Data Communication: Numerical on Unit 4

1.) What is the length of a bit in a channel with a propagation speed of 2 x 108 m/s if
the channel bandwidth is:
a. 1 Mbps?
b. 10 Mbps?
c. 100 Mbps?
Solution: We have
(bit length) = (propagation speed) × (bit duration)
The bit duration is the inverse of the bandwidth.

a. Bit length = (2 ×108 m) × [(1 / (1 Mbps)] = 200 m. This means a bit occupies
200 meters on a transmission medium.

b. Bit length = (2 ×108 m) × [(1 / (10 Mbps)] = 20 m. This means a bit occupies 20
meters on a transmission medium.

c. Bit length = (2 ×108 m) × [(1 / (100 Mbps)] = 2 m. This means a bit occupies 2
meters on a transmission medium.
2.) What is the transmission time of a packet sent by a station if the length of the
packet is 1 million bytes and the bandwidth of the channel is 200 Kbps?
Solution: transmission time = (packet length)/(bandwidth)

=(8,000,000 bits) / (200,000 bps) = 40 s

3.) A digitized voice channel, is made by digitizing a 4-kHz bandwidth analog voice signal.
We need to sample the signal at twice the highest frequency (two samples per hertz). We
assume that each sample requires 8 bits. What is the required bit rate?
Solution:
The bit rate can be calculated as:
2 x 4000 x 8 =64,000 bps =64 kbps
 4.) The loss in a cable is usually defined in decibels per kilometer (dB/km). If the signal at
the beginning of a cable with -0.3 dBlkm has a power of 2 mW, what is the power of the
signal at 5 km?
Solution:
The loss in the cable in decibels is 5 x (-0.3)= -1.5 dB. We can calculate the power as:

5.) Consider a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 3000 Hz transmitting a signal with two
signal levels. The maximum bit rate can be calculated as
Solution:

BitRate =2 x 3000 x log2 2 =6000 bps

6.) Consider the same noiseless channel transmitting a signal with four signal levels (for
each level, we send 2 bits). The maximum bit rate can be calculated as
Solution:
BitRate =2 x 3000 X log2 4 = 12,000 bps

7.) Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4 kHz. We need to combine three
voice channels into a link with a bandwidth of 12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz. Show the
configuration, using the frequency domain. Assume there are no guard bands.
Solution:
We shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a different bandwidth, as shown
in Figure 6.6. We use the 20- to 24-kHz bandwidth for the first channel, the 24- to 28-kHz
bandwidth for the second channel, and the 28- to 32-kHz bandwidth for the third one. Then we
combine them as shown in Figure 6.6. At the receiver, each channel receives the entire signal,
using a filter to separate out its own signal. The first channel uses a filter that passes frequencies
between 20 and 24 kHz and filters out (discards) any other frequencies. The second channel uses
a filter that passes frequencies between 24 and 28 kHz, and the third channel uses a filter that
passes frequencies between 28 and 32 kHz. Each channel then shifts the frequency to start from
zero.
 8.) A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only an average of 12,000 frames per
minute with each frame carrying an average of 10,000 bits. What is the throughput of this
network?

Solution:
We can calculate the throughput as
Throughput= 12,000 x 10,000 =2 Mbps

60

The throughput is almost one-fifth of the bandwidth in this case.