TITLE: Neutralization Capacity of Commercial Antacid Tablet.

OBJECTIVE:

1. To prepare Hydrochloric acid solution.

2. To standardize the acid against sodium hydroxide.
3. To determine neutralization capacity of a commercial antacid tablet.

ABSTRACT:

The purposes of this experiment are to prepare hydrochloric acid solution, to standardize the acid
against sodium hydroxide and to determine neutralization capacity of a commercial antacid
tablet. In this experiment, we had to prepare 250ml of 0.5M HCl from 6M of HCl but the volume
we used was only 20.8ml after did the calculation by using formula M1V1=M2V2. Then, this
experiment also required us to standardize the acid which is hydrochloric acid against secondary
standard sodium hydroxide (from previous experiment). To standardize the acid, titration
method was used by titrating the solution in conical flask that contain 10.0mL HCl. 20.0mL
distilled water and 3 drops of phenolphthalein with NaOH in the burette to the end-point. From
the result, the average of concentration HCl was 0.6775M after doing some calculation. From the
last purpose of this experiment, before the titration begin, the tablet was crushed and divided into
3 conical flask then 25ml distilled water and 10ml HCl were added. Then the titration is continue
with NaOH solution. This method called as a back- titration which mean the reactions above are
reversed. So, from the result the total mass of Al(OH)3 in tablet was 13.624mg.

INTRODUCTION:

In this experiment, we will prepare an approximate concentration of hydrochloric acid solution

and standardize it against the now standard sodium hydroxide solution which we have prepared
in experiment 2. Hydrochloric acid is not a primary standard it’s because the concentrated
solution vaporizes rapidly at room temperature. In terms of ranking, the earlier KHP is the
primary standard; followed by NaOH solution is the secondary standard and now HCl is
standardized against a secondary standard solution making it a tertiary standard solution.
Acid-base reactions and the acidity (or basicity) of solutions are extremely important in a number
of different contexts — industrial, environmental, biological, etc. The quantitative analysis of
acidic or basic solutions can be performed by titration. In a titration, one solution of known
concentration is used to determine the concentration of another solution by monitoring their
reaction.
Recall that concentration is often reported in molarity, M.
M = number moles of solute/ L solution = solute
An acid is a source of aqueous H+(aq). For example, HCl(aq) is the acid in your stomach:
HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl–(aq). In a healthy stomach, pH is regulated naturally and digestion
functions properly when the pH is around 3 (recall neutral is pH = 7). Excess stomach acid can
be combated with bases, or "antacids". Bases are H+(aq) acceptors; in water, they provide
species that can react with H+(aq). Common ingredients in antacids are metal hydroxide and
metal carbonate salts. The hydroxides provide hydroxide ion, OH–, which can react with H+(aq)
to form H2O. Carbonates provide the carbonate ion, CO32–, which can react with H+(aq) to
form H2O and CO2. The reactions of interest in this lab are neutralization reactions.
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
2 H+(aq) + CO32–(aq) → H2O(l) + CO2(g)
The active ingredients in the antacid used in this experiment are listed on the label as 110 mg of
Mg(OH)2 and 550 mg of CaCO3. The balanced equations for the neutralization of acid with
these active ingredients are:
Mg(OH)2 + 2 HCl equilibrium arrow Mg2+ + 2 Cl– + 2 H2O
CaCO3 + 2 HCl equilibrium arrow Ca2+ + 2 Cl– + CO2(g) + H2O
To determine the amount of base in an actual tablet, ideally you would dissolve it in water and
titrate with acid. In most titrations, solutions of the acid and the base are used. This is not an
option here because CaCO3 is quite insoluble in water. By the time the tablet completely
dissolves, you will have added too much acid.
To overcome this problem, the antacid tablet is dissolved in a known amount of excess acid; the
excess acid is neutralized with more base.
tablet[Mg(OH)2/CaCO3] + HCl → neutralized tablet + excess acid → acidic solution
excess HCl + NaOH → neutral solution
The excess HCl is titrated with NaOH(aq) until enough OH– (from the NaOH solution) has been
added to completely react with the excess H+ (from the excess HCl in the solution). So, part of
the added acid is neutralized by the antacid tablet; the remainder is neutralized by the NaOH
added. This is called back titration.
The equivalence point is when the number of moles of NaOH added equals the number of moles
of HCl remaining after the reaction with the tablet. HCl is the H+(aq) source; NaOH is the OH–
(aq) source. At the endpoint of the titration, the acid has been neutralized by the base.

PROCEDURE:
A. PREPARATION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID SOLUTION
The volume of 6.0M HCl that needed to prepare 250ml of 0.5ml HCl was calculated. The rough
volume of distilled water required also was calculated. About 80% of the required distilled water
was poured into 500ml conical flask. Distilled water was added to make up to 250ml mark on the
conical flask. The flask was covered carefully with parafilm and the solution was mixed well.
The solution was labelled
.
B. STANDARDISATION OF THE ACID AGAINST SODIUM HYDROXIDE.
In this procedure, the secondary standard NaOH solution (from experiment 2) was used to
standardize the HCl solution prepared above to form a tertiary standard.
A 50ml burette was rinsed and filled with standard NaOH solution. The initial reading was
recorded after checking and removing the air bubbles at the burette’s tip.

10ml of prepared HCl solution was pipetted accurately and transferred into a clean conical flask.
About 20ml distilled water was added followed by 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the
flask and was titrated to the end point with the standard NaOH solution. The final reading of the
titrant was recorded. This titration was repeated at least two more times.

C. DETERMINATION OF NEUTRALISATION CAPACITY OF AN ANTACID TABLET

The above burette containing the NaOH solution was refilled. Any air bubbles presented at the
tip was checked and removed. The initial reading was recorded.

One antacid tablet provided in the lab was obtained. Without touching the tablet with hand, the
tablet was weighed and its mass was recorded in notebook. The antacid was crushed carefully
using a mortar and pestle. The crush tablet was split into three samples. Each sample was
reweighed to the nearest milligram. The mass of each sample was recorded into notebook. Each
sample was transferred to clean 250ml conical flask.

25ml of distilled water was measured approximately and poured it into the flask. 10ml of the
standard acid was dispense into the flask containing the crushed tablet using a volumetric pipette.
Next, the content in the flask was heated on a hot plate. The solution was boiled gently for 5
minutes. Then, the solution was checked that the flask only contains the remaining acid solution
using litmus paper.

DISCUSSION:
From the result for part A which is preparation of the Hydrochloric Acid Solution, the volume of
6.0M HCl taken that has been calculated to prepare 250mL of 0.5M HCl was 20.8mL.
Next, for part B which is standardisation of the Acid against sodium Hydroxide. We had to titrate
a solution that contain 10.0mL HCl, 20mL distilled water and 3 drops of phenolphthalein with
50mL NaOH standard solution for 3 trials. From the result and calculation, the molarity of HCl
that we get after titration 3 trials were 0.4592M, 0.4661M and 0.4730M respectively. So, the
average of concentration HCl was 0.4661M.
Lastly, for part C which is determination of Neutralisation Capacity of an Antacid Tablet. From
the result, the initial mole of HCl that get was 4.661 mmol. In the titration 1, the mole of NaOH
was 4.386 mmol. The mole of HCl reacted was 0.275 mmol. From mole of HCl we calculated
the mol of Al(OH)3 was 0.09167 mmol Al. The mass of Al(OH)3 in mg that we calculated was
7.150 mg. Next, in titration 2, mol of NaOH that we calculated was 4.472 mmol . Mole of HCl
reacted was 0.189 mmol. So, the mol Al(OH)3 that has been calculated from mole of HCl reacted
was 0.063 mmol Al. Then, the mass of Al(OH)3 in mg was 4.914 mg in sample 2. For titration 3,
the mole NaOH that has been calculated was 4.601 mmol, and the mole of HCl reacted was 0.06
mmol . so from the mol HCl reacted, the mole of Al(OH)3 was 0.02mol Al and from that the
mass of Al(OH)3 in mg calculated was 1.56mg in sample 3. So the total masa of Al(OH)3 in
tablet was 13.624mg. The percentage error of this experiment was 93.69%.

CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, hydrochloric acid solution has been prepared. 250ml of 0.5M HCl had prepared
from 6M HCl by taking 20.8ml of its volume.the acid (HCl) also has been standardized againt
NaOH. The average of concentration of HCl is 0.4661M.Neutralisation capacity of a commercial
antacid tablet was determined. The total mass of Al(OH)3 in 0.5964g is 13.624mg. The
percentage error of this experiment is 93.69%

QUESTION:
1. Acid is always added to water and never reversed. Why?
A large amount of heat is released when strong acids are mixed with water, so adding
more acid releases more heat. If water is added to acid, an extremely concentrated
solution of acid is formed initially. So much heat will be released and that the solution
may boil very violently, resulting in splashing the concentrated acid out of the container.
2. Write a balanced equation for the reaction of the antacid with HCl if the antacid contains
hydroxide ion.
Al(OH)3 (s)+ 3 HCl (aq)→AlCl3 (aq)+ 3 H2O (l)
3. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction if the antacid contains carbonate ion.
MgCO3 (s)+ 2 HCl (aq)→MgCl2 (aq)+ H2O (l)+ CO2

REFERENCE:

1. https://studylib.net/doc/6627507/acid-neutralizing-capacity-of-an-antacid

2. https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/893/why-first-water-and-then-acid

3. https://www.webassign.net/question_assets/ucscgencheml1/lab_4/manual.html

4. https://www.scribd.com/document/287043112/Neutralisation-Capacity-of-Commercial-
Antacid-Tablet