Different type of Speech Context
the immediacy and primacy of the situation.
Intrapersonal Communication
This is a type of communication that happens
within itself, self-talk, only had one person participating
and it wrote down verbally or non-verbally of what it
thinks.
Purpose:
To communicate, express, assess. Clarify and
motivate one’s person
There are three types of Intrapersonal
Communication
1.Interval discourse – refers to talking to
oneself (thinking, concentrating, analyzing) without the
use of verbal sounds.
2. Solo Vocal Communication- refers to the use
of voice or the use of words verbally while talking to
oneself.
3. Solo Written Communication- refers to
taking down notes or to write notes about one person’s
thoughts, feeling and ideas. Example to this are diary
and journal.
Interpersonal Communication
This type of communication happens when you
socialize, communicate and talk to more than 2
persons. And also between and among people that
establishes personal relationship between. It may be
categorized as personal or impersonal, direct or indirect
and formal or informal.
Personal – when two people communicating knew
each other, these are the family members, relatives and
close friends.
Impersonal – when two communicators do not really
know each other that well, like acquaintance or just met
because of an event or gathering.
Formal – more formal way of talking just like between
the employer and the employee.
Informal-- the opposite of formal
Direct—it the face- to- face communication thus it
should be take place at the right immediacy (moment)
and at a particular primacy (time).
Indirect—it takes place between two persons minus
Interpersonal communication can be categorized by the
number of its participants
Dyadic
It involves two persons sharing mutual ideas
thoughts, likes or dislikes and ideas.
It is characterized by intimacy (had past
encounter), primacy and immediacy.
It is the common form of speech
communication.
Flow:
The flow of this communication, there should be an
immediate response for the reason that the participants
are facing each other.
Small group
It involves on three or more persons.
It has broad participants that requires a face-
to face communication.
The small group could also have mediated when
the participants are involving the use of technology as
the medium to make a conversation or to communicate
with other it may be through skype and messenger
because there will be an immediate response. But
mediated could be absent when the sender used such
as e-mail cause the delivery of the message will be
delayed.
Intrapersonal have also some characteristics
- It involves two or more persons
- It is continuous – because of the presence of
verbal and non-verbal words and action
- It need not be face-to-face
- It is transactional – you are able to gain
knowledge, lessons, information and etc.
- It is irreversible- because you cannot take back
what you said
- Involves verbal and non-verbal cues
- It is affected by noise
- It involves feedback – ‘feedback’- component
that completes the gap of communication. It is
important, so you could assess if the person
you’re talking to understand the information
you’ve given.
Public Communication
This type refers to communication that requires
you to deliver or send the message before or in front of
a group. The message can be driven by informational or
persuasive purposes. “In public communication, unlike
in interpersonal and small group, the channels are more
exaggerated. The voice is louder and the gestures are
more expansive because the audience is bigger. The
speaker might use additional visual channels such as
slides or a Power Point presentation.” (Hybels &
Weaver, 2012, p 19)
Characteristic of Public Speaking
Audience centered
consider the need and welfare of the audience
- knowing their social composition: Age, sex,
Religion, Race, Educational status, occupation,
family status, economic status, politics and
membership
- Know the Attitude toward the speech- it is
important to know if the audience is interested
or not in the topic
- Know the audience’s attitude towards the
speech purpose- the speaker should gave his
best to present clearly to the major the purpose
of his speech
- Know the audience’s attitude toward the
speaker- it is important to know that it is hard
to please everyone, you only need to
understand that you cannot give everything to
the audience.
There are different types of audience:
Positive Audience
Negative Audience-giving negative attitude towards
the speaker
Hostile Audience- the unfriendly audience that
really oppose and resist the information presented
by the speaker
In order to deal the negative and hostile audience
you have to maintain the friendly attitude and
display modesty and good sense of humor and do
not panic.
It involves critical thinking
Is the process of quantitative and qualitative
assessing the information people have accumulated and
how they use that information to solve problems and
new patterns of understanding. The critical thinking
means or occurs when the audience accumulate the
ideas imparted to them by the speaker, assess whether
the information given is valid, decide what to believe,
form their judgement and apply the new learning.
It requires ethics
Ethics is defined as a set or moral principles or rules
of behavior that determines what is right and wrong. As
a speaker you should be ethical meaning to say is you as
a speaker you are required to deliver the truth in
everything you say. Get some true reference and source
and explain it well to the audience so that they won’t
doubt and do not insult them or give an angry tone.
Show them how genuineness you are by your facial
expression, actions and tone.
It empowers the speaker
It is empowering in the way that the speaker is the
one who is in hold or control of everything and manage
the audience
Small Group
It is also known as the task group or work group
who participates in democratic exchange of ideas in a
group and it can be also classified as two the private
and the public
Private- it involves no audience only jut the members or
participants inside the private room.
Public- it involves a lager crowd
Other type of discussion
Panel discussion- the most popular small group
discussion, it involves certain speaker facing the crowd.
Informal yet organized, complex ideas that is talked by
within two or more panelists.
Lecture- a speech given by an expert, a discussion type:
the speaker should think of a technique and strategies
to connect with the audience. There are two types of
lecture: The Deductive – start from the simple to the
complex and the Inductive- present the information
from complex to simple.
Forum – a medium avenue of open discussion and it is
held after an event or discussion
Open forum (giving question after the discussion)
Symposium – series of individual presentation
addressing different aspects of a single topic
Debate- exchanging of arguments on a two opposing
team, developing critical thinking; while giving
evidence. Expressing opinion on a certain topic.
Round table discussion- form of academic discussion
where participants agree on a specific topic to discuss
and debate.
Each person is given equal right to participate, as
illustrated by the idea of circular layout referred to in
the term round table. Similar to panel discussion, where
the audience is seated face-to-face around a table.
Types of Speech Style
The context dictates and affects the way people
communicate, which results in various speech styles.
According to Joos (1968), there are five speech styles.
These are (1) intimate, (2) casual, (3) consultative, (4)
formal, and (5) frozen.
Each style dictates what appropriate language or
vocabulary should be used or observed.
1. Intimate – This style is private, which occurs between
or among close family members or individuals. The
language used in this style may not be shared in public.
2. Casual – This style is common among peers and
friends. Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language are
used.
3. Consultative – This style is the standard one.
Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must
in this style. Examples of situations are communication
between teachers and students, employers and
employees, doctor and patient, judge and lawyer, or
President and his/her constituents.
4. Formal – This style is used in formal settings. Unlike
the consultative style, this is one-way. Examples are
sermons by priests and ministers, State of the Nation
Address of the President, formal speeches, or
pronouncements by judges.
5. Frozen – This style is “frozen” in time and remains
unchanged. It mostly occurs in ceremonies. Common
examples are the Preamble to the Constitution, Lord’s
Prayer, and Allegiance to country or flag.
Types of Speech Acts
A speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to
achieve an intended effect.
Some of the functions which are carried out using
speech acts are offering an apology, greeting, request,
complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal.
A speech act might contain just one word or several
words or sentences. For example, “Thanks” and “Thank
you for always being there for me. I really appreciate it”
both show appreciation regardless of the length of the
statement.
It is the basic unit of language that is use to express
meaning or mental acts. Utterance is defined by the
speaker intentions and to its listener
Speech Act Theory
- communication is a series of communicative acts
that are systematically in order to accomplish a
particular meaning or reason.
- The utterance can have direct or indirect
meaning and it can affect the respond of the
speaker or listener.
- Concentrates more to the use of word to
present and carry out action (apply or
performing)
- The basic speech acts and the basis pf all other
type of speech acts
Three Types of Speech Act According to J. L. Austin
(1962), in every utterance, given the right
circumstances or context.
These are:
1. Locutionary - act is the actual act of uttering.
-the direct and literal meaning of the
words that have utter and no need to analyze it because
it is what it is. Example: “Please do the dishes.”
There are two Locutinary
Utterance act- said something but it may have no sense
example: Oh! And Ouch!, because emotional expression
is being utter.
Propositional act – it is something in used of reference.
Example is Oh! The dark cat, golf fish and the cow. (It
has reference)
2. Illocutionary act is the social function of what is said.
 By uttering the locution “Please do the dishes,” the
speaker requests the addressee to wash the dishes.
3. Perlocutionary act is the resulting act of what is said.
This effect is based on the particular context in which
the speech act was mentioned.
“Please do the dishes” would lead to the addressee
washing the dishes.
There are also indirect speech acts which occur when
there is no direct connection between the form of the
utterance and the intended meaning. They are different
in force (i.e., intention) from the inferred speech act.
For example, read the following utterance.
4. Expressive – a type of illocutionary act in which the
speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional
reactions. Some examples of an expressive act are
thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and deploring.
Example: I am so sorry for not helping out in our group
projects and letting you do all the work.
5. Declaration – a type of illocutionary act which brings
a change in the external situation. Simply put,
declarations bring into existence or cause the state of
affairs which they refer to. Some examples of
declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding,
passing a sentence, and excommunicating.

“Can you pass the rice?” Example: You are fired!

Inferred speech act: Do you have the ability to hand
over the rice? Indirect speech act: Please pass the rice.
So while the utterance literally asks the addressee if he
or she has the ability to hand a plate of rice, it actually
indirectly requests the addressee to pass the rice to the
speaker.
Searle’s Classifications of Speech Act
As a response to Austin’s Speech Act Theory, John
Searle (1976), a professor from the University of
California, Berkeley, classified illocutionary acts into five
distinct categories.
By saying that someone is fired, an employer causes or
brings about the person’s unemployment, thus
changing his external situation.
Always keep in mind that speech acts include concrete
life interactions that require the appropriate use of
language within a given culture. Communicative
competence (i.e., the ability to use linguistic knowledge
to effectively communicate with others) is essential for
a speaker to be able to use and understand speech acts.
Idioms and other nuances in a certain language might
be lost or misunderstood by someone who does not
fully grasp the language yet.

1. Assertive – a type of illocutionary act in which the

speaker expresses belief about the truth of a
proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are
suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, and
concluding.

Example: No one makes better pancakes than I do.

2. Directive – a type of illocutionary act in which the

speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action.
Some examples of a directive act are asking, ordering,
requesting, inviting, advising, and begging.

Example: Please close the door.

3. Commissive – a type of illocutionary act which

commits the speaker to doing something in the future.
Examples of a commissive act are promising, planning,
vowing, and betting.

Example: From now on, I will participate in our group

activity.