Campbell Biology, 11e (Urry)

Chapter 43 The Immune System

43.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) Innate immunity ________.

A) is the first, and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens
B) depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to a pathogen
C) is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to a pathogen
D) is found only in vertebrates

2) A strain of fruit fly lacks the ability to produce Dicer-2 protein. You might expect this strain to
be more susceptible to ________ infections.
A) viral
B) bacterial
C) fungal
D) protozoan

3) Vertebrate immune cells, which are phagocytic, include ________.

I) neutrophils
II) macrophages
III) dendritic cells
IV) natural killer cells
A) I and III
B) II and IV
C) I and IV
D) I, II, and III

4) The cells and signaling molecules involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response
are ________.
A) phagocytes and cytokines
B) dendritic cells and interferons
C) mast cells and histamines
D) lymphocytes and interferons

5) Inflammatory responses typically include ________.

A) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area
B) reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma
C) release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area
D) inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow

6) ________ are receptor molecules on mammalian cells that recognize macromolecules that are
present in or on certain groups of pathogens.
A) Cytokines
B) Toll-like receptors
C) Interferons
D) Complement proteins
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7) Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response
to ________.
A) certain bacterial infections
B) specific forms of viruses
C) the presence of natural killer cells
D) increased production of neutrophils

8) ________ are cells of the mammalian innate immune response that help destroy tumors.
A) Cytotoxic T cells
B) Natural killer cells
C) Macrophages
D) B cells

9) Use the graphs to answer the following question.

Mutant fruit flies that make only one antimicrobial peptide were tested for survival after
infection with Neurospora crassa fungi or with Micrococcus luteus bacteria.

The results shown in the graphs support the hypothesis that ________.
A) adding the defensin gene to such mutants protects them from death by bacterial infection
B) adding the drosomycin gene to such mutants protects them from death by bacterial infection
C) wild-type flies with the full set of genes for antimicrobial peptides are highly susceptible to
both fungal and bacterial pathogens
D) the presence of any single antimicrobial peptide protects against both fungal and bacterial
pathogens

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10) A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed
and becomes red, warm, and swollen. What response is occurring?
A) inflammatory response
B) lytic response
C) adaptive immune response
D) autoimmune response

11) Acidity in human sweat is an example of ________.

A) cell-mediated immune responses
B) acquired immunity
C) adaptive immunity
D) innate immunity

12) The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by ________.
A) interferons produced by immune cells
B) the secretion of complement proteins
C) the release of slightly alkaline secretions
D) the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces

13) The complement system is ________.

A) a set of proteins involved in innate but not acquired immunity
B) a group of proteins that includes interferons and interleukins
C) a group of proteins that act together in a cascade fashion
D) a set of proteins that act individually to attack and lyse microbes

14) Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin ________.
A) inactivate the erythrocytes
B) stimulate apoptosis of nearby body cells
C) stimulate release of interferons
D) activate a group of proteins called complement

15) Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is its main immunological
function?
A) sweeping away debris
B) physically trapping of pathogens
C) destruction of pathogens because it is acidic
D) increasing oxygen absorption

16) You and a friend were in line for a movie when you noticed the woman in front of you
sneezing and coughing. Both of you were equally exposed to the woman's virus, but over the
next few days, only your friend acquired flu-like symptoms and was ill for almost a week before
recovering. Which one of the following is a logical explanation for this?
A) Your friend had antibodies to that virus.
B) You had an immunological memory of that virus.
C) Your friend had an autoimmune disorder.
D) Your friend had allergies.

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17) Within a differentiated B cell, the rearrangement of DNA sequences between variable regions
and joining regions is accomplished by a(n)________.
A) RNA polymerase
B) reverse transcriptase
C) telomerase
D) recombinase

18) Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to the
production of ________.
A) large quantities of the antigen initially recognized
B) vast numbers of B cells with random antigen-recognition receptors
C) long-lived erythrocytes that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen
D) short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen

19) A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely
________.
A) lack innate immunity
B) be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors
C) be unable to differentiate and mature T cells
D) have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies

20) Clonal selection is an explanation for how ________.

A) V, J, and C gene segments are rearranged
B) an antigen can provoke production of high amounts of specific antibodies
C) HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) can disrupt the immune system
D) macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells

21) An immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule, of any class, with regions symbolized as C or V, H or L,

has a light chain made up of ________.
A) one C region and one V region
B) one H region and one L region
C) three H regions and one L region
D) two C regions and two V regions

22) Immunological memory accounts for ________.

A) the human body's ability to distinguish self from non-self
B) the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause more severe
disease than others
C) the ability of a helper T cell to signal B cells via cytokines
D) the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care
for those newly diseased

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23) Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.

An otherwise healthy student in your class was infected with EBV (the virus that causes
infectious mononucleosis) when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a
mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. When she is exposed to EBV again later
in life, she does not get sick or have any symptoms of mononucleosis.

Which of the following statements explains why your class mate does not exhibit symptoms of
EBV infection?
A) She was likely infected with a weaker strain of EBV during her second exposure.
B) Complement proteins effectively controlled the EBV during the second infection.
C) Memory T cells quickly recognized the virus upon the second exposure and destroyed the
virally infected cells.
D) Her innate immune response was better at recognizing the EBV antigen during the second
infection.

24) How is a viral antigen, like EBV, recognized by T cells?

A) An antigen fragment is presented within class I MHC to the T cell receptor.
B) Interferon proteins stick to the surface of infected cells.
C) T cells recognize antibodies that have bound to viral particles.
D) The virus is engulfed by T cells using Toll-like receptors.

25) Vaccination offers protection against future exposure to pathogens because it ________.
A) stimulates the complement system
B) triggers clonal expansion of lymphocytes
C) promotes inflammation
D) enhances the activity of macrophages

26) ________ is a characteristic of adaptive immunity but not innate immunity.

A) Memory
B) Inflammation
C) Interferons
D) Lysozyme

27) Lymphocytes mature in the ________.

I) spleen
II) thymus
III) bone marrow
A) only I and III
B) only I and II
C) only II and III
D) I, II, and III

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28) Which of the following statements are fundamental to the clonal selection theory of how the
adaptive immune system functions?
I) Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen.
II) When the lymphocyte binds an antigen, it is activated and begins dividing to form many
identical copies of itself.
III)Cloned lymphocytes have slight differences and are selected by the spleen for removal if they
do not bind an antigen.
IV)Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is
eliminated.
A) only I and III
B) only II and IV
C) only I, II, and IV
D) only II, III, and IV

29) What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity?

A) It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered.
B) It enables an animal to counter most pathogens almost instantly the first time they are
encountered.
C) It results in effector cells with specificity for a large number of antigens.
D) It allows for the destruction of antibodies.

30) Which of the following are similarities between B cells and T cells?
I) They both recognize antigen using immunoglobulin receptors.
II) Both B cells and T cells undergo clonal selection after encountering an antigen.
III) B cells and T cells both maintain an immunological memory of previously encountered
antigens.
A) only III
B) only II
C) both II and III
D) both I and II

31) A certain cell type has existed in the blood and tissue of its vertebrate host's immune system
for over 20 years. One day, it recognizes a newly arrived antigen and binds to it, subsequently
triggering a secondary immune response in the body. Which of the following cell types most
accurately describes this cell?
A) plasma cell
B) thyroid cell
C) memory cell
D) macrophage

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32) Which of the following statements about epitopes are correct?
I) B cell receptors bind to epitopes.
II) T cell receptors bind to epitopes.
III) There can be 10 or more different epitopes on each antigen.
IV) There is a one-to-one correspondence between antigen and epitope.
A) only I and III
B) only II and IV
C) only I, II, and III
D) only II, III, and IV

33) Which of the following proteins can be classified as immunoglobulins?

I) T cell receptors
II) B cell receptors
III) Antigens
A) only I
B) only II
C) both II and III
D) both I and II

34) What type of immunity is associated with breast feeding?

A) innate immunity
B) active immunity
C) passive immunity
D) cell-mediated immunity

35) Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells.
A) B cell contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs
B) body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC
molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface
C) complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines
released
D) cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released
→ cell lysis

36) Arrange in the correct sequence these components of the mammalian immune system as it
first responds to a pathogen.
I) Pathogen is destroyed.
II) Lymphocytes secrete antibodies.
III) Antigens from a pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes.
IV) Lymphocytes specific to antigens from a pathogen become numerous.
V) Only memory cells remain.
A) I → III → II → IV → V
B) II → I → IV → III → V
C) IV → II → III → I → V
D) III → IV → II → I → V

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37) A nonfunctional CD4 protein on a helper T cell would result in the helper T cell being unable
to ________.
A) respond to circulating viral antigens
B) lyse tumor cells
C) stimulate a cytotoxic T cell
D) interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex

38) CD4 and CD8 are ________.

A) proteins secreted by antigen-presenting cells
B) receptors present on the surface of natural killer cells
C) molecules present on the surface of T cells where they interact with major histocompatibility
(MHC) molecules
D) molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells where they enhance B cell activity

39) T cells of the immune system include ________.

A) CD4, CD8, and plasma cells
B) cytotoxic and helper cells
C) plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells
D) lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

40) B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when ________.
A) B cells produce IgE antibodies
B) B cells release cytokines
C) cytotoxic T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface
D) helper T cells release cytokines

41) When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from ________.
A) the antibody having at least two binding regions
B) disulfide bridges between the antigens
C) bonds between class I and class II MHC molecules
D) denaturation of the antibodies

42) Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by ________.

I) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes
II) antibody-mediated opsonization of microbes
III) the release of cytokines by activated B cells
A) only I and II
B) only II and III
C) only I and III
D) I, II, and, III
Opsonization調理作用

43) Naturally acquired passive immunity can result from the ________.
A) injection of vaccine
B) ingestion of interferon
C) placental transfer of antibodies
D) absorption of pathogens through mucous membranes
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44) Jenner's successful use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus was due to
the fact that ________.
A) the immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens
B) the cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox
C) there are some epitopes (antigenic determinants) common to both pox viruses
D) cowpox and smallpox are caused by the same virus

45) An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin would
likely benefit from ________.
A) vaccination with a weakened form of the toxin
B) injection of antibodies to the toxin
C) injection of interleukin-1
D) injection of interferon

46) For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary
that ________.
A) the surface antigens of the pathogen stay the same
B) all of the surface antigens on the pathogen be identified
C) the pathogen has only one epitope
D) the major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules are heterozygous

47) The switch of one B cell from producing one class of antibody to another class of antibody
that is responsive to the same antigen is due to ________.
A) the rearrangement of V region genes in that clone of responsive B cells
B) a switch in the kind of antigen-presenting cell that is involved in the immune response
C) a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells
D) the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C region DNA

48) The number of major histocompatibility (MHC) protein combinations possible in a given
population is enormous. However, an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited
array of MHC molecules because ________.
A) the MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of
rearranging in a number of ways
B) MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II
C) each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for
each gene
D) once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories

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49) A bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor (Jane) to a given
recipient (Jane's cousin, Bob), even though Jane has previously given blood for one of Bob's
needed transfusions, because ________.
A) even though Jane's blood type is a match to Bob's, her major histocompatibility (MHC)
proteins may not be a match
B) a blood type match is less stringent than a match required for transplant because blood is
more tolerant of change
C) for each gene, there is only one blood allele but many tissue alleles
D) Jane's MHC class II genes are not expressed in bone marrow
transfusions輸血

50) An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium
because ________.
A) MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack
MHC molecules
B) the tissue graft, unlike the bacterium, is isolated from the circulation and will not enter into an
immune response
C) a bacterium cannot escape the immune system by replicating inside normal body cells
D) the graft will stimulate an autoimmune response in the recipient

51) Which of the following components of the immune system destroys cancerous cells by
punching holes in plasma membranes and triggering apoptosis?
A) toll-like proteins
B) macrophages
C) plasma cells
D) cytotoxic T cells

52) Which of the following should be the same in identical twins?

A) the set of antibodies produced
B) the set of major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules produced
C) the set of T cell antigen receptors produced
D) the susceptibility to a particular virus

53) Which of the following is crucial to activation of the adaptive immune response?
A) memory cells
B) presentation of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)-antigen complex on a cell surface
C) activation of complement proteins
D) phagocytosis of antibody-antigen complex by macrophages in the blood
Answer: B

54) Which of the following components of the immune system destroys bacteria by punching
holes in the wall of the bacteria?
A) complement protein
B) macrophages
C) plasma cells
D) major histocompatibility complex proteins

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55) Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because ________.
A) of an increase in immunodeficiency diseases
B) the flu can generate anaphylactic shock
C) surviving the flu one year exhausts the immune system to nonresponsiveness the second year
D) rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells

56) A patient who has a high level of mast cell activity, dilation of blood vessels, and acute drop
in blood pressure is likely suffering from ________.
A) an autoimmune disease
B) a typical skin allergy (contact dermatitis) that can be treated by antihistamines
C) an organ transplant, such as a skin graft
D) anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen

57) The ability of some viruses to remain inactive (latent) for a period of time is exemplified by
________.
A) influenza, a particular strain of which returns every 10-20 years
B) herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital) whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or
emotional stress in the host
C) Kaposi's sarcoma, which causes a skin cancer in people with AIDS but rarely in those not
infected by HIV
D) the virus that causes a form of the common cold, which recurs in patients many times in their
lives

58) A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet
as a birthday gift should first be treated with ________.
A) a vaccine
B) sterile pollen
C) antihistamines
D) monoclonal antibodies

59) Which of the following would help a virus avoid triggering an effective adaptive immune
response?
I) having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins
II) building the viral shell from host proteins
III) producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses
IV) infecting and killing helper T cells
A) only I and III
B) only I, II, and IV
C) only I, II, and III
D) only II, III, and IV

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60) Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease?
A) a condition in which B and T cells trigger anaphylactic shock in response to an antigen
B) a condition in which the adaptive immune system fails to recognize the second infection by
the same antigen
C) a condition in which self molecules are treated as nonself (loss of self-tolerance)
D) a condition in which the immune system creates random antibodies without being triggered
by a specific antigen

61) If a person is prone to allergies, what treatment could redirect their immune response to help
prevent future allergic reactions?
A) stimulating activated B cells to switch antibody production from class IgE to class IgM
B) blocking the antigen recognition sites of IgM antibodies
C) reducing the number of helper T cells in the body
D) reducing the number of cytotoxic cells

62) In a humoral or antibody-mediated immune response, specific B cells are stimulated by

helper T cells to transform into plasma cells that secrete antibodies. What would be an important
feature added to the plasma cells during this transition process that allows them to better perform
their function?
A) duplication of specific gene sequences for the appropriate antibody
B) increased rough endoplasmic reticulum for greater antibody production
C) duplication of lysosomes in order to store the antibodies before transport
D) increased antigen presentation on the surface of the plasma cells

1) Which of these is not part of insect immunity?

A) enzyme activation of pathogen-killing chemicals
B) activation of natural killer cells
C) phagocytosis by hemocytes
D) production of antimicrobial peptides

2) An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody?

A) the tail
B) the heavy-chain constant regions only
C) variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined
D) the light-chain constant regions only

3) Which statement best describes the difference between responses of effector B cells (plasma
cells) and those of cytotoxic T cells?
A) B cells confer active immunity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity.
B) B cells respond the first time a pathogen is present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent
times.
C) B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host
cells.
D) B cells carry out the cell-mediated response; cytotoxic T cells carry out the humoral response.

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4) Which of the following statements is not true?
A) An antibody has more than one antigen-binding site.
B) A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens.
C) An antigen can have different epitopes.
D) A liver or muscle cell makes one class of MHC molecule.

5) Which of the following should be the same in identical twins?

A) the set of antibodies produced
B) the set of MHC molecules produced
C) the set of T cell antigen receptors produced
D) the set of immune cells eliminated as self-reactive

6) Vaccination increases the number of

A) different receptors that recognize a pathogen.
B) lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen.
C) epitopes that the immune system can recognize.
D) MHC molecules that can present an antigen.

7) Which of the following would not help a virus avoid triggering an adaptive immune response?
A) having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins
B) infecting cells that produce very few MHC molecules
C) producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses
D) infecting and killing helper T cells

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