 2 23 75
Manipur 12 6 82
Nagaland 11 9 80
Goa 6 6 88
Pondicherry 8 34 58
Mizoram 6 37 57
Chandigarh 26 28 46
Sikkim 0 19 81
A&N Island 18 21 61
D&N Haveli 7 20 73
Daman&Diu 7 30 63
Lakshadweep 5 27 68
All INDIA 6 31 63
Source: Census 2011
Table 27:Distribution of households by their access to road (in percentages)
Rural
direct opening to
States with with opening
street without street without
Larger states
UP 2.5 19.1 1.5 56.7 20.2
Maharashtra 30.2 13.2 22.7 19.5 14.6
Bihar 1.9 14.5 1.0 57.2 25.4
West Bengal 2.3 14.0 3.2 60.4 20.2
Andhra Pradesh 51.1 11.9 16.5 13.3 7.3
Madhya Pradesh 3.7 24.3 3.6 43.8 24.6
Tamil Nadu 54.9 7.9 23.3 8.8 5.1
Rajasthan 2.4 22.6 1.7 44.0 29.2
Karnataka 40.3 13.4 20.4 19.4 6.5
Gujrat 11.1 25.9 11.2 33.1 18.6
Orissa 3.0 35.8 1.1 47.6 12.6
Kerala 32.2 20.4 4.4 25.3 17.7
Jharkhand 1.3 20.7 1.9 44.7 31.5
Assam 0.9 19.3 0.9 61.3 17.6
Punjab 4.7 39.2 0.6 49.0 6.4
Chattisgarh 8.3 16.6 6.8 55.1 13.2
Haryana 1.6 46.5 0.7 40.0 11.1
Delhi 36.7 16.8 0.1 44.7 1.7
Jammu&Kashmir 0.04 18.5 0.1 39.0 42.3
Uttaranchal 7.9 13.9 1.8 39.1 37.3
Smaller States
Tripura 1.4 12.5 5.3 62.0 18.7
Meghalaya 3.1 16.0 0.4 69.5 11.0
Manipur 7.4 48.2 3.2 29.5 11.7
Nagaland 9.2 17.3 7.0 47.9 18.7
Goa 42.5 15.6 4.0 21.4 16.5
Pondicherry 57.6 0.0 29.7 7.8 4.8
Mizoram 22.2 30.9 5.3 24.0 17.6
Chandigarh 80.6 2.1 10.4 6.2 0.6
Sikkim 6.9 12.2 0.6 36.9 43.4
A&N Island 31.2 11.9 18.0 17.3 21.6
D&N Haveli 16.6 8.3 11.9 32.0 31.2
Daman&Diu 44.0 11.2 16.1 27.4 1.3
Lakshadweep 83.1 0.0 16.9 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 15.7 18.6 7.6 40.4 17.7
Table 28:Distribution of households by their access to road (in percentages)
Urban
direct opening to
Larger states
UP 36.2 12.9 17.2 28.5 5.1
Maharashtra 59.8 10.3 10.3 12.9 6.6
Bihar 25.5 29.8 4.8 33.4 6.4
West Bengal 44.9 6.4 21.7 19.4 7.6
Andhra Pradesh 78.4 2.1 10.8 4.6 4.1
Madhya Pradesh 47.5 15.2 14.1 16.9 6.3
Tamil Nadu 68.4 3.0 16.4 5.2 6.9
Rajasthan 54.8 16.2 12.2 14.0 2.8
Karnataka 81.3 3.2 9.2 4.4 1.9
Gujrat 51.3 12.1 19.8 11.5 5.4
Orissa 48.6 19.7 13.3 15.4 3.0
Kerala 54.9 8.5 6.8 19.8 10.0
Jharkhand 29.7 18.7 6.1 32.4 13.1
Assam 32.2 30.8 9.5 23.3 4.2
Punjab 54.2 16.2 9.5 19.0 1.1
Chattisgarh 41.5 4.6 35.1 11.5 7.3
Haryana 27.7 29.8 13.0 22.7 6.8
Delhi 66.2 8.0 9.6 13.9 2.3
Jammu&Kashmir 17.9 28.6 9.2 33.1 11.2
Uttaranchal 39.1 17.8 14.2 20.8 8.0
Smaller States
Tripura 23.1 9.7 26.5 35.3 5.3
Meghalaya 56.2 13.3 6.8 20.9 2.8
Manipur 25.2 55.7 11.1 7.8 0.2
Nagaland 15.0 21.0 9.5 34.9 19.6
Goa 63.8 3.6 17.1 11.3 4.2
Pondicherry 82.1 0.5 14.6 2.1 0.7
Mizoram 42.7 20.0 13.7 17.3 6.3
Chandigarh 71.7 1.7 15.6 10.9 0.0
Sikkim 72.6 9.7 1.6 11.9 4.2
A&N Island 36.5 5.4 39.2 11.1 7.8
D&N Haveli 62.2 4.9 13.3 15.1 4.5
Daman&Diu 80.6 2.1 11.1 3.5 2.7
Lakshadweep 24.8 6.8 10.3 15.3 42.9
All INDIA 56.0 10.3 13.7 14.6 5.5
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER
FIVE
Table 1: Gap between ST/SC HHs and ‘Other’ HHs in terms of proportion of HHs living in pucca houses

States ST SC ST SC ST SC
Larger States
UP 57 74 104 94 81 74
Maharashtra 71 89 92 96 66 90
Bihar 98 91 19 91 83 87
West Bengal 39 67 82 90 39 65
Andhra Pradesh 75 94 86 94 74 91
Madhya Pradesh 67 72 83 82 58 71
Tamil Nadu 110 93 93 81 92 80
Rajasthan 53 85 96 95 51 84
Karnataka 107 105 81 87 85 87
Gujarat 51 85 100 96 56 86
Orissa 56 68 75 74 52 65
Kerala 89 82 112 93 90 85
Jharkhand 51 77 88 75 46 68
Assam 68 79 114 91 66 97
Punjab 61 91 101 97 76 92
Chattisgarh 44 55 97 96 42 60
Haryana 77 89 85 97 82 90
Delhi 102 101 105 94 104 94
Jammu&Kashmir 23 91 25 97 22 88
Uttaranchal 81 90 101 93 90 90
Himachal Pradesh 74 96 96 98 73 95
Smaller States
Tripura 37 59 124 57 36 49
Meghalaya 153 84 87 65 76 50
Manipur 153 23 130 103 94 85
Nagaland 474 82 209 164 161 107
Goa 119 110 103 52 103 77
Arunachal Pradesh 83 123 104 107 78 141
Pondicherry 0 63 0 77 118 59
Mizoram 4782 0 128 120 175 221
Chandigarh 100 100 103 102 103 102
Sikkim 103 62 100 99 96 72
A&N Island 215 0 107 0 157 0
D&N Haveli 46 84 87 81 39 66
Daman&Diu 62 90 103 103 62 91
Lakshadweep 93 0 138 0 97 0
All INDIA 56 84 90 91 55 81
Source: NSSO 65th Round
Table 2: Gap between ST/SC households and ‘Other’ households in terms of proportion of
Hhs living in houses with concrete roof
States
ST SC ST SC ST SC
Larger States
UP 45 68 106 78 82 64
Maharashtra 60 70 77 62 44 61
Bihar 76 92 7 88 61 86
West Bengal 16 46 53 60 18 43
Tamil Nadu 162 109 91 67 108 75
Rajasthan 55 48 91 62 30 43
Karnataka 105 69 58 43 56 40
Gujarat 35 61 99 79 41 63
Orissa 22 65 25 68 20 61
Kerala 88 50 156 79 91 58
Jharkhand 30 74 92 73 30 63
Assam 40 32 93 107 42 129
Punjab 11 75 71 61 40 61
Chattisgarh 32 51 128 91 34 56
Haryana 149 50 136 66 155 49
Delhi 130 61 103 86 105 85
Jammu&Kashmir 60 262 53 191 52 217
Uttaranchal 74 72 104 80 91 70
Smaller States
Tripura 23 81 200 49 42 42
Meghalaya 589 949 113 53 59 61
Manipur 51 0 170 62 43 44
Nagaland 225 190 122 114
Goa 53 0 26 50 30 33
Pondicherry 0 60 126 62 136 49
Mizoram 37 22 34 41
Chandigarh 101 101 112 93 111 94
Sikkim 70 20 89 91 62 52
A&N Island 300 0 502 0 173 0
D&N Haveli 12 137 114 130 18 89
Daman&Diu 22 104 124 124 24 102
All INDIA 33 77 72 65 34 66
Table 3: Gap between ST/SC households and ‘Other’ households in terms of
proportion of Hhs living in houses with cement floor
States ST SC ST SC ST SC
Larger states
UP 63 48 105 95 102 53
Maharashtra 88 87 131 179 88 129
Bihar 75 46 5 63 55 44
West Bengal 38 53 80 97 36 58
Andhra Pradesh 97 75 125 129 102 87
Tamil Nadu 95 96 115 113 103 103
Rajasthan 40 84 100 131 43 93
Karnataka 75 95 133 140 89 106
Gujarat 46 122 97 116 57 125
Orissa 46 70 67 81 44 69
Kerala 90 92 151 119 98 98
Jharkhand 49 84 88 68 40 65
Assam 73 72 106 86 68 91
Punjab 0 74 105 84 44 73
Chattisgarh 35 48 108 98 33 57
Haryana 84 66 125 100 109 72
Delhi 124 103 121 110 121 109
Jammu&Kashmir 59 63 109 125 66 73
Uttaranchal 40 64 60 97 53 64
Smaller States
Tripura 49 46 137 50 43 40
Meghalaya 124 66 103 70 76 48
Manipur 48 12 118 78 42 54
Nagaland 1543 163 124 133 98 84
Goa 117 134 236 85 148 119
Pondicherry 0 69 222 138 201 103
Mizoram 51 69 55 129
Chandigarh 101 101 178 144 164 136
Sikkim 87 78 99 105 84 85
A&N Island 140 0 116 0 119 0
D&N Haveli 12 19 113 167 19 30
Daman&Diu 0 67 0 86 0 71
All INDIA 50 74 97 112 51 80
proportion of Hhs living in houses with three or more living rooms
States
ST SC ST SC ST SC
Larger states
UP 51 52 109 55 73 52
Maharashtra 41 63 50 42 43 55
Bihar 127 54 38 63 118 55
West Bengal 83 64 85 55 74 57
Tamil Nadu 9 39 144 62 36 43
Rajasthan 33 47 69 78 33 53
Karnataka 72 65 54 35 65 55
Gujarat 52 42 21 74 38 52
Orissa 44 69 34 31 43 63
Kerala 39 69 65 72 42 70
Jharkhand 83 88 82 76 87 90
Assam 118 100 117 93 118 98
Punjab 1 48 49 45 17 50
Chattisgarh 104 74 86 55 110 74
Haryana 0 30 70 44 36 33
Delhi 0 139 63 43 57 49
Jammu&Kashmir 73 69 112 91 80 73
Uttaranchal 107 51 84 28 98 49
Smaller States
Tripura 30 42 110 73 34 47
Meghalaya 102 57 129 50 117 61
Manipur 84 142 94 61 79 103
Nagaland 341 40 416 44
Goa 109 69 0 42 104 55
Pondicherry 0 74 0 41 0 64
Mizoram 153 0 399 296
Chandigarh 0 16 205 62 95 61
Sikkim 107 80 151 115 114 84
A&N Island 66 0 0 0 76 0
D&N Haveli 517 0 589 1678
Daman&Diu 3 129 0 182 3 134
All INDIA 71 52 69 54 71 52
proportion of Hhs living in houses with 'good' ventilation
States
ST SC ST SC ST SC
Larger states
UP 33 52 138 72 91 52
Maharashtra 81 77 86 59 70 66
Bihar 50 56 8 38 40 50
West Bengal 56 59 74 58 50 53
Andhra Pradesh 69 66 96 104 71 73
Tamil Nadu 34 81 141 70 53 69
Rajasthan 29 65 82 55 27 56
Karnataka 67 70 66 59 56 56
Gujarat 48 54 87 94 51 67
Orissa 81 66 27 33 59 51
Kerala 82 43 199 86 93 54
Jharkhand 40 103 152 28 41 52
Assam 118 80 122 100 111 94
Punjab 0 46 84 55 33 47
Chattisgarh 168 53 81 135 114 71
Haryana 0 46 69 23 41 40
Delhi 0 87 65 53 60 55
Jammu&Kashmir 141 64 145 49 134 58
Uttaranchal 165 43 165 98 167 48
Smaller States
Tripura 41 96 104 71 41 84
Meghalaya 102 112 92 35 82 75
Manipur 92 203 105 44 85 122
Nagaland 184 46 299 45 197 43
Goa 112 126 0 45 65 68
Mizoram 411 146 671 273
Chandigarh 374 65 152 45 163 46
Sikkim 90 56 88 108 86 68
A&N Island 74 0 262 0 84 0
D&N Haveli 55 78 119 24 62 79
Daman&Diu 8 104 163 0 12 92
Lakshadweep 638 0 223 0 597 0
All INDIA 66 60 90 65 61 57
proportion of Hhs living in houses with separate kitchen and water tap
States
ST SC ST SC ST SC
Larger states
UP 0 51 127 58 100 48
Maharashtra 23 63 101 62 69 62
Bihar 0 34 117 57 135 35
West Bengal 5 102 75 74 81 95
Tamil Nadu 0 73 123 79 92 72
Rajasthan 69 60 64 67 25 59
Karnataka 23 82 90 93 83 84
Gujarat 10 63 61 78 60 66
Orissa 43 78 54 63 82 74
Kerala 0 94 52 102 70 96
Jharkhand 24 72 100 58 69 64
Assam 29 102 102 99 95 102
Punjab 0 62 70 80 56 67
Chattisgarh 17 104 97 99 74 101
Haryana 0 59 64 53 62 56
Delhi 0 110 106 67 99 69
Jammu&Kashmir 21 119 123 106 128 116
Uttaranchal 312 94 115 65 122 84
Smaller States
Tripura 15 99 86 88 99 97
Meghalaya 109 92 84 88 105
Manipur 93 129 102 67 86 99
Nagaland 315 127 97 126 119
Goa 45 89 57 53 118 71
Pondicherry 0 53 136 59 140 52
Mizoram 214 210 301 392
Chandigarh 0 174 129 90 57 95
Sikkim 86 99 107 89 104 98
A&N Island 112 0 140 0 112 0
D&N Haveli 22 62 92 27 60 66
Daman&Diu 18 105 108 108 40 98
Lakshadweep 79 0 178 0 104 0
All INDIA 22 67 79 70 73 65
proportion of Hhs living in houses with underground/closed pucca drainage
States
ST SC ST SC ST SC
Larger states
UP 22 56 136 76 117 51
Maharashtra 34 81 83 71 27 66
Bihar 46 66 8 65 27 52
West Bengal 4 7 34 48 10 25
Tamil Nadu 0 103 15 62 5 38
Rajasthan 11 43 73 64 11 43
Karnataka 14 25 49 57 25 33
Gujarat 62 73 109 82 50 65
Orissa 42 69 28 39 17 34
Kerala 0 31 227 53 39 39
Jharkhand 17 19 168 29 38 16
Assam 195 341 101 98 58 171
Punjab 0 29 11 57 7 32
Chattisgarh 27 80 89 107 24 71
Haryana 0 62 37 48 39 41
Delhi 0 143 115 84 111 87
Jammu&Kashmir 743 91 57 121 183 81
Uttaranchal 402 11 59 52 180 18
Smaller States
Tripura 269 43 78 28
Meghalaya 205 201 62 85
Manipur 210 0 0 0 58 0
Nagaland
Goa 0 0 0 50 0 43
Mizoram
Chandigarh 138 115 111 91 113 93
Sikkim 116 74 108 22 75 37
A&N Island 0 0 0 0 0 0
D&N Haveli 5 103 85 54 10 64
Daman&Diu 0 0 268 0 13 0
All INDIA 35 51 76 65 30 45
proportion of Hhs living in houses with 'tap' water as the major source of
drinking water
States
ST SC ST SC ST SC
Larger states
UP 0 59 119 82 144 47
Maharashtra 73 93 99 85 66 86
Bihar 0 18 10 87 7 37
West Bengal 119 103 96 92 54 65
Madhya Pradesh 60 42 103 83 36 56
Tamil Nadu 84 105 91 101 88 106
Rajasthan 20 107 95 99 20 90
Karnataka 96 93 98 102 92 91
Gujarat 35 101 85 97 42 97
Orissa 16 50 64 83 23 55
Kerala 299 205 46 89 181 141
Jharkhand 14 384 134 97 30 118
Assam 28 128 78 124 32 152
Punjab 71 114 75 95 67 85
Chattisgarh 34 24 79 93 26 45
Haryana 0 104 50 99 30 99
Delhi 205 58 104 98 109 98
Jammu&Kashmir 44 71 103 93 53 73
Uttaranchal 116 69 134 89 126 70
Smaller States
Tripura 53 81 124 80 52 76
Meghalaya 222 83 101 67 95 48
Manipur 95 21 67 31 59 30
Nagaland 386 65 58 17 75 16
Goa 49 107 114 101 52 104
Pondicherry 0 102 106 106 105 0
Mizoram 81 45 85 84
Chandigarh 116 116 101 101 103 103
Sikkim 91 86 103 103 89 89
A&N Island 125 0 101 0 115 0
D&N Haveli 104 123 58 59 48 56
Daman&Diu 72 28 107 107 61 33
All India 58 94 91 92 51 82
proportion of Hhs living in houses with exclusive access to source of drinking
water
States
ST SC ST SC ST SC
Larger states
UP 66 53 74 67 71 53
Maharashtra 32 55 89 59 35 55
Bihar 45 48 55 77 46 50
West Bengal 59 83 58 50 52 69
Tamil Nadu 105 54 126 50 95 47
Rajasthan 22 61 47 95 19 65
Karnataka 52 53 64 37 49 42
Gujarat 24 78 51 77 27 74
Orissa 22 44 27 37 19 37
Kerala 36 55 123 77 44 60
Jharkhand 41 53 39 70 28 47
Assam 99 90 85 103 97 93
Punjab 0 73 57 89 20 79
Chattisgarh 143 49 113 127 113 65
Haryana 112 64 139 58 129 62
Delhi 0 128 104 72 97 75
Jammu&Kashmir 12 75 56 116 19 81
Uttaranchal 183 63 75 54 137 56
Smaller States
Tripura 41 71 73 83 39 69
Meghalaya 24 15 104 36 37 21
Manipur 29 35 47 57 25 48
Nagaland 460 451 527 278
Goa 58 85 77 44 65 68
Pondicherry 0 103 165 65 164 93
Mizoram 122 88 130 164
Chandigarh 454 78 128 88 149 87
Sikkim 99 67 134 103 102 74
A&N Island 62 0 153 0 0 0
D&N Haveli 45 318 84 17 23 105
Daman&Diu 12 136 133 0 14 104
Lakshadweep 104 0 210 0 93 0
All India 36 56 67 64 37 56
proportion of Hhs living in houses with source of drinking water within premises
States
ST SC ST SC ST SC
Larger states
UP 75 60 104 81 90 61
Maharashtra 49 75 89 72 45 70
Bihar 51 55 102 74 58 55
West Bengal 59 80 71 65 52 69
Tamil Nadu 30 49 107 54 41 40
Rajasthan 27 78 80 90 22 71
Karnataka 64 58 67 44 55 45
Gujarat 33 89 97 91 41 85
Orissa 49 53 23 51 33 46
Kerala 66 64 120 82 70 68
Jharkhand 53 49 101 51 44 40
Assam 96 92 98 93 94 96
Punjab 0 83 102 90 41 83
Chattisgarh 114 72 145 101 87 71
Haryana 131 77 96 77 116 73
Delhi 139 121 106 82 108 84
Jammu&Kashmir 53 79 39 102 48 80
Uttaranchal 158 59 70 78 122 56
Smaller States
Tripura 56 90 87 53 83
Meghalaya 37 15 91 71 41 28
Manipur 63 70 121 46 51 57
Nagaland 56 4 80 103 68 56
Goa 70 79 105 52 66 65
Pondicherry 0 95 108 75 113 79
Mizoram 82 69 84 129
Chandigarh 105 94 106 93 106 93
Sikkim 89 77 100 103 87 83
A&N Island 52 0 110 0 47 0
D&N Haveli 64 160 101 99 38 82
Daman&Diu 113 108 104 104 107 104
All India 40 64 87 74 42 62
proportion of Hhs living in houses with latrine facility for exclusive use of the
household
States
ST SC ST SC ST SC
Larger states
UP 19 42 117 60 95 39
Maharashtra 33 63 96 67 37 63
Bihar 54 29 10 77 44 32
West Bengal 55 83 84 71 55 77
Tamil Nadu 133 34 139 61 106 38
Rajasthan 12 46 74 81 13 51
Karnataka 69 53 62 67 53 49
Gujarat 26 42 60 74 28 52
Orissa 15 37 39 57 16 39
Kerala 42 82 53 95 44 85
Jharkhand 32 72 34 64 24 57
Assam 97 97 95 112 98 99
Punjab 0 62 44 77 16 65
Chattisgarh 82 91 90 103 60 81
Haryana 72 63 67 74 73 62
Delhi 15 95 92 76 86 77
Jammu&Kashmir 81 42 147 98 90 51
Uttaranchal 110 51 96 54 112 47
Smaller States
Tripura 111 103 70 82 100
Meghalaya 85 107 110 62 118 116
Manipur 114 104 73 103 125 104
Nagaland 1030 81 226 111 92 75
Goa 60 91 26 39 140 65
Pondicherry 0 23 141 43 141 25
Mizoram 98 100 135 111 149 93
Chandigarh 570 63 129 95 114 93
Sikkim 110 87 97 89 139 88
A&N Island 58 0 165 0 39 0
D&N Haveli 45 130 109 19 37 96
Daman&Diu 32 150 126 19 40 115
Lakshadweep 104 0 194 0 157 0
All India 53 54 73 68 23 53
proportion of Hhs living in houses with electricity for domestic use
States
ST SC ST SC ST SC
Larger states
UP 60 65 108 93 94 64
Maharashtra 72 84 99 99 73 90
Bihar 23 56 19 83 22 54
West Bengal 51 78 70 96 47 76
Tamil Nadu 92 100 88 92 89 96
Rajasthan 61 79 99 94 58 80
Karnataka 96 94 95 93 95 93
Gujarat 93 101 100 99 92 99
Orissa 27 64 77 86 31 66
Kerala 69 92 101 91 71 92
Jharkhand 59 69 91 95 55 68
Assam 71 89 102 95 70 98
Punjab 102 97 90 99 98 97
Chattisgarh 80 99 102 96 80 98
Haryana 104 93 101 95 103 93
Delhi 102 87 102 100 102 100
Jammu&Kashmir 100 102 103 103 100 102
Uttaranchal 103 90 101 96 104 89
Smaller States
Tripura 80 86 102 96 77 86
Meghalaya 91 28 100 100 84 35
Manipur 74 97 99 100 75 96
Nagaland 99 99 100 100 99 100
Goa 101 99 100 100 100 77
Pondicherry 0 106 101 99 102 101
Mizoram 153 0 100 100 115 126
Chandigarh 100 100 101 99 101 100
Sikkim 101 99 98 100 100 99
A&N Island 119 0 102 98 110 0
D&N Haveli 100 100 100 100 100 100
Daman&Diu 100 100 103 97 101 101
Lakshadweep 100 0 100 100 100 0
All India 82 85 94 97 77 84
DETAILED TABLES FOR’ ST’ HOUSEHOLDS
Table 1: Distribution of households by the condition of the structure of houses (in percentages)

States
Good satisfa-ctory bad Good satisfa-ctory bad Good satisfa-ctory bad
Larger States
UP 11.6 55.7 32.8 80.4 18.9 0.8 36.0 42.6 21.4
Maharashtra 27.5 55.5 17.0 49.6 40.9 9.5 30.3 53.7 16.0
Bihar 11.7 56.8 31.5 3.0 44.6 52.4 10.7 55.4 33.9
West Bengal 12.6 52.8 34.6 33.3 44.1 22.7 14.6 52.0 33.5
Andhra Pradesh 40.1 40.4 19.5 62.7 18.0 19.3 44.2 36.4 19.4
Madhya Pradesh 13.6 69.1 17.3 42.3 42.6 15.1 15.3 67.5 17.2
Tamil Nadu 41.7 52.2 6.1 74.9 25.1 0.0 47.7 47.3 5.0
Rajasthan 14.5 67.6 18.0 47.7 49.1 3.1 16.0 66.7 17.3
Karnataka 39.3 50.2 10.4 48.4 42.9 8.8 41.3 48.6 10.1
Gujrat 35.8 42.6 21.6 66.8 25.0 8.2 40.8 39.8 19.5
Orissa 24.6 46.1 29.3 20.8 46.0 33.2 24.3 46.1 29.6
Kerala 42.5 42.4 15.1 80.5 19.5 0.0 46.2 40.2 13.7
Jharkhand 2.9 59.0 38.1 49.1 29.6 21.3 5.4 57.5 37.2
Assam 21.5 64.7 13.8 56.8 41.8 1.3 23.5 63.5 13.1
Punjab 0.0 9.2 90.8 60.6 21.3 18.1 22.7 13.7 63.5
Chattisgarh 22.4 72.0 5.5 43.1 46.4 10.5 23.7 70.5 5.8
Haryana 13.5 61.0 25.5 27.5 34.3 38.2 20.8 47.2 32.1
Delhi 90.6 9.4 0.0 33.6 65.7 0.7 38.4 60.9 0.7
Jammu&Kashmir 26.9 63.0 10.1 57.0 40.3 2.8 31.0 59.9 9.1
Uttaranchal 53.4 31.7 14.9 58.7 40.4 0.8 55.5 35.2 9.3
Smaller states
Tripura 12.0 59.9 28.0 65.9 29.3 4.8 15.3 58.1 26.6
Meghalaya 53.2 37.0 9.8 85.5 13.8 0.7 58.3 33.3 8.4
Manipur 32.5 47.4 20.1 41.1 55.0 3.8 32.8 47.8 19.4
Nagaland 22.7 60.9 16.4 38.9 54.6 6.6 26.6 59.4 14.0
Goa 30.4 58.0 11.6 17.0 31.9 51.1 30.2 57.6 12.3
Pondicherry 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Mizoram 45.0 35.4 19.6 63.5 33.5 3.0 53.2 34.6 12.3
Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 54.1 34.0 11.9 86.2 13.8 0.0 57.0 32.2 10.8
A&N Island 35.5 61.6 2.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 38.8 58.5 2.8
D&N Haveli 17.0 35.4 47.6 35.4 50.7 13.8 18.3 36.4 45.3
Daman&Diu 5.2 18.3 76.5 0.0 100.0 0.0 5.1 20.0 75.0
Lakshadweep 16.4 83.6 0.0 53.6 35.5 10.9 33.6 61.4 5.0
All INDIA 23.4 56.4 20.2 52.8 35.3 11.9 26.6 54.1 19.2
Table 2: Distribution of households by the type of structure of houses (in percentages)

States
pucca katcha pucca katcha pucca katcha
semi pucca semi pucca semi pucca
Larger states
UP 37.6 26.8 35.6 98.3 0.0 1.7 59.2 17.3 23.6
Maharashtra 49.7 40.3 10.1 88.6 10.8 0.6 54.7 36.5 8.8
Bihar 44.6 36.7 18.7 15.7 39.8 44.5 41.3 37.0 21.7
West Bengal 16.6 47.7 35.7 76.4 17.6 6.0 22.3 44.8 32.8
Andhra Pradesh 54.1 25.1 20.8 80.7 0.9 18.4 58.9 20.7 20.3
Madhya Pradesh 36.2 56.7 7.1 77.1 21.2 1.7 38.6 54.6 6.8
Tamil Nadu 68.3 12.9 18.8 83.7 8.5 7.7 71.1 12.1 16.8
Rajasthan 38.9 53.8 7.3 93.8 3.3 2.9 41.4 51.5 7.1
Karnataka 50.9 37.8 11.3 74.2 20.2 5.6 56.0 33.9 10.1
Gujrat 37.3 48.7 14.0 96.2 2.8 1.0 46.6 41.4 11.9
Orissa 22.5 39.3 38.2 64.9 26.5 8.7 25.8 38.3 35.9
Kerala 70.4 19.0 10.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 73.3 17.2 9.5
Jharkhand 21.5 66.1 12.4 82.3 15.5 2.3 24.8 63.4 11.9
Assam 15.2 44.9 39.9 85.9 11.5 2.7 19.1 43.1 37.8
Punjab 57.3 2.2 40.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 73.3 1.4 25.3
Chattisgarh 19.0 77.8 3.2 78.6 18.2 3.1 22.7 74.2 3.2
Haryana 74.5 0.0 25.5 85.0 15.0 0.0 79.9 7.8 12.3
Delhi 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 14.4 33.8 51.9 23.9 27.5 48.6 15.7 32.9 51.4
Uttaranchal 77.0 1.6 21.4 99.9 0.1 0.1 86.2 1.0 12.9
Smaller states
Tripura 5.7 65.5 28.8 77.3 21.5 1.1 10.0 62.9 27.1
Meghalaya 43.7 22.8 33.6 85.2 13.9 0.8 50.2 21.4 28.4
Manipur 15.4 46.3 38.3 37.1 48.6 14.3 16.3 46.4 37.2
Nagaland 49.3 38.4 12.3 80.6 18.9 0.5 56.9 33.7 9.4
Goa 89.4 10.6 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 89.6 10.4 0.0
Pondicherry 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 47.6 27.9 24.6 92.4 6.7 0.9 67.3 18.5 14.1
Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 58.4 31.6 10.0 99.9 0.1 0.0 62.2 28.8 9.1
A&N Island 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 29.5 52.8 17.7 84.0 16.0 0.0 33.3 50.3 16.5
Daman&Diu 59.0 19.0 22.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 59.8 18.6 21.6
Lakshadweep 92.9 3.4 3.7 94.0 4.9 1.0 93.4 4.1 2.4
All INDIA 34.0 48.3 17.8 83.5 11.5 5.0 39.5 44.3 16.4
Table 3: Distribution of households by the number of living rooms (in percentages)
Rural Urban
States
0 1 2 3 or more 0 1 2 3 or more
Larger States
UP 0.7 35.0 35.3 29.0 1.2 36.3 32.0 30.5
Maharashtra 0.6 42.2 39.9 17.4 5.4 49.8 29.4 15.4
Bihar 0.4 29.0 42.7 28.1 0.7 33.9 39.0 26.5
West Bengal 0.7 45.4 39.5 14.4 2.6 38.3 35.5 23.6
Andhra Pradesh 1.4 48.3 38.3 12.3 5.2 44.6 31.8 18.4
Madhya Pradesh 0.1 29.4 40.4 30.1 0.4 27.2 38.0 34.5
Tamil Nadu 0.0 53.1 32.9 14.0 0.3 47.3 33.8 18.5
Rajasthan 0.5 25.9 38.4 35.1 1.8 26.5 27.8 43.9
Karnataka 0.6 28.9 40.8 29.8 0.2 28.8 34.7 36.3
Gujrat 0.9 43.5 38.7 16.9 1.3 34.9 36.3 27.5
Orissa 0.3 33.0 47.1 19.6 0.2 42.6 36.2 21.0
Kerala 0.8 6.4 16.8 76.0 2.4 12.9 13.5 71.3
Jharkhand 0.1 16.8 37.7 45.5 0.8 26.0 39.9 33.3
Assam 0.4 7.5 42.7 49.4 1.1 18.2 33.4 47.2
Punjab 0.1 20.6 31.9 47.4 0.9 37.6 24.9 36.5
Chattisgarh 0.1 19.9 45.0 35.0 0.7 38.6 35.4 25.2
Haryana 0.1 21.5 38.1 40.3 0.9 29.8 29.8 39.5
Delhi 3.9 32.0 36.3 27.8 2.1 44.0 30.2 23.6
Jammu&Kashmir 0 8.5 18.9 72.6 0.1 30.2 21.6 48.2
Uttaranchal 0.6 26.7 33.1 39.6 0.1 30.3 32.2 37.5
Himachal Pradesh 6.7 18.2 29.1 46.0 4.6 42.9 21.4 31.0
Smaller states
Tripura 0.0 41.6 41.4 17.1 0.0 33.6 46.4 20.0
Meghalaya 0.0 5.4 36.4 58.3 0.0 17.2 39.0 43.8
Manipur 0.0 7.5 38.3 54.2 0.1 8.8 27.0 64.0
Nagaland 0.0 49.5 50.5 0.0 0.0 34.4 51.8 13.8
Goa 0.0 18.8 30.5 50.7 0.0 19.8 26.4 53.8
Arunachal Pradesh 1.8 32.0 46.5 19.6 2.3 36.6 43.8 17.3
Pondicherry 0.0 48.7 32.3 19.0 8.1 39.1 33.9 18.9
Mizoram 0.0 46.0 34.1 19.9 0.0 50.1 49.9 0.0
Chandigarh 0.1 83.4 11.7 4.8 2.1 32.2 21.6 44.0
Sikkim 0.0 21.7 34.0 44.3 4.5 32.0 38.5 25.1
A&N Island 0.0 21.5 35.5 43.0 2.6 26.4 48.3 22.6
D&N Haveli 0.0 40.6 59.4 0.0 0.0 57.2 35.0 7.8
Daman&Diu 0.0 10.1 43.2 46.7 0.0 13.3 39.9 46.8
Lakshadweep 0.0 3.7 0.0 96.3 0.0 74.7 25.3 0.0
All INDIA 0.6 33.2 37.3 28.4 2.2 38.2 32.0 27.6
Table 3: Distribution of households by the number of
living rooms (in percentages)
Rural+Urban
States 0 1 2 3 or more
Larger States
UP 0.8 35.3 34.5 29.4
Maharashtra 2.9 45.8 34.7 16.4
Bihar 0.5 29.5 42.1 27.8
West Bengal 1.3 43.4 38.4 17.3
Andhra Pradesh 2.7 47.0 36.0 14.4
Madhya Pradesh 0.2 28.7 39.7 31.5
Tamil Nadu 0.2 50.0 33.4 16.4
Rajasthan 1.0 26.1 35.0 38.0
Karnataka 0.4 28.8 38.2 32.5
Gujrat 1.1 39.5 37.6 21.9
Orissa 0.3 34.9 44.9 19.9
Kerala 1.2 8.2 15.9 74.7
Jharkhand 0.2 18.8 38.2 42.8
Assam 0.5 8.8 41.6 49.1
Punjab 0.5 28.7 28.6 42.3
Chattisgarh 0.3 25.3 42.2 32.2
Haryana 0.3 24.5 35.2 40.0
Delhi 2.3 43.1 30.7 24.0
Jammu&Kashmir 0.0 13.7 19.5 66.8
Uttaranchal 0.4 27.6 32.9 39.1
Smaller states
Tripura 0.0 39.4 42.7 17.8
Meghalaya 0.0 11.7 37.8 50.5
Manipur 0.1 8.0 33.8 58.1
Nagaland 0.0 36.1 51.7 12.3
Goa 0.0 19.3 28.3 52.4
Pondicherry 6.4 41.1 33.5 19.0
Mizoram 0.0 48.1 42.4 9.4
Chandigarh 1.9 38.2 20.5 39.4
Sikkim 0.8 23.6 34.8 40.7
A&N Island 1.0 23.3 40.2 35.5
D&N Haveli 0.0 50.8 44.5 4.8
Daman&Diu 0.0 11.4 41.9 46.7
Lakshadweep 0.0 11.8 2.9 85.3
All INDIA 1.2 35.1 35.6 28.2
Table 4: Distribution of households by ventilation of the houses (in percentages)
States satisfac-
good satisfactory bad good bad good satisfactory bad
tory
Larger States
UP 7.4 48.9 43.7 55.4 42.0 2.6 24.4 46.5 29.1
Maharashtra 22.5 50.6 26.9 35.4 41.7 22.8 24.1 49.5 26.4
Bihar 8.4 60.4 31.2 3.0 84.4 12.6 7.8 63.2 29.1
West Bengal 13.1 44.7 42.2 32.5 38.4 29.1 15.0 44.1 41.0
Andhra Pradesh 21.6 39.5 38.9 44.7 21.8 33.5 25.8 36.3 37.9
Madhya Pradesh 17.8 52.6 29.6 44.4 36.9 18.7 19.4 51.7 29.0
Tamil Nadu 12.1 72.5 15.4 74.3 25.4 0.3 23.4 63.9 12.6
Rajasthan 8.7 66.2 25.1 45.4 45.9 8.6 10.4 65.3 24.3
Karnataka 18.7 51.0 30.3 40.8 48.3 10.9 23.5 50.4 26.1
Gujrat 19.0 47.2 33.8 46.4 44.3 9.3 23.3 46.8 29.9
Orissa 11.8 31.0 57.2 11.0 42.3 46.7 11.8 31.9 56.3
Kerala 38.4 34.7 26.9 98.8 0.0 1.2 44.2 31.4 24.4
Jharkhand 2.0 49.1 48.9 47.0 31.9 21.2 4.4 48.1 47.4
Assam 23.5 52.5 24.1 51.7 45.4 2.9 25.1 52.1 22.9
Punjab 0.0 0.0 100.0 42.8 39.1 18.1 16.1 14.7 69.3
Chattisgarh 21.4 61.5 17.1 28.3 54.7 17.0 21.8 61.1 17.1
Haryana 0.0 74.5 25.5 27.5 34.3 38.2 14.3 53.7 32.1
Delhi 0.0 100.0 0.0 33.4 51.8 14.7 30.6 55.9 13.5
Jammu&Kashmir 42.0 43.8 14.2 69.1 27.6 3.3 45.7 41.6 12.7
Uttaranchal 53.8 30.4 15.8 58.2 35.9 5.9 55.6 32.6 11.8
Smaller states
Tripura 12.9 58.1 29.0 58.7 37.2 4.1 15.7 56.9 27.5
Meghalaya 54.9 31.7 13.4 80.0 19.2 0.8 58.8 29.8 11.4
Manipur 29.4 46.7 23.9 42.0 54.9 3.1 30.0 47.0 23.0
Nagaland 19.2 53.2 27.7 35.6 56.0 8.4 23.1 53.9 23.0
Goa 31.0 57.4 11.6 0.0 48.9 51.1 30.4 57.3 12.3
Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Mizoram 43.8 31.5 24.8 58.3 32.5 9.1 50.2 31.9 17.9
Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 48.7 31.2 20.1 72.3 27.2 0.6 50.8 30.9 18.3
A&N Island 27.9 68.1 4.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 31.6 64.6 3.8
D&N Haveli 25.3 39.8 35.0 49.8 19.2 31.0 27.0 38.3 34.7
Daman&Diu 4.8 12.0 83.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 6.7 11.8 81.5
Lakshadweep 23.8 76.2 0.0 44.1 45.1 10.8 33.2 61.9 5.0
All INDIA 17.8 49.7 32.7 42.6 39.9 17.6 20.5 48.6 31.0
Table 5: Distribution of households by drainage facility (in percentages)
Rural
covered open open no
States underground pucca pucca katcha drainage
Larger States
UP 2.2 0.5 14.7 16.6 66.0
Maharashtra 1.2 2.8 18.7 12.5 64.9
Bihar 0.0 2.6 0.1 47.4 49.9
West Bengal 0.0 0.0 0.6 12.6 86.8
Andhra Pradesh 4.5 1.4 13.3 9.0 71.7
Madhya Pradesh 0.5 1.7 5.1 14.4 78.3
Tamil Nadu 0.0 0.0 32.8 16.0 51.2
Rajasthan 0.7 0.3 8.8 37.7 52.4
Karnataka 0.0 1.0 23.7 18.1 57.2
Gujrat 3.3 8.5 2.4 7.5 78.2
Orissa 0.2 0.6 2.9 3.1 93.2
Kerala 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 99.6
Jharkhand 0.1 0.1 5.2 7.5 87.1
Assam 0.0 0.2 2.7 23.8 73.3
Punjab 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 95.0
Chattisgarh 1.0 0.5 6.1 21.2 71.1
Haryana 0.0 0.0 61.0 13.5 25.5
Delhi 0.0 0.0 90.6 0.0 9.4
Jammu&Kashmir 13.0 2.5 17.6 13.0 53.9
Uttaranchal 31.3 0.3 9.3 41.2 17.8
Smaller States
Tripura 0.1 0.0 1.3 4.0 94.5
Meghalaya 0.0 0.1 17.4 53.5 28.9
Manipur 0.1 0.2 7.1 47.3 45.4
Nagaland 0.0 1.8 19.4 37.7 41.1
Goa 0.0 0.0 12.0 0.0 88.0
Pondicherry
Mizoram 0.2 0.5 10.5 26.2 62.6
Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 0.0 1.6 28.6 29.1 40.6
A&N Island 0.0 0.0 19.5 0.0 80.5
D&N Haveli 0.4 1.2 4.0 49.8 44.6
Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 6.1 0.2 93.7
Lakshadweep 0.0 28.6 0.0 71.4 0.0
All INDIA 1.1 1.7 8.1 16.3 72.8
Urban
covered open open
States underground pucca pucca katcha no drainage
Larger States
UP 45.7 15.5 29.9 3.0 5.9
Maharashtra 45.3 14.7 20.0 5.5 14.6
Bihar 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 97.0
West Bengal 3.2 6.7 39.1 25.0 26.0
Andhra Pradesh 25.8 17.2 28.5 0.9 27.7
Madhya Pradesh 18.4 3.2 44.0 17.5 16.9
Tamil Nadu 5.8 0.0 36.5 3.5 54.2
Rajasthan 23.6 15.3 30.6 10.0 20.4
Karnataka 22.3 12.9 39.2 7.9 17.7
Gujrat 80.1 5.2 4.4 3.1 7.2
Orissa 4.1 5.5 27.9 5.2 57.3
Kerala 58.5 18.3 3.4 4.8 15.1
Jharkhand 1.0 40.1 18.2 15.0 25.6
Assam 1.7 7.4 43.7 31.7 15.4
Punjab 8.0 0.0 54.2 18.1 19.8
Chattisgarh 19.3 11.2 43.1 5.4 21.1
Haryana 0.0 19.3 27.5 0.0 53.2
Delhi 63.2 18.8 12.0 6.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 16.5 0.0 2.8 0.0 80.8
Uttaranchal 5.6 18.6 45.7 0.1 30.0
Smaller States
Tripura 0.0 6.1 46.0 10.4 37.5
Meghalaya 1.7 14.4 69.7 11.2 2.9
Manipur 0.0 0.0 9.6 67.8 22.7
Nagaland 0.2 9.2 37.1 29.9 23.6
Goa 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Pondicherry 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 0.9 4.8 36.0 28.5 29.8
Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 8.7 7.5 82.0 1.7 0.1
A&N Island 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 43.4 14.7 15.2 22.5 4.2
Daman&Diu 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 6.0 0.0 1.4 3.6 88.9
All INDIA 29.1 11.1 28.8 9.5 21.5
Rural+Urban
covered open open
States underground pucca pucca katcha no drainage
Larger States
UP 17.6 5.8 20.1 11.8 44.7
Maharashtra 6.9 4.3 18.9 11.6 58.4
Bihar 0.3 2.3 0.1 42.0 55.3
West Bengal 0.3 0.6 4.3 13.8 81.0
Andhra Pradesh 8.4 4.3 16.1 7.6 63.7
Madhya Pradesh 1.5 1.8 7.5 14.6 74.6
Tamil Nadu 1.1 0.0 33.5 13.7 51.8
Rajasthan 1.8 1.0 9.8 36.5 51.0
Karnataka 4.8 3.6 27.0 15.9 48.7
Gujrat 15.5 8.0 2.7 6.8 66.9
Orissa 0.5 0.9 4.9 3.3 90.4
Kerala 5.7 1.8 0.5 0.6 91.5
Jharkhand 0.2 2.2 5.9 7.9 83.8
Assam 0.1 0.6 5.0 24.3 70.1
Punjab 3.0 0.0 20.3 9.9 66.8
Chattisgarh 2.1 1.2 8.4 20.3 68.1
Haryana 0.0 10.0 43.6 6.5 39.9
Delhi 57.8 17.2 18.7 5.5 0.8
Jammu&Kashmir 13.4 2.2 15.5 11.3 57.6
Uttaranchal 21.0 7.6 23.9 24.8 22.7
Smaller States
Tripura 0.1 0.4 4.0 4.4 91.1
Meghalaya 0.3 2.3 25.7 46.9 24.8
Manipur 0.0 0.2 7.2 48.2 44.3
Nagaland 0.0 3.6 23.7 35.8 36.8
Goa 0.0 0.0 11.8 1.8 86.4
Pondicherry 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 0.5 2.4 21.7 27.2 48.1
Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 0.8 2.2 33.5 26.6 36.9
A&N Island 0.0 0.0 23.5 0.0 76.5
D&N Haveli 3.4 2.1 4.8 48.0 41.8
Daman&Diu 0.0 2.0 6.0 0.2 91.8
Lakshadweep 2.8 15.4 0.7 40.1 41.1
All INDIA 4.2 2.7 10.3 15.5 67.2
Table 8: Distribution of households by the distance to the place of work of the earning member (in
percentages)
Rural
not
1- 10- 15- 30km or
States required to less than 1 5-10km
5km 15km 30 more
travel km
Larger States
UP 22.2 30.4 34.9 9.7 2.2 0.6 0.0
Maharashtra 13.2 13.7 59.4 8.5 3.2 1.0 1.1
Bihar 1.4 18.1 47.8 28.8 3.9 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 16.7 17.8 38.6 14.1 8.9 1.5 2.4
Andhra Pradesh 12.4 24.7 42.0 17.1 2.0 1.4 0.4
Madhya Pradesh 6.0 27.4 47.3 13.8 3.4 0.7 1.5
Tamil Nadu 4.5 11.8 73.9 3.6 5.7 0.1 0.2
Rajasthan 5.1 26.5 41.8 17.2 2.7 3.0 3.8
Karnataka 4.9 18.5 62.0 10.8 2.8 1.0 0.1
Gujrat 14.1 15.9 41.3 9.8 5.3 3.7 9.9
Orissa 12.0 11.5 47.2 22.0 6.1 0.6 0.6
Kerala 35.4 8.5 40.3 7.0 6.5 0.0 2.5
Jharkhand 24.2 18.8 39.3 12.2 3.3 1.3 0.9
Assam 23.6 26.4 35.2 11.1 2.2 1.1 0.4
Punjab 11.5 18.8 69.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chattisgarh 10.2 8.6 58.7 17.3 4.6 0.2 0.4
Haryana 74.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.5 0.0 0.0
Delhi 0.0 0.0 90.6 0.0 0.0 9.4 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 14.1 15.0 38.1 4.3 8.6 15.3 4.7
Uttaranchal 30.0 7.6 20.3 12.7 29.3 0.0 0.0
Smaller states
Tripura 31.6 17.2 36.9 9.6 3.8 0.7 0.1
Meghalaya 14.0 24.8 42.2 11.6 3.9 2.6 0.9
Manipur 18.8 23.5 47.5 8.5 1.5 0.0 0.1
Nagaland 5.4 18.2 53.7 16.4 3.3 1.9 1.0
Goa 0.0 0.0 64.9 4.9 1.4 5.8 23.0
Pondicherry
Mizoram 15.4 13.8 59.3 8.8 0.8 0.8 1.2
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 42.8 20.7 24.8 4.9 2.9 2.6 1.3
A&N Island 6.9 34.3 38.3 3.7 2.4 14.5 0.0
D&N Haveli 28.1 31.9 14.0 13.5 8.8 3.4 0.3
Daman&Diu 15.7 24.4 59.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 28.7 9.5 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 56.4
All INDIA 12.9 19.0 46.5 13.8 4.1 1.4 2.0
percentages)
Urban
not
30km or
States required to less than 1 1 -5km 5-10km 10-15km 15-30
more
travel km
Larger States
UP 26.2 1.3 40.2 21.5 2.3 6.8 1.8
Maharashtra 15.7 18.6 29.5 16.9 5.7 5.5 8.0
Bihar 0.0 3.0 79.7 17.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 23.0 21.5 28.6 12.1 10.5 4.2 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 54.0 8.8 21.0 12.5 3.6 0.0 0.1
Madhya Pradesh 23.4 27.4 27.4 13.3 5.5 1.7 1.3
Tamil Nadu 7.7 15.0 46.4 0.0 4.9 20.2 5.8
Rajasthan 9.8 24.0 29.4 24.5 0.7 0.9 10.7
Karnataka 21.0 4.2 50.1 17.5 4.3 2.2 0.7
Gujrat 39.6 17.9 25.6 7.6 7.8 1.6 0.0
Orissa 9.6 21.7 52.5 10.4 1.4 0.3 4.2
Kerala 58.7 29.8 5.9 4.8 0.0 0.7 0.0
Jharkhand 49.7 5.5 22.2 16.7 4.6 0.8 0.6
Assam 19.3 25.4 43.2 8.9 0.5 0.6 2.1
Punjab 28.3 17.9 16.8 19.5 7.8 9.7 0.0
Chattisgarh 3.0 22.7 50.6 16.3 3.6 3.8 0.0
Haryana 0.0 15.0 19.3 38.2 0.0 0.0 27.5
Delhi 14.3 9.2 46.2 18.0 10.2 0.5 1.7
Jammu&Kashmir 6.6 14.2 57.6 11.1 3.4 0.0 7.2
Uttaranchal 5.6 12.1 39.4 42.9 0.0 0.0 0.0
Smaller states
Tripura 37.9 23.1 12.2 11.3 7.3 2.9 5.3
Meghalaya 26.9 11.6 30.9 21.7 4.1 2.0 2.9
Manipur 29.9 26.6 18.6 17.2 1.4 2.3 4.0
Nagaland 24.9 16.2 41.4 13.9 1.2 2.1 0.3
Goa 0.0 31.9 0.0 17.0 0.0 51.1 0.0
Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 23.5 27.4 35.1 11.1 2.4 0.1 0.4
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 25.4 24.1 38.0 10.4 0.0 2.0 0.0
A&N Island 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 12.1 38.3 35.2 6.0 6.8 1.5 0.0
Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 13.9 16.3 43.8 5.5 0.0 0.8 19.8
All INDIA 25.9 16.8 33.9 13.9 4.6 2.5 2.3
percentages)
Rural+Urban
not
10- 30km or
States required to less than 1 1 -5km 5-10km 15-30
15km more
travel km
Larger States
UP 23.6 20.1 36.8 13.9 2.2 2.8 0.7
Maharashtra 13.5 14.4 55.5 9.5 3.5 1.5 2.0
Bihar 1.2 16.4 51.5 27.4 3.4 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 17.3 18.2 37.7 13.9 9.1 1.7 2.2
Andhra Pradesh 19.9 21.9 38.2 16.3 2.3 1.1 0.3
Madhya Pradesh 7.0 27.4 46.1 13.8 3.5 0.7 1.5
Tamil Nadu 5.1 12.4 68.9 3.0 5.6 3.8 1.2
Rajasthan 5.3 26.3 41.3 17.5 2.6 2.9 4.1
Karnataka 8.4 15.4 59.4 12.2 3.1 1.2 0.2
Gujrat 18.1 16.2 38.8 9.5 5.7 3.4 8.3
Orissa 11.8 12.3 47.6 21.1 5.8 0.6 0.9
Kerala 37.6 10.5 36.9 6.8 5.8 0.1 2.2
Jharkhand 25.6 18.0 38.4 12.5 3.3 1.3 0.9
Assam 23.4 26.3 35.6 11.0 2.1 1.1 0.5
Punjab 17.8 18.5 49.9 7.3 2.9 3.6 0.0
Chattisgarh 9.7 9.5 58.2 17.2 4.5 0.4 0.3
Haryana 35.9 7.8 10.0 19.8 12.3 0.0 14.3
Delhi 13.1 8.4 50.0 16.4 9.3 1.2 1.6
Jammu&Kashmir 13.0 14.9 40.8 5.2 7.9 13.2 5.0
Uttaranchal 20.3 9.4 27.9 24.8 17.6 0.0 0.0
Smaller states
Tripura 32.0 17.6 35.4 9.7 4.0 0.9 0.5
Meghalaya 16.1 22.7 40.4 13.2 3.9 2.5 1.2
Manipur 19.3 23.7 46.2 8.9 1.5 0.1 0.3
Nagaland 10.1 17.7 50.8 15.8 2.8 2.0 0.9
Goa 0.0 0.6 63.8 5.2 1.4 6.6 22.6
Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 18.9 19.8 48.6 9.8 1.5 0.5 0.8
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 41.3 21.0 26.0 5.4 2.7 2.6 1.2
A&N Island 6.5 32.5 41.4 3.5 2.3 13.8 0.0
D&N Haveli 27.0 32.4 15.4 12.9 8.7 3.2 0.3
Daman&Diu 15.4 24.0 60.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 21.9 12.7 23.1 2.5 0.0 0.4 39.5
All INDIA 14.4 18.8 45.3 13.8 4.2 1.5 2.1
Table 11: Distribution of households by their experience of flood (in percentages)
Rural Urban
Yes Yes
States from from
no no
excessive river,sea,etc excessive river,sea,etc
rain rain
Larger States
UP 10.8 13.3 75.9 26.8 0.0 73.2
Maharashtra 2.9 2.8 94.3 17.4 0.5 82.1
Bihar 18.8 30.2 51.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
West Bengal 11.0 5.2 83.8 11.6 0.0 88.4
Andhra Pradesh 13.7 0.1 86.2 12.8 0.8 86.4
Madhya Pradesh 0.1 1.1 98.8 2.6 0.0 97.4
Tamil Nadu 1.6 2.3 96.1 5.8 0.0 94.2
Rajasthan 6.0 2.3 91.7 0.0 0.0 100.0
Karnataka 0.3 0.7 99.0 1.4 0.4 98.2
Gujrat 5.3 10.8 83.9 3.6 23.5 72.9
Orissa 3.8 7.8 88.4 7.4 13.1 79.6
Kerala 7.8 0.1 92.1 0.0 0.0 100.0
Jharkhand 1.9 0.3 97.8 3.3 0.0 96.7
Assam 11.3 21.3 67.4 0.0 9.9 90.1
Punjab 13.8 0.0 86.2 0.2 0.0 99.8
Chattisgarh 0.8 0.6 98.6 5.6 0.0 94.4
Haryana 25.5 0.0 74.5 15.0 0.0 85.0
Delhi 0.0 0.0 100.0 3.4 0.0 96.6
Jammu&Kashmir 19.2 3.9 76.9 0.0 0.0 100.0
Uttaranchal 0.1 20.5 79.4 0.0 0.0 100.0
Smaller States
Tripura 1.1 0.3 98.6 3.6 3.9 92.5
Meghalaya 1.2 0.0 98.8 0.0 0.0 100.0
Manipur 0.2 1.4 98.4 2.0 0.0 98.0
Nagaland 3.0 0.1 97.0 2.8 0.0 97.2
Goa 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
Mizoram 0.0 0.7 99.3 1.2 0.1 98.6
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
Sikkim 0.0 0.1 99.9 0.0 0.0 100.0
A&N Island 0.0 20.5 79.5 0.0 0.0 100.0
D&N Haveli 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.0 0.0 98.0
All INDIA 4.5 4.6 90.9 7.4 4.9 87.6
Rural+Urban
Yes
States fromexcessive no
river,sea,etc
rain
Larger States
UP 16.5 8.6 75.0
Bihar 16.6 26.8 56.6
Tamil Nadu 2.3 1.9 95.8
Rajasthan 5.7 2.2 92.1
Karnataka 0.6 0.6 98.8
Gujrat 5.0 12.8 82.1
Orissa 4.1 8.2 87.7
Kerala 7.0 0.1 92.8
Jharkhand 2.0 0.3 97.8
Assam 10.6 20.7 68.7
Punjab 8.7 0.0 91.3
Haryana 20.1 0.0 79.9
Delhi 3.1 0.0 96.9
Smaller States
Tripura 1.2 0.5 98.2
Meghalaya 1.0 0.0 99.0
Manipur 0.3 1.3 98.4
Nagaland 2.9 0.0 97.0
Goa 0.0 0.0 100.0
Mizoram 0.5 0.5 99.0
Sikkim 0.0 0.1 99.9
A&N Island 0.0 19.5 80.5
D&N Haveli 0.0 0.0 100.0
Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 100.0
All INDIA 4.8 4.6 90.9
Table 13: Distribution of households by land possesed (in percentages)
Sector: Rural
0.01- 0.05- 0.52- 1.01- 2.50- 4.97- 9.91-
States < 0.01 >19.79
0.05 0.52 1.01 2.50 4.97 9.91 19.79
Larger states
UP 24.0 27.1 12.2 16.9 11.4 5.1 3.3 0.0 0.0
Maharashtra 36.3 14.4 11.2 6.1 10.8 12.8 7.3 1.0 0.2
Bihar 1.8 19.6 29.5 22.8 14.1 9.6 0.0 2.6 0.0
West Bengal 14.6 36.3 25.1 14.2 8.0 1.6 0.1 0.0 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 25.7 18.5 9.8 7.9 17.6 11.2 9.2 0.1 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 7.4 10.6 13.1 15.8 16.0 15.0 17.7 3.5 0.8
Tamil Nadu 44.3 19.7 9.3 16.1 7.4 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Rajasthan 5.2 5.9 7.6 13.1 28.5 32.1 7.0 0.7 0.0
Karnataka 21.9 14.7 13.3 7.8 12.9 16.3 9.8 2.2 1.0
Gujrat 31.5 10.7 11.3 13.5 20.2 9.1 3.7 0.0 0.0
Orissa 10.8 7.5 22.1 21.7 18.3 12.6 7.1 0.1 0.0
Kerala 28.3 20.4 31.9 10.5 0.7 4.8 3.4 0.0 0.0
Jharkhand 8.6 6.8 12.4 19.5 25.6 23.2 3.8 0.1 0.0
Assam 0.2 4.5 13.9 12.5 27.0 28.0 13.1 0.7 0.0
Punjab 74.9 10.0 15.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chattisgarh 2.4 4.8 9.2 12.0 24.5 26.1 16.9 3.7 0.4
Haryana 24.8 39.0 0.0 0.0 36.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Delhi 9.4 0.0 90.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 35.3 0.2 5.4 8.0 22.0 19.9 7.9 1.4 0.0
Uttaranchal 7.8 31.4 2.6 10.0 18.1 21.2 7.7 1.2 0.0
Smaller states
Tripura 1.7 15.6 36.9 23.0 17.0 5.5 0.4 0.0 0.0
Meghalaya 1.3 7.8 10.5 18.4 26.0 25.5 10.2 0.2 0.0
Manipur 2.6 7.7 12.2 18.0 35.4 18.8 5.2 0.0 0.1
Nagaland 4.5 8.6 4.3 7.2 18.1 23.8 32.7 0.8 0.0
Goa 0.0 30.6 35.0 0.0 1.5 23.5 3.1 6.3 0.0
Pondicherry
Mizoram 0.4 3.1 14.3 24.1 38.2 15.4 4.3 0.2 0.0
Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 10.7 6.5 11.3 15.5 30.6 22.4 2.8 0.1 0.0
A&N Island 19.5 6.8 20.4 29.2 16.1 6.2 1.8 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 10.5 9.7 41.9 21.0 9.8 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 93.5 6.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.0 18.3 80.2 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 14.6 11.4 13.9 14.0 19.1 16.6 9.1 1.2 0.2
Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June2009) Note: land is given in acres
Sector: Urban
0.01- 0.05- 0.52- 1.01- 2.50- 4.97- 9.91-
States < 0.01 >19.79
0.05 0.52 1.01 2.50 4.97 9.91 19.79
Larger states
UP 23.1 66.1 5.0 1.1 3.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
Maharashtra 60.4 17.6 14.7 0.4 1.5 0.1 3.6 1.1 0.6
Bihar 85.2 13.1 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 46.8 33.5 11.9 4.9 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 93.6 3.7 1.8 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 48.9 33.9 8.7 4.1 2.6 0.5 1.3 0.0 0.0
Tamil Nadu 23.2 41.6 15.0 20.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Rajasthan 19.6 41.8 6.8 13.5 6.6 11.0 0.6 0.0 0.0
Karnataka 38.9 39.1 11.6 1.2 2.7 6.4 0.1 0.0 0.0
Gujrat 59.5 22.1 13.9 2.2 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Orissa 26.9 30.0 20.2 10.7 7.4 3.5 1.3 0.0 0.0
Kerala 71.4 0.0 14.8 0.0 0.0 13.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
Jharkhand 61.9 20.1 5.8 7.5 0.5 2.7 1.4 0.0 0.0
Assam 8.0 23.7 38.5 24.3 5.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Punjab 24.7 65.6 9.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chattisgarh 61.7 27.2 9.5 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.0
Haryana 53.2 46.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Delhi 76.9 21.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 1.9 0.8 4.6 21.7 32.2 27.2 11.5 0.0 0.0
Uttaranchal 42.1 44.2 6.6 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Smaller states
Tripura 49.0 31.3 7.1 9.3 2.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Meghalaya 34.5 15.7 23.4 14.3 6.7 4.2 1.2 0.0 0.0
Manipur 11.2 16.3 50.6 6.6 11.6 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 10.0 21.3 6.8 10.1 12.5 16.5 22.4 0.4 0.0
Goa 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 11.9 24.2 26.6 13.7 17.4 4.8 1.4 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 9.9 90.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 35.5 36.7 23.9 3.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
A&N Island 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 0.0 3.5 61.9 33.9 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.2 28.9 67.8 1.8 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 49.0 26.1 12.5 5.1 3.1 2.6 1.4 0.2 0.1
Sector: Rural+Urban
< 0.01- 0.05- 0.52- 1.01- 2.50- 4.97- 9.91-
States >19.79
0.01 0.05 0.52 1.01 2.50 4.97 9.91 19.79
Larger states
UP 23.7 40.9 9.6 11.3 8.4 3.9 2.1 0.0 0.0
Maharashtra 39.4 14.8 11.6 5.3 9.6 11.1 6.8 1.0 0.3
Bihar 11.5 18.8 26.3 20.1 12.5 8.5 0.0 2.3 0.0
West Bengal 17.7 36.1 23.9 13.3 7.5 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 38.0 15.8 8.4 6.6 14.5 9.2 7.6 0.0 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 9.8 12.0 12.8 15.1 15.2 14.1 16.8 3.3 0.8
Tamil Nadu 40.4 23.7 10.3 16.9 6.1 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Rajasthan 5.8 7.5 7.5 13.1 27.5 31.1 6.8 0.7 0.0
Karnataka 25.6 20.0 12.9 6.4 10.7 14.1 7.7 1.7 0.8
Gujrat 36.0 12.5 11.8 11.7 17.0 8.0 3.1 0.0 0.0
Orissa 12.0 9.2 21.9 20.8 17.4 11.9 6.6 0.0 0.0
Kerala 32.5 18.5 30.3 9.4 0.6 5.7 3.0 0.0 0.0
Jharkhand 11.5 7.5 12.1 18.9 24.3 22.1 3.6 0.1 0.0
Assam 0.6 5.6 15.3 13.1 25.8 26.5 12.4 0.6 0.0
Punjab 56.0 30.9 13.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chattisgarh 6.0 6.2 9.2 11.3 23.0 24.6 15.9 3.5 0.4
Haryana 39.5 43.0 0.0 0.0 17.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Delhi 71.2 19.5 9.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 30.8 0.3 5.3 9.9 23.4 20.9 8.4 1.2 0.0
Uttaranchal 21.5 36.5 4.2 8.9 10.8 12.8 4.6 0.7 0.0
Smaller states
Tripura 4.5 16.5 35.1 22.2 16.1 5.2 0.4 0.0 0.0
Meghalaya 6.5 9.0 12.5 17.8 23.0 22.2 8.8 0.2 0.0
Manipur 3.0 8.1 14.0 17.5 34.3 18.1 4.9 0.0 0.1
Nagaland 5.8 11.6 4.9 7.9 16.8 22.1 30.3 0.7 0.0
Goa 1.8 30.0 34.4 0.0 1.5 23.1 3.0 6.2 0.0
Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 5.5 12.4 19.7 19.5 29.0 10.7 3.0 0.1 0.0
Chandigarh 62.7 37.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 13.0 9.2 12.5 14.5 27.8 20.3 2.6 0.1 0.0
A&N Island 18.5 6.4 19.4 27.7 15.3 5.9 6.8 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 9.8 9.3 43.3 21.9 9.1 6.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 91.6 8.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.1 23.2 74.5 1.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 18.3 13.0 13.8 13.0 17.3 15.1 8.3 1.1 0.2
Table 16: classification of households by the type of wall (in percentages)
Sector: Rural
iron
brick katcha pucca
sheet
Larger States
UP 13.0 44.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 40.0 0.0 2.3 0.0
Maharashtra 16.3 31.1 0.1 1.0 0.5 48.9 0.0 2.0 0.0
Bihar 12.0 34.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.5 0.0 4.7 0.0
West Bengal 12.7 68.6 0.0 0.0 2.4 11.7 1.5 3.1 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 7.4 35.8 0.6 0.0 0.0 52.1 0.0 4.1 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 5.0 54.5 0.5 1.1 0.5 36.5 0.0 1.9 0.0
Tamil Nadu 5.5 20.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 69.2 0.0 5.0 0.0
Rajasthan 1.5 56.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 41.1 0.0 0.4 0.2
Karnataka 4.6 26.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 65.5 0.0 3.2 0.0
Gujrat 5.8 53.5 0.1 1.1 0.0 35.4 0.1 3.9 0.0
Orissa 2.6 69.9 0.4 2.4 0.4 22.0 0.0 2.3 0.0
Kerala 2.0 24.6 0.0 0.8 0.0 63.9 0.0 1.8 6.9
Jharkhand 2.2 70.6 0.0 5.6 0.2 19.7 0.0 1.7 0.1
Assam 43.8 39.4 0.0 0.8 0.7 8.9 0.1 5.4 0.9
Punjab 0.0 41.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 58.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chattisgarh 0.9 72.8 0.1 7.2 0.2 18.4 0.0 0.5 0.0
Haryana 0.0 25.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 61.0 0.0 13.5 0.0
Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 0.1 60.6 0.0 3.2 1.4 31.0 0.0 3.7 0.0
Uttaranchal 0.0 19.8 0.0 2.8 8.9 66.4 0.0 2.0 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 35.9 58.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.5 2.0 2.2 0.0
Meghalaya 43.6 7.8 0.0 3.6 14.5 6.4 1.7 21.8 0.7
Manipur 25.2 58.3 0.1 0.6 5.9 8.5 0.2 0.9 0.1
Nagaland 35.1 13.7 0.0 1.5 26.2 4.0 2.1 17.5 0.0
Goa 0.0 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 80.9 0.0 12.0 0.0
Pondicherry
Mizoram 51.2 0.6 0.2 0.3 2.5 0.9 9.7 2.4 32.1
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 11.5 28.9 0.3 0.1 8.6 7.0 0.6 41.4 1.6
A&N Island 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.5 0.0 70.0 14.6 0.0
D&N Haveli 10.4 57.4 0.0 2.5 0.0 19.5 0.0 10.1 0.0
Daman&Diu 0.0 22.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 71.4 0.0 6.6 0.0
Lakshadweep 1.7 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.9 93.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 10.2 51.3 0.2 1.9 1.1 31.7 0.3 3.1 0.4
Sector: Urban
iron or
grass /straw/ burnt
mud/unburnt other other other
brick katcha metal pucca
bamboo,etc stone
sheet
Larger States
UP 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 81.1 0.0 13.7 0.0
Maharashtra 2.5 7.7 0.0 0.4 1.9 69.2 2.6 15.7 0.0
Bihar 84.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.7 0.0 3.0 0.0
West Bengal 3.3 19.1 0.0 1.1 1.7 50.8 0.0 23.9 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 9.3 9.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 53.0 0.0 28.5 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 1.6 18.7 0.0 0.7 0.0 63.8 0.0 15.2 0.0
Tamil Nadu 0.0 16.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 63.8 0.0 20.0 0.0
Rajasthan 0.0 6.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 88.6 0.0 5.2 0.0
Karnataka 1.1 24.2 0.0 0.0 1.6 60.1 0.0 13.0 0.0
Gujrat 0.3 2.6 0.9 0.0 2.7 35.5 4.6 53.1 0.3
Orissa 2.6 28.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 65.1 0.0 3.9 0.0
Kerala 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Jharkhand 0.1 17.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 37.3 0.0 45.3 0.0
Assam 6.8 7.3 0.0 0.0 9.0 26.6 0.0 50.2 0.0
Punjab 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 62.2 0.0 37.8 0.0
Chattisgarh 7.2 9.2 0.0 2.9 0.0 75.5 0.0 5.2 0.0
Haryana 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.8 0.0 85.2 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 0.0 70.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 8.3 0.0 12.7 8.2
Uttaranchal 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.4 0.0 51.5 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 15.3 7.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.7 13.3 42.3 0.0
Meghalaya 10.4 4.0 0.2 0.2 8.0 13.0 2.2 61.4 0.7
Manipur 5.7 54.9 2.3 0.0 0.0 8.0 0.0 29.1 0.0
Nagaland 13.1 5.7 0.0 0.6 21.8 12.6 5.7 39.0 1.6
Goa 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.0 7.9 16.9 19.9 46.7
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.1 0.0 9.9 0.0
Sikkim 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 4.8 0.7 89.0 0.0
A&N Island 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 0.0 16.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.5 0.0 69.4 1.1
Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 1.0 1.5 0.0 2.6 0.0 37.6 0.0 45.6 11.7
All INDIA 4.5 10.7 0.2 0.3 2.1 51.4 1.9 27.0 2.0
Sector: Rural+Urban
iron or
grass /straw/ burnt
bamboo,etc stone
sheet
Larger States
UP 9.0 28.6 0.2 0.0 1.3 54.6 0.0 6.4 0.0
Maharashtra 14.5 28.1 0.1 0.9 0.7 51.5 0.3 3.8 0.0
Bihar 20.3 30.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.4 0.0 4.5 0.0
West Bengal 11.8 63.9 0.0 0.1 2.3 15.5 1.4 5.1 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 7.7 31.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 52.3 0.0 8.5 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 4.8 52.4 0.4 1.1 0.4 38.2 0.0 2.7 0.0
Tamil Nadu 4.5 19.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 68.2 0.0 7.7 0.0
Rajasthan 1.4 54.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 43.2 0.0 0.6 0.2
Karnataka 3.9 25.8 0.0 0.4 0.4 64.3 0.0 5.3 0.0
Gujrat 4.9 45.4 0.2 0.9 0.5 35.4 0.8 11.7 0.0
Orissa 2.6 66.6 0.4 2.2 0.4 25.4 0.0 2.5 0.0
Kerala 1.8 22.2 0.0 0.7 0.0 67.4 0.0 1.6 6.2
Jharkhand 2.0 67.7 0.0 5.3 0.1 20.6 0.0 4.1 0.1
Assam 41.7 37.6 0.0 0.8 1.2 9.9 0.1 7.9 0.9
Punjab 0.0 26.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 59.7 0.0 14.2 0.0
Chattisgarh 1.2 68.9 0.1 7.0 0.2 21.8 0.0 0.8 0.0
Haryana 0.0 12.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 81.2 0.0 6.5 0.0
Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.0 0.0 78.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 0.1 61.9 0.0 2.8 1.2 27.9 0.0 4.9 1.1
Uttaranchal 0.0 12.0 0.0 1.7 5.4 59.2 0.0 21.8 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 34.6 55.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.7 2.7 4.6 0.0
Meghalaya 38.3 7.2 0.0 3.1 13.5 7.4 1.8 28.0 0.7
Manipur 24.4 58.1 0.2 0.6 5.7 8.5 0.2 2.2 0.0
Nagaland 29.8 11.8 0.0 1.2 25.1 6.1 2.9 22.7 0.4
Goa 0.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 81.2 0.0 11.8 0.0
Pondicherry 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 31.9 0.4 0.1 0.3 1.9 4.0 12.9 10.1 38.6
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 95.9 0.0 4.1 0.0
Sikkim 10.5 26.3 0.3 0.1 8.3 6.8 0.6 45.7 1.4
A&N Island 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.7 0.0 66.4 18.9 0.0
D&N Haveli 9.7 54.6 0.0 2.3 0.0 19.1 0.0 14.2 0.1
Daman&Diu 0.0 21.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 69.9 0.0 8.5 0.0
Lakshadweep 1.4 0.7 0.0 2.2 1.6 67.6 0.0 21.1 5.4
All INDIA 9.6 46.8 0.2 1.8 1.2 33.9 0.4 5.7 0.6
Sector: Rural
katcha pucca
Larger States
UP 33.2 5.1 0.2 1.8 15.6 18.9 9.0 16.1 0.0
Maharashtra 7.0 1.0 0.1 3.7 38.6 1.3 34.0 12.3 1.9
Bihar 27.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.8 3.7 7.8 23.4 0.0
West Bengal 37.0 0.1 0.4 0.3 15.1 0.3 43.4 3.4 0.1
Andhra Pradesh 22.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 29.1 5.3 11.7 30.8 0.3
Madhya Pradesh 5.7 2.3 0.2 1.6 62.9 14.5 7.8 4.9 0.0
Tamil Nadu 22.4 0.2 1.3 0.8 19.8 0.0 2.7 52.8 0.0
Rajasthan 5.6 2.5 1.0 0.8 53.5 31.0 1.9 3.6 0.0
Karnataka 11.7 14.6 0.0 2.7 28.0 9.9 17.0 14.9 1.2
Gujrat 13.9 0.9 0.1 1.3 50.3 7.4 14.1 11.9 0.0
Orissa 34.5 1.1 0.1 4.9 41.9 1.0 9.0 6.0 1.5
Kerala 6.0 0.0 0.0 6.7 37.6 0.0 10.6 39.1 0.0
Jharkhand 12.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 67.3 8.8 4.9 6.3 0.2
Assam 40.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 58.2 0.8 0.4
Punjab 19.3 20.3 0.0 1.7 13.8 38.5 1.3 5.0 0.0
Chattisgarh 0.4 1.8 0.4 0.5 77.2 7.8 1.8 5.1 4.9
Haryana 25.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.6 24.8
Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.4 90.6 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 49.4 20.1 0.0 4.1 0.0 0.0 14.6 11.5 0.3
Uttaranchal 20.8 0.3 0.6 0.0 1.3 20.1 4.0 47.1 5.9
Smaller States
Tripura 28.1 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.4 70.5 0.3 0.0
Meghalaya 35.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 57.4 7.6 0.0
Manipur 36.3 2.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.7 57.5 2.9 0.3
Nagaland 11.3 0.4 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 78.5 8.7 0.0
Goa 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 82.7 0.0 0.0 13.7 0.0
Arunachal
Pradesh 55.3 0.2 0.2 2.5 0.4 0.4 33.9 2.0 5.0
Pondicherry
Mizoram 24.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 73.0 1.3 0.7
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Sikkim 10.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 73.3 16.0 0.0
A&N Island 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 86.9 13.1 0.0
D&N Haveli 7.6 10.2 0.0 0.0 62.2 0.0 16.7 3.3 0.0
Daman&Diu 3.8 37.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.9 0.0 16.1 0.0
Lakshadweep 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.8 0.0 0.0 61.1 0.0
All INDIA 16.7 1.8 0.2 1.6 43.0 7.8 18.9 9.3 1.0
Sector: Urban
katcha pucca
Larger States
UP 0.9 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 8.1 16.3 71.0 3.0
Maharashtra 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.4 13.3 3.9 38.8 42.0 0.5
Bihar 44.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.8 4.7 0.0
West Bengal 5.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 31.1 2.1 28.7 32.2 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 12.2 7.0 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.2 13.6 66.0 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 0.2 0.1 3.3 0.0 22.0 12.2 15.1 47.1 0.0
Tamil Nadu 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.1 0.0 23.5 59.7 0.0
Rajasthan 2.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 4.4 54.1 4.6 33.9 0.0
Karnataka 1.9 4.2 0.0 0.0 32.2 5.7 17.0 39.0 0.0
Gujrat 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 3.6 4.5 16.9 73.9 0.0
Orissa 8.8 0.0 3.1 0.9 45.7 2.7 23.4 15.4 0.0
Kerala 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 0.0 0.5 94.0 0.0
Jharkhand 1.1 0.0 1.5 0.0 22.9 0.0 17.0 57.5 0.0
Assam 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 68.1 28.3 0.0
Punjab 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.9 0.0 56.1 0.0
Chattisgarh 5.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.8 4.0 0.5 57.4 4.0
Haryana 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 85.0 0.0
Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.7 0.0 88.3 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 53.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 25.1 18.1
Uttaranchal 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.3 7.2 85.5 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.4 51.5 35.9 0.0
Meghalaya 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.3 49.1 0.8
Manipur 13.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 60.0 23.6 0.0
Nagaland 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.5 28.1 0.8
Goa 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.3 0.0 34.7 17.0 0.0
Pondicherry 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Mizoram 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 75.0 21.0 3.1
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Sikkim 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.6 80.4 0.0
A&N Island 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.7 0.0 9.3 68.9 0.0
Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.9 0.0 0.0 1.0 42.4 0.0 6.5 49.2 0.0
All INDIA 4.0 1.0 0.6 0.2 13.4 5.6 25.1 49.4 0.6
Sector: Rural+Urban
katcha pucca
Larger States
UP 21.8 3.3 0.4 1.2 10.1 15.1 11.6 35.6 1.0
Maharashtra 6.2 0.8 0.2 3.3 35.3 1.7 34.6 16.2 1.7
Bihar 29.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.5 3.3 12.7 21.3 0.0
West Bengal 34.0 0.1 0.3 0.3 16.6 0.5 42.0 6.1 0.1
Andhra Pradesh 20.7 1.3 0.1 0.1 24.0 4.4 12.1 37.1 0.2
Madhya Pradesh 5.4 2.1 0.3 1.5 60.5 14.3 8.3 7.5 0.0
Tamil Nadu 19.7 0.1 1.0 0.7 17.9 0.0 6.5 54.1 0.0
Rajasthan 5.5 2.4 1.0 0.8 51.2 32.1 2.0 5.0 0.0
Karnataka 9.6 12.3 0.0 2.1 28.9 9.0 17.0 20.1 0.9
Gujrat 11.8 0.7 0.1 1.1 42.9 7.0 14.5 21.8 0.0
Orissa 32.5 1.0 0.3 4.5 42.2 1.2 10.2 6.7 1.4
Kerala 5.4 0.0 0.0 6.0 34.5 0.0 9.6 44.4 0.0
Jharkhand 11.6 0.2 0.1 0.0 64.9 8.3 5.6 9.1 0.2
Assam 37.9 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 58.7 2.3 0.3
Punjab 12.1 12.7 0.0 1.1 8.6 40.5 0.8 24.1 0.0
Chattisgarh 0.7 1.7 0.4 0.5 74.3 7.6 1.7 8.3 4.8
Haryana 12.3 0.0 0.0 7.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 68.0 12.0
Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.7 0.8 88.5 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 50.0 17.4 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.0 13.0 13.3 2.7
Uttaranchal 12.5 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.8 14.9 5.3 62.5 3.5
Himachal
Pradesh 1.0 6.9 0.1 0.0 50.4 0.3 9.8 18.7 12.7
Smaller States
Tripura 26.4 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 1.1 69.3 2.5 0.0
Meghalaya 29.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 56.1 14.1 0.1
Manipur 35.2 2.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 57.6 3.9 0.3
Nagaland 8.7 0.3 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 76.6 13.4 0.2
Goa 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 82.1 0.0 0.6 13.8 0.0
Pondicherry 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Mizoram 14.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 73.9 10.0 1.7
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Sikkim 9.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 68.4 21.9 0.0
A&N Island 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.5 17.5 0.0
D&N Haveli 7.1 9.5 0.0 0.0 59.4 0.0 16.2 7.8 0.0
Daman&Diu 3.7 36.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.0 0.0 17.8 0.0
Lakshadweep 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 36.7 0.0 3.0 55.6 0.0
All INDIA 15.3 1.7 0.3 1.4 39.7 7.6 19.5 13.7 1.0
Table 22: Distribution of households by the type of floor (in percentages)
Rural
bamboo/ wood/ brick/limestone/ other

States mud cement mosaic/tiles
log plank stone s
Larger States
UP 82.3 0.0 0.0 5.1 12.6 0.0 0.0
Maharashtra 66.6 0.3 0.0 10.1 19.6 3.3 0.0
Bihar 71.6 0.0 0.0 14.0 14.4 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 83.8 1.1 2.3 1.5 11.3 0.0 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 47.2 0.0 0.0 11.1 40.0 1.7 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 86.1 0.2 0.6 6.2 6.1 0.8 0.0
Tamil Nadu 29.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.3 0.0 0.0
Rajasthan 72.9 0.1 0.0 8.6 18.0 0.3 0.1
Karnataka 32.7 0.1 0.0 25.0 34.3 7.8 0.2
Gujrat 68.6 1.7 0.1 8.8 16.7 4.1 0.0
Orissa 79.4 0.1 0.0 1.0 19.4 0.1 0.0
Kerala 34.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 65.6 0.0 0.0
Jharkhand 86.7 0.1 0.0 2.5 10.7 0.0 0.0
Assam 72.0 10.8 1.7 2.6 12.9 0.0 0.0
Punjab 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chattisgarh 91.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 5.6 0.5 0.0
Haryana 50.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.6 0.0 0.0
Delhi 9.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.6 0.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 49.5 9.8 9.6 1.0 29.7 0.0 0.4
Uttaranchal 11.5 9.7 26.4 4.5 17.4 29.3 1.3
Smaller States
Tripura 90.0 3.2 0.0 1.0 5.8 0.0 0.0
Meghalaya 37.8 4.0 26.9 0.2 30.9 0.2 0.0
Manipur 62.4 3.8 20.3 4.2 8.0 0.9 0.4
Nagaland 33.1 2.8 15.8 5.0 43.1 0.2 0.0
Goa 20.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 67.1 12.3 0.0
Pondicherry
Mizoram 6.3 19.5 66.0 0.0 8.2 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 33.4 0.0 17.2 0.0 49.4 0.1 0.0
A&N Island 0.0 0.0 6.8 0.0 80.0 13.1 0.0
D&N Haveli 83.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.2 10.5 0.0
Daman&Diu 30.1 0.0 0.0 63.7 0.0 6.2 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 69.7 30.2 0.0
All INDIA 71.6 1.8 1.8 5.9 17.4 1.4 0.0
Urban
bamboo/ wood/ brick/limesto cemen mosaic/

States mud ne/ stone others
log plank t tiles
Larger States
UP 5.4 0.0 1.3 2.1 63.8 27.4 0.0
Maharashtra 12.7 0.0 0.0 12.9 34.8 39.5 0.0
Bihar 95.3 0.0 0.0 1.7 3.0 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 28.7 0.0 0.3 6.7 61.1 3.1 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 19.0 0.0 0.0 27.2 50.7 3.1 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 27.6 0.2 0.0 14.4 51.6 6.1 0.0
Tamil Nadu 12.8 0.0 0.0 12.0 75.2 0.0 0.0
Rajasthan 6.9 0.0 0.0 36.1 47.4 9.6 0.0
Karnataka 8.3 0.0 0.0 19.1 56.4 16.2 0.0
Gujrat 8.9 0.0 0.0 6.5 26.5 58.0 0.0
Orissa 40.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 55.5 3.3 0.0
Kerala 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 91.8 8.2 0.0
Jharkhand 30.8 0.0 0.0 0.2 68.9 0.0 0.0
Assam 20.6 2.1 0.0 4.3 71.1 1.9 0.0
Punjab 17.9 0.0 0.0 0.2 74.0 8.0 0.0
Chattisgarh 14.6 5.2 0.0 16.9 59.1 3.1 1.1
Haryana 15.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 85.0 0.0 0.0
Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 85.6 11.1 1.6
Jammu&Kashmir 9.1 0.0 14.1 0.0 76.8 0.0 0.0
Uttaranchal 0.1 0.0 0.0 36.5 38.5 24.9 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 13.2 0.0 0.0 16.1 69.1 1.7 0.0
Meghalaya 4.8 0.0 16.6 1.7 73.3 3.2 0.4
Manipur 32.5 0.0 26.1 5.4 36.1 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 14.7 0.7 8.2 3.8 70.2 2.0 0.4
Goa 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.0 17.0 0.0
Pondicherry 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 0.7 1.6 60.6 0.3 35.9 0.5 0.5
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.8 93.3 3.8 0.0
A&N Island 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 24.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 53.1 22.1 0.0
Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.5 71.3 26.1 0.2
All INDIA 16.3 0.5 3.2 11.2 50.5 18.2 0.1
Rural+Urban
brick/limesto
bamboo/ wood/ ne/ mosaic/ other
States mud cement
log plank stone tiles s
Larger States
UP 55.0 0.0 0.5 4.0 30.8 9.7 0.0
Maharashtra 59.6 0.3 0.0 10.5 21.5 8.0 0.0
Bihar 74.4 0.0 0.0 12.6 13.1 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 78.5 1.0 2.1 2.0 16.1 0.3 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 42.1 0.0 0.0 14.0 42.0 1.9 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 82.6 0.2 0.6 6.6 8.8 1.1 0.0
Tamil Nadu 26.6 0.0 0.0 2.2 71.2 0.0 0.0
Rajasthan 69.9 0.1 0.0 9.8 19.4 0.7 0.1
Karnataka 27.4 0.1 0.0 23.7 39.1 9.7 0.1
Gujrat 59.1 1.4 0.1 8.4 18.3 12.7 0.0
Orissa 76.3 0.1 0.0 1.0 22.2 0.3 0.0
Kerala 30.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 68.2 0.8 0.0
Jharkhand 83.7 0.1 0.0 2.4 13.8 0.0 0.0
Assam 69.1 10.4 1.6 2.7 16.1 0.1 0.0
Punjab 69.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 27.7 3.0 0.0
Chattisgarh 86.4 1.2 0.0 2.9 8.8 0.6 0.1
Haryana 32.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 68.0 0.0 0.0
Delhi 0.8 0.0 0.0 1.6 86.0 10.1 1.5
Jammu&Kashmir 44.0 8.5 10.2 0.9 36.1 0.0 0.3
Uttaranchal 6.9 5.8 15.8 17.3 25.8 27.6 0.8
Smaller States
Tripura 85.3 3.0 0.0 1.9 9.6 0.1 0.0
Meghalaya 32.6 3.3 25.2 0.5 37.6 0.7 0.1
Manipur 61.1 3.6 20.5 4.2 9.3 0.8 0.4
Nagaland 28.6 2.3 13.9 4.7 49.7 0.6 0.1
Goa 20.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 67.4 12.4 0.0
Pondicherry 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 3.8 11.6 63.6 0.1 20.4 0.2 0.2
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 30.4 0.0 15.6 0.3 53.4 0.4 0.0
A&N Island 0.0 0.0 6.5 0.0 81.1 12.5 0.0
D&N Haveli 79.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.4 11.3 0.0
Daman&Diu 29.5 0.0 0.0 62.4 0.0 8.1 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.2 70.4 28.3 0.1
All INDIA 65.7 1.7 1.9 6.5 21.0 3.2 0.0
Rural
no
States panchayat/municipality/corporation by residents by others
arrangement
Larger States
UP 0.4 23.4 73.9 2.4
Maharashtra 2.3 24.3 71.7 1.6
Bihar 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
West Bengal 0.0 3.5 96.4 0.0
Tamil Nadu 22.0 23.7 54.3 0.0
Rajasthan 1.4 6.2 92.0 0.4
Karnataka 0.1 9.7 90.0 0.2
Gujrat 0.0 25.1 74.8 0.1
Orissa 0.1 29.8 70.1 0.1
Kerala 0.0 3.2 96.7 0.1
Jharkhand 0.0 15.3 84.2 0.5
Assam 1.9 20.4 75.4 2.3
Punjab 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Chattisgarh 0.7 28.0 69.2 2.2
Haryana 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Delhi 0.0 0.0 9.4 90.6
Jammu&Kashmir 2.7 27.6 69.6 0.0
Uttaranchal 0.0 20.5 79.5 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 0.0 1.3 98.6 0.1
Meghalaya 0.5 32.2 60.1 7.2
Manipur 0.2 48.9 48.7 2.2
Nagaland 3.5 32.9 59.1 4.6
Goa 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Arunachal
Pradesh 2.0 24.5 70.9 2.6
Pondicherry
Mizoram 2.0 39.5 53.5 5.0
Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 2.0 11.3 86.6 0.2
A&N Island 13.1 0.0 86.9 0.0
D&N Haveli 11.4 2.2 86.3 0.1
Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
All INDIA 1.4 18.2 79.4 1.0
Urban
panchayat/municipali
States by residents by others no arrangement
ty/corporation
Larger States
UP 42.6 8.6 5.5 43.4
Maharashtra 71.6 11.9 16.0 0.6
Bihar 0.0 3.0 97.0 0.0
West Bengal 36.9 1.9 56.1 5.1
Madhya Pradesh 37.7 18.4 29.5 14.4
Tamil Nadu 82.9 0.0 17.1 0.0
Rajasthan 37.8 16.9 43.7 1.6
Karnataka 64.4 8.6 26.3 0.8
Gujrat 55.7 11.1 33.1 0.0
Orissa 22.4 24.9 49.7 2.9
Kerala 0.7 52.6 28.5 18.3
Jharkhand 6.0 67.1 24.0 2.9
Assam 26.7 41.1 30.0 2.1
Punjab 63.7 0.0 18.5 17.9
Chattisgarh 62.1 6.6 19.4 11.9
Haryana 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Delhi 69.7 24.4 0.0 5.9
Jammu&Kashmir 32.1 0.0 67.9 0.0
Uttaranchal 63.3 0.0 36.7 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 52.9 8.6 38.5 0.0
Meghalaya 45.6 27.2 17.8 9.3
Manipur 11.3 73.1 11.5 4.1
Nagaland 23.1 45.8 27.3 3.8
Goa 51.7 0.0 48.3 0.0
Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 19.6 28.6 34.8 17.0
Chandigarh 90.1 9.9 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 98.3 0.1 1.6 0.0
A&N Island 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 73.8 0.0 26.2 0.0
Daman&Diu 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 25.2 0.0 74.8 0.0
All INDIA 47.4 16.8 30.3 5.6
Rural+Urban
panchayat/munici
pality/corporation
Larger States
UP 15.4 18.1 49.6 17.0
Maharashtra 11.2 22.7 64.6 1.5
Bihar 0.0 0.3 99.7 0.0
West Bengal 3.5 3.4 92.6 0.5
Tamil Nadu 33.1 19.4 47.5 0.0
Rajasthan 3.0 6.7 89.8 0.4
Karnataka 14.1 9.5 76.1 0.3
Gujrat 8.9 22.8 68.2 0.0
Orissa 1.8 29.4 68.5 0.3
Kerala 0.1 8.0 90.1 1.9
Jharkhand 0.3 18.1 81.0 0.7
Assam 3.3 21.6 72.8 2.3
Punjab 23.9 0.0 69.4 6.7
Chattisgarh 4.4 26.7 66.2 2.8
Haryana 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Delhi 63.8 22.3 0.8 13.1
Jammu&Kashmir 6.7 23.9 69.4 0.0
Uttaranchal 25.3 12.3 62.4 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 3.2 1.7 95.0 0.1
Meghalaya 7.6 31.4 53.5 7.6
Manipur 0.7 50.0 47.0 2.3
Nagaland 8.3 36.0 51.4 4.4
Goa 0.9 0.0 99.1 0.0
Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 9.8 34.7 45.3 10.3
Chandigarh 95.9 4.1 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 10.7 10.3 78.9 0.2
A&N Island 17.5 0.0 82.5 0.0
D&N Haveli 15.7 2.1 82.1 0.1
Daman&Diu 2.0 0.0 98.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 11.6 0.0 88.4 0.0
All INDIA 6.4 18.1 74.0 1.5
Table 28: Distribution of households by their access to road (in percentages)
Rural
direct opening to
States with opening
with street without street without
Larger states
UP 0.0 8.4 0.0 53.1 38.6
Maharashtra 23.7 19.7 22.3 16.7 17.5
Bihar 0.0 10.0 0.0 62.6 27.4
West Bengal 0.3 11.4 0.8 70.8 16.8
Andhra Pradesh 33.5 14.0 15.8 20.3 16.4
Madhya Pradesh 2.9 19.7 2.1 43.2 32.2
Tamil Nadu 27.8 9.7 35.5 12.2 14.7
Rajasthan 0.8 13.5 1.9 38.8 45.1
Karnataka 29.7 15.3 21.9 26.6 6.5
Gujrat 8.1 20.9 8.0 34.9 28.1
Orissa 2.1 27.4 1.5 52.3 16.8
Kerala 33.6 8.7 4.6 30.3 22.8
Jharkhand 0.9 17.8 1.8 37.4 42.1
Assam 0.5 14.0 0.4 65.7 19.4
Punjab 0.0 1.3 0.0 13.8 84.9
Chattisgarh 5.2 12.6 4.6 59.0 18.6
Haryana 0.0 0.0 0.0 74.5 25.5
Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 0 24.2 1.5 23.8 50.4
Uttaranchal 2.3 29.3 0.0 33.1 35.3
Smaller States
Tripura 0.0 7.5 7.8 60.3 24.4
Meghalaya 3.3 16.2 0.4 68.6 11.5
Manipur 2.4 26.5 1.1 45.7 24.3
Nagaland 9.4 17.0 7.2 47.2 19.2
Goa 18.9 10.7 0.0 19.3 51.1
Pondicherry
Mizoram 22.4 30.3 5.3 24.2 17.8
Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 6.6 13.4 0.4 38.8 40.8
A&N Island 31.7 24.2 28.0 11.8 4.3
D&N Haveli 13.5 5.5 7.7 36.6 36.7
Daman&Diu 10.1 25.0 23.4 41.5 0.0
Lakshadweep 78.2 0.0 21.8 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 8.5 17.4 6.6 42.3 25.2
Urban
direct opening to
States with opening
with street without street street without
light light light street light
Larger states
UP 47.2 3.4 11.8 32.1 5.6
Maharashtra 54.6 5.4 16.1 14.3 9.6
Bihar 3.0 0.0 95.3 1.7 0.0
West Bengal 35.0 6.5 28.5 20.6 9.5
Andhra Pradesh 83.7 3.6 3.2 0.7 8.7
Madhya Pradesh 56.8 7.6 12.0 15.9 7.8
Tamil Nadu 53.1 0.6 9.3 37.0 0.0
Rajasthan 44.1 8.6 14.8 19.3 13.2
Karnataka 60.0 10.7 20.9 3.4 5.0
Gujrat 44.3 9.2 34.8 9.4 2.3
Orissa 16.3 42.5 10.2 26.9 4.2
Kerala 90.0 0.0 0.7 5.9 3.4
Jharkhand 14.1 8.7 4.0 59.9 13.3
Assam 32.7 30.1 14.4 18.2 4.7
Punjab 37.0 28.1 10.1 24.8 0.0
Chattisgarh 21.8 9.4 32.0 19.8 17.0
Haryana 0.0 61.8 0.0 0.0 38.2
Delhi 92.2 2.5 2.1 0.0 3.2
Jammu&Kashmir 4.1 50.3 0.4 12.9 32.3
Uttaranchal 12.9 16.9 36.5 5.8 27.9
Smaller States
Tripura 26.0 4.5 36.0 24.5 9.0
Meghalaya 55.1 15.8 5.6 21.2 2.3
Manipur 23.3 62.8 13.1 0.0 0.8
Nagaland 16.4 22.3 10.3 34.4 16.5
Goa 0.0 0.0 31.9 0.0 68.1
Arunachal
Pradesh 36.0 34.1 5.6 13.5 10.8
Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 43.0 20.3 13.9 16.4 6.4
Chandigarh 90.1 0.0 9.9 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 80.0 2.9 2.0 10.0 5.0
A&N Island 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 37.6 8.2 22.6 18.6 13.0
Daman&Diu 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 24.6 7.1 10.7 15.9 41.7
All INDIA 47.0 11.9 17.6 16.1 7.5
Rural+Urban
direct opening to
States with opening
with street without street without
Larger states
UP 16.8 6.6 4.2 45.6 26.8
Maharashtra 27.7 17.9 21.5 16.4 16.5
Bihar 0.3 8.9 10.9 55.6 24.3
West Bengal 3.6 10.9 3.5 65.9 16.1
Andhra Pradesh 42.6 12.1 13.5 16.8 15.0
Madhya Pradesh 6.1 19.0 2.7 41.5 30.7
Tamil Nadu 32.5 8.1 30.7 16.7 12.0
Rajasthan 2.7 13.3 2.4 37.9 43.7
Karnataka 36.3 14.3 21.7 21.6 6.1
Gujrat 13.9 19.0 12.3 30.9 24.0
Orissa 3.2 28.5 2.1 50.3 15.8
Kerala 39.0 7.9 4.2 27.9 20.9
Jharkhand 1.6 17.3 2.0 38.6 40.5
Assam 2.3 14.9 1.2 63.0 18.6
Punjab 13.9 11.3 3.8 17.9 53.1
Chattisgarh 6.2 12.4 6.3 56.6 18.5
Haryana 0.0 32.1 0.0 35.9 32.1
Delhi 84.4 2.3 1.9 8.5 2.9
Jammu&Kashmir 0.6 27.7 1.4 22.4 48.0
Uttaranchal 6.5 24.4 14.6 22.2 32.3
Smaller States
Tripura 1.6 7.3 9.5 58.1 23.5
Meghalaya 11.5 16.1 1.2 61.1 10.1
Manipur 3.3 28.2 1.6 43.7 23.2
Nagaland 11.1 18.3 7.9 44.1 18.6
Goa 18.6 10.5 0.6 19.0 51.4
Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 31.5 25.9 9.1 20.8 12.7
Chandigarh 95.9 0.0 4.1 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 13.3 12.5 0.6 36.2 37.5
A&N Island 35.2 23.0 26.5 11.2 4.0
D&N Haveli 15.1 5.7 8.7 35.4 35.1
Daman&Diu 11.9 24.5 22.9 40.7 0.0
Lakshadweep 53.5 3.3 16.7 7.4 19.3
All INDIA 12.7 16.8 7.8 39.4 23.3
Table 31: Latrine facility of Households (Hhs) [in percentages]
Sector: Rural
ST
States Exclusive shared public/comm-
use of Hhs with other unity latrine no latrine
Hhs
Larger States
UP 3.78 4.54 0.00 91.68
Maharashtra 10.41 10.48 6.14 72.97
Bihar 11.15 0.00 3.90 84.95
West Bengal 24.18 14.48 1.76 59.58
Andhra Pradesh 7.85 5.39 2.84 83.92
Madhya Pradesh 4.19 1.21 1.25 93.35
Tamil Nadu 38.29 0.00 0.00 61.71
Rajasthan 2.27 1.51 0.38 95.83
Karnataka 16.74 1.42 1.68 80.16
Gujrat 9.50 9.74 0.64 80.12
Orissa 2.15 3.57 0.51 93.77
Kerala 39.23 26.87 3.06 30.84
Jharkhand 5.36 4.85 0.26 89.54
Assam 79.28 3.72 0.17 16.83
Punjab 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Chattisgarh 12.86 1.79 0.95 84.40
Haryana 36.16 13.49 0.00 50.35
Delhi 9.38 90.62 0.00 0.00
Jammu&Kashmir 47.50 0.47 21.68 30.36
Uttaranchal 47.52 0.00 6.28 46.20
Smaller States
Tripura 73.81 22.23 0.02 3.95
Meghalaya 79.46 8.35 0.00 12.19
Manipur 93.83 4.80 0.52 0.85
Nagaland 78.27 17.41 1.33 2.99
Goa 37.15 0.25 6.72 55.89
Pondicherry
Mizoram 97.82 0.96 0.00 1.22
Chandigarh 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sikkim 90.75 6.49 0.00 2.76
A&N Island 27.14 50.15 5.58 17.12
D&N Haveli 16.27 14.92 8.09 60.72
Daman&Diu 16.48 0.00 0.00 83.52
Lakshadweep 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
All India 17.68 5.73 1.54 74.58
Sector: Rural+Urban
ST
States use of Hhs with unity latrine no
other latrine
Hhs
Larger States
UP 30.19 8.73 0.00 61.09
Maharashtra 15.46 11.34 7.24 65.96
Bihar 10.40 0.00 4.61 84.98
West Bengal 26.47 15.11 2.78 55.64
Andhra Pradesh 9.09 15.93 2.83 72.15
Madhya Pradesh 5.88 3.10 1.17 89.85
Tamil Nadu 45.32 0.38 0.00 54.30
Rajasthan 4.35 2.56 0.50 92.59
Karnataka 22.34 4.23 3.38 70.04
Gujrat 14.77 15.86 0.74 68.62
Orissa 3.92 3.59 0.57 91.91
Kerala 39.90 29.40 2.76 27.93
Jharkhand 6.15 7.67 0.24 85.94
Assam 78.73 5.10 0.16 16.00
Punjab 10.40 27.03 0.00 62.57
Chattisgarh 14.53 2.24 1.34 81.89
Haryana 41.69 34.07 0.00 24.24
Delhi 55.86 37.90 6.24 0.00
Jammu&Kashmir 54.65 0.40 18.73 26.22
Uttaranchal 57.15 5.14 9.61 28.10
Smaller States
Tripura 71.97 24.25 0.02 3.75
Meghalaya 76.68 13.01 0.00 10.31
Manipur 92.21 6.47 0.50 0.81
Nagaland 75.01 21.16 1.43 2.40
Goa 36.79 0.29 7.45 55.46
Arunachal
Pradesh 62.83 20.22 1.79 15.16
Pondicherry 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mizoram 96.52 2.77 0.00 0.70
Chandigarh 95.89 4.11 0.00 0.00
Sikkim 88.45 8.74 0.31 2.51
A&N Island 30.84 47.60 5.30 16.25
D&N Haveli 19.08 15.75 7.54 57.64
Daman&Diu 18.17 0.00 0.00 81.83
Lakshadweep 97.94 1.59 0.00 0.48
All-India 20.76 8.37 1.87 69.19
Sector: Urban
ST
Exclusive use shared public/comm-
States of Hhs with unity latrine no
other latrine
Hhs
Larger States
UP 78.26 16.35 0.00 5.39
Maharashtra 49.69 17.15 14.66 18.50
Bihar 4.67 0.00 10.10 85.23
West Bengal 48.12 21.13 12.36 18.40
Andhra Pradesh 14.72 63.80 2.75 18.73
Madhya Pradesh 32.50 32.74 0.05 34.72
Tamil Nadu 76.84 2.06 0.00 21.10
Rajasthan 48.24 24.59 2.94 24.23
Karnataka 42.52 14.36 9.53 33.60
Gujrat 42.63 48.19 1.25 7.93
Orissa 24.81 3.84 1.35 70.00
Kerala 46.21 53.10 0.00 0.69
Jharkhand 20.00 57.30 0.00 22.70
Assam 69.51 28.42 0.00 2.07
Punjab 27.74 72.09 0.00 0.17
Chattisgarh 40.45 9.25 7.48 42.83
Haryana 46.82 53.18 0.00 0.00
Delhi 60.16 33.02 6.82 0.00
Jammu&Kashmir 100.00
Uttaranchal 71.61 12.87 14.61 0.91
Smaller States
Tripura 43.33 55.92 0.00 0.75
Meghalaya 61.83 37.94 0.00 0.24
Manipur 57.92 42.08 0.00 0.00
Nagaland 64.80 32.89 1.76 0.56
Goa 17.04 2.77 48.29 31.90
Arunachal
Pradesh 80.14 19.56 0.00 0.30
Pondicherry 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mizoram 94.88 5.07 0.00 0.05
Chandigarh 90.08 9.92 0.00 0.00
Sikkim 65.43 31.22 3.36 0.00
A&N Island 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
D&N Haveli 57.04 26.94 0.00 16.02
Daman&Diu 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lakshadweep 95.53 3.44 0.00 1.03
All India 44.93 29.47 4.46 21.13
Table 34: Drinking water facility of Households (Hhs) [in percentages]
Sector: Rural
ST
States Hhs' exclusive common use of Hhs
use in the building others
community use
Larger States
UP 31.9 13.9 53.5 0.6
Maharashtra 11.4 9.1 77.8 1.7
Bihar 22.8 2.2 74.9 0.1
West Bengal 11.8 8.0 78.9 1.3
Tamil Nadu 21.9 0.3 72.5 5.3
Rajasthan 6.7 2.7 79.5 11.1
Karnataka 14.0 6.0 76.1 3.9
Gujrat 13.2 5.1 78.2 3.6
Orissa 3.0 6.2 88.0 2.8
Kerala 25.6 24.9 31.6 18.0
Jharkhand 4.3 5.5 86.4 3.8
Assam 58.5 3.6 35.5 2.4
Punjab 0.0 0.0 90.0 10.0
Chattisgarh 22.7 5.8 69.9 1.6
Haryana 61.0 0.0 39.0 0.0
Delhi 0.0 90.6 9.4 0.0
Uttaranchal 71.8 0.0 28.2 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 10.0 12.7 76.0 1.3
Meghalaya 12.6 1.2 83.5 2.7
Manipur 6.0 4.4 77.8 11.7
Nagaland 43.8 17.1 31.4 7.8
Goa 46.2 0.0 53.8 0.0
Pondicherry
Mizoram 11.7 1.2 79.8 7.3
Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 57.5 4.0 30.6 7.8
A&N Island 20.4 4.0 75.6 0.0
D&N Haveli 6.6 0.0 93.4 0.0
Daman&Diu 6.2 34.5 59.3 0.0
Lakshadweep 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All India 13.5 5.7 77.3 3.6
Table 35: Drinking water facility of Households [in percentages]
Sector: urban
ST
use in the building others
community use
Larger States
UP 45.2 28.4 9.1 17.3
Maharashtra 52.8 20.6 24.6 2.1
Bihar 25.8 39.8 34.4 0.0
West Bengal 19.7 13.1 63.5 3.8
Madhya Pradesh 21.1 35.4 39.6 3.8
Tamil Nadu 39.2 31.9 29.0 0.0
Rajasthan 28.1 44.3 24.8 2.8
Karnataka 32.9 18.2 47.4 1.5
Gujrat 37.0 36.0 14.0 13.0
Orissa 12.2 3.3 78.7 5.8
Kerala 81.3 17.5 0.5 0.7
Jharkhand 17.1 55.9 26.6 0.4
Assam 55.0 35.7 9.3 0.0
Punjab 34.7 65.3 0.0 0.0
Chattisgarh 37.9 30.7 28.0 3.4
Haryana 85.0 0.0 0.0 15.0
Delhi 68.4 24.2 5.5 1.9
Jammu&Kashmir 34.4 0.1 63.5 1.9
Uttaranchal 50.1 12.9 37.0 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 30.6 54.6 14.8 0.0
Meghalaya 45.9 32.7 20.5 0.9
Manipur 15.0 38.1 44.8 2.1
Nagaland 42.9 18.9 28.3 9.9
Goa 48.9 51.1 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 54.9 14.1 28.6 2.4
Chandigarh 90.1 9.9 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 78.7 19.1 2.2 0.0
A&N Island 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 50.1 28.5 21.5 0.0
Daman&Diu 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 62.3 7.4 28.3 2.0
All India 33.5 30.3 31.3 4.8
Table 36: Drinking water facility of Households (Hhs) [in percentages]
Sector: Rural+Urban
ST
use in the building community others
use
Larger States
UP 36.7 19.1 37.8 6.5
Maharashtra 16.7 10.6 70.9 1.8
Bihar 23.2 6.5 70.2 0.1
West Bengal 12.6 8.5 77.5 1.5
Tamil Nadu 25.0 6.1 64.5 4.4
Rajasthan 7.7 4.5 77.0 10.7
Karnataka 18.1 8.7 69.9 3.3
Gujrat 17.0 10.0 67.9 5.1
Orissa 3.7 6.0 87.3 3.1
Kerala 31.0 24.1 28.6 16.3
Jharkhand 5.0 8.2 83.1 3.6
Assam 58.3 5.4 34.0 2.3
Punjab 13.0 24.5 56.2 6.3
Chattisgarh 23.6 7.3 67.3 1.7
Haryana 73.5 0.0 18.8 7.8
Delhi 62.6 29.8 5.8 1.8
Jammu&Kashmir 10.4 3.3 84.8 1.6
Uttaranchal 63.2 5.1 31.7 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 11.2 15.2 72.4 1.2
Meghalaya 17.8 6.2 73.6 2.4
Manipur 6.4 5.9 76.3 11.3
Nagaland 43.6 17.5 30.6 8.3
Goa 46.3 0.9 52.8 0.0
Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 30.9 6.9 57.1 5.1
Chandigarh 95.9 4.1 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 59.5 5.4 28.1 7.1
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 9.6 2.0 88.4 0.0
Daman&Diu 8.1 33.8 58.1 0.0
Lakshadweep 82.6 3.4 13.1 0.9
All India 15.7 8.4 72.2 3.8
Table 37: Distribution of households by availability of drinking water throughout the year (in percentages)

States not not not
sufficient sufficient sufficient sufficient sufficient sufficient
Larger states
UP 93.8 6.2 77.8 22.2 88.2 11.8
Maharashtra 82.2 17.8 82.5 17.5 82.2 17.8
Bihar 94.1 5.9 100.0 0.0 94.8 5.2
West Bengal 76.2 23.8 96.8 3.2 78.2 21.8
Andhra Pradesh 77.8 22.2 94.2 5.8 80.8 19.2
Madhya Pradesh 74.6 25.4 77.6 22.4 74.8 25.2
Tamil Nadu 91.0 9.0 99.4 0.6 92.5 7.5
Rajasthan 44.5 55.5 72.9 27.1 45.7 54.3
Karnataka 83.2 16.8 84.6 15.4 83.5 16.5
Gujrat 76.1 23.9 96.2 3.8 79.3 20.7
Orissa 75.2 24.8 78.3 21.7 75.4 24.6
Kerala 85.9 14.1 100.0 0.0 87.3 12.7
Jharkhand 66.7 33.3 87.6 12.4 67.8 32.2
Assam 91.9 8.1 99.6 0.4 92.4 7.6
Punjab 100.0 0.0 93.0 7.0 97.4 2.6
Chattisgarh 94.4 5.6 85.9 14.1 93.9 6.1
Haryana 100.0 0.0 85.0 15.0 92.2 7.8
Delhi 100.0 0.0 90.8 9.2 91.6 8.4
Jammu&Kashmir 47.2 52.8 2.8 97.2 41.2 58.8
Uttaranchal 79.6 20.4 100.0 0.0 87.8 12.2
HimachalPradesh 88.0 12.0 79.7 20.3 87.9 12.1
SmallerStates
Tripura 78.5 21.5 97.5 2.5 79.6 20.4
Meghalaya 74.2 25.8 91.8 8.2 77.0 23.0
Manipur 85.4 14.6 61.6 38.4 84.3 15.7
Nagaland 49.6 50.4 27.8 72.2 44.3 55.7
Goa 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Mizoram 21.3 78.7 31.0 69.0 25.5 74.5
Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Sikkim 82.0 18.0 100.0 0.0 83.7 16.3
A&N Island 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 63.6 36.4 100.0 0.0 80.4 19.6
All INDIA 76.3 23.7 84.3 15.7 77.2 22.8
DETAILED TABLES FOR SC
HOUSEHOLDS

States
Good satisfactory bad Good satisfactory bad Good satisfactory bad
Larger States
UP 16.0 51.5 32.5 32.0 52.3 15.7 18.1 51.6 30.3
Maharashtra 31.0 50.2 18.8 36.9 52.0 11.1 33.5 50.9 15.6
Bihar 13.9 52.5 33.6 13.1 53.4 33.5 13.8 52.6 33.6
West Bengal 15.6 53.7 30.7 23.7 52.0 24.3 17.0 53.4 29.6
Andhra Pradesh 39.1 46.8 14.1 66.4 26.5 7.1 45.0 42.5 12.6
Madhya Pradesh 13.3 68.3 18.4 24.7 55.3 20.0 15.9 65.4 18.7
Tamil Nadu 32.4 50.1 17.5 46.0 43.0 11.0 35.9 48.2 15.8
Rajasthan 25.5 53.8 20.6 40.7 51.2 8.2 28.6 53.3 18.1
Karnataka 30.8 56.9 12.3 52.0 39.9 8.1 35.9 52.8 11.3
Gujrat 35.6 50.8 13.6 56.4 33.2 10.4 42.4 45.1 12.6
Orissa 16.2 48.9 34.9 19.8 57.9 22.3 16.7 50.1 33.2
Kerala 30.0 43.9 26.2 43.6 41.0 15.4 33.1 43.2 23.7
Jharkhand 10.1 51.0 38.9 9.9 43.8 46.2 10.1 50.2 39.7
Assam 17.9 58.1 24.0 47.3 46.4 6.3 23.8 55.8 20.5
Punjab 36.2 45.9 17.9 30.3 54.8 14.8 34.8 48.1 17.1
Chattisgarh 12.2 76.6 11.1 42.1 45.9 12.1 17.2 71.5 11.3
Haryana 30.0 49.9 20.1 21.7 66.4 11.9 28.3 53.3 18.4
Delhi 49.3 27.3 23.4 33.0 50.4 16.6 33.9 49.2 16.9
Jammu&Kashmir 35.6 38.4 26.0 39.8 46.5 13.7 36.3 39.6 24.1
Uttaranchal 17.9 63.5 18.6 34.6 36.2 29.2 19.6 60.8 19.6
Smaller states
Tripura 28.6 53.2 18.3 42.2 50.2 7.6 30.9 52.6 16.4
Meghalaya 56.2 43.8 0.0 54.6 26.3 19.1 55.8 39.8 4.3
Manipur 57.8 40.1 2.1 37.2 58.9 3.9 48.3 48.8 3.0
Nagaland 83.7 5.5 10.7 12.3 86.2 1.5 45.6 48.6 5.8
Goa 34.8 24.0 41.2 28.9 15.1 56.0 32.0 19.7 48.3
Pondicherry 29.1 52.2 18.7 43.5 40.6 15.9 33.5 48.7 17.8
Mizoram 0.0 0.0 100.0 27.2 57.5 15.2 26.8 56.7 16.4
Chandigarh 17.3 63.8 18.9 33.9 62.0 4.1 31.8 62.2 6.0
Sikkim 30.0 61.3 8.7 89.2 10.8 0.0 40.5 52.4 7.2
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 36.1 21.3 42.6 0.0 26.6 73.4 33.7 21.7 44.7
Daman&Diu 71.2 9.9 18.9 85.2 14.8 0.0 72.4 10.3 17.3
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 23.3 52.4 24.3 38.3 47.5 14.2 26.5 51.3 22.2

States
Larger states
UP 48.4 22.6 29.0 89.3 7.5 3.2 53.8 20.6 25.6
Maharashtra 61.9 33.5 4.6 92.2 6.9 1.0 74.6 22.3 3.1
Bihar 41.2 16.2 42.5 73.9 9.9 16.2 43.2 15.9 41.0
West Bengal 28.3 41.4 30.3 83.6 14.6 1.8 37.8 36.8 25.4
Andhra Pradesh 68.0 15.5 16.5 88.5 6.1 5.4 72.4 13.5 14.1
Madhya Pradesh 39.0 52.3 8.7 75.7 21.8 2.6 47.4 45.3 7.3
Tamil Nadu 57.8 16.8 25.4 73.1 17.1 9.8 61.8 16.9 21.3
Rajasthan 62.5 13.9 23.6 92.7 3.2 4.1 68.5 11.8 19.7
Karnataka 49.9 41.5 8.7 79.3 16.1 4.6 56.9 35.4 7.7
Gujrat 61.9 26.0 12.2 92.8 2.2 5.1 71.9 18.2 9.9
Orissa 27.1 23.6 49.3 63.5 26.2 10.3 32.0 23.9 44.0
Kerala 65.0 25.3 9.7 82.7 15.0 2.3 69.1 22.9 8.0
Jharkhand 32.3 52.3 15.4 70.3 22.8 6.9 36.5 49.0 14.5
Assam 17.9 46.3 35.8 69.0 25.6 5.4 28.1 42.2 29.7
Punjab 86.0 9.3 4.6 96.0 2.9 1.1 88.5 7.7 3.7
Chattisgarh 23.7 74.9 1.4 77.2 21.9 0.9 32.7 66.0 1.3
Haryana 86.1 9.9 3.9 96.0 2.3 1.6 88.2 8.4 3.5
Delhi 98.7 0.0 1.3 89.6 4.1 6.3 90.1 3.9 6.1
Jammu&Kashmir 57.5 16.4 26.1 92.4 5.3 2.3 62.8 14.7 22.5
Uttaranchal 85.7 7.9 6.3 92.0 6.3 1.7 86.3 7.8 5.9
Smaller states
Tripura 9.2 82.4 8.4 35.6 62.2 2.3 13.7 78.9 7.4
Meghalaya 23.9 28.7 47.3 64.0 31.2 4.8 33.1 29.3 37.6
Manipur 2.3 87.9 9.9 29.3 63.9 6.8 14.7 76.8 8.4
Nagaland 8.5 83.3 8.2 63.3 36.7 0.0 37.8 58.4 3.8
Goa 82.5 16.5 1.1 50.2 10.2 39.6 67.0 13.4 19.6
Pondicherry 42.2 19.9 37.9 68.7 2.3 29.0 50.3 14.5 35.2
Mizoram 0.0 0.0 100.0 86.4 9.6 3.9 85.2 9.5 5.3
Chandigarh 99.7 0.3 0.0 99.4 0.0 0.6 99.5 0.0 0.5
Sikkim 35.4 49.3 15.3 99.0 1.0 0.0 46.7 40.8 12.6
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 54.1 45.9 0.0 78.1 21.9 0.0 55.7 44.3 0.0
Daman&Diu 86.2 10.9 2.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 87.4 9.9 2.7
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 50.8 26.5 22.5 85.1 10.5 4.4 57.9 23.2 18.7
States satisfac- satisfac- satisfac-
good bad good bad good bad
tory tory tory
Larger States
UP 11.7 50.3 38.0 29.1 51.5 19.4 14.0 50.5 35.5
Maharashtra 21.2 47.8 31.0 24.3 34.1 41.7 22.5 42.0 35.5
Bihar 9.4 50.5 40.2 14.5 44.9 40.5 9.7 50.1 40.2
West Bengal 13.9 46.1 40.0 25.5 47.5 27.1 15.9 46.3 37.8
Andhra Pradesh 20.7 52.8 26.4 48.4 35.1 16.5 26.6 49.0 24.3
Madhya Pradesh 10.4 57.8 31.8 25.5 45.5 29.1 13.9 55.0 31.2
Tamil Nadu 28.4 51.0 20.5 36.6 44.5 18.9 30.6 49.3 20.1
Rajasthan 19.2 58.0 22.8 30.5 55.0 14.5 21.5 57.4 21.2
Karnataka 19.5 59.8 20.7 36.8 44.1 19.1 23.7 56.1 20.3
Gujrat 21.5 53.8 24.7 50.2 34.2 15.6 30.8 47.5 21.7
Orissa 9.7 32.9 57.4 13.4 48.5 38.1 10.2 35.0 54.8
Kerala 20.2 42.9 36.9 42.9 40.0 17.2 25.4 42.2 32.4
Jharkhand 5.2 48.5 46.4 8.8 47.9 43.3 5.6 48.4 46.0
Assam 16.0 48.5 35.5 42.2 42.8 15.1 21.2 47.4 31.4
Punjab 21.5 46.8 31.8 27.9 39.9 32.2 23.1 45.1 31.9
Chattisgarh 6.8 57.4 35.9 47.1 27.3 25.6 13.5 52.3 34.1
Haryana 15.1 48.7 36.2 9.0 68.6 22.4 13.9 52.8 33.3
Delhi 34.8 31.1 34.1 27.4 47.2 25.4 27.8 46.3 25.9
Jammu&Kashmir 19.1 45.4 35.5 23.1 66.1 10.8 19.7 48.6 31.7
Uttaranchal 13.9 62.2 23.9 34.8 43.7 21.5 15.9 60.4 23.7
Smaller states
Tripura 30.5 53.2 16.3 39.9 41.8 18.3 32.1 51.2 16.7
Meghalaya 60.7 39.3 0.0 30.3 29.0 40.7 53.7 37.0 9.3
Manipur 64.6 28.6 6.9 17.7 74.7 7.7 42.9 49.8 7.2
Nagaland 4.7 82.1 13.2 5.4 93.1 1.5 5.1 88.0 6.9
Goa 34.8 44.8 20.4 28.7 10.1 61.2 31.9 28.1 40.0
Pondicherry 39.3 39.1 21.6 40.4 27.4 32.1 39.6 35.5 24.8
Mizoram 0.0 100.0 0.0 20.7 57.0 22.3 20.4 57.6 22.0
Chandigarh 17.3 17.2 65.5 29.5 45.8 24.7 28.0 42.2 29.8
Sikkim 30.2 32.3 37.5 88.9 10.6 0.4 40.6 28.5 30.9
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 36.1 30.1 33.7 10.0 0.0 90.0 34.4 28.1 37.5
Daman&Diu 58.9 24.0 17.1 0.0 85.2 14.8 53.8 29.3 16.9
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 16.1 50.4 33.7 30.9 43.7 25.4 19.2 49.0 31.9
Rural
open open no
States underground covered pucca pucca katcha drainage
Larger States
UP 3.7 2.9 20.4 26.3 46.6
Maharashtra 3.2 6.3 29.5 20.6 40.4
Bihar 1.3 2.5 6.3 28.1 61.8
West Bengal 0.0 0.1 2.4 9.6 88.0
Andhra Pradesh 1.6 1.5 24.7 14.3 58.0
Madhya Pradesh 0.2 1.8 13.3 23.1 61.6
Tamil Nadu 0.2 2.5 17.7 11.9 67.7
Rajasthan 1.6 2.7 9.2 21.4 65.2
Karnataka 0.7 1.0 24.7 19.1 54.5
Gujrat 9.2 4.7 6.3 8.2 71.6
Orissa 0.4 0.8 3.1 5.3 90.4
Kerala 0.5 3.8 6.1 4.0 85.6
Jharkhand 0.0 0.2 6.0 22.4 71.4
Assam 0.0 0.3 4.1 23.4 72.1
Punjab 2.3 1.8 42.3 21.0 32.6
Chattisgarh 3.0 1.5 5.0 24.9 65.7
Haryana 4.6 1.9 40.8 23.3 29.4
Delhi 18.0 12.5 29.9 15.9 23.8
Jammu&Kashmir 1.9 0.0 21.0 44.6 32.5
Uttaranchal 0.9 0.0 26.5 22.4 50.2
Himachal
Pradesh 10.4 0.9 9.4 18.2 61.2
Smaller States
Tripura 0.0 0.0 1.2 6.1 92.7
Meghalaya 0.0 0.0 19.6 75.9 4.5
Manipur 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.4 55.6
Nagaland 0.0 0.0 4.1 12.8 83.1
Goa 0.0 0.0 0.0 61.7 38.3
Arunachal
Pradesh 13.6 2.2 17.1 61.5 5.7
Pondicherry 0.0 7.1 21.5 15.7 55.8
Mizoram 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
Chandigarh 66.2 17.2 5.7 10.6 0.3
Sikkim 0.3 0.7 22.0 41.3 35.7
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 27.7 7.1 11.8 53.4 0.0
Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 67.8 3.9 28.4
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 2.0 2.1 16.5 19.0 60.3
Rural
no
panchayat/municipality
States by residents by others arrangeme
/corporation
nt
Larger States
UP 1.3 22.1 71.2 5.4
Maharashtra 6.2 47.9 43.4 2.5
Bihar 0.0 6.4 92.9 0.7
West Bengal 0.2 2.2 96.7 0.8
Tamil Nadu 11.6 31.6 56.1 0.7
Rajasthan 0.4 18.5 81.1 0.0
Karnataka 4.7 11.7 83.5 0.1
Gujrat 5.5 20.4 74.0 0.2
Orissa 0.0 15.3 84.6 0.1
Kerala 0.0 3.4 93.6 2.9
Jharkhand 0.0 19.7 80.0 0.4
Assam 0.0 25.2 70.8 4.0
Punjab 1.0 30.5 68.3 0.2
Chattisgarh 3.6 41.0 49.6 5.8
Haryana 2.7 50.8 46.0 0.5
Delhi 18.4 63.9 3.7 14.1
Uttaranchal 0.0 3.4 95.7 0.9
Smaller States
Tripura 0.3 3.9 94.3 1.5
Meghalaya 0.0 4.0 96.0 0.0
Manipur 0.0 2.9 94.7 2.4
Nagaland 0.0 0.0 95.9 4.1
Goa 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Arunachal
Pradesh 0.0 39.8 43.1 17.1
Pondicherry 16.7 29.7 53.6 0.0
Mizoram 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Chandigarh 67.6 12.0 18.6 1.9
Sikkim 0.8 7.7 86.0 5.5
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 27.1 0.0 72.9 0.0
Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 3.2 19.1 75.8 1.8
Urban
panchayat/muni
States cipality/corporat by residents by others no arrangement
ion
Larger States
UP 51.2 17.9 22.7 8.2
Maharashtra 69.2 4.7 25.6 0.4
Bihar 30.5 5.7 59.5 4.4
West Bengal 55.4 4.3 38.2 2.0
Madhya Pradesh 34.1 17.8 46.2 1.9
Tamil Nadu 71.8 9.3 17.1 1.7
Rajasthan 53.0 19.0 26.0 1.9
Karnataka 63.4 12.8 23.0 0.7
Gujrat 59.8 23.2 15.1 1.9
Orissa 42.6 10.3 44.7 2.4
Kerala 16.3 3.7 78.9 1.2
Jharkhand 11.1 41.3 45.4 2.2
Assam 27.4 13.0 44.6 15.0
Punjab 35.6 26.2 36.7 1.6
Chattisgarh 74.6 2.9 22.5 0.0
Haryana 10.2 47.6 41.3 0.9
Delhi 60.1 12.8 16.1 11.0
Jammu&Kashmir 68.6 1.8 29.6 0.0
Uttaranchal 76.0 6.0 14.9 3.1
HimachalPradesh 35.9 7.1 49.1 7.9
Smaller States
Tripura 8.8 3.6 87.6 0.0
Meghalaya 28.9 16.9 36.0 18.2
Manipur 0.0 69.2 30.4 0.4
Nagaland 19.2 31.8 48.9 0.0
Goa 31.7 0.0 68.3 0.0
Pondicherry 84.9 11.2 4.0 0.0
Mizoram 5.1 40.6 48.7 5.6
Chandigarh 29.7 36.2 1.5 32.5
Sikkim 76.9 0.0 23.1 0.0
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 78.1 21.9 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 14.8 0.0 85.2 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 54.1 12.7 29.9 3.4
Rural+Urban
panchayat/municipa
lity/corporation
Larger States
UP 7.9 21.6 64.8 5.7
Maharashtra 32.8 29.7 35.9 1.6
Bihar 1.8 6.4 90.9 0.9
West Bengal 9.7 2.6 86.7 1.0
Tamil Nadu 27.4 25.7 45.9 1.0
Rajasthan 10.9 18.6 70.1 0.4
Karnataka 18.8 11.9 69.0 0.3
Gujrat 23.1 21.3 54.9 0.7
Orissa 5.7 14.6 79.2 0.4
Kerala 3.8 3.5 90.2 2.5
Jharkhand 1.2 22.1 76.1 0.6
Assam 5.5 22.7 65.5 6.2
Punjab 9.5 29.4 60.5 0.6
Chattisgarh 15.5 34.6 45.1 4.8
Haryana 4.3 50.1 45.0 0.6
Delhi 57.8 15.6 15.4 11.2
Jammu&Kashmir 10.4 0.3 84.4 4.9
Uttaranchal 7.4 3.6 87.9 1.1
Smaller States
Tripura 1.8 3.9 93.1 1.2
Meghalaya 6.6 7.0 82.3 4.1
Manipur 0.0 33.5 65.0 1.5
Nagaland 10.3 17.0 70.8 1.9
Goa 15.2 0.0 84.8 0.0
Pondicherry 37.5 24.0 38.4 0.0
Mizoram 5.0 40.0 49.5 5.5
Chandigarh 34.5 33.2 3.6 28.7
Sikkim 14.3 6.4 74.8 4.6
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 30.6 1.5 67.9 0.0
Daman&Diu 1.3 0.0 98.7 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 13.9 17.7 66.2 2.2
Sector: Rural
SC
Exclusive shared public/comm-unity
States use of Hhs with latrine
no latrine
other
Hhs
Larger States
UP 8.3 1.5 0.7 89.5
Maharashtra 20.3 8.4 5.4 66.0
Bihar 5.9 0.6 0.9 92.5
West Bengal 36.6 11.8 1.6 50.0
Tamil Nadu 9.9 2.0 1.6 86.5
Rajasthan 8.8 4.5 0.4 86.3
Karnataka 12.9 0.4 0.0 86.6
Gujrat 15.2 5.3 2.1 77.4
Orissa 5.4 0.9 0.4 93.3
Kerala 75.9 5.7 0.3 18.2
Jharkhand 12.2 0.8 0.0 86.9
Assam 79.1 9.0 1.6 10.3
Punjab 38.9 11.6 2.0 47.5
Chattisgarh 14.3 0.5 1.1 84.1
Haryana 31.7 13.2 0.0 55.1
Delhi 59.2 0.8 14.2 25.8
Jammu&Kashmir 24.3 75.7
Uttaranchal 22.1 4.3 0.1 73.5
Smaller States
Tripura 68.0 25.6 0.1 6.2
Meghalaya 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Manipur 86.1 3.7 10.2 0.0
Nagaland 6.2 93.0 0.0 0.8
Goa 56.1 2.7 6.6 34.6
Pondicherry 9.6 0.0 0.0 90.4
Mizoram 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 11.1 77.9 10.6 0.3
Sikkim 72.1 26.2 0.2 1.5
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 46.6 42.6 0.0 10.8
Daman&Diu 77.0 4.1 0.0 18.9
Lakshadweep
All India 17.7 4.9 1.1 76.3
Sector: Urban
SC
States Exclusive use shared public/comm-unity
of Hhs with other latrine no latrine
Hhs
Larger States
UP 39.8 24.3 4.9 31.0
Maharashtra 34.7 24.1 28.8 12.4
Bihar 34.5 20.3 2.7 42.4
West Bengal 40.7 40.8 7.6 10.9
Andhra Pradesh 38.6 43.1 4.3 14.0
Madhya Pradesh 29.2 10.4 3.3 57.2
Tamil Nadu 33.9 17.5 14.3 34.3
Rajasthan 52.7 15.2 0.9 31.1
Karnataka 46.0 22.3 7.9 23.9
Gujrat 52.9 26.5 6.1 14.6
Orissa 36.0 8.8 5.4 49.8
Kerala 82.8 10.7 0.0 6.4
Jharkhand 37.2 9.5 0.0 53.3
Assam 82.0 14.5 0.3 3.1
Punjab 49.0 31.5 4.3 15.3
Chattisgarh 46.1 9.4 24.3 20.2
Haryana 51.6 24.9 0.5 23.0
Delhi 49.4 19.4 28.2 3.0
Uttaranchal 39.8 14.1 31.2 14.9
Smaller States
Tripura 50.5 48.8 0.0 0.7
Meghalaya 35.0 62.6 2.4 0.0
Manipur 82.2 17.8 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 31.6 50.9 8.7 8.7
Goa 25.9 26.5 4.2 43.4
Pondicherry 30.9 9.8 31.3 28.0
Mizoram 77.9 22.1 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 66.2 20.7 12.5 0.6
Sikkim 60.3 33.8 5.9 0.0
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 10.0 90.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 14.8 85.2 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep
All India 41.9 24.6 10.8 22.7
Sector: Rural+Urban
SC
States use of Hhs with unity latrine
no latrine
other
Hhs
Larger States
UP 12.4 4.5 1.3 81.9
Maharashtra 26.3 15.0 15.3 43.4
Bihar 7.7 1.8 1.0 89.5
West Bengal 37.3 16.8 2.6 43.3
Andhra Pradesh 21.4 15.1 1.5 62.0
Tamil Nadu 16.2 6.1 5.0 72.8
Rajasthan 17.6 6.6 0.5 75.3
Karnataka 20.9 5.7 1.9 71.5
Gujrat 27.5 12.2 3.4 57.0
Orissa 9.5 2.0 1.1 87.5
Kerala 77.5 6.8 0.2 15.5
Jharkhand 15.0 1.8 0.0 83.2
Assam 79.7 10.1 1.4 8.8
Punjab 41.4 16.5 2.6 39.5
Chattisgarh 19.6 2.0 5.0 73.4
Haryana 35.7 15.6 0.1 48.5
Delhi 49.9 18.4 27.4 4.2
Uttaranchal 23.8 5.3 3.1 67.8
Smaller States
Tripura 65.0 29.6 0.1 5.3
Meghalaya 85.2 14.3 0.5 0.0
Manipur 84.3 10.2 5.5 0.0
Nagaland 19.8 70.5 4.7 5.1
Goa 41.6 14.1 5.4 38.9
Pondicherry 16.1 3.0 9.6 71.3
Mizoram 78.2 21.8 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 59.3 27.9 12.3 0.5
Sikkim 70.0 27.6 1.2 1.2
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 44.1 45.8 0.0 10.1
Daman&Diu 71.7 11.0 0.0 17.3
Lakshadweep
All-India 22.9 9.0 3.2 65.1
Table 13: Drinking water facility of Households (Hhs) across social groups [in
percentages]
Sector: Rural
SC
States Hhs' common use of Hhs
community others
exclusive use in the building
use
Larger States
UP 25.6 7.6 64.6 2.1
Maharashtra 19.8 11.5 63.1 5.6
Bihar 24.5 9.9 62.0 3.6
West Bengal 16.6 6.7 74.9 1.8
Tamil Nadu 11.3 2.5 85.5 0.7
Rajasthan 18.5 8.9 65.7 6.8
Karnataka 14.4 3.3 80.6 1.7
Gujrat 42.2 7.1 44.6 6.1
Orissa 5.9 2.8 89.2 2.1
Kerala 39.3 7.7 29.0 24.0
Jharkhand 5.6 5.8 88.2 0.3
Assam 53.5 6.0 32.2 8.3
Punjab 51.8 20.7 19.0 8.5
Chattisgarh 7.7 4.7 85.1 2.5
Haryana 35.0 12.2 46.8 6.0
Delhi 59.2 20.2 20.7 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 39.9 6.1 50.1 3.9
Uttaranchal 24.6 5.4 63.4 6.6
Smaller States
Tripura 17.0 13.9 63.4 5.7
Meghalaya 8.2 0.0 91.8 0.0
Manipur 7.3 6.6 76.2 9.9
Nagaland 1.2 2.3 96.5 0.0
Goa 67.1 21.3 5.0 6.6
Pondicherry 64.9 6.4 27.3 1.4
Mizoram 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Chandigarh 17.3 54.9 17.2 10.6
Sikkim 39.2 2.2 48.2 10.4
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 46.6 0.0 53.4 0.0
Daman&Diu 67.8 18.5 13.8 0.0
Lakshadweep
All India 21.0 7.7 68.0 3.5
Table 14: Drinking water facility of Households (Hhs) across social groups [in percentages]
Sector: urban
SC
States Hhs' exclusive use common use of
Hhs in the others
Larger States
UP 40.6 27.5 30.6 1.3
Maharashtra 34.7 20.2 24.1 21.0
Bihar 36.2 24.3 37.2 2.4
West Bengal 17.0 18.9 62.3 1.8
Andhra Pradesh 13.0 46.5 35.7 4.8
Madhya Pradesh 16.1 10.2 65.5 8.2
Tamil Nadu 15.7 19.1 61.6 3.6
Rajasthan 56.8 23.6 12.0 7.7
Karnataka 19.2 15.0 62.7 3.1
Gujrat 56.4 27.6 11.5 4.5
Orissa 16.7 22.7 56.9 3.7
Kerala 50.7 13.6 22.7 13.1
Jharkhand 30.8 5.2 64.0 0.0
Assam 66.8 16.4 10.0 6.8
Punjab 54.3 34.4 5.3 6.0
Chattisgarh 42.7 11.6 45.7 0.1
Haryana 35.3 25.4 36.0 3.2
Delhi 47.4 22.5 28.4 1.7
Jammu&Kashmir 72.0 18.9 3.8 5.3
Uttaranchal 36.0 24.5 39.5 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 34.9 36.1 21.1 7.9
Meghalaya 15.8 45.9 36.0 2.4
Manipur 18.3 5.5 76.2 0.0
Nagaland 42.0 33.1 14.6 10.3
Goa 27.9 21.3 11.2 39.6
Pondicherry 39.2 31.0 29.5 0.3
Mizoram 39.4 5.1 46.9 8.6
Chandigarh 61.8 25.2 13.1 0.0
Sikkim 60.9 39.1 0.0 0.0
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 10.0 90.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All India 31.9 23.8 37.9 6.4
Sector: Rural+Urban
SC
States Hhs' exclusive use common use of
Hhs in the others
Larger States
UP 27.6 10.3 60.2 2.0
Maharashtra 26.1 15.2 46.7 12.1
Bihar 25.2 10.8 60.5 3.5
West Bengal 16.7 8.8 72.7 1.8
Andhra Pradesh 14.5 17.1 63.5 4.9
Tamil Nadu 12.4 6.9 79.3 1.4
Rajasthan 26.2 11.8 55.0 7.0
Karnataka 15.5 6.1 76.3 2.0
Gujrat 46.9 13.7 33.9 5.6
Orissa 7.4 5.5 84.8 2.3
Kerala 41.9 9.1 27.5 21.5
Jharkhand 8.4 5.8 85.5 0.3
Assam 56.2 8.1 27.8 8.0
Punjab 52.4 24.1 15.6 7.9
Chattisgarh 13.6 5.9 78.5 2.1
Haryana 35.1 14.9 44.6 5.4
Delhi 48.0 22.4 28.0 1.6
Jammu&Kashmir 44.7 8.1 43.1 4.1
Uttaranchal 25.7 7.2 61.1 6.0
Smaller States
Tripura 20.1 17.7 56.1 6.0
Meghalaya 9.9 10.4 79.1 0.5
Manipur 12.4 6.1 76.2 5.3
Nagaland 23.0 18.7 52.8 5.5
Goa 48.2 21.3 8.0 22.5
Pondicherry 57.0 13.9 28.0 1.1
Mizoram 38.9 5.0 47.6 8.5
Chandigarh 56.1 28.9 13.6 1.3
Sikkim 43.0 8.8 39.7 8.5
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 44.1 6.1 49.8 0.0
Daman&Diu 62.0 25.4 12.6 0.0
Lakshadweep
All India 23.3 11.1 61.5 4.1
percentages)
Rural
not
1- 10- 15- 30km or
States required less than 5-10km
5km 15km 30 more
to travel 1 km
Larger States
UP 12.5 25.9 39.3 12.5 4.6 3.3 1.9
Maharashtra 18.9 16.9 42.9 12.8 3.8 1.8 2.9
Bihar 13.6 15.5 52.8 11.0 5.4 1.6 0.0
West Bengal 11.2 23.3 43.5 12.9 3.8 2.6 2.8
Andhra Pradesh 11.8 14.3 54.5 10.7 3.5 3.1 2.2
Madhya Pradesh 9.7 17.9 55.6 11.5 4.1 0.6 0.7
Tamil Nadu 10.9 16.5 43.6 17.7 7.5 2.6 1.1
Rajasthan 13.5 12.4 45.1 16.6 7.4 2.8 2.2
Karnataka 11.0 14.6 60.5 7.7 4.3 1.6 0.4
Gujrat 12.3 10.9 48.6 14.3 8.1 3.7 2.2
Orissa 8.7 13.1 52.2 16.4 4.8 2.5 2.2
Kerala 7.8 12.6 43.5 18.8 6.8 7.4 3.2
Jharkhand 7.8 14.1 39.5 27.3 8.1 1.7 1.6
Assam 15.1 16.6 42.8 19.5 3.5 2.5 0.0
Punjab 17.7 12.8 35.9 19.4 5.3 5.3 3.6
Chattisgarh 13.0 19.1 51.7 9.2 3.4 2.0 1.6
Haryana 20.5 19.0 27.7 17.4 7.0 4.9 3.5
Delhi 27.1 12.7 23.3 14.9 11.6 10.3 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 8.2 18.1 21.8 21.5 6.0 14.0 10.4
Uttaranchal 9.0 20.9 36.5 22.5 7.9 2.9 0.4
Smaller states
Tripura 21.8 24.7 32.3 12.2 3.1 3.4 2.5
Meghalaya 7.3 42.9 47.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.0
Manipur 12.1 11.4 42.4 31.2 1.7 0.5 0.8
Nagaland 6.3 68.7 8.2 5.0 0.0 6.0 6.0
Goa 21.3 0.0 10.5 21.9 14.2 32.1 0.0
Pondicherry 6.9 5.5 55.1 7.4 15.3 2.4 7.5
Mizoram 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 0.0 10.6 27.5 43.9 17.2 0.8 0.0
Sikkim 50.7 31.0 11.6 1.9 3.4 0.0 1.4
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 3.4 5.3 35.7 35.2 1.6 18.8 0.0
Daman&Diu 9.0 0.0 86.7 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 12.6 18.5 45.1 13.8 5.1 2.8 1.9
percentages)
Urban
not
1- 10- 15- 30km or
5km 15km 30 more
travel km
Larger States
UP 10.6 15.5 37.7 23.7 5.0 4.1 3.5
Maharashtra 12.2 8.6 23.3 24.6 19.7 4.4 7.1
Bihar 15.7 21.9 25.8 25.9 4.6 5.9 0.3
West Bengal 10.8 21.2 36.6 16.4 6.5 5.3 3.2
Andhra Pradesh 28.7 19.0 29.6 12.1 4.2 3.3 3.1
Madhya Pradesh 18.6 14.1 38.7 17.2 8.4 0.6 2.4
Tamil Nadu 13.4 12.8 38.1 20.0 4.5 5.6 5.5
Rajasthan 11.0 11.5 42.3 19.1 7.4 7.8 0.8
Karnataka 7.1 14.7 46.3 20.6 6.2 3.2 1.9
Gujrat 19.7 14.0 32.0 20.4 6.3 1.2 6.4
Orissa 7.2 16.8 33.0 22.4 9.2 0.2 11.2
Kerala 10.8 12.8 32.3 17.5 16.2 5.5 5.0
Jharkhand 8.2 5.2 57.0 19.0 5.9 1.7 3.0
Assam 15.7 23.1 36.6 13.7 3.3 3.3 4.1
Punjab 10.6 18.5 34.9 20.3 8.3 3.8 3.6
Chattisgarh 2.0 15.0 45.6 16.1 13.7 4.3 3.2
Haryana 20.4 8.2 46.2 16.2 3.5 2.1 3.3
Delhi 11.1 13.2 34.3 27.4 9.3 1.9 2.8
Jammu&Kashmir 22.7 6.7 44.0 23.8 2.6 0.1 0.0
Uttaranchal 5.3 15.3 49.8 24.8 0.4 0.0 4.4
Smaller states
Tripura 20.4 24.1 37.0 4.4 7.3 5.0 1.9
Meghalaya 97.6 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Manipur 10.1 2.9 73.8 8.2 1.0 2.1 1.8
Nagaland 12.3 40.2 39.2 0.0 8.4 0.0 0.0
Goa 47.0 0.6 0.7 27.0 10.7 12.5 1.5
Pondicherry 23.5 5.8 18.8 27.3 18.4 2.5 3.7
Mizoram 40.9 29.0 23.9 6.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 26.8 9.7 21.0 30.4 3.4 7.8 0.9
Sikkim 20.0 47.5 32.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 16.6 41.5 0.0 31.9 10.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 14.0 14.6 34.9 20.2 8.3 3.9 4.1
percentages)
Rural+Urban
not
1- 10- 15- 30km or
5km 15km 30 more
travel km
Larger States
UP 12.2 24.6 39.1 13.9 4.7 3.4 2.1
Maharashtra 16.1 13.4 34.7 17.8 10.5 2.9 4.7
Bihar 13.8 15.9 51.2 11.9 5.3 1.9 0.1
West Bengal 11.2 22.9 42.3 13.5 4.3 3.0 2.9
Andhra Pradesh 15.4 15.3 49.2 11.0 3.6 3.1 2.4
Madhya Pradesh 11.7 17.0 51.7 12.8 5.1 0.6 1.1
Tamil Nadu 11.6 15.5 42.2 18.3 6.7 3.4 2.3
Rajasthan 13.0 12.2 44.6 17.1 7.4 3.8 1.9
Karnataka 10.1 14.6 57.1 10.8 4.7 2.0 0.8
Gujrat 14.7 11.9 43.2 16.3 7.5 2.9 3.6
Orissa 8.5 13.6 49.6 17.2 5.4 2.2 3.4
Kerala 8.5 12.6 40.9 18.5 9.0 7.0 3.6
Jharkhand 7.8 13.1 41.4 26.3 7.9 1.7 1.7
Assam 15.2 17.8 41.6 18.4 3.4 2.7 0.8
Punjab 16.0 14.2 35.7 19.6 6.0 4.9 3.6
Chattisgarh 11.0 18.4 50.6 10.4 5.2 2.4 1.9
Haryana 20.5 16.8 31.5 17.2 6.3 4.3 3.5
Delhi 11.9 13.2 33.8 26.7 9.4 2.3 2.6
Jammu&Kashmir 10.4 16.4 25.1 21.9 5.5 11.9 8.8
Uttaranchal 8.6 20.3 37.7 22.7 7.2 2.7 0.8
Smaller states
Tripura 21.6 24.6 33.1 10.8 3.8 3.7 2.4
Meghalaya 27.9 33.1 36.9 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0
Manipur 11.2 7.5 56.6 20.8 1.4 1.2 1.2
Nagaland 10.1 50.3 28.2 1.8 5.4 2.1 2.1
Goa 33.7 0.3 5.8 24.3 12.5 22.7 0.7
Pondicherry 12.0 5.6 44.0 13.5 16.2 2.4 6.3
Mizoram 40.3 28.6 25.0 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 23.4 9.8 21.8 32.1 5.1 6.9 0.8
Sikkim 45.2 33.9 15.3 1.6 2.8 0.0 1.2
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 4.3 7.7 33.3 35.0 2.2 17.6 0.0
Daman&Diu 8.3 0.0 87.9 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 12.9 17.7 43.2 15.2 5.8 3.1 2.4
Table 19: Distance to the source of drinking water for SC households (in percentages)
Sector: Rural
outside
1.0km
within dwelling but less than 0.2 to 0.5to 1.5km
States to 1.5
dwelling within 0.2km 0.5km 1km or more
km
premises
Larger States
UP 17.6 20.4 57.6 3.9 0.3 0.2
Maharashtra 6.5 26.9 56.4 7.2 1.8 1.2 0.2
Bihar 19.0 17.9 55.4 7.7 0.0
West Bengal 5.2 19.4 55.0 18.5 1.8 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 5.0 20.9 60.4 12.8 0.8 0.1 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 2.2 4.6 71.2 18.8 2.3 0.7 0.1
Tamil Nadu 4.2 8.9 79.3 6.4 0.3 0.3 0.6
Rajasthan 8.1 16.7 42.3 23.0 6.9 1.3 1.7
Karnataka 4.7 15.8 72.3 5.2 2.0 0.0 0.1
Gujrat 11.5 41.5 40.7 4.7 1.7 0.0 0.0
Orissa 0.7 8.8 69.0 19.2 2.3 0.0 0.0
Kerala 4.1 45.7 43.4 5.8 0.9 0.0 0.0
Jharkhand 1.8 6.8 65.9 23.4 2.1 0.0
Assam 2.5 57.2 28.3 11.0 0.5 0.4
Punjab 26.3 46.6 22.6 3.1 0.6 1.0
Chattisgarh 3.2 9.8 70.0 15.1 1.8 0.0 0.0
Haryana 26.7 24.2 34.2 8.8 6.1
Delhi 63.4 15.9 20.4 0.3
Jammu&Kashmir 23.0 23.7 46.3 5.9 1.1 0.0
Uttaranchal 9.2 21.2 49.1 14.2 3.9 2.4
HimachalPradesh 18.0 28.0 44.5 7.8 0.9 0.7
Smaller States
Tripura 1.6 38.7 53.3 5.6 0.0 0.7
Meghalaya 2.7 5.4 51.0 40.8
Manipur 16.5 83.5 0.0
Nagaland 3.5 96.5
Goa 2.7 64.4 26.3 0.0 6.6 0.0 0.0
ArunachalPradesh 15.8 80.3 3.9
Pondicherry 17.5 53.2 26.8 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 0.0 100.0
Sikkim 8.5 45.6 42.0 3.0 1.0
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 29.8 16.8 53.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 58.3 32.6 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep
All India 10.5 20.1 57.1 10.4 1.5 0.3 0.2
Table 20: Distribution of SC households by the distance to the source of drinking water (in percentages)
Sector: Urban
outside 1.0km
States to 1.5
dwelling within premises 0.2km 0.5km 1km or more
km
Larger States
UP 55.0 14.6 28.9 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.5
Maharashtra 30.5 28.1 39.7 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Bihar 47.0 16.8 35.2 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 14.8 22.4 51.7 9.7 0.3 0.8 0.3
Andhra Pradesh 9.0 51.4 37.5 1.2 0.9 0.0 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 17.5 13.6 59.0 5.0 2.5 2.3 0.0
Tamil Nadu 12.4 23.3 59.1 5.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Rajasthan 57.8 23.1 14.3 3.3 0.3 0.5 0.8
Karnataka 13.9 20.0 60.7 2.1 2.6 0.6 0.0
Gujrat 52.7 29.5 15.7 0.9 1.1 0.1 0.0
Orissa 18.3 16.2 55.5 8.4 1.6 0.0 0.0
Kerala 15.6 51.8 26.3 4.6 1.3 0.4 0.0
Jharkhand 22.5 12.5 61.6 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Assam 35.6 51.1 11.2 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Punjab 59.3 28.6 11.6 0.6
Chattisgarh 32.4 17.5 48.8 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
Haryana 37.7 30.1 29.9 1.7 0.0 0.5 0.1
Delhi 61.6 11.8 17.9 7.4 1.2 0.0 0.1
Jammu&Kashmir 53.3 42.7 2.2 1.8
Uttaranchal 25.9 44.2 30.0 0.0
HimachalPradesh 53.9 26.4 18.8 0.9
Smaller States
Tripura 7.1 63.2 29.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Meghalaya 15.8 48.2 36.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Manipur 1.0 20.8 27.8 50.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 16.7 58.4 10.3 14.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Goa 22.8 26.4 44.6 6.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 41.7 27.4 28.9 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 52.5 5.1 23.3 19.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 85.1 2.4 12.5 0.0
Sikkim 92.6 7.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 10.0 68.1 21.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 85.2 14.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep
All India 31.9 25.5 38.3 3.4 0.6 0.3 0.1
Table 21: Distribution of SC households by the distance to the source of drinking water (in percentages)
Sector: Rural+Urban
outside
1.0km
States to 1.5
km
Larger States
UP 22.5 19.6 53.8 3.5 0.3 0.2 0.1
Maharashtra 16.6 27.4 49.4 4.8 1.0 0.7 0.1
Bihar 20.7 17.8 54.2 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 6.9 19.9 54.4 17.0 1.5 0.1 0.1
Andhra Pradesh 5.9 27.4 55.5 10.3 0.8 0.1 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 5.8 6.6 68.4 15.7 2.4 1.1 0.1
Tamil Nadu 6.3 12.7 74.0 6.1 0.2 0.2 0.5
Rajasthan 18.0 18.0 36.7 19.1 5.6 1.1 1.5
Karnataka 6.9 16.8 69.5 4.4 2.1 0.2 0.1
Gujrat 24.9 37.6 32.5 3.4 1.5 0.0 0.0
Orissa 3.1 9.8 67.1 17.8 2.2 0.0 0.0
Kerala 6.8 47.1 39.5 5.5 1.0 0.1 0.0
Jharkhand 4.1 7.5 65.4 21.2 1.8 0.0 0.0
Assam 9.2 56.0 24.8 9.2 0.4 0.0 0.3
Punjab 34.4 42.1 19.8 2.4 0.4 0.0 0.7
Chattisgarh 8.1 11.1 66.5 12.8 1.5 0.0 0.0
Haryana 29.0 25.4 33.3 7.3 4.8 0.1 0.0
Delhi 61.7 12.0 18.1 7.0 1.1 0.0 0.1
Jammu&Kashmir 27.6 26.6 39.6 5.3 0.9 0.0 0.0
Uttaranchal 10.8 23.4 47.2 12.8 3.6 2.1 0.0
HimachalPradesh 21.1 27.9 42.3 7.2 0.8 0.0 0.6
Smaller States
Tripura 2.6 43.0 49.2 4.6 0.0 0.6 0.0
Meghalaya 5.7 15.2 47.6 31.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Manipur 0.5 18.5 57.8 23.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 8.9 32.8 50.4 7.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
Goa 12.4 46.1 35.1 3.0 3.4 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 24.9 45.3 27.4 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 51.4 5.0 24.9 18.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 77.6 10.1 12.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 23.8 38.6 34.3 2.4 0.8 0.0 0.0
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 28.4 20.3 51.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 60.6 31.1 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 15.0 21.3 53.2 8.9 1.3 0.3 0.2
Rural
direct opening to
States
opening
without street with street without street
with street light light light light
Larger states
UP 1.5 16.3 1.1 57.9 23.2
Maharashtra 34.4 10.6 19.8 20.7 14.4
Bihar 1.6 11.4 0.6 58.9 27.5
West Bengal 1.6 9.2 2.3 62.3 24.7
Andhra Pradesh 51.4 13.2 19.9 10.9 4.6
Madhya Pradesh 1.8 22.1 3.0 47.4 25.8
Tamil Nadu 57.4 5.6 24.5 7.3 5.2
Rajasthan 3.1 19.7 2.1 48.9 26.2
Karnataka 34.4 16.6 19.8 21.6 7.5
Gujrat 7.1 26.1 18.3 33.8 14.6
Orissa 3.2 31.7 0.9 49.4 14.7
Kerala 19.4 13.1 3.8 34.3 29.5
Jharkhand 1.4 18.0 0.8 38.1 41.7
Assam 0.0 21.7 1.8 57.0 19.6
Punjab 4.3 34.8 0.1 54.3 6.4
Chattisgarh 9.3 18.6 9.1 52.0 10.9
Haryana 0.7 44.5 0.8 41.7 12.4
Delhi 40.7 36.6 0.0 22.6 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 0 12.4 0.0 51.3 36.3
Uttaranchal 1.1 10.5 0.0 47.5 40.9
Smaller States
Tripura 4.4 13.1 2.8 62.6 17.1
Meghalaya 0.0 12.2 0.0 82.6 5.2
Manipur 21.7 68.6 0.0 9.7 0.0
Nagaland 0.0 41.5 0.0 58.5 0.0
Goa 32.1 6.6 2.9 21.3 37.1
Pondicherry 60.2 0.1 23.5 4.2 11.9
Mizoram 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 85.5 5.1 8.3 1.1 0.0
Sikkim 1.4 2.1 0.5 49.7 46.3
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 27.3 3.4 1.8 23.2 44.2
Daman&Diu 67.6 11.2 11.5 5.6 4.1
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 14.9 16.5 7.4 42.7 18.5
Urban
direct opening to
States
opening
without street with street without street
with street light light light light
Larger states
UP 22.8 13.4 14.3 41.7 7.8
Maharashtra 43.4 20.2 12.6 14.7 9.1
Bihar 15.5 21.8 2.4 50.4 9.9
West Bengal 34.7 6.1 24.6 26.5 8.1
Andhra Pradesh 77.8 1.3 14.1 4.8 2.0
Madhya Pradesh 31.3 11.9 15.0 32.5 9.3
Tamil Nadu 64.5 6.3 19.9 7.0 2.3
Rajasthan 42.2 14.9 13.7 26.1 3.2
Karnataka 63.6 3.9 14.1 11.8 6.6
Gujrat 47.4 15.8 12.3 16.4 8.1
Orissa 33.7 21.7 19.8 22.3 2.4
Kerala 49.4 10.0 6.1 20.7 13.8
Jharkhand 11.9 12.8 5.2 46.2 23.8
Assam 31.2 29.9 7.8 25.7 5.5
Punjab 39.4 24.4 10.0 24.1 2.1
Chattisgarh 39.0 3.3 42.9 9.2 5.6
Haryana 13.0 42.6 7.7 31.1 5.7
Delhi 55.7 8.8 13.9 16.2 5.4
Jammu&Kashmir 7.4 9.4 10.3 64.1 8.8
Uttaranchal 17.9 15.3 34.8 21.1 10.9
Smaller States
Tripura 19.3 7.6 25.2 45.4 2.4
Meghalaya 58.0 0.0 2.4 36.0 3.7
Manipur 21.7 59.0 0.0 17.0 2.3
Nagaland 33.6 19.2 0.0 45.6 1.6
Goa 48.3 0.0 28.3 6.6 16.8
Pondicherry 80.5 0.2 11.7 3.0 4.5
Mizoram 27.3 4.9 7.0 57.0 3.9
Chandigarh 58.6 4.5 21.1 15.8 0.0
Sikkim 85.1 0.0 1.0 7.9 6.0
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 26.6 21.9 51.5 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 44.6 12.9 15.1 21.2 6.3
Rural+Urban
direct opening to
States
opening
with street without street
with street light without street light light light
Larger states
UP 4.3 15.9 2.8 55.8 21.1
Maharashtra 38.2 14.7 16.8 18.2 12.2
Bihar 2.4 12.0 0.7 58.4 26.5
West Bengal 7.3 8.6 6.1 56.1 21.8
Andhra Pradesh 57.0 10.7 18.6 9.6 4.1
Madhya Pradesh 8.5 19.8 5.7 44.0 22.0
Tamil Nadu 59.3 5.8 23.3 7.2 4.4
Rajasthan 10.9 18.8 4.4 44.3 21.6
Karnataka 41.4 13.6 18.4 19.3 7.3
Gujrat 20.2 22.8 16.4 28.2 12.5
Orissa 7.3 30.3 3.5 45.8 13.1
Kerala 26.3 12.3 4.4 31.1 25.9
Jharkhand 2.5 17.4 1.3 39.0 39.7
Assam 6.2 23.3 3.0 50.8 16.7
Punjab 13.0 32.2 2.5 46.8 5.4
Chattisgarh 14.3 16.0 14.8 44.8 10.1
Haryana 3.2 44.1 2.2 39.5 11.0
Delhi 54.9 10.3 13.2 16.6 5.1
Jammu&Kashmir 1.1 12.0 1.6 53.2 32.1
Uttaranchal 2.7 10.9 3.4 44.9 38.0
Smaller States
Tripura 7.0 12.2 6.7 59.6 14.5
Meghalaya 13.2 9.4 0.5 72.0 4.8
Manipur 21.7 64.2 0.0 13.1 1.1
Nagaland 17.5 29.9 0.0 51.8 0.8
Goa 39.9 3.4 15.1 14.2 27.3
Pondicherry 66.4 0.2 19.9 3.9 9.6
Mizoram 26.9 6.2 6.9 56.2 3.8
Chandigarh 62.0 4.6 19.5 13.9 0.0
Sikkim 16.3 1.8 0.6 42.3 39.2
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 27.3 4.7 5.2 21.7 41.2
Daman&Diu 70.3 10.2 10.5 5.2 3.7
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 21.1 15.7 9.0 38.2 16.0
Sector: Rural
< 0.01- 0.05- 0.52- 1.01- 2.50- 4.97- 9.91-
States >19.79
0.01 0.05 0.52 1.01 2.50 4.97 9.91 19.79
Larger states
UP 13.9 26.6 26.9 14.5 11.5 5.0 1.5 0.1 0.0
Maharashtra 38.4 29.7 7.2 5.1 8.6 7.1 3.3 0.5 0.0
Bihar 17.3 37.0 27.8 8.3 6.1 2.8 0.6 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 15.1 34.8 27.5 11.8 7.3 2.6 0.8 0.0 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 26.9 35.6 12.8 8.0 10.0 4.2 2.5 0.0 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 12.9 18.5 14.0 17.4 13.8 10.0 11.4 1.9 0.0
Tamil Nadu 31.9 37.5 14.2 7.6 6.0 2.2 0.4 0.0 0.2
Rajasthan 6.6 14.2 10.9 12.9 19.7 16.1 15.9 2.6 1.1
Karnataka 20.6 23.1 19.3 12.2 10.4 7.6 6.2 0.6 0.0
Gujrat 37.4 26.4 12.7 13.1 6.4 3.3 0.5 0.1 0.0
Orissa 14.5 18.1 24.7 18.8 13.2 5.2 4.9 0.6 0.0
Kerala 2.7 34.4 58.8 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Jharkhand 6.5 26.4 30.8 14.8 14.1 6.9 0.6 0.0 0.0
Assam 4.5 10.3 20.6 17.6 23.7 15.1 7.3 0.5 0.4
Punjab 26.8 49.2 18.4 1.8 2.0 1.2 0.5 0.2 0.0
Chattisgarh 6.8 15.8 14.6 9.0 21.6 18.6 10.6 3.1 0.0
Haryana 29.5 51.9 14.9 1.8 0.6 1.1 0.0 0.1 0.0
Delhi 70.1 10.1 0.0 19.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 3.3 14.2 28.2 23.3 26.0 2.3 2.6 0.0 0.0
Uttaranchal 24.5 24.3 27.1 19.3 3.4 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.0
Smaller states
Tripura 3.9 20.6 47.6 11.9 13.2 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.4
Meghalaya 0.0 0.0 31.6 16.1 10.2 42.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Manipur 0.0 0.0 26.6 35.2 18.7 19.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 0.0 14.1 1.0 75.7 9.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Goa 30.7 33.2 29.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.6 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 33.1 55.0 1.3 5.5 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 89.6 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 18.9 11.4 20.9 29.0 15.8 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 0.0 0.0 57.1 13.3 29.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 13.3 86.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 19.4 30.1 21.1 11.2 9.6 5.1 3.0 0.4 0.1
Sector: Urban
< 0.01- 0.05- 0.52- 1.01- 2.50- 4.97- 9.91-
States >19.79
0.01 0.05 0.52 1.01 2.50 4.97 9.91 19.79
Larger states
UP 48.9 38.8 6.4 2.2 2.0 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.0
Maharashtra 60.5 32.8 4.1 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.5
Bihar 36.9 38.7 13.3 7.3 3.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 40.8 39.2 15.9 3.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 68.5 26.2 2.5 1.1 0.1 0.9 0.7 0.0 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 42.0 36.6 14.7 2.1 2.0 1.2 1.4 0.0 0.0
Tamil Nadu 49.8 34.0 11.3 3.3 0.3 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.0
Rajasthan 22.5 43.5 14.3 8.7 5.7 4.7 0.4 0.0 0.1
Karnataka 40.1 50.2 7.0 1.6 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0
Gujrat 69.8 20.3 8.2 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Orissa 32.9 37.0 17.5 6.1 1.6 2.6 2.3 0.0 0.0
Kerala 8.6 46.4 42.3 2.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Jharkhand 38.9 44.8 14.9 0.6 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Assam 14.7 28.3 39.9 13.5 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Punjab 45.6 46.9 6.7 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chattisgarh 50.6 23.3 22.2 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.4 0.0
Haryana 56.9 31.5 8.9 1.6 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Delhi 85.0 13.3 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 12.1 45.8 40.7 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Uttaranchal 67.8 29.7 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Smaller states
Tripura 12.5 35.6 45.7 5.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Meghalaya 78.1 15.8 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Manipur 0.4 0.0 15.7 19.4 35.7 25.6 3.3 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 0.0 67.5 12.5 9.9 2.3 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
Goa 91.5 3.5 0.0 0.0 4.9 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 55.1 26.0 11.1 0.1 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 41.6 14.4 25.1 10.9 6.2 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 88.0 8.5 0.6 0.2 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 32.2 53.7 13.8 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 31.9 0.0 68.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 14.8 85.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 51.1 34.5 9.6 2.3 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.1
Table 27: Distribution of households by land possessed (in percentages)
Sector: Rural+Urban
< 0.01- 0.05- 0.52- 1.01- 2.50- 4.97- 9.91-
States >19.79
0.01 0.05 0.52 1.01 2.50 4.97 9.91 19.79
Larger states
UP 18.5 28.2 24.2 12.9 10.2 4.5 1.4 0.1 0.0
Maharashtra 47.7 31.0 5.9 3.0 5.2 4.4 2.0 0.5 0.2
Bihar 18.5 37.1 26.9 8.3 5.9 2.7 0.6 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 19.5 35.6 25.5 10.4 6.1 2.2 0.7 0.0 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 35.7 33.6 10.6 6.5 7.9 3.5 2.1 0.0 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 19.6 22.7 14.1 13.9 11.1 7.9 9.1 1.5 0.0
Tamil Nadu 36.6 36.6 13.4 6.5 4.5 1.9 0.3 0.0 0.2
Rajasthan 9.7 20.1 11.5 12.1 16.9 13.8 12.8 2.1 0.9
Karnataka 25.3 29.6 16.3 9.7 8.0 5.9 4.7 0.5 0.0
Gujrat 47.9 24.4 11.2 9.4 4.3 2.2 0.4 0.1 0.0
Orissa 16.9 20.7 23.8 17.1 11.7 4.8 4.5 0.5 0.0
Kerala 4.1 37.1 55.0 3.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Jharkhand 10.1 28.4 29.0 13.2 12.6 6.1 0.5 0.0 0.0
Assam 6.5 13.9 24.5 16.8 19.7 12.1 5.8 0.4 0.3
Punjab 31.4 48.6 15.5 1.4 1.5 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.0
Chattisgarh 14.4 17.1 15.9 7.4 17.8 16.0 8.7 2.6 0.0
Haryana 35.1 47.8 13.7 1.7 0.5 1.1 0.0 0.1 0.0
Delhi 84.2 13.2 0.8 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 4.7 19.0 30.1 19.8 22.2 2.0 2.2 0.0 0.0
Uttaranchal 28.7 24.8 24.7 17.4 3.1 0.3 0.8 0.1 0.0
Smaller states
Tripura 5.4 23.1 47.3 10.8 11.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.3
Meghalaya 17.8 3.6 25.8 12.4 7.9 32.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Manipur 0.2 0.0 21.6 27.9 26.6 22.3 1.5 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 0.0 37.8 6.1 46.5 6.2 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Goa 59.9 18.9 15.4 0.0 2.4 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 39.8 46.1 4.3 3.9 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 41.0 14.2 24.7 10.8 6.1 1.4 1.8 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 88.2 8.7 0.5 0.1 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 21.3 18.9 19.6 23.8 13.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 2.2 0.0 57.8 12.4 27.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 13.4 86.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 25.9 31.0 18.7 9.4 7.8 4.2 2.5 0.3 0.1
Sector: Rural
iron or
grass /straw/ burnt
bamboo,etc stone
sheet
Larger States
UP 4.6 35.2 0.1 1.3 0.1 54.9 0.0 3.8 0.1
Maharashtra 9.5 24.8 0.5 1.0 0.9 53.5 1.2 8.5 0.1
Bihar 28.3 25.5 0.0 0.7 0.0 38.4 0.0 7.1 0.0
West Bengal 20.3 50.0 0.2 0.4 0.4 18.6 2.9 7.0 0.3
Andhra Pradesh 7.7 19.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 66.5 0.0 6.0 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 2.0 50.5 0.2 1.2 0.7 44.7 0.0 0.7 0.0
Tamil Nadu 4.0 34.8 0.0 0.1 0.2 53.7 0.0 7.0 0.1
Rajasthan 4.9 25.7 0.0 2.0 0.2 65.7 0.0 1.0 0.5
Karnataka 4.3 34.1 0.2 1.7 0.1 55.6 0.0 4.0 0.0
Gujrat 1.5 25.9 0.0 5.6 0.3 61.9 0.0 1.8 2.9
Orissa 2.4 63.5 0.0 3.9 0.1 27.0 0.0 3.1 0.1
Kerala 3.9 27.0 0.6 2.5 0.2 54.6 0.0 11.1 0.0
Jharkhand 1.5 62.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.8 0.0 4.4 0.0
Assam 39.2 42.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 11.4 0.1 5.9 1.1
Punjab 0.1 4.1 0.0 1.7 0.0 81.5 0.0 12.5 0.0
Chattisgarh 2.2 66.4 0.0 7.6 0.5 23.0 0.0 0.4 0.0
Haryana 0.1 4.4 0.1 0.4 0.2 87.0 0.0 7.8 0.0
Delhi 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.5 0.0 28.2 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 0 31.6 0.0 2.6 0.0 65.3 0.0 0.5 0.0
Uttaranchal 3.3 5.3 0.0 0.0 1.4 76.7 0.0 13.3 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 25.3 65.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 4.8 2.1 0.0
Meghalaya 76.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.0 19.6 0.0
Manipur 5.9 91.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 86.6 4.9 0.0 0.0 3.7 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
Goa 0.0 8.8 1.1 0.0 0.0 89.1 1.1 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 9.4 28.1 0.0 3.7 0.0 28.4 0.4 28.4 1.5
Mizoram 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.2 0.0 66.8 0.0
Sikkim 4.7 59.3 0.0 0.6 0.0 2.8 0.0 21.5 11.0
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 0.0 45.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.0 0.0 36.1 0.0
Daman&Diu 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.5 0.0 74.6 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 8.7 33.7 0.1 1.3 0.2 50.1 0.4 5.5 0.2
Sector: Urban
iron or
grass /straw/ burnt
bamboo,etc stone
sheet
Larger States
UP 1.0 5.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 73.6 0.1 19.7 0.1
Maharashtra 1.0 4.9 0.0 0.6 0.6 81.9 4.8 6.0 0.0
Bihar 10.3 12.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 72.0 0.0 5.4 0.0
West Bengal 7.6 8.5 0.0 0.0 0.9 63.7 1.4 17.9 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 2.0 6.2 1.1 0.3 0.0 68.7 0.0 21.7 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 0.7 19.8 1.1 0.3 0.1 74.4 0.5 3.2 0.0
Tamil Nadu 2.5 16.9 0.0 0.7 0.0 69.1 0.2 10.5 0.1
Rajasthan 0.2 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 90.8 0.0 3.2 0.0
Karnataka 2.4 15.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 55.8 0.3 25.0 0.0
Gujrat 0.0 5.0 0.3 0.4 0.2 80.5 0.0 13.4 0.2
Orissa 1.0 22.3 0.0 2.7 0.0 43.0 0.0 30.9 0.1
Kerala 2.2 13.6 0.2 0.3 4.8 70.0 1.3 7.0 0.5
Jharkhand 0.5 28.2 0.0 1.1 0.7 59.3 0.0 10.2 0.0
Assam 12.6 16.4 0.0 1.1 0.4 18.3 0.9 50.0 0.4
Punjab 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 85.2 0.0 13.6 0.0
Chattisgarh 0.0 21.2 0.0 1.6 0.0 73.1 0.0 4.1 0.0
Haryana 1.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 78.9 0.0 14.6 4.5
Delhi 0.2 7.0 0.0 0.6 0.7 39.0 0.0 52.5 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 0.0 4.3 0.0 0.3 1.3 88.1 0.0 6.1 0.0
Uttaranchal 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 69.4 0.0 28.4 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 40.3 24.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.1 13.0 7.4 0.0
Meghalaya 26.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 6.1 13.2 49.5 0.0
Manipur 0.0 70.7 0.0 0.0 1.0 15.3 0.0 12.9 0.0
Nagaland 36.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.1 19.4 0.0 38.8 0.0
Goa 40.7 4.0 0.0 5.1 0.0 23.3 0.0 26.9 0.0
Pondicherry 15.5 11.8 1.7 0.0 0.0 38.4 0.0 32.6 0.0
Mizoram 13.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 14.8 12.5 56.7
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 34.3 0.0 65.1 0.0
Sikkim 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.9 0.6 0.4 92.1 0.0
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 0.0 21.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 78.1 0.0
Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 85.2 0.0 14.8 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 2.3 9.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 69.8 1.0 16.5 0.2

Sector: Rural+Urban
iron or
grass /straw/ burnt
bamboo,etc stone
sheet
Larger States
UP 4.1 31.2 0.1 1.2 0.1 57.4 0.0 5.9 0.1
Maharashtra 5.9 16.5 0.3 0.8 0.8 65.5 2.7 7.5 0.0
Bihar 27.2 24.6 0.0 0.6 0.0 40.4 0.0 7.0 0.0
West Bengal 18.1 42.9 0.2 0.3 0.5 26.3 2.6 8.9 0.2
Andhra Pradesh 6.5 16.3 0.3 0.4 0.0 67.0 0.0 9.3 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 1.7 43.4 0.4 1.0 0.6 51.5 0.1 1.2 0.0
Tamil Nadu 3.6 30.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 57.8 0.0 7.9 0.1
Rajasthan 3.9 21.7 0.0 1.6 0.2 70.7 0.0 1.5 0.4
Karnataka 3.9 29.7 0.3 1.3 0.0 55.7 0.1 9.0 0.0
Gujrat 1.0 19.1 0.1 3.9 0.3 67.9 0.0 5.6 2.1
Orissa 2.2 58.0 0.0 3.7 0.1 29.1 0.0 6.9 0.1
Kerala 3.5 23.9 0.5 2.0 1.3 58.1 0.3 10.1 0.1
Jharkhand 1.4 58.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 34.8 0.0 5.0 0.0
Assam 33.9 36.9 0.0 0.5 0.1 12.8 0.2 14.7 1.0
Punjab 0.2 3.3 0.0 1.3 0.0 82.4 0.0 12.8 0.0
Chattisgarh 1.9 58.8 0.0 6.6 0.4 31.3 0.0 1.0 0.0
Haryana 0.4 3.6 0.1 0.3 0.1 85.4 0.0 9.2 0.9
Delhi 0.1 6.7 0.0 0.6 0.6 40.7 0.0 51.2 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 0.0 27.5 0.0 2.2 0.2 68.8 0.0 1.4 0.0
Uttaranchal 3.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 76.0 0.0 14.7 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 27.9 58.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 6.2 3.0 0.0
Meghalaya 64.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 4.7 3.0 26.4 0.0
Manipur 3.2 82.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 8.3 0.0 6.0 0.0
Nagaland 59.9 2.3 0.0 0.0 4.5 12.6 0.0 20.7 0.0
Goa 19.6 6.5 0.6 2.4 0.0 57.4 0.6 12.9 0.0
Pondicherry 11.3 23.1 0.5 2.6 0.0 31.5 0.3 29.7 1.0
Mizoram 14.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 14.6 12.4 56.0
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 34.2 0.0 65.3 0.0
Sikkim 4.0 48.8 0.0 0.5 1.0 2.4 0.1 34.1 9.1
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 0.0 44.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.8 0.0 39.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.9 0.0 69.4 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 7.3 28.6 0.1 1.1 0.2 54.3 0.6 7.9 0.2

Sector:Rural
katcha pucca
Larger States
UP 23.2 12.3 0.2 3.7 12.7 21.4 1.0 24.0 1.5
Maharashtra 5.3 0.5 0.4 0.8 19.9 5.2 52.9 14.4 0.6
Bihar 44.4 1.2 0.3 1.0 16.5 3.7 3.9 28.6 0.5
West Bengal 28.1 1.9 0.8 0.3 23.9 0.5 34.4 9.9 0.1
Andhra Pradesh 20.0 0.9 0.1 0.1 20.6 10.0 7.2 41.0 0.2
Madhya Pradesh 9.7 2.9 0.8 2.4 49.4 24.2 5.9 4.7 0.0
Tamil Nadu 27.1 0.7 0.0 0.7 29.0 2.0 4.1 35.7 0.6
Rajasthan 22.0 5.1 0.5 0.9 8.3 55.4 4.5 3.1 0.2
Karnataka 8.7 8.0 0.4 1.4 41.2 8.3 21.6 9.8 0.6
Gujrat 9.3 0.6 0.2 7.2 32.0 8.4 21.3 20.9 0.1
Orissa 49.5 0.2 0.0 2.7 19.8 0.4 9.4 17.4 0.6
Kerala 8.4 0.0 0.3 2.0 52.9 0.0 14.3 22.2 0.0
Jharkhand 16.1 2.1 0.0 1.1 53.6 10.6 0.9 15.7 0.0
Assam 36.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 63.0 0.6 0.0
Punjab 7.7 1.1 0.0 3.8 4.0 49.3 0.2 33.0 0.8
Chattisgarh 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 77.2 4.6 0.9 8.3 7.6
Haryana 5.7 5.0 0.1 1.9 7.4 28.9 1.5 16.6 32.8
Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 42.7 3.6 42.6 9.9
Jammu&Kashmir 9.7 22.4 0.0 2.3 0.3 2.6 12.7 49.7 0.2
Uttaranchal 7.9 4.0 0.0 0.0 6.2 27.8 7.6 45.6 0.9
Smaller States
Tripura 5.6 0.0 0.3 2.6 0.0 0.0 90.4 1.2 0.0
Meghalaya 47.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.4 12.2 0.0
Manipur 9.1 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.1 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 8.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 91.8 0.0 0.0
Goa 7.6 0.0 1.1 0.0 89.8 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 53.7 0.4 0.0 0.4 13.1 0.0 1.8 30.6 0.0
Mizoram 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.7 0.0
Sikkim 13.1 0.1 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 80.2 4.5 0.0
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 63.9 0.0 0.0 36.1 0.0
Daman&Diu 6.8 2.9 0.0 4.1 0.0 11.7 0.0 74.6 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 21.9 4.1 0.3 1.8 22.2 14.0 12.4 21.7 1.7
Sector: Urban
katcha pucca
Larger States
UP 5.6 0.9 0.5 0.4 5.2 29.2 3.5 52.4 2.4
Maharashtra 1.3 0.3 0.1 0.5 4.2 4.1 54.8 33.6 1.0
Bihar 18.0 0.0 0.5 1.2 11.8 5.3 6.5 56.5 0.2
West Bengal 1.3 0.4 0.2 0.0 31.7 4.2 26.0 35.9 0.1
Andhra Pradesh 6.9 0.1 0.2 0.1 2.5 7.0 19.2 64.0 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 2.9 1.2 0.6 0.3 29.6 27.9 13.5 21.5 2.5
Tamil Nadu 15.7 0.1 0.0 0.8 28.7 1.8 8.7 44.1 0.1
Rajasthan 3.3 2.0 0.2 0.1 2.4 62.2 5.7 23.2 1.0
Karnataka 2.8 1.7 0.7 1.4 25.9 3.0 35.7 28.5 0.3
Gujrat 4.5 0.0 1.6 0.5 7.6 9.0 17.6 59.2 0.0
Orissa 18.6 0.2 1.3 0.6 19.0 2.8 14.6 42.9 0.0
Kerala 0.9 0.0 0.0 2.2 38.5 0.6 10.1 47.6 0.0
Jharkhand 0.5 0.0 4.4 2.0 41.5 0.7 5.6 45.4 0.0
Assam 6.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.6 60.2 32.7 0.0
Punjab 3.1 0.0 0.6 0.4 1.8 45.7 0.2 47.8 0.5
Chattisgarh 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 41.5 1.4 11.4 41.2 3.6
Haryana 1.0 1.6 0.8 0.1 5.1 25.3 2.4 41.3 22.3
Delhi 4.6 1.0 1.1 2.3 1.1 9.4 7.0 73.5 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 1.5 2.9 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.0 4.0 90.4 0.0
Uttaranchal 7.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 21.6 66.1 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 87.8 8.8 0.0
Meghalaya 14.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 62.7 23.0 0.0
Manipur 2.1 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 0.0 84.6 8.6 0.0
Nagaland 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 76.3 23.7 0.0
Goa 39.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.6 0.0 13.6 32.3 0.0
Pondicherry 29.6 0.0 1.7 0.0 9.3 1.3 8.7 49.4 0.0
Mizoram 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.5 12.5 0.0
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.0 15.6 83.4 0.0
Sikkim 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.6 82.4 0.0
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.9 78.1 0.0
Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 5.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 13.4 13.8 19.8 44.5 1.4
Sector: Rural+Urban
katcha pucca
Larger States
UP 20.9 10.8 0.3 3.3 11.7 22.4 1.3 27.7 1.6
Maharashtra 3.6 0.4 0.2 0.7 13.3 4.7 53.7 22.5 0.8
Bihar 42.8 1.2 0.3 1.0 16.2 3.8 4.0 30.2 0.5
West Bengal 23.5 1.6 0.7 0.3 25.2 1.1 33.0 14.4 0.1
Andhra Pradesh 17.2 0.7 0.1 0.1 16.7 9.3 9.8 45.9 0.1
Madhya Pradesh 8.1 2.5 0.7 1.9 44.9 25.1 7.7 8.6 0.6
Tamil Nadu 24.1 0.5 0.0 0.7 28.9 1.9 5.3 37.9 0.5
Rajasthan 18.3 4.5 0.4 0.7 7.1 56.8 4.8 7.1 0.3
Karnataka 7.3 6.5 0.5 1.4 37.5 7.0 25.0 14.3 0.6
Gujrat 7.7 0.4 0.7 5.0 24.1 8.6 20.1 33.3 0.1
Orissa 45.3 0.2 0.2 2.4 19.7 0.7 10.1 20.8 0.5
Kerala 6.7 0.0 0.2 2.0 49.6 0.1 13.3 28.1 0.0
Jharkhand 14.4 1.9 0.5 1.2 52.2 9.5 1.4 19.0 0.0
Assam 30.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 62.4 7.1 0.0
Punjab 6.5 0.8 0.2 3.0 3.5 48.4 0.2 36.7 0.7
Chattisgarh 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.2 71.3 4.0 2.6 13.8 7.0
Haryana 4.7 4.3 0.3 1.6 7.0 28.1 1.7 21.7 30.7
Delhi 4.3 0.9 1.1 2.2 1.0 11.2 6.8 71.9 0.6
Jammu&Kashmir 8.5 19.5 0.1 1.9 0.3 2.2 11.4 55.9 0.2
Uttaranchal 7.9 3.6 0.0 0.0 5.6 25.5 8.9 47.5 0.8
Smaller States
Tripura 5.0 0.0 0.2 2.1 0.0 0.2 89.9 2.5 0.0
Meghalaya 39.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 45.5 14.7 0.0
Manipur 5.9 0.0 0.4 2.1 0.0 0.0 87.6 4.0 0.0
Nagaland 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.5 12.7 0.0
Goa 23.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 53.6 0.0 7.3 15.5 0.0
Pondicherry 46.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 11.9 0.4 3.9 36.3 0.0
Mizoram 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.3 12.4 0.0
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 13.6 85.4 0.0
Sikkim 10.8 0.1 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 69.1 18.3 0.0
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 59.6 0.0 1.5 39.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 6.2 2.7 0.0 3.7 0.0 10.7 0.0 76.7 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 18.4 3.4 0.3 1.5 20.4 13.9 14.0 26.4 1.7
Rural
Bambo wood/plan cemen mosaic/tile other

States mud
o /log k brick/limestone/ston t s s
e
Larger States
UP 86.3 0.4 0.0 3.6 9.6 0.2 0.0
Maharashtra 59.7 0.0 0.1 12.0 19.3 8.8 0.0
Bihar 85.4 0.8 0.0 4.8 8.8 0.0 0.3
West Bengal 79.6 0.4 0.5 3.6 15.8 0.0 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 33.5 0.1 0.0 33.6 31.0 1.8 0.1
Madhya Pradesh 84.6 1.3 0.5 6.6 6.4 0.5 0.1
Tamil Nadu 25.4 0.1 0.0 0.5 71.0 3.0 0.0
Rajasthan 52.4 0.4 0.0 9.6 37.4 0.2 0.0
Karnataka 30.2 0.1 0.0 24.1 42.9 2.1 0.6
Gujrat 41.9 1.0 0.0 6.1 44.5 6.5 0.0
Orissa 68.5 0.0 0.0 1.8 29.5 0.0 0.2
Kerala 27.9 0.0 0.0 1.6 67.2 2.3 0.9
Jharkhand 73.3 0.6 0.0 7.3 18.2 0.6 0.0
Assam 84.1 1.5 0.0 1.8 12.6 0.0 0.0
Punjab 46.0 0.1 0.1 11.1 41.6 1.2 0.0
Chattisgarh 87.3 1.2 0.0 3.8 7.6 0.0 0.0
Haryana 48.6 0.1 0.0 11.7 38.9 0.3 0.3
Delhi 3.4 0.0 0.0 1.7 75.0 19.9 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 61.5 0.0 0.0 6.8 31.7 0.0 0.0
Uttaranchal 48.4 1.0 8.6 14.3 27.8 0.0 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 92.1 1.8 0.0 0.7 5.4 0.0 0.0
Meghalaya 75.3 2.6 5.5 0.0 16.6 0.0 0.0
Manipur 92.4 5.4 0.0 0.2 2.1 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 91.5 0.0 0.0 3.9 4.5 0.0 0.0
Goa 20.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 76.9 2.7 0.0
Pondicherry 31.5 0.0 0.0 1.1 46.2 15.2 6.1
Mizoram 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.7 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 47.5 1.2 6.1 0.0 44.4 0.8 0.0
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 63.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.8 26.3 0.0
Daman&Diu 14.0 0.0 0.0 67.2 13.5 5.3 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 63.2 0.4 0.3 8.7 26.0 1.4 0.1
Urban
brick/limest
bamboo wood/ one/ stone mosaic
States mud cement others
/log plank /tiles
Larger States
UP 25.3 0.2 0.1 8.2 57.7 8.0 0.5
Maharashtra 8.5 0.0 0.0 13.6 47.8 30.1 0.0
Bihar 56.6 0.0 0.0 2.8 36.3 4.3 0.0
West Bengal 18.1 0.0 0.9 5.1 74.1 1.7 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 5.5 0.2 0.0 36.2 52.2 5.9 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 48.9 0.2 0.0 9.9 33.0 7.5 0.5
Tamil Nadu 12.0 0.2 0.0 0.8 73.7 12.9 0.3
Rajasthan 9.5 0.0 1.2 21.2 62.4 5.7 0.0
Karnataka 8.2 0.0 0.0 21.1 59.1 11.6 0.0
Gujrat 5.8 0.0 1.0 6.2 31.7 54.7 0.6
Orissa 28.5 0.0 0.0 1.8 67.8 1.5 0.5
Kerala 9.4 0.0 0.0 2.8 72.5 13.3 1.9
Jharkhand 44.6 2.0 0.0 0.0 53.4 0.0 0.0
Assam 36.7 0.0 0.0 2.4 57.6 3.4 0.0
Punjab 12.7 0.0 0.0 25.1 59.7 2.5 0.0
Chattisgarh 30.0 0.0 1.3 8.5 53.5 6.8 0.0
Haryana 17.4 0.0 0.0 11.2 68.1 2.4 0.9
Delhi 3.2 0.0 0.0 8.5 77.6 6.0 4.7
Jammu&Kashmir 6.6 0.0 0.0 4.1 88.1 0.9 0.3
Uttaranchal 22.1 0.0 0.0 6.9 62.4 8.0 0.6
Smaller States
Tripura 68.8 0.0 0.0 6.2 25.0 0.0 0.0
Meghalaya 38.3 0.0 12.1 0.0 49.5 0.0 0.0
Manipur 76.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.8 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 19.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 75.6 0.0 0.0
Goa 42.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.9 27.7 0.0
Pondicherry 19.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 62.3 13.1 4.8
Mizoram 10.1 0.0 41.5 0.0 48.4 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 1.4 0.0 0.0 12.4 80.5 1.0 4.7
Sikkim 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.0 0.0 0.0
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 21.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 78.1 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.8 85.2 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 16.4 0.1 0.2 12.3 58.4 12.1 0.5
Rural+Urban
brick/limestone
bamboo/ Wood / Mosaic
States mud cement others
log /plank stone /tiles
Larger States
UP 78.3 0.3 0.0 4.2 15.9 1.2 0.1
Maharashtra 38.1 0.0 0.1 12.7 31.3 17.8 0.0
Bihar 83.7 0.7 0.0 4.7 10.4 0.3 0.2
West Bengal 69.1 0.3 0.6 3.9 25.8 0.3 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 27.5 0.1 0.0 34.1 35.5 2.6 0.1
Madhya Pradesh 76.4 1.1 0.4 7.3 12.5 2.1 0.2
Tamil Nadu 21.9 0.1 0.0 0.6 71.7 5.6 0.1
Rajasthan 43.8 0.3 0.2 11.9 42.4 1.3 0.0
Karnataka 24.9 0.1 0.0 23.4 46.8 4.4 0.5
Gujrat 30.1 0.7 0.3 6.1 40.4 22.1 0.2
Orissa 63.1 0.0 0.0 1.8 34.7 0.2 0.2
Kerala 23.6 0.0 0.0 1.9 68.4 4.9 1.2
Jharkhand 70.1 0.8 0.0 6.5 22.1 0.6 0.0
Assam 74.6 1.2 0.0 1.9 21.6 0.7 0.0
Punjab 37.8 0.0 0.1 14.5 46.1 1.5 0.0
Chattisgarh 77.8 1.0 0.2 4.6 15.3 1.1 0.0
Haryana 42.2 0.1 0.0 11.6 44.8 0.8 0.4
Delhi 3.2 0.0 0.0 8.1 77.5 6.8 4.5
Jammu&Kashmir 53.2 0.0 0.0 6.4 40.3 0.1 0.0
Uttaranchal 45.8 0.9 7.7 13.6 31.1 0.8 0.1
Smaller States
Tripura 88.1 1.5 0.0 1.7 8.8 0.0 0.0
Meghalaya 66.9 2.0 7.0 0.0 24.1 0.0 0.0
Manipur 84.9 2.9 0.0 0.1 12.1 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 52.8 0.0 0.0 4.7 42.5 0.0 0.0
Goa 31.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 54.3 14.7 0.0
Pondicherry 27.7 0.0 0.0 0.9 51.1 14.5 5.7
Mizoram 11.4 0.0 40.9 0.0 47.7 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 1.3 0.0 0.0 10.8 82.9 0.9 4.1
Sikkim 39.3 1.0 5.0 0.0 54.1 0.6 0.0
A&N Island
D&N Haveli 61.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.4 24.6 0.0
Daman&Diu 12.8 0.0 0.0 61.4 13.6 12.2 0.0
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 53.4 0.3 0.3 9.5 32.7 3.6 0.2
DETAILED TABLES FOR ‘OTHER’
HOUSEHOLDS

States
Good satisfa-ctory bad Good satisfa-ctory bad Good satisfa-ctory bad
Larger States
UP 28.0 51.8 20.2 42.7 47.8 9.5 31.7 50.8 17.5
Maharashtra 41.0 47.7 11.3 59.7 33.1 7.2 50.1 40.6 9.3
Bihar 19.8 58.5 21.7 36.0 46.9 17.1 21.8 57.1 21.1
West Bengal 24.2 49.3 26.5 44.8 39.1 16.2 30.5 46.2 23.3
Andhra Pradesh 53.9 34.9 11.2 67.3 27.1 5.6 58.5 32.2 9.3
Madhya Pradesh 28.4 60.7 10.9 50.5 44.5 5.0 35.5 55.5 9.0
Tamil Nadu 40.8 48.1 11.1 62.2 34.5 3.3 52.2 40.9 6.9
Rajasthan 38.3 50.7 11.0 62.8 33.0 4.2 46.3 44.9 8.8
Karnataka 40.5 50.7 8.8 70.5 26.2 3.3 52.9 40.5 6.6
Gujrat 52.8 39.6 7.7 63.3 30.6 6.1 57.7 35.3 6.9
Orissa 22.5 52.9 24.7 48.7 43.1 8.3 27.8 50.9 21.3
Kerala 52.1 38.7 9.2 58.8 33.5 7.7 53.9 37.3 8.8
Jharkhand 8.9 49.7 41.4 32.4 45.7 21.9 14.0 48.8 37.1
Assam 21.0 60.6 18.5 48.8 46.6 4.5 24.4 58.9 16.8
Punjab 60.1 35.0 4.9 70.8 25.2 4.0 65.2 30.3 4.5
Chattisgarh 22.2 65.9 11.8 38.9 46.9 14.2 27.0 60.4 12.5
Haryana 44.5 48.0 7.6 48.6 46.3 5.1 46.0 47.4 6.7
Delhi 52.3 40.5 7.2 54.4 37.4 8.2 54.3 37.6 8.1
Jammu&Kashmir 31.8 53.9 14.3 50.4 40.8 8.8 36.3 50.7 13.0
Uttaranchal 43.2 47.7 9.0 45.8 50.9 3.3 43.9 48.5 7.6
Smaller states
Tripura 29.0 53.9 17.2 58.1 38.2 3.7 36.8 49.7 13.5
Meghalaya 45.5 39.2 15.3 88.0 11.2 0.8 68.3 24.2 7.5
Manipur 31.9 57.7 10.3 40.2 50.9 8.9 35.2 55.1 9.8
Nagaland 10.4 8.8 80.8 23.6 55.0 21.4 22.1 49.8 28.2
Goa 45.1 50.9 3.9 67.2 27.6 5.1 57.1 38.4 4.6
Pondicherry 48.9 33.3 17.8 71.5 22.3 6.2 66.7 24.6 8.7
Mizoram 0.0 100.0 0.0 61.8 27.0 11.2 32.6 61.5 5.9
Chandigarh 25.8 61.5 12.7 70.3 24.4 5.3 65.0 28.8 6.2
Sikkim 57.7 35.5 6.8 90.5 9.4 0.1 63.9 30.6 5.5
A&N Island 39.6 40.3 20.1 44.9 49.8 5.3 41.6 43.8 14.6
D&N Haveli 55.0 28.4 16.6 49.9 33.5 16.6 51.9 31.5 16.6
Daman&Diu 57.9 29.0 13.0 64.8 27.4 7.8 60.6 28.4 11.0
Lakshadweep 96.3 3.7 0.0 19.7 48.5 31.8 87.5 8.8 3.6
All INDIA 35.0 49.3 15.7 57.0 35.8 7.2 42.6 44.7 12.8

States
Larger states
UP 65.8 17.9 16.4 94.9 3.2 1.9 73.1 14.3 12.8
Maharashtra 69.8 26.9 3.4 96.3 3.4 0.3 83.0 15.5 1.9
Bihar 45.5 20.9 33.6 81.2 9.7 9.1 49.9 19.5 30.6
West Bengal 42.4 36.0 21.6 93.0 6.2 0.8 57.9 26.9 15.3
Andhra Pradesh 72.5 15.6 11.9 94.0 3.0 3.0 79.7 11.2 8.8
Madhya Pradesh 54.3 41.2 4.5 92.4 7.0 0.6 66.5 30.3 3.3
Tamil Nadu 62.4 22.2 15.4 89.9 7.4 2.7 77.1 14.3 8.6
Rajasthan 73.2 11.8 15.0 97.7 1.5 0.8 81.2 8.4 10.4
Karnataka 47.5 47.1 5.5 91.3 7.7 0.9 65.7 30.7 3.6
Gujrat 72.8 21.7 5.5 96.5 3.0 0.6 83.9 12.9 3.2
Orissa 40.2 21.6 38.2 86.4 10.0 3.6 49.6 19.2 31.2
Kerala 78.8 18.6 2.6 89.1 9.8 1.1 81.6 16.2 2.2
Jharkhand 42.1 43.0 15.0 94.0 4.9 1.2 53.5 34.6 11.9
Assam 22.5 41.8 35.7 75.5 22.7 1.8 29.0 39.4 31.6
Punjab 94.3 4.0 1.7 98.8 0.9 0.3 96.4 2.5 1.0
Chattisgarh 43.4 54.9 1.7 80.7 18.5 0.9 54.1 44.5 1.4
Haryana 96.5 2.3 1.2 99.5 0.2 0.3 97.6 1.5 0.9
Delhi 98.1 1.8 0.1 95.7 2.5 1.8 95.8 2.5 1.7
Jammu&Kashmir 63.5 23.2 13.2 95.2 2.7 2.2 71.1 18.3 10.6
Uttaranchal 95.3 3.0 1.7 98.5 1.4 0.1 96.0 2.6 1.3
Smaller states
Tripura 15.5 77.5 7.0 62.2 36.5 1.3 28.0 66.5 5.5
Meghalaya 28.5 24.7 46.8 98.5 1.5 0.0 66.1 12.3 21.6
Manipur 10.1 68.7 21.2 28.4 65.4 6.2 17.3 67.4 15.3
Nagaland 10.4 2.6 87.0 38.6 48.0 13.4 35.4 42.9 21.7
Goa 74.9 24.7 0.4 97.2 2.7 0.2 86.9 12.8 0.3
Pondicherry 66.4 9.0 24.6 89.7 4.8 5.5 84.8 5.7 9.5
Mizoram 1.0 23.9 75.1 72.1 27.9 0.0 38.5 26.0 35.5
Chandigarh 99.7 0.3 0.0 97.0 2.8 0.1 97.3 2.5 0.1
Sikkim 56.7 35.9 7.4 100.0 0.0 0.0 64.8 29.2 6.0
A&N Island 46.6 41.5 11.9 93.3 6.6 0.1 63.9 28.6 7.6
D&N Haveli 64.6 27.7 7.8 97.0 3.0 0.0 84.4 12.6 3.0
Daman&Diu 95.5 4.4 0.1 97.5 1.4 1.2 96.2 3.2 0.5
Lakshadweep 100.0 0.0 0.0 68.2 0.0 31.8 96.4 0.0 3.6
All INDIA 60.6 24.4 14.9 93.1 5.2 1.6 71.4 17.8 10.3
States satisfac- satisfac- satisfac-
good bad good bad good bad
tory tory tory
Larger States
UP 22.4 52.8 24.8 40.2 48.2 11.6 26.8 51.7 21.6
Maharashtra 27.6 47.9 24.5 41.4 36.6 22.1 34.3 42.3 23.3
Bihar 16.7 55.8 27.6 38.0 43.4 18.6 19.2 54.1 26.4
West Bengal 23.4 45.0 31.6 43.8 38.6 17.6 29.7 43.2 27.4
Andhra Pradesh 31.3 43.9 25.2 46.6 37.3 16.1 36.5 41.5 22.0
Madhya Pradesh 23.3 56.8 19.9 45.2 45.1 9.7 30.3 53.1 16.6
Tamil Nadu 35.1 51.8 13.1 52.6 40.9 6.5 44.4 46.0 9.6
Rajasthan 29.7 54.9 15.4 55.4 37.4 7.2 38.1 49.2 12.7
Karnataka 27.8 53.0 19.2 62.0 30.8 7.2 42.0 43.8 14.2
Gujrat 39.5 41.8 18.8 53.5 36.8 9.7 46.1 39.4 14.5
Orissa 14.7 44.9 40.4 40.6 42.1 17.3 19.9 44.3 35.8
Kerala 46.7 41.5 11.8 49.7 40.1 10.2 47.5 41.1 11.4
Jharkhand 5.0 48.7 46.3 30.9 42.8 26.3 10.7 47.4 41.9
Assam 19.9 54.4 25.7 42.3 49.4 8.3 22.6 53.8 23.6
Punjab 47.0 39.8 13.3 50.9 38.5 10.6 48.8 39.2 12.0
Chattisgarh 12.7 51.0 36.2 34.9 40.1 25.0 19.1 47.9 33.0
Haryana 32.5 50.3 17.2 39.6 49.7 10.7 35.1 50.1 14.9
Delhi 39.9 31.3 28.8 51.5 33.4 15.1 50.7 33.2 16.1
Jammu&Kashmir 29.8 55.1 15.0 47.5 40.6 12.0 34.1 51.6 14.3
Uttaranchal 32.5 57.3 10.2 35.3 59.1 5.5 33.2 57.7 9.1
Smaller states
Tripura 31.8 49.0 19.1 56.4 34.8 8.8 38.4 45.2 16.3
Meghalaya 53.9 30.8 15.3 86.8 12.1 1.1 71.6 20.8 7.7
Manipur 31.9 56.5 11.6 40.1 50.8 9.1 35.1 54.3 10.6
Nagaland 10.4 6.2 83.4 11.9 48.2 39.9 11.7 43.4 44.9
Goa 27.6 55.8 16.6 63.8 29.5 6.7 47.1 41.6 11.3
Pondicherry 34.0 40.1 25.9 63.5 27.9 8.6 57.3 30.5 12.3
Mizoram 0.0 100.0 0.0 14.2 81.3 4.5 7.5 90.1 2.4
Chandigarh 26.7 2.3 71.0 65.9 19.8 14.3 61.3 17.8 21.0
Sikkim 54.1 32.8 13.2 82.3 17.0 0.7 59.4 29.8 10.8
A&N Island 37.6 46.1 16.3 38.2 54.3 7.5 37.8 49.1 13.1
D&N Haveli 46.0 39.2 14.8 41.7 31.0 27.3 43.4 34.2 22.4
Daman&Diu 56.4 27.8 15.8 61.3 27.6 11.1 58.3 27.7 14.0
Lakshadweep 3.7 96.3 0.0 19.7 23.2 57.1 5.6 87.9 6.5
All INDIA 26.8 50.1 23.7 47.4 39.6 13.2 33.8 46.4 20.0
Rural
Larger States
UP 4.8 7.1 28.0 26.8 33.3
Maharashtra 5.6 6.2 34.0 19.4 34.9
Bihar 1.6 4.1 11.4 30.3 52.6
West Bengal 0.4 0.7 6.3 12.3 80.2
Andhra Pradesh 4.1 4.2 28.2 9.1 54.4
Madhya Pradesh 1.1 4.2 19.3 22.1 53.3
Tamil Nadu 0.6 2.1 22.9 14.9 59.6
Rajasthan 6.0 3.8 13.7 19.3 57.2
Karnataka 1.1 5.7 29.0 18.9 45.3
Gujrat 10.5 8.6 7.3 12.1 61.5
Orissa 0.8 1.0 4.2 8.6 85.4
Kerala 5.1 8.5 6.2 6.2 74.1
Jharkhand 0.0 1.2 9.6 25.0 64.2
Assam 0.0 0.1 4.3 31.3 64.3
Punjab 8.1 6.0 46.2 11.3 28.4
Chattisgarh 3.3 2.3 11.8 19.3 63.3
Haryana 7.2 3.4 60.9 9.9 18.6
Delhi 14.6 6.7 58.8 3.9 16.0
Jammu&Kashmir 1.7 0.4 19.5 33.9 44.4
Uttaranchal 4.7 3.2 25.9 23.2 43.0
Smaller States
Tripura 0.0 0.0 2.0 7.0 91.1
Meghalaya 0.0 0.0 7.8 59.7 32.5
Manipur 0.0 0.1 2.6 61.6 35.7
Nagaland 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 97.2
Goa 0.2 3.5 28.2 18.8 49.4
Pondicherry 0.2 11.2 10.9 29.6 48.0
Mizoram 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
Chandigarh 72.2 0.4 26.6 0.0 0.9
Sikkim 0.0 1.4 27.9 27.5 43.2
A&N Island 0.0 0.6 25.2 11.1 63.1
D&N Haveli 15.0 19.0 0.7 42.0 23.4
Daman&Diu 0.1 2.6 30.9 20.9 45.5
Lakshadweep 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 3.6 4.5 20.3 19.0 52.7
Urban
Larger States
UP 26.9 18.0 44.0 5.7 5.4
Maharashtra 55.9 15.9 16.8 2.5 8.8
Bihar 17.7 21.1 28.1 12.7 20.4
West Bengal 17.4 12.0 43.4 8.5 18.7
Andhra Pradesh 40.5 14.8 28.0 2.1 14.5
Madhya Pradesh 22.6 16.2 40.9 10.7 9.6
Tamil Nadu 20.9 18.7 37.9 4.8 17.7
Rajasthan 33.7 19.8 33.0 5.0 8.5
Karnataka 53.5 18.5 15.8 2.0 10.2
Gujrat 71.6 6.7 10.7 3.3 7.8
Orissa 18.5 15.9 32.2 3.5 29.9
Kerala 13.5 20.3 6.6 6.0 53.6
Jharkhand 11.6 12.9 45.0 14.6 15.9
Assam 1.3 7.7 35.9 33.0 22.1
Punjab 68.3 6.1 17.7 2.2 5.7
Chattisgarh 22.8 11.4 34.9 4.6 26.4
Haryana 39.8 12.2 40.0 2.6 5.3
Delhi 57.6 13.5 22.1 4.3 2.5
Jammu&Kashmir 17.7 11.4 52.4 12.6 5.9
Uttaranchal 32.4 8.4 51.7 2.5 5.0
Smaller States
Tripura 0.6 1.7 28.8 2.1 66.9
Meghalaya 3.8 4.0 79.7 11.6 0.8
Manipur 0.2 0.7 18.4 51.2 29.5
Nagaland 0.0 0.0 17.8 32.4 49.7
Goa 42.6 14.4 10.8 3.6 28.5
Pondicherry 28.6 38.9 17.5 5.5 9.5
Mizoram 0.0 0.0 47.7 0.0 52.3
Chandigarh 90.0 0.3 6.7 2.2 0.7
Sikkim 6.6 8.5 83.6 0.5 0.8
A&N Island 1.6 4.6 66.7 11.1 16.0
D&N Haveli 62.6 5.7 13.8 7.5 10.3
Daman&Diu 16.7 20.7 26.3 4.6 31.7
Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
All INDIA 37.6 15.4 28.7 5.1 13.2
Rural+Urban
Larger States
UP 10.3 9.8 32.0 21.5 26.4
Maharashtra 30.1 10.9 25.6 11.2 22.2
Bihar 3.6 6.1 13.4 28.1 48.7
West Bengal 5.6 4.2 17.7 11.1 61.4
Andhra Pradesh 16.6 7.9 28.2 6.7 40.6
Madhya Pradesh 7.9 8.0 26.2 18.5 39.4
Tamil Nadu 11.4 10.9 30.9 9.5 37.3
Rajasthan 15.0 9.0 20.0 14.7 41.3
Karnataka 22.9 11.0 23.5 11.8 30.7
Gujrat 39.1 7.7 8.9 8.0 36.3
Orissa 4.4 4.0 9.9 7.6 74.1
Kerala 7.4 11.7 6.3 6.1 68.5
Jharkhand 2.6 3.8 17.4 22.7 53.6
Assam 0.2 1.0 8.1 31.5 59.2
Punjab 36.6 6.1 32.7 7.0 17.6
Chattisgarh 8.9 4.9 18.4 15.1 52.6
Haryana 18.9 6.5 53.4 7.3 13.8
Delhi 54.3 13.0 24.9 4.2 3.5
Jammu&Kashmir 5.5 3.0 27.4 28.8 35.2
Uttaranchal 11.5 4.4 32.3 18.1 33.7
Smaller States
Tripura 0.2 0.4 9.2 5.7 84.6
Meghalaya 2.1 2.2 46.4 33.9 15.5
Manipur 0.1 0.3 8.8 57.4 33.3
Nagaland 0.0 0.0 15.8 29.1 55.1
Goa 23.1 9.4 18.8 10.6 38.2
Arunachal
Pradesh 0.5 2.0 40.0 32.4 25.2
Pondicherry 22.6 33.1 16.1 10.6 17.6
Mizoram 0.0 0.0 25.1 0.0 74.9
Chandigarh 87.9 0.3 9.1 1.9 0.7
Sikkim 1.3 2.7 38.4 22.4 35.3
A&N Island 0.6 2.1 40.5 11.1 45.7
D&N Haveli 44.1 10.9 8.7 20.9 15.4
Daman&Diu 6.6 9.6 29.1 14.6 40.1
Lakshadweep 0.0 88.6 0.0 0.0 11.4
All INDIA 15.2 8.2 23.1 14.2 39.1
Rural
panchayat/municipalit no
States by residents by others
y/corporation arrangement
Larger States
UP 1.6 24.3 67.0 7.1
Maharashtra 8.2 39.6 50.9 1.3
Bihar 0.3 7.6 90.7 1.4
West Bengal 0.1 4.4 95.1 0.4
Tamil Nadu 13.8 35.1 50.6 0.4
Rajasthan 0.5 21.8 77.3 0.4
Karnataka 1.1 12.9 84.5 1.5
Gujrat 4.6 22.6 72.8 0.0
Orissa 0.0 11.0 88.4 0.6
Kerala 0.1 5.9 92.2 1.9
Jharkhand 0.0 17.7 82.1 0.2
Assam 0.3 29.3 65.5 4.9
Punjab 1.7 28.3 69.1 0.8
Chattisgarh 2.0 27.3 62.9 7.9
Haryana 4.9 40.2 53.3 1.5
Delhi 23.5 36.2 6.2 34.1
Uttaranchal 1.7 17.7 80.0 0.6
Smaller States
Tripura 0.0 3.5 96.4 0.1
Meghalaya 0.0 18.7 80.4 1.0
Manipur 0.8 58.4 40.7 0.1
Nagaland 0.0 26.4 73.6 0.0
Goa 0.8 4.9 94.3 0.0
Pondicherry 39.1 46.9 13.5 0.4
Mizoram 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 56.2 19.4 16.2 8.2
Sikkim 5.3 6.1 85.9 2.7
A&N Island 0.0 0.3 99.7 0.0
D&N Haveli 15.5 46.2 38.3 0.0
Daman&Diu 1.0 0.0 99.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 96.3 3.7
All INDIA 3.7 19.1 74.9 2.3
Urban
panchayat/municipalit no
y/corporation arrangement
Larger States
UP 62.7 15.9 15.0 6.3
Maharashtra 82.9 7.5 9.3 0.3
Bihar 36.0 17.3 45.4 1.3
West Bengal 65.6 5.3 27.0 2.0
Madhya Pradesh 54.2 22.2 20.9 2.7
Tamil Nadu 75.8 7.2 11.0 6.0
Rajasthan 64.2 12.2 18.5 5.1
Karnataka 72.2 11.8 14.7 1.2
Gujrat 60.5 21.7 16.2 1.6
Orissa 53.2 6.5 34.4 6.0
Kerala 23.2 6.6 66.3 3.9
Jharkhand 25.3 24.9 41.0 8.8
Assam 29.4 29.5 29.7 11.4
Punjab 55.6 27.9 15.9 0.6
Chattisgarh 67.6 5.7 18.8 8.0
Haryana 35.2 29.7 33.0 2.1
Delhi 54.2 26.3 11.5 8.0
Jammu&Kashmir 70.1 2.0 25.9 1.9
Uttaranchal 54.7 16.6 20.5 8.3
Smaller States
Tripura 25.5 1.3 72.9 0.2
Meghalaya 60.4 6.8 25.5 7.2
Manipur 16.8 53.9 26.9 2.4
Nagaland 25.6 28.3 46.2 0.0
Goa 62.3 0.3 37.3 0.0
Pondicherry 92.2 2.5 5.2 0.0
Mizoram 0.0 21.5 67.7 10.8
Chandigarh 30.3 27.9 2.7 39.1
Sikkim 92.2 0.5 7.2 0.0
A&N Island 74.6 0.5 24.9 0.0
D&N Haveli 59.2 30.0 10.9 0.0
Daman&Diu 92.5 0.0 7.5 0.0
Lakshadweep 45.1 0.0 54.9 0.0
All INDIA 64.0 13.0 19.5 3.5
Rural+Urban
panchayat/municipality/ no
corporation arrangement
Larger States
UP 16.8 22.2 54.1 6.9
Maharashtra 44.6 23.9 30.6 0.8
Bihar 4.7 8.8 85.1 1.4
West Bengal 20.2 4.7 74.2 0.9
Madhya Pradesh 19.3 23.3 56.2 1.2
Tamil Nadu 46.9 20.2 29.5 3.4
Rajasthan 21.3 18.6 58.2 1.9
Karnataka 30.7 12.4 55.5 1.4
Gujrat 30.9 22.1 46.3 0.7
Orissa 10.8 10.1 77.4 1.7
Kerala 6.4 6.1 85.1 2.4
Jharkhand 5.6 19.3 73.0 2.1
Assam 3.8 29.3 61.1 5.7
Punjab 27.3 28.1 43.9 0.7
Chattisgarh 20.9 21.1 50.2 7.9
Haryana 15.8 36.5 46.1 1.7
Delhi 51.8 27.1 11.1 10.0
Jammu&Kashmir 17.7 3.6 77.8 0.9
Uttaranchal 14.7 17.4 65.4 2.5
Smaller States
Tripura 6.9 2.9 90.1 0.1
Meghalaya 32.5 12.3 50.9 4.3
Manipur 7.1 56.7 35.2 1.0
Nagaland 22.7 28.0 49.3 0.0
Goa 34.0 2.5 63.6 0.0
Pondicherry 81.0 11.9 7.0 0.1
Mizoram 0.0 58.6 35.7 5.7
Chandigarh 33.4 26.9 4.3 35.5
Sikkim 21.6 5.1 71.2 2.2
A&N Island 27.6 0.4 72.1 0.0
D&N Haveli 42.2 36.3 21.5 0.0
Daman&Diu 36.5 0.0 63.5 0.0
Lakshadweep 5.2 0.0 91.5 3.3
All INDIA 24.4 17.0 55.9 2.7
Sector: Rural
OTHERS
States Exclusive use of Hhs shared with public/comm-unity
other Hhs latrine no latrine
Larger States
UP 20.0 4.5 0.7 74.8
Maharashtra 32.0 6.1 4.9 57.0
Bihar 20.8 2.6 0.6 76.0
West Bengal 44.3 18.2 1.8 35.7
Tamil Nadu 28.7 2.1 1.5 67.7
Rajasthan 19.2 3.6 0.1 77.2
Karnataka 24.2 4.1 0.5 71.1
Gujrat 36.2 3.0 0.8 60.0
Orissa 14.6 1.6 0.5 83.3
Kerala 92.7 3.6 0.5 3.2
Jharkhand 17.0 1.7 1.2 80.2
Assam 81.3 5.0 0.7 13.0
Punjab 63.1 10.2 0.4 26.4
Chattisgarh 15.7 1.9 2.7 79.7
Haryana 50.2 9.3 0.3 40.1
Delhi 62.5 29.3 4.0 4.1
Jammu&Kashmir 58.4 6.5 6.5 28.7
Uttaranchal 43.3 8.6 0.5 47.6
Smaller States
Tripura 66.3 31.9 0.6 1.3
Meghalaya 93.7 6.3 0.0 0.0
Manipur 82.4 16.2 0.1 1.3
Nagaland 7.6 66.0 0.0 26.4
Goa 61.5 5.1 0.7 32.8
Pondicherry 41.7 9.9 0.0 48.4
Mizoram 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 17.6 69.3 0.8 12.4
Sikkim 82.4 15.1 0.0 2.4
A&N Island 46.8 6.4 1.9 44.9
D&N Haveli 36.0 25.6 0.0 38.4
Daman&Diu 51.5 22.8 0.1 25.6
Lakshadweep 96.3 3.7 0.0 0.0
All India 33.1 5.9 1.2 59.8
Table 11: Latrine facility of Households (Hhs) [in percentages] contd…
Sector: Urban
OTHERS
States Exclusive use of shared with public/comm-unity
Hhs other Hhs latrine no latrine
Larger States
UP 66.8 20.7 1.4 11.1
Maharashtra 51.7 20.6 23.3 4.3
Bihar 44.8 28.2 2.1 25.0
West Bengal 57.5 34.1 4.4 4.0
Andhra Pradesh 59.1 29.4 1.1 10.4
Madhya Pradesh 63.3 17.9 2.9 15.9
Tamil Nadu 55.2 27.7 3.9 13.2
Rajasthan 64.9 25.6 0.2 9.3
Karnataka 68.1 20.0 3.2 8.6
Gujrat 71.2 17.9 4.4 6.5
Orissa 63.2 18.1 1.5 17.2
Kerala 87.1 11.8 0.0 1.1
Jharkhand 58.6 18.8 1.6 21.0
Assam 73.1 24.5 2.1 0.3
Punjab 63.4 33.8 0.9 1.9
Chattisgarh 44.8 13.9 9.5 31.8
Haryana 69.7 25.0 0.4 4.9
Delhi 65.1 27.0 7.1 0.7
Jammu&Kashmir 67.9 20.2 0.4 11.5
Uttaranchal 74.3 21.1 2.4 2.3
Smaller States
Tripura 61.9 37.2 0.1 0.9
Meghalaya 56.2 43.8 0.0 0.0
Manipur 79.5 20.5 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 28.6 62.2 6.8 2.4
Goa 65.7 19.4 7.4 7.5
Pondicherry 71.2 19.5 1.7 7.6
Mizoram 70.3 29.7 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 69.7 23.4 6.3 0.7
Sikkim 67.8 31.8 0.4 0.0
A&N Island 60.7 21.4 11.6 6.2
D&N Haveli 52.3 37.1 5.2 5.3
Daman&Diu 79.5 10.1 4.0 6.4
Lakshadweep 49.4 50.6 0.0 0.0
All India 61.5 23.9 5.8 8.9
Sector: Rural+Urban
OTHERS
States Exclusive use shared public/comm-unity
of Hhs with other latrine no latrine
Hhs
Larger States
UP 31.7 8.6 0.9 59.1
Maharashtra 41.6 13.2 13.9 31.4
Bihar 23.7 5.8 0.8 69.7
West Bengal 48.4 23.0 2.6 26.0
Andhra Pradesh 41.2 15.9 0.9 42.0
Tamil Nadu 42.8 15.8 2.8 38.6
Rajasthan 34.1 10.7 0.1 55.0
Karnataka 42.4 10.7 1.7 45.2
Gujrat 52.7 10.0 2.5 34.9
Orissa 24.5 4.9 0.7 69.8
Kerala 91.1 5.8 0.4 2.6
Jharkhand 26.1 5.5 1.3 67.1
Assam 80.3 7.4 0.9 11.4
Punjab 63.2 21.4 0.6 14.8
Chattisgarh 24.1 5.4 4.6 65.9
Haryana 57.2 14.9 0.3 27.5
Delhi 64.9 27.2 6.9 1.0
Jammu&Kashmir 60.6 9.8 5.0 24.6
Uttaranchal 50.9 11.7 1.0 36.4
Smaller States
Tripura 65.1 33.3 0.4 1.2
Meghalaya 73.5 26.5 0.0 0.0
Manipur 81.3 17.9 0.0 0.8
Nagaland 26.2 62.6 6.0 5.1
Goa 63.8 12.8 4.3 19.1
Pondicherry 64.9 17.5 1.3 16.2
Mizoram 84.3 15.7 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 63.5 28.8 5.6 2.0
Sikkim 79.7 18.3 0.1 2.0
A&N Island 51.9 12.0 5.5 30.6
D&N Haveli 46.0 32.6 3.2 18.2
Daman&Diu 62.3 17.9 1.6 18.2
Lakshadweep 90.9 9.1 0.0 0.0
All-India 42.9 12.1 2.8 42.3
Sector: Rural
OTHERS
States Hhs' exclusive use common use of Hhs in community use
the building others
Larger States
UP 48.3 10.3 39.6 1.7
Maharashtra 36.1 8.5 51.2 4.1
Bihar 50.5 16.4 30.2 2.8
West Bengal 19.9 9.9 66.8 3.4
Tamil Nadu 20.8 5.0 73.6 0.6
Rajasthan 30.4 5.5 54.8 9.2
Karnataka 26.9 7.4 61.2 4.4
Gujrat 54.3 7.1 32.5 6.2
Orissa 13.4 4.6 80.6 1.4
Kerala 71.0 5.5 9.2 14.3
Jharkhand 10.5 7.4 80.6 1.4
Assam 59.4 6.2 29.1 5.2
Punjab 71.3 17.3 6.1 5.3
Chattisgarh 15.8 4.8 77.9 1.5
Haryana 54.3 12.2 28.2 5.2
Delhi 46.4 17.4 35.6 0.6
Jammu&Kashmir 53.1 4.6 36.8 5.5
Uttaranchal 39.3 11.7 48.0 1.1
Smaller States
Tripura 24.1 22.5 51.6 1.9
Meghalaya 53.0 1.7 44.6 0.7
Manipur 21.2 9.2 65.9 3.8
Nagaland 0.0 21.4 77.6 1.0
Goa 79.4 9.4 11.2 0.0
Pondicherry 63.0 10.5 25.4 1.1
Mizoram 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Chandigarh 22.0 70.4 4.3 3.2
Sikkim 58.4 8.0 24.9 8.7
A&N Island 32.9 17.0 48.7 1.4
D&N Haveli 14.7 1.6 72.7 11.1
Daman&Diu 49.9 31.7 10.2 8.1
Lakshadweep 96.3 3.7 0.0 0.0
All India 37.6 8.9 49.6 3.9
Sector: urban
OTHERS
States Hhs' exclusive use common use of Hhs in
the building others
community use
Larger States
UP 60.7 22.8 14.2 2.2
Maharashtra 59.1 19.5 13.9 7.5
Bihar 46.8 36.4 14.0 2.9
West Bengal 34.0 22.0 42.2 1.8
Andhra Pradesh 27.0 38.5 24.8 9.6
Madhya Pradesh 43.7 17.4 35.3 3.5
Tamil Nadu 31.1 26.5 33.1 9.3
Rajasthan 59.9 32.2 5.0 2.9
Karnataka 51.4 26.3 19.6 2.7
Gujrat 73.1 14.7 7.8 4.4
Orissa 44.8 22.0 30.1 3.1
Kerala 66.1 11.5 11.4 11.0
Jharkhand 44.0 22.8 31.4 1.7
Assam 64.9 23.6 8.3 3.2
Punjab 60.8 35.8 2.3 1.1
Chattisgarh 33.5 15.2 48.8 2.4
Haryana 61.2 24.6 10.3 3.9
Delhi 65.8 22.2 9.7 2.3
Jammu&Kashmir 61.9 29.1 4.5 4.6
Uttaranchal 66.5 23.3 9.9 0.2
Smaller States
Tripura 42.2 37.8 16.7 3.3
Meghalaya 43.9 41.7 10.6 3.8
Manipur 32.2 18.3 47.6 1.9
Nagaland 9.3 60.8 21.0 8.8
Goa 63.2 32.4 3.4 1.0
Pondicherry 60.6 29.1 6.2 4.1
Mizoram 44.9 38.3 16.7 0.0
Chandigarh 70.2 23.3 6.5 0.0
Sikkim 58.9 37.1 3.3 0.7
A&N Island 65.2 26.5 7.0 1.3
D&N Haveli 59.5 19.5 21.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 75.3 17.7 3.6 3.4
Lakshadweep 29.6 45.9 24.5 0.0
All India 50.2 24.7 20.0 5.2
Sector: Rural+Urban
OTHERS
States Hhs' exclusive use common use of Hhs
in the building others
community use
Larger States
UP 51.5 13.4 33.4 1.8
Maharashtra 47.3 13.9 33.0 5.8
Bihar 50.1 18.9 28.2 2.8
West Bengal 24.2 13.6 59.3 2.9
Andhra Pradesh 27.3 18.3 48.3 6.1
Tamil Nadu 26.3 16.5 52.0 5.3
Rajasthan 40.0 14.2 38.6 7.1
Karnataka 37.1 15.3 43.9 3.7
Gujrat 63.1 10.7 20.9 5.4
Orissa 19.8 8.2 70.3 1.7
Kerala 69.7 7.2 9.8 13.4
Jharkhand 17.9 10.8 69.8 1.5
Assam 60.1 8.4 26.6 5.0
Punjab 66.3 26.1 4.3 3.3
Chattisgarh 20.9 7.8 69.5 1.8
Haryana 56.8 16.7 21.8 4.7
Delhi 64.3 21.8 11.7 2.2
Jammu&Kashmir 55.2 10.5 29.1 5.3
Uttaranchal 46.0 14.6 38.6 0.9
Smaller States
Tripura 29.0 26.6 42.2 2.2
Meghalaya 48.1 23.2 26.4 2.3
Manipur 25.5 12.8 58.6 3.0
Nagaland 8.3 56.4 27.5 7.9
Goa 70.6 21.8 7.0 0.5
Pondicherry 61.1 25.2 10.3 3.5
Mizoram 23.7 20.2 56.1 0.0
Chandigarh 64.6 28.8 6.2 0.4
Sikkim 58.5 13.5 20.9 7.2
A&N Island 44.8 20.5 33.3 1.4
D&N Haveli 42.1 12.5 41.1 4.3
Daman&Diu 59.8 26.3 7.6 6.3
Lakshadweep 88.6 8.6 2.8 0.0
All India 42.0 14.3 39.4 4.4
percentages)
Rural
not
1- 30km or
States required to less than 1 5-10km 10-15km 15-30
5km more
travel km
Larger States
UP 17.0 31.8 36.4 8.1 3.4 1.6 1.8
Maharashtra 15.7 15.5 50.7 10.3 3.3 2.5 2.0
Bihar 15.9 22.0 43.8 11.2 4.8 1.3 0.7
West Bengal 15.8 21.2 38.9 11.5 4.5 2.9 5.3
Andhra Pradesh 13.1 15.4 51.0 12.6 3.8 2.6 1.7
Madhya Pradesh 12.8 23.4 48.8 11.1 2.4 0.7 0.7
Tamil Nadu 16.9 19.1 39.3 14.2 5.7 3.7 1.2
Rajasthan 15.1 17.6 44.9 11.7 4.0 3.4 3.4
Karnataka 12.7 15.6 56.1 7.9 4.4 2.6 0.7
Gujrat 13.3 23.2 40.0 12.4 6.5 2.8 1.8
Orissa 11.7 15.3 53.4 14.0 3.1 1.1 1.4
Kerala 28.5 12.7 27.3 13.7 6.1 7.0 4.7
Jharkhand 15.1 11.3 45.4 16.3 7.4 3.0 1.4
Assam 20.8 27.2 34.3 12.9 3.1 0.9 0.8
Punjab 18.1 23.7 32.2 9.4 5.7 6.3 4.7
Chattisgarh 16.0 18.0 47.2 11.1 5.2 1.7 0.8
Haryana 26.9 19.5 30.7 10.2 5.6 4.1 3.1
Delhi 11.4 22.1 26.8 13.6 14.9 9.6 1.6
Jammu&Kashmir 14.8 29.4 24.2 14.1 8.0 6.8 2.7
Uttaranchal 4.2 25.0 47.2 13.8 5.8 2.0 2.0
Smaller states
Tripura 29.6 24.5 27.9 8.2 6.9 1.3 1.6
Meghalaya 25.4 37.6 27.8 4.7 4.5 0.0 0.0
Manipur 12.9 25.3 38.1 16.8 5.7 0.9 0.4
Nagaland 8.0 76.5 15.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Goa 18.2 4.1 32.9 15.4 15.3 13.8 0.2
Pondicherry 28.4 9.3 22.5 25.6 7.2 4.0 2.9
Mizoram 19.4 0.0 78.4 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 5.5 4.2 43.2 33.9 4.2 6.2 2.9
Sikkim 50.0 19.5 19.6 2.2 2.8 1.9 4.1
A&N Island 12.5 19.7 30.1 16.2 9.4 10.6 1.4
D&N Haveli 13.6 10.0 25.3 13.5 26.0 11.5 0.0
Daman&Diu 15.3 7.4 60.8 14.6 0.0 1.7 0.2
Lakshadweep 3.7 96.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 16.3 21.3 42.5 11.3 4.4 2.6 2.1
percentages)
Urban
not
1- 15- 30km or
States required to less than 1 5-10km 10-15km
5km 30 more
travel km
Larger States
UP 18.3 21.7 34.2 14.4 6.0 2.7 2.8
Maharashtra 20.4 13.2 25.8 15.1 9.1 8.6 7.8
Bihar 22.3 17.2 32.3 16.2 8.3 2.6 1.0
West Bengal 20.4 14.8 27.3 17.0 9.7 6.4 4.4
Andhra Pradesh 21.3 15.8 33.2 16.6 3.8 4.0 5.3
Madhya Pradesh 22.0 17.4 37.7 12.7 5.0 2.5 2.6
Tamil Nadu 24.5 15.0 31.9 15.8 5.8 3.8 3.0
Rajasthan 19.9 13.3 28.9 18.4 9.9 2.4 7.3
Karnataka 18.5 13.6 32.6 19.2 9.4 4.4 2.2
Gujrat 19.6 14.9 34.8 15.5 6.7 5.5 3.0
Orissa 17.7 18.1 30.6 17.8 7.1 1.7 7.1
Kerala 25.1 11.9 29.0 15.8 7.9 5.1 5.3
Jharkhand 19.1 17.0 35.3 18.6 6.1 2.3 1.5
Assam 16.8 25.9 35.4 14.2 3.8 2.0 2.0
Punjab 23.5 21.3 30.0 13.5 5.1 3.0 3.7
Chattisgarh 12.5 11.1 49.2 17.7 3.7 2.5 3.2
Haryana 18.3 17.6 35.4 15.9 6.1 2.9 3.7
Delhi 12.9 14.2 25.7 27.2 13.5 5.8 0.7
Jammu&Kashmir 21.8 24.2 21.7 16.9 6.4 3.9 5.1
Uttaranchal 17.8 18.5 36.6 13.7 8.8 2.9 1.7
Smaller states
Tripura 28.4 19.5 32.5 9.1 3.6 2.5 4.4
Meghalaya 18.6 8.9 31.9 29.6 5.5 5.6 0.0
Manipur 15.6 21.6 37.5 18.3 4.5 1.6 1.0
Nagaland 4.9 43.0 34.9 4.8 10.4 0.0 2.0
Goa 25.5 12.6 17.4 20.7 14.2 6.7 2.8
Pondicherry 26.8 7.0 30.3 17.0 12.5 3.3 3.2
Mizoram 58.7 31.8 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 17.8 8.3 25.3 29.6 9.8 6.6 2.5
Sikkim 42.3 27.2 25.6 2.7 0.4 0.3 1.5
A&N Island 13.7 9.2 35.8 30.1 7.7 2.1 1.4
D&N Haveli 14.7 22.3 39.7 13.3 9.3 0.5 0.1
Daman&Diu 26.8 14.1 56.0 1.6 0.8 0.2 0.5
Lakshadweep 4.7 19.7 75.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 20.5 15.8 31.1 16.4 7.3 4.6 4.2
percentages)
Rural+Urban
not
1- 15- 30km or
States required to less than 1 5-10km 10-15km
5km 30 more
travel km
Larger States
UP 17.3 29.3 35.9 9.7 4.0 1.9 2.1
Maharashtra 18.0 14.4 38.5 12.6 6.1 5.4 4.8
Bihar 16.8 21.5 42.5 11.8 5.2 1.4 0.8
West Bengal 17.1 19.2 35.3 13.2 6.1 4.0 5.0
Andhra Pradesh 15.9 15.5 44.8 14.0 3.8 3.1 3.0
Madhya Pradesh 15.8 21.5 45.2 11.6 3.2 1.3 1.3
Tamil Nadu 21.0 16.9 35.4 15.1 5.8 3.8 2.1
Rajasthan 16.6 16.2 39.7 13.9 5.9 3.1 4.7
Karnataka 15.1 14.8 46.3 12.6 6.5 3.3 1.3
Gujrat 16.3 19.3 37.5 13.9 6.6 4.1 2.3
Orissa 13.0 15.9 48.7 14.7 3.9 1.2 2.6
Kerala 27.5 12.5 27.7 14.3 6.6 6.5 4.9
Jharkhand 16.0 12.6 43.2 16.8 7.1 2.9 1.4
Assam 20.3 27.0 34.4 13.1 3.2 1.0 0.9
Punjab 20.6 22.5 31.1 11.4 5.4 4.7 4.2
Chattisgarh 15.0 16.0 47.8 13.0 4.8 2.0 1.5
Haryana 23.8 18.8 32.4 12.2 5.8 3.7 3.3
Delhi 12.8 14.8 25.8 26.1 13.6 6.1 0.8
Jammu&Kashmir 16.5 28.1 23.6 14.8 7.6 6.1 3.3
Uttaranchal 7.5 23.4 44.6 13.8 6.5 2.2 1.9
Smaller states
Tripura 29.3 23.1 29.2 8.5 6.0 1.6 2.4
Meghalaya 21.7 22.0 30.0 18.2 5.1 3.0 0.0
Manipur 14.0 23.8 37.9 17.4 5.2 1.1 0.6
Nagaland 5.2 46.8 32.7 4.3 9.2 0.0 1.8
Goa 22.1 8.7 24.6 18.3 14.7 9.9 1.6
Pondicherry 27.1 7.5 28.6 18.8 11.4 3.4 3.2
Mizoram 39.9 16.6 42.5 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 16.3 7.8 27.4 30.1 9.2 6.6 2.5
Sikkim 48.6 20.9 20.7 2.3 2.3 1.6 3.6
A&N Island 12.9 15.8 32.3 21.3 8.8 7.5 1.4
D&N Haveli 14.3 17.5 34.1 13.4 15.8 4.8 0.1
Daman&Diu 19.7 10.0 59.0 9.5 0.3 1.1 0.3
Lakshadweep 3.8 87.5 8.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 17.7 19.3 38.5 13.0 5.4 3.3 2.8
Table 20: Distance to the source of drinking water for OTHERS households (in percentages)
Sector: Rural
outside
within dwelling but less than 0.2 to 1.0km to 1.5km
States 0.5to 1km
dwelling within premises 0.2km 0.5km 1.5 km or more
Larger States
UP 37.9 25.5 33.8 2.1 0.1 0.0 0.3
Maharashtra 13.4 31.1 45.2 7.8 1.6 0.2 0.6
Bihar 42.5 24.8 29.8 2.7 0.1 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 7.5 23.4 52.1 15.6 1.4 0.0 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 8.2 30.7 50.2 8.5 1.7 0.5 0.3
Madhya Pradesh 8.2 14.3 64.9 10.6 1.5 0.4 0.1
Tamil Nadu 10.5 16.1 67.6 4.0 1.4 0.2 0.1
Rajasthan 12.6 19.1 36.6 21.4 5.3 2.4 2.6
Karnataka 9.8 25.5 57.3 5.3 1.5 0.0 0.6
Gujrat 27.3 32.3 31.3 6.2 2.0 0.6 0.2
Orissa 4.3 13.6 63.6 16.2 2.2 0.2 0.0
Kerala 3.6 74.5 17.4 3.7 0.6 0.2 0.0
Jharkhand 4.6 13.0 61.1 18.7 2.5 0.0 0.0
Assam 4.2 60.5 29.4 5.1 0.8 0.0 0.0
Punjab 43.8 44.0 11.0 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.0
Chattisgarh 6.6 11.4 66.6 13.1 1.6 0.6 0.0
Haryana 41.6 24.4 26.7 3.1 3.0 0.3 0.8
Delhi 57.6 7.8 20.1 7.3 7.2 0.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 30.9 28.3 27.8 10.4 1.6 0.4 0.6
Uttaranchal 17.5 34.3 36.0 10.6 0.7 0.9 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 2.3 42.6 53.2 1.8 0.1 0.0 0.0
Meghalaya 4.8 50.1 41.8 0.2 3.1 0.0 0.0
Manipur 3.2 20.3 49.7 26.2 0.6 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 0.0 85.3 14.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Goa 40.9 44.3 14.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 36.8 37.6 25.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 0.0 0.0 65.4 34.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 39.1 55.8 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 23.5 46.9 21.9 7.1 0.3 0.2 0.0
A&N Island 15.2 40.5 37.9 6.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 15.0 14.2 70.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 42.2 41.7 16.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 96.3 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All India 19.4 28.2 42.8 7.6 1.3 0.3 0.3
Table 21:Distribution of OTHER households by the distance to the source of drinking water (in percentages)
Sector: Urban
outside 1.0km
States to 1.5
km
Larger States
UP 72.1 13.5 12.9 1.3 0.0 0.1 0.2
Maharashtra 54.5 26.8 17.7 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.0
Bihar 61.2 24.6 13.5 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 35.1 22.4 37.2 3.4 1.0 0.6 0.4
Andhra Pradesh 25.1 45.5 26.4 2.0 0.6 0.4 0.1
Madhya Pradesh 43.5 22.1 31.2 2.5 0.4 0.2 0.1
Tamil Nadu 31.4 35.1 31.4 1.8 0.3 0.0 0.1
Rajasthan 63.3 26.6 5.7 1.9 2.5 0.0 0.0
Karnataka 49.6 26.9 21.8 0.9 0.1 0.6 0.1
Gujrat 64.0 26.1 9.0 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0
Orissa 44.4 23.7 25.3 6.0 0.6 0.0 0.0
Kerala 25.6 56.6 16.1 1.4 0.2 0.0 0.0
Jharkhand 40.0 28.6 29.4 1.5 0.3 0.2 0.0
Assam 32.2 60.8 5.8 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Punjab 63.2 34.7 1.5 0.4 0.1 0.0
Chattisgarh 34.5 15.0 43.4 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Haryana 67.3 21.3 9.5 1.2 0.1 0.6 0.0
Delhi 76.4 13.5 6.7 2.7 0.6 0.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 66.7 27.6 5.4 0.3
Uttaranchal 58.4 31.7 9.9 0.1 0.0 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 9.7 71.1 18.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
Meghalaya 60.3 29.3 9.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
Manipur 9.0 38.6 34.7 17.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 7.6 65.1 27.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Goa 63.6 31.7 4.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 61.6 31.0 7.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 44.9 38.3 10.6 6.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 88.2 5.7 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 82.4 14.9 0.8 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.4
A&N Island 46.7 44.1 9.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 61.0 17.7 21.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 73.7 22.2 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.0 75.5 24.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All India 49.3 28.6 19.9 1.7 0.4 0.1 0.1
Table 22: Distribution of OTHER households by the distance to the source of drinking water (in percentages)
Sector: Rural+Urban
outside
1.0km
within dwelling less than 0.2 to 1.5km
States 0.5to 1km to 1.5
dwelling but within 0.2km 0.5km or more
km
premises
Larger States
UP 46.5 22.6 28.7 1.9 0.1 0.0 0.2
Maharashtra 33.4 29.0 31.8 4.4 0.9 0.1 0.3
Bihar 44.8 24.8 27.8 2.5 0.1 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 16.0 23.1 47.5 11.9 1.2 0.2 0.1
Andhra Pradesh 14.0 35.8 42.0 6.3 1.3 0.5 0.2
Madhya Pradesh 19.5 16.8 54.1 8.0 1.1 0.4 0.1
Tamil Nadu 21.7 26.2 48.3 2.8 0.8 0.1 0.1
Rajasthan 29.1 21.6 26.5 15.1 4.4 1.6 1.8
Karnataka 26.3 26.1 42.6 3.5 0.9 0.3 0.4
Gujrat 44.5 29.4 20.9 3.7 1.1 0.3 0.1
Orissa 12.5 15.6 55.8 14.1 1.9 0.1 0.0
Kerala 9.6 69.7 17.0 3.1 0.5 0.1 0.0
Jharkhand 12.4 16.4 54.1 14.9 2.0 0.0 0.0
Assam 7.7 60.5 26.5 4.6 0.7 0.0 0.0
Punjab 53.0 39.5 6.5 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.0
Chattisgarh 14.7 12.5 59.9 11.3 1.2 0.5 0.0
Haryana 50.8 23.3 20.5 2.4 2.0 0.4 0.5
Delhi 75.0 13.0 7.8 3.1 1.1 0.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 39.4 28.1 22.5 8.0 1.2 0.3 0.4
Uttaranchal 27.6 33.6 29.6 8.0 0.5 0.7 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 4.3 50.3 43.9 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.0
Meghalaya 34.9 38.9 24.3 0.5 1.4 0.0 0.0
Manipur 5.5 27.6 43.7 22.8 0.4 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 6.7 67.4 25.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Goa 53.2 37.5 9.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 56.4 32.4 10.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 23.7 20.2 36.5 19.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 82.4 11.6 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 34.9 40.7 17.8 5.7 0.3 0.5 0.1
A&N Island 26.8 41.8 27.3 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 43.1 16.3 40.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 54.4 34.1 11.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 85.3 11.9 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 29.6 28.3 34.9 5.6 1.0 0.3 0.3
Rural Urban
Yes Yes
States from
no no
from excessive river,sea,etc excessive river,sea,etc
rain rain
Larger States
UP 10.7 5.0 84.4 2.9 1.7 95.4
Maharashtra 3.0 3.8 93.1 27.7 2.0 70.4
Bihar 23.3 32.4 44.5 9.3 9.0 81.6
West Bengal 22.8 11.1 66.1 16.7 0.7 82.6
Andhra Pradesh 5.1 1.4 93.8 4.2 1.2 94.7
Madhya Pradesh 2.5 1.9 95.6 4.9 0.4 94.7
Tamil Nadu 10.2 1.6 88.2 12.7 1.4 85.9
Rajasthan 2.4 0.4 97.3 1.3 0.2 98.5
Karnataka 1.8 0.8 97.4 2.0 0.1 98.0
Gujrat 8.2 3.6 88.2 11.3 9.4 79.4
Orissa 4.3 23.3 72.4 9.1 3.2 87.7
Kerala 5.5 2.3 92.2 6.1 2.5 91.4
Jharkhand 1.5 1.5 97.0 0.2 0.5 99.3
Assam 13.4 30.2 56.3 4.7 12.1 83.2
Punjab 2.7 2.0 95.3 2.4 0.0 97.6
Chattisgarh 2.2 1.7 96.1 4.1 0.6 95.3
Haryana 4.5 0.5 95.0 9.9 0.5 89.6
Delhi 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.0 0.3 97.7
Jammu&Kashmir 0.1 3.5 96.4 0.4 0.5 99.1
Uttaranchal 3.6 4.6 91.8 6.1 0.1 93.8
Smaller States
Tripura 8.5 4.8 86.6 8.9 3.9 87.1
Meghalaya 22.4 18.4 59.2 0.6 0.0 99.4
Manipur 8.6 18.0 73.4 14.0 16.7 69.3
Nagaland 0.0 0.0 100.0 19.0 0.0 81.0
Goa 0.6 0.1 99.3 0.0 0.2 99.8
Pondicherry 24.0 0.0 76.0 13.5 4.7 81.7
Mizoram 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.8 0.0 98.2
Sikkim 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.1 0.6 99.3
A&N Island 5.1 0.7 94.2 0.0 0.0 100.0
D&N Haveli 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.4 0.0 98.6
Daman&Diu 8.4 0.0 91.6 0.0 0.3 99.7
Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
All INDIA 9.1 8.0 83.4 10.0 2.0 87.9
Table 24: Distribution of households by their experience of flood (in
percentages)
Rural+Urban
Yes
States from no
river,sea,etc
excessive rain
Larger States
UP 8.8 4.2 87.0
Bihar 21.5 29.4 48.9
Tamil Nadu 11.6 1.5 87.0
Rajasthan 2.0 0.3 97.7
Karnataka 1.9 0.5 97.6
Gujrat 9.6 6.3 84.0
Orissa 5.2 19.2 75.5
Kerala 5.6 2.3 92.0
Jharkhand 1.2 1.3 97.5
Assam 12.4 28.0 59.6
Punjab 2.6 1.0 96.4
Haryana 6.4 0.5 93.1
Delhi 1.8 0.3 97.9
Smaller States
Tripura 8.6 4.6 86.8
Meghalaya 10.7 8.5 80.8
Manipur 10.7 17.5 71.8
Nagaland 16.9 0.0 83.1
Goa 0.3 0.1 99.6
Mizoram 0.0 0.0 100.0
Sikkim 0.0 0.1 99.9
A&N Island 3.2 0.4 96.4
D&N Haveli 0.8 0.0 99.2
Daman&Diu 5.1 0.1 94.8
All INDIA 9.4 5.9 84.9
Rural
direct opening to
States
opening
with street without street with street without street
Larger states
UP 2.9 20.3 1.7 56.3 18.7
Maharashtra 30.5 12.4 23.4 19.8 14.0
Bihar 2.1 15.4 1.1 56.7 24.7
West Bengal 2.8 16.6 3.9 58.3 18.3
Andhra Pradesh 52.7 11.2 15.4 13.3 7.3
Madhya Pradesh 4.8 27.4 4.5 42.8 20.4
Tamil Nadu 54.5 8.9 22.4 9.4 4.8
Rajasthan 2.7 25.9 1.5 44.0 26.0
Karnataka 43.3 12.2 20.4 17.9 6.2
Gujrat 13.2 28.0 11.1 32.3 15.5
Orissa 3.3 41.7 0.9 44.5 9.6
Kerala 33.5 21.5 4.4 24.2 16.4
Jharkhand 1.4 23.2 2.2 50.9 22.3
Assam 1.1 20.6 1.0 60.5 16.8
Punjab 5.0 43.3 1.1 45.1 5.6
Chattisgarh 11.1 19.8 8.2 52.3 8.6
Haryana 2.2 47.7 0.7 39.1 10.3
Delhi 36.7 13.4 0.2 47.8 2.0
Jammu&Kashmir 0.1 19.3 0.1 37.7 42.9
Uttaranchal 10.2 14.5 2.4 36.6 36.3
Smaller States
Tripura 0.9 16.3 4.8 63.1 14.9
Meghalaya 0.0 14.6 0.0 82.3 3.2
Manipur 10.6 63.5 4.9 18.3 2.8
Nagaland 0.0 2.8 0.0 97.2 0.0
Goa 47.6 17.2 4.8 21.8 8.7
Pondicherry 55.8 0.0 34.0 10.3 0.0
Mizoram 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 78.8 1.4 11.2 7.8 0.8
Sikkim 7.9 12.6 0.7 33.7 45.1
A&N Island 31.0 9.2 15.9 18.5 25.4
D&N Haveli 26.2 23.2 35.8 14.8 0.0
Daman&Diu 47.1 9.2 15.4 26.9 1.3
Lakshadweep 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 17.2 19.5 7.8 39.2 16.2
Urban
direct opening to
States
opening
with street without street with street without street
Larger states
UP 38.6 13.0 17.9 25.9 4.6
Maharashtra 62.8 8.8 9.7 12.6 6.1
Bihar 27.2 31.3 3.9 31.6 6.1
West Bengal 47.5 6.4 20.8 17.8 7.5
Andhra Pradesh 78.3 2.2 10.5 4.7 4.3
Madhya Pradesh 50.6 16.5 14.0 13.4 5.5
Tamil Nadu 69.1 2.5 16.0 4.8 7.6
Rajasthan 57.0 16.7 11.9 11.9 2.5
Karnataka 84.7 2.8 8.0 3.4 1.1
Gujrat 52.3 11.9 19.2 11.2 5.4
Orissa 57.6 15.5 12.2 11.7 3.0
Kerala 55.1 8.5 6.9 19.8 9.7
Jharkhand 33.9 20.6 6.4 27.4 11.6
Assam 32.3 31.0 9.3 23.5 3.9
Punjab 58.7 13.7 9.4 17.5 0.7
Chattisgarh 45.1 4.0 34.2 10.6 6.1
Haryana 31.3 26.6 14.4 20.7 6.9
Delhi 68.6 7.9 8.5 13.6 1.5
Jammu&Kashmir 19.2 29.8 9.3 30.8 10.9
Uttaranchal 42.7 18.1 11.0 21.6 6.6
Smaller States
Tripura 24.0 11.2 25.6 33.4 5.8
Meghalaya 59.3 6.7 10.6 19.1 4.3
Manipur 25.5 55.1 11.6 7.8 0.0
Nagaland 2.3 15.1 8.8 34.0 39.8
Goa 64.9 3.8 16.4 11.7 3.3
Pondicherry 82.2 0.5 14.9 2.0 0.4
Mizoram 38.2 17.1 2.1 42.5 0.0
Chandigarh 74.9 1.1 14.3 9.8 0.0
Sikkim 68.5 13.3 1.5 13.1 3.7
A&N Island 35.3 5.5 40.0 11.3 7.9
D&N Haveli 68.3 3.9 10.5 14.7 2.7
Daman&Diu 80.3 2.2 11.3 3.6 2.7
Lakshadweep 30.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.0
All INDIA 58.3 9.8 13.3 13.3 5.2
Rural+Urban
direct opening to
Larger states
UP 11.8 18.5 5.7 48.8 15.2
Maharashtra 46.3 10.6 16.7 16.3 10.1
Bihar 5.2 17.4 1.4 53.6 22.4
West Bengal 16.5 13.5 9.1 45.9 15.0
Andhra Pradesh 61.5 8.1 13.7 10.4 6.2
Madhya Pradesh 19.4 24.0 7.5 33.4 15.6
Tamil Nadu 62.3 5.5 18.9 6.9 6.3
Rajasthan 20.4 22.9 4.9 33.5 18.3
Karnataka 60.5 8.3 15.2 11.9 4.1
Gujrat 31.5 20.4 14.9 22.4 10.7
Orissa 14.4 36.4 3.2 37.8 8.2
Kerala 39.4 18.0 5.1 23.0 14.5
Jharkhand 8.6 22.6 3.1 45.7 19.9
Assam 4.9 21.9 2.0 56.0 15.3
Punjab 30.4 29.2 5.0 32.0 3.3
Chattisgarh 20.9 15.3 15.7 40.3 7.9
Haryana 12.6 40.1 5.6 32.5 9.1
Delhi 66.1 8.3 7.9 16.2 1.5
Jammu&Kashmir 4.6 21.8 2.3 36.0 35.3
Uttaranchal 18.1 15.4 4.5 32.9 29.0
Smaller States
Tripura 7.1 14.9 10.4 55.1 12.4
Meghalaya 31.9 10.3 5.7 48.3 3.8
Manipur 16.5 60.2 7.5 14.1 1.7
Nagaland 2.0 13.7 7.8 41.2 35.3
Goa 56.9 10.0 11.0 16.3 5.8
Pondicherry 76.6 0.4 18.9 3.8 0.3
Mizoram 20.2 56.3 1.1 22.4 0.0
Chandigarh 75.4 1.1 13.9 9.5 0.1
Sikkim 19.2 12.8 0.8 29.8 37.4
A&N Island 32.6 7.8 24.8 15.8 19.0
D&N Haveli 51.9 11.4 20.3 14.7 1.7
Daman&Diu 60.0 6.5 13.8 17.8 1.9
Lakshadweep 92.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.0
All INDIA 31.4 16.2 9.7 30.4 12.4
Sector: Rural
0.01- 0.05- 0.52- 1.01- 2.50- 4.97- 9.91-
States < 0.01 >19.79
0.05 0.52 1.01 2.50 4.97 9.91 19.79
Larger states
UP 6.9 16.5 18.3 16.8 20.6 13.9 5.8 1.1 0.1
Maharashtra 17.5 16.3 8.2 6.9 15.4 18.1 12.6 4.2 0.9
Bihar 6.4 18.9 22.3 18.6 18.9 10.3 4.2 0.5 0.0
West Bengal 15.4 32.3 23.9 13.2 10.0 3.7 1.2 0.1 0.2
Andhra Pradesh 24.8 24.2 9.9 8.0 12.5 12.1 7.1 1.6 0.2
Madhya Pradesh 10.3 7.0 6.1 8.8 14.8 21.1 23.9 5.1 2.9
Tamil Nadu 22.7 34.2 12.5 8.4 11.2 8.0 2.5 0.4 0.0
Rajasthan 3.4 6.4 7.6 8.0 18.2 24.8 20.8 8.1 2.6
Karnataka 15.9 15.9 10.3 8.6 14.4 21.1 10.6 2.6 0.6
Gujrat 22.6 17.4 8.6 8.9 14.7 13.2 9.0 4.5 1.1
Orissa 7.9 10.8 14.7 16.1 25.1 16.3 8.6 0.4 0.1
Kerala 5.0 19.6 53.8 11.7 6.9 2.2 0.6 0.3 0.0
Jharkhand 3.7 15.9 18.5 17.2 25.9 14.5 4.2 0.2 0.0
Assam 2.8 10.6 16.0 18.6 27.8 18.1 5.6 0.5 0.0
Punjab 10.5 23.4 14.7 7.6 9.9 15.3 11.9 5.0 1.7
Chattisgarh 3.6 10.6 18.3 10.4 18.6 22.7 11.1 3.7 0.8
Haryana 15.9 20.4 10.4 6.9 12.6 15.2 13.0 3.6 2.0
Delhi 50.6 27.1 5.4 13.1 1.6 0.5 1.6 0.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 0.8 6.3 19.5 33.2 30.5 8.8 1.0 0.0 0.0
Uttaranchal 14.5 13.3 17.1 20.7 20.5 8.8 2.5 1.8 0.6
Smaller states
Tripura 4.7 20.0 40.6 15.3 15.9 3.4 0.1 0.0 0.0
Meghalaya 1.7 7.6 12.7 18.7 18.9 33.4 3.7 3.2 0.0
Manipur 3.6 2.8 20.4 20.1 43.0 9.1 1.0 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 15.9 12.6 0.0 37.5 0.0 26.4 7.6 0.0 0.0
Goa 22.1 34.5 19.8 8.6 10.8 3.7 0.5 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 35.4 27.4 1.9 19.1 15.0 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 0.0 0.0 19.4 0.0 80.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 93.3 2.9 1.7 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 11.6 14.6 11.2 16.8 29.2 13.3 3.1 0.0 0.0
A&N Island 16.3 22.1 13.3 13.9 18.1 10.4 3.6 2.2 0.0
D&N Haveli 23.4 15.1 43.7 9.2 8.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 24.6 64.8 4.6 3.6 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 12.3 18.6 16.6 12.6 16.5 13.5 7.8 2.0 0.6
Sector: Urban
< 0.01- 0.05- 0.52- 1.01- 2.50- 4.97- 9.91-
States >19.79
0.01 0.05 0.52 1.01 2.50 4.97 9.91 19.79
Larger states
UP 38.0 43.6 10.2 3.4 2.3 1.6 0.7 0.1 0.1
Maharashtra 72.4 16.7 5.5 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.5 0.5
Bihar 24.5 37.7 22.0 6.6 6.8 1.4 0.8 0.0 0.0
West Bengal 43.7 41.0 12.5 2.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 56.9 32.1 5.8 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.3 0.4 0.1
Madhya Pradesh 40.5 28.0 11.7 5.9 4.3 3.0 4.3 1.5 0.9
Tamil Nadu 45.6 37.8 10.8 2.7 2.0 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.0
Rajasthan 29.4 32.8 15.3 7.0 5.4 6.2 2.9 0.9 0.1
Karnataka 35.1 48.2 11.1 1.6 0.8 1.7 1.0 0.2 0.3
Gujrat 56.0 32.1 6.3 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.2 0.1 0.0
Orissa 28.7 34.6 21.4 7.2 3.0 4.2 0.8 0.1 0.0
Kerala 10.8 32.0 51.2 3.8 1.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1
Jharkhand 32.1 39.7 18.7 5.6 2.2 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
Assam 19.2 28.5 29.8 14.9 4.8 2.3 0.5 0.0 0.1
Punjab 31.2 45.6 13.2 4.5 2.1 1.3 1.4 0.4 0.3
Chattisgarh 36.1 42.4 11.8 4.9 2.8 1.3 0.4 0.0 0.3
Haryana 30.9 48.4 14.1 3.6 1.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.2
Delhi 66.9 26.2 5.6 0.9 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 12.8 40.6 32.9 6.4 4.9 1.5 0.4 0.6 0.0
Uttaranchal 52.4 34.4 5.8 5.2 1.3 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0
Smaller states
Tripura 10.9 32.1 49.3 4.6 2.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Meghalaya 38.7 31.0 23.0 6.4 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Manipur 5.9 7.5 30.2 15.8 30.2 9.4 0.9 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 25.1 22.6 2.6 7.7 19.2 18.5 4.3 0.0 0.0
Goa 51.4 28.8 12.5 6.2 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 37.8 31.4 9.6 6.3 8.7 5.9 0.2 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 81.0 12.1 0.0 6.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 67.0 24.1 1.8 1.7 4.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 55.0 30.7 10.6 2.2 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0
A&N Island 37.4 38.6 21.8 0.8 0.1 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 41.0 10.7 46.2 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 24.7 69.4 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 30.0 50.2 19.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 46.0 34.2 11.9 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.3 0.2
Sector: Rural+Urban
< 0.01- 0.05- 0.52- 1.01- 2.50- 4.97- 9.91-
States >19.79
0.01 0.05 0.52 1.01 2.50 4.97 9.91 19.79
Larger states
UP 14.7 23.3 16.3 13.5 16.1 10.9 4.5 0.8 0.1
Maharashtra 44.2 16.4 6.9 4.0 8.3 9.8 7.0 2.4 0.7
Bihar 8.6 21.1 22.2 17.1 17.4 9.2 3.7 0.5 0.0
West Bengal 24.2 35.1 20.5 9.8 7.1 2.6 0.9 0.1 0.1
Andhra Pradesh 35.8 26.9 8.5 5.7 8.5 8.4 5.1 1.2 0.2
Madhya Pradesh 19.8 13.7 7.9 7.9 11.5 15.4 17.7 4.0 2.3
Tamil Nadu 34.9 36.2 11.6 5.3 6.3 4.2 1.3 0.2 0.0
Rajasthan 11.9 15.0 10.1 7.7 14.0 18.7 15.0 5.8 1.8
Karnataka 23.9 29.3 10.6 5.7 8.7 13.0 6.6 1.6 0.5
Gujrat 38.3 24.3 7.5 5.3 8.6 7.7 5.3 2.5 0.6
Orissa 12.1 15.7 16.1 14.3 20.6 13.8 7.0 0.3 0.1
Kerala 6.6 22.9 53.1 9.6 5.4 1.8 0.4 0.2 0.0
Jharkhand 9.9 21.1 18.5 14.6 20.7 11.6 3.3 0.1 0.0
Assam 4.7 12.7 17.7 18.2 25.0 16.2 5.0 0.5 0.0
Punjab 20.3 33.9 14.0 6.1 6.2 8.7 6.9 2.8 1.0
Chattisgarh 12.9 19.8 16.5 8.8 14.1 16.6 8.0 2.6 0.7
Haryana 21.3 30.4 11.7 5.7 8.6 9.9 8.5 2.5 1.4
Delhi 65.6 26.2 5.6 1.9 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 3.7 14.5 22.7 26.8 24.4 7.0 0.8 0.1 0.0
Uttaranchal 23.8 18.5 14.3 16.9 15.8 6.8 1.9 1.4 0.5
Smaller states
Tripura 6.4 23.2 42.9 12.4 12.4 2.5 0.1 0.0 0.0
Meghalaya 21.6 20.1 18.2 12.1 9.3 15.5 1.7 1.5 0.0
Manipur 4.5 4.7 24.3 18.4 37.9 9.2 0.9 0.0 0.0
Nagaland 24.0 21.5 2.3 11.1 17.0 19.4 4.6 0.0 0.0
Goa 37.9 31.4 15.9 7.3 5.4 1.9 0.2 0.0 0.0
Pondicherry 37.3 30.5 8.0 9.1 10.0 4.8 0.3 0.0 0.0
Mizoram 40.5 6.0 9.7 3.5 40.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 70.1 21.6 1.8 1.5 4.2 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0
Sikkim 19.8 17.6 11.1 14.1 23.8 11.0 2.6 0.0 0.0
A&N Island 24.1 28.2 16.4 9.1 11.4 6.6 2.8 1.4 0.0
D&N Haveli 34.2 12.4 45.3 4.8 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daman&Diu 24.6 66.6 5.1 2.2 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakshadweep 92.0 5.7 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 23.8 23.8 15.0 9.2 11.5 9.4 5.4 1.4 0.4
Sector: Rural
iron
brick katcha pucca
sheet
Larger States
UP 3.3 21.3 0.0 0.5 0.1 68.8 0.0 6.0 0.1
Maharashtra 4.9 22.0 0.4 0.5 0.2 65.5 0.7 5.7 0.2
Bihar 27.8 20.0 0.0 1.1 0.2 43.3 0.0 7.5 0.2
West Bengal 13.6 41.8 0.2 1.0 1.1 31.9 1.6 8.6 0.2
Andhra Pradesh 3.9 17.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 73.8 0.0 4.9 0.1
Madhya Pradesh 2.4 37.6 0.2 1.5 0.6 54.4 0.0 3.2 0.0
Tamil Nadu 3.5 30.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 56.1 0.0 9.8 0.1
Rajasthan 3.6 19.1 0.0 0.7 0.1 75.2 0.0 1.1 0.1
Karnataka 1.6 39.2 0.1 1.5 0.2 51.9 0.1 5.1 0.2
Gujrat 1.1 20.7 0.1 2.5 0.0 67.7 0.3 5.2 2.4
Orissa 2.6 52.3 0.1 1.6 0.1 38.9 0.3 3.8 0.2
Kerala 0.9 19.1 0.1 0.6 0.4 70.1 0.1 6.8 2.0
Jharkhand 2.0 53.2 0.1 1.0 0.0 38.5 0.2 5.0 0.0
Assam 45.5 30.6 0.1 0.8 0.5 13.0 0.6 7.9 0.9
Punjab 0.2 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 86.2 0.0 11.0 0.0
Chattisgarh 0.9 54.4 0.1 0.7 0.6 42.2 0.0 1.1 0.1
Haryana 0.1 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.8 87.9 0.0 9.7 0.0
Delhi 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 74.0 0.0 25.9 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 0.2 30.2 0.0 1.9 1.2 61.4 0.4 4.7 0.0
Uttaranchal 1.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.4 84.6 0.0 11.1 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 24.9 59.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 6.0 4.5 4.6 0.3
Meghalaya 53.4 14.9 0.0 3.2 2.4 13.6 0.0 12.4 0.2
Manipur 19.8 68.2 0.3 1.4 0.0 5.0 0.0 5.1 0.0
Nagaland 49.5 40.1 0.0 0.0 7.6 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
Goa 2.8 21.6 0.0 0.7 0.0 64.5 0.0 7.7 2.6
Pondicherry 6.9 22.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 64.8 0.0 5.7 0.0
Mizoram 99.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 66.3 0.0 33.5 0.0
Sikkim 7.8 33.7 0.6 0.6 5.6 5.6 0.0 45.4 0.6
A&N Island 50.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.8 0.0 11.9 29.7 0.0
D&N Haveli 0.0 34.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.2 0.0 16.2 0.0
Daman&Diu 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 45.4 0.0 53.9 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 7.7 26.2 0.1 0.8 0.3 57.7 0.3 6.2 0.3
Sector: Urban
iron or
grass /straw/ burnt
bamboo,etc stone
sheet
Larger States
UP 0.5 2.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 80.3 0.0 16.6 0.2
Maharashtra 0.5 2.6 0.0 0.1 0.7 85.6 2.2 8.2 0.1
Bihar 6.5 6.9 0.1 2.0 0.2 72.1 0.3 11.7 0.2
West Bengal 2.8 3.4 0.1 0.3 0.5 69.2 1.5 22.0 0.2
Andhra Pradesh 1.1 3.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 70.8 0.5 23.5 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 0.1 6.4 0.1 0.1 0.8 81.2 0.2 11.2 0.0
Tamil Nadu 0.7 7.7 0.0 0.5 0.2 77.9 0.0 13.0 0.0
Rajasthan 0.4 0.9 0.0 0.3 0.3 91.5 0.0 6.4 0.3
Karnataka 0.9 6.5 0.1 0.2 0.2 58.1 0.1 33.9 0.0
Gujrat 0.1 2.4 0.1 0.2 1.2 75.2 0.4 19.9 0.4
Orissa 0.4 10.5 0.2 0.0 0.3 65.9 0.0 22.8 0.0
Kerala 0.8 9.0 0.0 0.4 0.6 78.5 0.0 10.4 0.2
Jharkhand 0.6 5.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 76.7 0.5 16.7 0.0
Assam 13.6 10.2 0.0 0.2 0.9 34.2 0.5 39.7 0.6
Punjab 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 70.9 0.0 28.6 0.0
Chattisgarh 0.8 17.5 0.1 0.5 0.2 75.5 0.1 4.7 0.5
Haryana 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 81.0 0.0 17.8 0.3
Delhi 0.0 2.7 0.1 0.0 1.3 40.5 0.0 55.4 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 0.3 3.0 0.6 0.0 0.7 91.3 1.9 2.2 0.0
Uttaranchal 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 75.0 0.0 24.6 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 20.6 17.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 36.9 11.7 13.6 0.0
Meghalaya 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 10.8 15.4 3.8 68.5 0.0
Manipur 13.0 57.8 0.1 0.7 2.1 18.0 0.1 8.3 0.0
Nagaland 35.0 26.4 0.0 0.0 1.6 2.0 8.2 26.9 0.0
Goa 0.0 1.4 0.5 1.0 0.0 67.5 0.0 29.6 0.0
Pondicherry 2.6 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 55.5 0.0 38.7 0.0
Mizoram 27.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.3 14.8 38.2 11.7
Chandigarh 0.0 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 34.4 0.0 63.7 0.6
Sikkim 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.7 3.4 0.1 90.8 0.0
A&N Island 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.6 0.0 1.7 64.2 0.0
D&N Haveli 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 40.1 0.0 54.9 0.1
Daman&Diu 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 46.2 0.0 52.3 0.0
Lakshadweep 11.2 0.0 0.0 20.6 0.0 43.8 0.0 19.7 4.7
All INDIA 1.1 4.4 0.1 0.3 0.5 74.4 0.6 18.5 0.1
Sector: Rural+Urban
iron or
grass /straw/ burnt
bamboo,etc stone
sheet
Larger States
UP 2.6 16.5 0.0 0.4 0.1 71.7 0.0 8.6 0.1
Maharashtra 2.7 12.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 75.0 1.5 6.9 0.1
Bihar 25.1 18.3 0.0 1.2 0.2 46.7 0.0 8.0 0.2
West Bengal 10.3 30.1 0.2 0.8 0.9 43.4 1.6 12.7 0.2
Andhra Pradesh 2.9 12.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 72.5 0.2 11.3 0.1
Madhya Pradesh 1.7 27.7 0.2 1.0 0.7 63.0 0.1 5.8 0.0
Tamil Nadu 2.0 18.3 0.0 0.3 0.2 67.7 0.0 11.5 0.1
Rajasthan 2.5 13.2 0.0 0.6 0.2 80.5 0.0 2.8 0.1
Karnataka 1.3 25.6 0.1 0.9 0.2 54.5 0.1 17.1 0.1
Gujrat 0.6 12.1 0.1 1.4 0.6 71.2 0.4 12.1 1.5
Orissa 2.2 43.8 0.2 1.3 0.1 44.4 0.3 7.7 0.2
Kerala 0.9 16.3 0.1 0.5 0.4 72.4 0.1 7.8 1.5
Jharkhand 1.7 42.6 0.0 0.9 0.0 46.9 0.3 7.5 0.0
Assam 41.6 28.1 0.1 0.8 0.6 15.6 0.6 11.8 0.9
Punjab 0.1 1.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 79.0 0.0 19.3 0.0
Chattisgarh 0.8 43.8 0.1 0.6 0.5 51.8 0.0 2.1 0.2
Haryana 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.7 85.4 0.0 12.6 0.1
Delhi 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 1.2 43.0 0.0 53.1 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 0.2 23.7 0.2 1.5 1.1 68.6 0.7 4.1 0.0
Uttaranchal 0.7 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 82.3 0.0 14.4 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 23.8 48.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.3 6.4 7.0 0.2
Meghalaya 25.5 6.9 0.0 1.5 6.9 14.6 2.0 42.6 0.1
Manipur 17.1 64.1 0.3 1.1 0.8 10.2 0.0 6.4 0.0
Nagaland 36.6 28.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 2.0 7.3 23.8 0.0
Goa 1.3 10.7 0.3 0.9 0.0 66.1 0.0 19.5 1.2
Pondicherry 3.5 7.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 57.5 0.0 31.7 0.0
Mizoram 61.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.9 7.8 20.2 6.7
Chandigarh 0.0 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 38.1 0.0 60.1 0.5
Sikkim 6.3 27.4 0.5 0.5 5.6 5.2 0.0 53.9 0.5
A&N Island 33.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.5 0.0 8.1 42.4 0.0
D&N Haveli 0.0 15.3 0.0 0.0 1.2 43.6 0.0 39.9 0.1
Daman&Diu 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 45.8 0.0 53.3 0.0
Lakshadweep 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 93.6 0.0 2.3 0.5
All INDIA 5.4 18.8 0.1 0.6 0.4 63.5 0.4 10.4 0.3
Sector:Rural
katcha pucca
Larger States
UP 14.2 8.6 0.3 2.5 9.7 25.7 1.6 35.5 1.6
Maharashtra 3.0 1.3 0.3 1.3 23.8 2.9 43.3 20.5 3.7
Bihar 36.2 1.2 0.1 1.7 17.1 3.7 8.0 31.0 1.1
West Bengal 20.1 1.1 0.7 0.8 26.5 1.5 27.4 21.5 0.3
Andhra Pradesh 16.2 1.5 0.0 0.3 19.4 8.4 8.1 45.7 0.3
Madhya Pradesh 3.3 3.4 0.2 1.5 40.2 34.4 5.2 11.4 0.3
Tamil Nadu 17.7 0.5 0.0 0.9 40.5 2.9 4.6 32.7 0.2
Rajasthan 14.5 2.6 0.1 1.0 9.0 63.2 2.7 6.5 0.3
Karnataka 4.5 9.9 0.2 1.0 50.0 6.2 12.8 14.2 1.1
Gujrat 2.5 0.4 0.2 5.2 34.3 7.0 15.4 34.5 0.3
Orissa 38.0 0.5 0.2 2.8 21.2 0.7 8.9 26.7 1.0
Kerala 2.1 0.0 0.1 1.0 43.6 0.4 8.3 44.4 0.2
Jharkhand 13.0 0.7 0.0 2.9 49.2 10.0 3.1 21.1 0.0
Assam 35.6 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.1 61.6 2.0 0.2
Punjab 2.3 1.5 0.0 0.9 5.3 45.2 0.2 44.1 0.6
Chattisgarh 1.4 0.5 0.5 0.0 67.4 8.3 1.0 16.1 4.9
Haryana 1.9 0.5 0.1 0.7 6.1 32.0 0.6 33.3 24.9
Delhi 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.3 0.6 19.8 2.0 69.7 6.0
Jammu&Kashmir 7.5 9.4 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 62.5 19.0 0.1
Uttaranchal 1.7 0.5 0.0 0.4 3.5 22.7 6.3 63.6 1.4
Smaller States
Tripura 5.6 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.7 90.8 1.4 0.0
Meghalaya 31.1 7.9 0.0 7.7 0.0 0.0 51.9 1.3 0.0
Manipur 21.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 72.7 5.7 0.0
Nagaland 87.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.0 0.0 0.0
Goa 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 59.2 12.9 1.6 25.8 0.0
Pondicherry 28.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.4 1.6 10.0 51.2 0.0
Mizoram 75.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.9 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 99.1 0.0
Sikkim 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 69.3 22.7 0.0
A&N Island 14.29 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.00 80.96 4.37 0.00
D&N Haveli 7.77 0.77 0.00 0.00 33.00 17.87 14.16 26.43 0.00
Daman&Diu 1.36 1.95 0.00 0.81 7.18 10.77 6.01 71.92 0.00
Lakshadweep
All INDIA 14.89 2.92 0.20 1.50 23.50 13.60 13.61 28.33 1.54
Sector: Urban
katcha pucca
Larger States
UP 1.8 1.7 0.2 0.7 1.7 23.0 2.8 66.8 1.4
Maharashtra 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 5.4 2.6 36.1 54.2 0.8
Bihar 11.0 0.5 0.2 0.6 10.1 5.2 7.8 64.4 0.2
West Bengal 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.1 20.0 5.2 12.9 60.3 0.3
Andhra Pradesh 3.2 0.0 0.6 0.0 5.3 2.7 14.4 73.5 0.2
Madhya Pradesh 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 10.8 24.2 13.1 49.8 0.6
Tamil Nadu 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 21.2 3.9 5.0 65.5 0.5
Rajasthan 1.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 1.0 58.1 1.5 37.4 0.5
Karnataka 0.4 1.3 0.1 0.2 13.5 3.2 14.1 66.9 0.4
Gujrat 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.6 7.4 3.6 13.0 74.5 0.3
Orissa 5.7 0.0 0.2 0.2 6.4 3.6 20.8 62.8 0.2
Kerala 1.2 0.0 0.1 0.5 31.0 1.2 5.5 60.4 0.2
Jharkhand 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 17.9 4.9 13.6 62.4 0.0
Assam 2.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 66.5 30.5 0.2
Punjab 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.7 18.2 0.3 78.9 0.9
Chattisgarh 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.0 29.4 8.1 10.9 45.0 5.5
Haryana 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.7 25.5 0.6 62.5 5.2
Delhi 1.3 0.3 0.1 1.7 0.7 8.2 1.7 85.6 0.4
Jammu&Kashmir 1.5 0.3 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 47.2 47.4 2.1
Uttaranchal 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 10.9 5.1 82.6 0.1
Smaller States
Tripura 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 8.8 71.9 18.0 0.0
Meghalaya 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 54.7 43.4 0.9
Manipur 5.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 77.7 13.9 0.0
Nagaland 13.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 74.2 12.5 0.0
Goa 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.5 0.1 5.9 64.4 0.0
Pondicherry 6.7 1.4 1.9 0.0 3.9 0.7 6.0 79.5 0.0
Mizoram 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.3 56.7 0.0
Chandigarh 0.8 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.2 8.6 89.3 0.1
Sikkim 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.6 90.4 0.0
A&N Island 1.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 76.38 19.93 2.35
D&N Haveli 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.80 21.52 15.43 60.24 0.00
Daman&Diu 2.12 0.00 0.00 0.07 8.87 4.71 3.60 80.63 0.00
Lakshadweep 11.16 0.00 0.00 20.60 43.78 0.00 4.72 19.74 0.00
All INDIA 0.92 0.30 0.11 0.27 6.29 9.55 13.65 68.47 0.68
Sector: Rural+Urban
katcha pucca
Larger States
UP 11.1 6.9 0.3 2.1 7.8 25.1 1.9 43.4 1.6
Maharashtra 1.8 0.7 0.2 0.7 14.8 2.7 39.8 36.9 2.3
Bihar 33.1 1.1 0.1 1.6 16.2 3.9 8.0 35.1 0.9
West Bengal 14.2 0.8 0.6 0.6 24.5 2.7 22.9 33.4 0.3
Andhra Pradesh 11.7 1.0 0.2 0.2 14.6 6.5 10.2 55.3 0.2
Madhya Pradesh 2.6 2.4 0.2 1.1 30.9 31.1 7.7 23.6 0.4
Tamil Nadu 10.2 0.2 0.0 0.5 30.2 3.4 4.8 50.2 0.4
Rajasthan 10.2 1.8 0.1 0.7 6.4 61.5 2.3 16.6 0.3
Karnataka 2.8 6.4 0.2 0.7 34.8 5.0 13.4 36.1 0.8
Gujrat 1.4 0.2 0.3 3.1 21.7 5.4 14.3 53.3 0.3
Orissa 31.4 0.4 0.2 2.3 18.2 1.3 11.3 34.1 0.8
Kerala 1.8 0.0 0.1 0.9 40.1 0.6 7.5 48.7 0.2
Jharkhand 10.4 0.6 0.0 2.3 42.3 8.9 5.4 30.2 0.0
Assam 31.5 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.1 62.2 5.5 0.2
Punjab 1.6 0.8 0.0 0.5 3.1 32.4 0.2 60.6 0.7
Chattisgarh 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.0 56.4 8.2 3.9 24.4 5.1
Haryana 1.4 0.3 0.0 0.5 5.9 29.7 0.6 43.8 17.8
Delhi 1.2 0.2 0.2 1.6 0.7 9.1 1.7 84.4 0.8
Jammu&Kashmir 6.1 7.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.8 58.8 25.8 0.5
Uttaranchal 1.3 0.4 0.0 0.5 2.6 19.8 6.0 68.3 1.1
Smaller States
Tripura 4.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 2.9 85.8 5.9 0.0
Meghalaya 14.4 3.7 0.0 3.6 0.5 0.0 53.5 23.9 0.5
Manipur 15.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 74.7 9.0 0.0
Nagaland 21.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 67.2 11.1 0.0
Goa 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.2 6.0 3.9 46.7 0.0
Arunachal
Pradesh 44.6 0.3 0.7 1.0 0.0 0.4 40.4 12.5 0.2
Pondicherry 11.3 1.1 1.5 0.0 4.8 0.9 6.9 73.5 0.0
Mizoram 35.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.6 29.9 0.0
Chandigarh 0.7 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.2 7.6 90.4 0.1
Sikkim 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 58.2 35.4 0.0
A&N Island 9.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 79.3 10.1 0.9
D&N Haveli 16.3 46.3 96.7 58.5 212.4 392.4 14.8 43.5 0.0
Daman&Diu 1.7 1.2 0.0 0.5 7.8 8.4 5.1 75.3 0.0
Lakshadweep 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.4 5.0 0.0 0.5 90.8 0.0
All INDIA 10.4 2.0 0.2 1.1 18.7 12.4 13.6 40.3 1.3
Rural
bamboo brick/limestone/ston
wood/plan cemen mosaic/tile other
States mud / e
k t s s
log
Larger States
UP 72.8 0.3 0.1 6.3 19.9 0.5 0.1
Maharashtra 44.2 0.1 0.0 17.7 22.2 15.4 0.3
Bihar 70.3 0.4 0.5 9.4 19.3 0.2 0.1
West Bengal 64.6 0.4 0.4 4.3 30.0 0.1 0.1
Andhra Pradesh 18.5 0.1 0.0 36.2 41.4 4.1 0.0
Madhya Pradesh 66.7 0.9 0.4 11.8 18.8 1.3 0.1
Tamil Nadu 17.7 0.0 0.0 1.6 74.1 6.3 0.2
Rajasthan 36.5 0.2 0.0 16.8 44.6 1.8 0.1
Karnataka 23.5 0.4 0.1 23.2 45.4 7.4 0.1
Gujrat 36.6 0.3 0.1 2.8 36.6 23.4 0.2
Orissa 55.2 0.0 0.0 1.9 42.1 0.7 0.0
Kerala 6.3 0.0 0.0 1.7 73.0 18.3 0.7
Jharkhand 71.4 0.7 0.2 5.9 21.6 0.2 0.0
Assam 78.7 0.5 0.4 2.7 17.5 0.1 0.2
Punjab 22.1 0.0 0.0 18.2 56.3 3.3 0.0
Chattisgarh 72.0 0.5 0.1 9.7 15.8 1.8 0.0
Haryana 19.6 0.0 0.0 18.0 59.2 3.2 0.0
Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.9 73.0 19.1 0.0
Jammu&Kashmir 45.4 1.3 0.8 2.2 50.2 0.1 0.0
Uttaranchal 28.4 0.6 5.0 15.9 43.5 6.6 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 85.7 0.2 0.0 2.5 11.7 0.0 0.0
Meghalaya 54.6 1.0 14.6 4.8 25.0 0.0 0.0
Manipur 79.5 2.4 0.1 0.7 16.8 0.6 0.0
Nagaland 83.4 0.0 13.8 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0
Goa 14.3 0.0 2.0 1.6 57.5 24.7 0.0
Pondicherry 21.8 0.0 0.0 0.8 67.0 5.9 4.5
Mizoram 0.0 75.1 24.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 98.7 0.0 0.3
Sikkim 31.0 0.0 11.5 0.3 56.6 0.6 0.0
A&N Island 42.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 57.3 0.0 0.0
D&N Haveli 15.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.9 34.1 0.0
Daman&Diu 7.8 0.0 0.0 22.5 20.3 49.4 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 48.3 0.3 0.4 11.5 35.0 4.8 0.1
Table39: Distribution of households by the type of floor (in percentages)
Urban
brick/limestone/
Bamboo wood/ stone cemen Mosaic
States mud others
/log plank t /tiles
Larger States
UP 13.6 0.0 0.1 12.7 61.0 12.3 0.2
Maharashtra 3.3 0.0 0.1 16.5 26.7 53.3 0.1
Bihar 25.6 0.0 0.0 8.6 58.0 6.7 1.0
West Bengal 9.5 0.0 0.1 3.0 76.8 10.6 0.0
Andhra Pradesh 3.2 0.0 0.0 32.6 40.6 23.1 0.4
Madhya Pradesh 14.2 0.2 0.1 11.8 55.7 17.5 0.4
Tamil Nadu 2.3 0.0 0.0 3.6 65.2 28.6 0.3
Rajasthan 3.4 0.0 0.0 26.6 47.5 22.4 0.0
Karnataka 2.7 0.0 0.1 13.7 42.3 41.0 0.2
Gujrat 2.2 0.0 0.0 8.9 27.2 61.3 0.3
Orissa 7.2 0.0 0.0 1.0 83.3 8.3 0.2
Kerala 2.6 0.0 0.2 2.9 60.7 32.4 1.2
Jharkhand 16.1 0.0 0.3 0.7 78.6 4.3 0.0
Assam 23.1 0.3 0.1 4.9 67.1 4.5 0.0
Punjab 2.0 0.0 0.0 16.9 70.8 9.9 0.4
Chattisgarh 17.6 0.0 0.8 13.1 54.4 14.0 0.1
Haryana 3.7 0.0 0.0 20.5 68.1 7.6 0.1
Delhi 0.4 0.0 0.0 14.2 70.6 13.2 1.4
Jammu&Kashmir 14.5 0.0 0.1 12.7 70.3 2.2 0.2
Uttaranchal 2.4 0.0 0.0 6.1 64.6 26.9 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 34.5 0.1 0.0 14.4 50.4 0.5 0.0
Meghalaya 0.6 0.0 21.9 0.0 71.0 6.5 0.0
Manipur 61.5 0.2 1.1 4.6 30.6 2.1 0.0
Nagaland 37.6 0.0 2.8 2.8 56.8 0.0 0.0
Goa 2.6 0.0 0.0 1.3 35.2 60.8 0.0
Pondicherry 3.4 0.0 0.0 3.3 45.1 44.1 4.1
Mizoram 10.6 0.0 19.1 0.0 70.3 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 0.7 0.0 0.0 33.2 56.0 6.2 3.9
Sikkim 0.5 0.0 0.9 0.3 94.2 4.1 0.0
A&N Island 5.5 0.9 2.5 0.0 86.6 4.5 0.0
D&N Haveli 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 46.9 47.5 0.0
Daman&Diu 1.5 0.0 0.0 8.1 17.1 73.4 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 6.2 0.0 0.1 13.2 52.3 27.8 0.3
Rural+Urban
brick/lime
bamboo/ wood/ stone/ mosaic/tile other
States mud cement
log plank stone s s
Larger States
UP 58.3 0.2 0.1 7.9 30.1 3.5 0.1
Maharashtra 24.2 0.0 0.1 17.1 24.4 33.8 0.2
Bihar 64.6 0.4 0.4 9.3 23.9 1.0 0.2
West Bengal 47.9 0.3 0.3 3.9 44.4 3.4 0.1
Andhra Pradesh 13.2 0.1 0.0 34.9 41.1 10.6 0.2
Madhya Pradesh 50.0 0.7 0.3 11.8 30.6 6.5 0.2
Tamil Nadu 9.5 0.0 0.0 2.7 69.4 18.2 0.2
Rajasthan 25.7 0.1 0.0 20.0 45.5 8.5 0.1
Karnataka 14.8 0.2 0.1 19.2 44.1 21.3 0.2
Gujrat 20.5 0.1 0.1 5.7 32.2 41.2 0.2
Orissa 45.4 0.0 0.0 1.7 50.5 2.2 0.1
Kerala 5.3 0.0 0.1 2.0 69.7 22.1 0.8
Jharkhand 59.2 0.5 0.2 4.8 34.2 1.1 0.0
Assam 71.8 0.4 0.4 2.9 23.6 0.6 0.1
Punjab 12.6 0.0 0.0 17.6 63.2 6.4 0.2
Chattisgarh 56.4 0.4 0.3 10.7 26.9 5.3 0.0
Haryana 13.9 0.0 0.0 18.9 62.4 4.8 0.0
Delhi 0.4 0.0 0.0 13.8 70.8 13.7 1.3
Jammu&Kashmir 38.0 1.0 0.7 4.7 55.0 0.6 0.0
Uttaranchal 22.0 0.5 3.7 13.5 48.7 11.6 0.0
Smaller States
Tripura 71.9 0.1 0.0 5.7 22.1 0.1 0.0
Meghalaya 25.6 0.5 18.5 2.2 49.7 3.5 0.0
Manipur 72.4 1.5 0.5 2.2 22.3 1.2 0.0
Nagaland 42.8 0.0 4.1 2.5 50.6 0.0 0.0
Goa 8.0 0.0 0.9 1.4 45.5 44.2 0.0
Pondicherry 7.3 0.0 0.0 2.8 49.7 36.0 4.2
Mizoram 5.6 35.5 21.8 0.0 37.1 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 0.7 0.0 0.0 29.4 61.0 5.5 3.5
Sikkim 25.3 0.0 9.5 0.3 63.7 1.2 0.0
A&N Island 28.8 0.4 0.9 0.0 68.1 1.7 0.0
D&N Haveli 9.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.5 42.3 0.0
Daman&Diu 5.4 0.0 0.0 16.9 19.0 58.7 0.0
Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
All INDIA 33.7 0.2 0.3 12.1 40.9 12.7 0.2

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HOUSING CONDITION IN INDIA

With special focus on Rural Areas and Socially

Study sponsored by the SR Sankaran Chair,

Laurie Baker Centre for Habitat Studies

1 Introduction and Summary of Findings

2 Housing Condition in India: An Overview

3 Housing Condition: A State Level Analysis

4 Housing Condition in Rural Areas

5 Social Dimension of Housing Condition:

Volume II: Appendix Tables

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 25.1)

Housing is a basic requirement of human well-being. Along with the requirement of

Inadequate and inappropriate housing is a manifestation of deprivation and is

If housing is to be considered as a basic deprivation, then the state in a democratic

1.1 Rationale for research study on housing for the poor

3. Objectives of the research study

The specific objectives of the study are the following:

 To understand the housing condition in India and prepare a national profile

 To analyze the housing condition across Indian states and provide a

 To analyze the housing condition in terms of social groups by focusing on SCs

4. Summary of main findings

In terms of quality of housing based on ‘good’, ‘livable’ and ‘dilapidated’ housing,

“A dwelling room would include living room, bedroom, dining room,

Electrification of households as a source of lighting is something that had been

Similarly, a majority of households in the states of West

In sum, the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Rajasthan,

If we go by space considerations by defining it as those who have to live with one

Another critical indicator that we would like to highlight is the availability of a

As we mentioned earlier, availability of latrine facility is something that directly

In the following chapters we give a detailed analysis of the housing situation. In

Census provides information based on complete enumeration of all households

Table 2.1: Various uses of Occupied Census houses, 2011

Indicators of Housing Condition

Condition of structure of houses

Figure 1: Distribution of households by the condition of

Source: Census 2011 Note: All figures are in percentages

Source: Census 2011 Note: All figures are in percentages

Good Liveable Dilapidated

Source: Census 2001 and 2011

Table 2.3: Growth in the absolute number of houses, by condition

Table 2.4 shows that 38 percent households in the country lived in

Type of Structure of the Houses

Since the classification of households on the basis of the condition of structure is

Number of Dwelling Rooms

While there is a 2 percentage point increase in two-room dwellings over

Classifying the households by number of dwelling rooms and

All Households One Member

2001 2011 2001 2011

Two Members Three Members

2001 2011 2001 2011

Four Members Five Members

2001 2011 2001 2011

Comparison of Figure 5 and Table 2.6 shows a close correspondence between

Among the social groups, SC households had the highest proportion of

The difference in the proportion of households with good ventilation in rural

Table 2.7: Distribution of households by ventilation (in percentages), 2008-09

The proportion of households in rural areas without a separate kitchen was

Table 2.8: Classification of households by the type of kitchen, 2008-09

Predominant Material for Roofing

Distribution of households by predominant roof material based on Census data reveals

There has been an 89 percent growth in households reporting concrete and 76

Growth (%) % Point Difference

Classification of households by the type of material used for the construction