ANIMAL TISSUES

 Four fundamental tissues

 Derived from the primary germ layers of the
embryo
 Ectoderm
 Mesoderm
 Endoderm
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
(COVERING)
 Tightly-joined closely-packed cells
 One side of epithelium exposed to air or
internal fluid, other side attached to a
basement membrane, a dense mat of
extracellular matrix (connective tissue)
 Covers the outside of the body and lines
the internal organs and cavities
 Barrier against mechanical injury,
invasive microorganisms, and fluid loss
 Provides surface for absorption,
excretion and transport of molecules
TYPES OF
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
 Cell shape
 Squamous
 Cuboidal
 Columnar

 Number of cell
layers
 Simple
 Pseudostratified
 Columnar
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(FRAMEWORK)
 Derived from
mesenchyme
 Main function:
binding and support
other tissues
 Large amount of
extra-cellular matrix
with fewer cells
 Connective tissue cells
secrete the extra-
cellular matrix
 Extracellular matrix
consists of network of
fibers in liquid, jelly-
like or solid matrix
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
 Loose Connective Tissue
 Made up of highly elastic fibers with few
scattered thin collagen fibers
 Fills the space between organs

 Binds muscle together and the skin to the

underlying tissues
 Dense Connective Tissue
 Made up of thick collagen fibers and dark,
compressed cells between fiber bundles
 Tendons, ligaments, dermis of the skin and

submucous layer of the intestine and urinary

tract
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 CARTILAGE
 Cartilage cells – “chondrocytes”
 Lodged in cavities & spaces - “lacunae”
 Produced by chondroblast – “chondrification”
1. Hyaline cartilage
– covered by fibrous layer called “perichondirum”
- nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, ends of ribs and
surfaces of bones
2. Elastic cartilage
- cells are similar with hyaline but differ by its yellow
color, greater flexibility and elasticity
- external ear, Eustachian tube, epiglottis
3. Fibrous cartilage
- resembles tendon
- intervertebral discs, mandibular joints
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 BONE (OSSEOUS) TISSUE – “ossein” (bone
collagen))
 Hard specialized CT with collagenous matrix
impregnated with mineral salt deposits
 Calcium & Phosphorus
 Cells – “osteocytes”
 Embedded in matrix containing “ostein”
 Produced by osteoblast by ossification

 1. Accdg to shape
 2. Accdg to consistency
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 SHAPE
 Long bone
 Diaphysis or shaft
 Cavity
 Epiphysis or ends of the bone
 Arms and legs

 Flat bone
 Lack BM cavity
 Skull and scapula

 Irregular bone
 Neither long or flat, lacks BM
 Wrist, ankle
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 CONSISTENCY
 Compact bone
 Matrix exhibits a regular arrangement of calcified
tissue into layer called lamellae
 Basic unit – osteons or Haversian system
PARTS:
1. Lamellae – concentric rings/ circles of matrix
2. Lacunae – spaces between lamellae
3. Osteocytes – bone cells
4. Canaliculi – channels that link lacunae together;
provide routes for nutrients & removal of waste
5. Haversian canals – tubes containing blood vessels
and nerves
 BONE MARROW – found within bones
 Production of cells

 1. Red bone marrow

 2. Yellow bone marrow
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSE
 BLOOD (VASCULAR) TISSUE
 Functions for the transport of gases, nutrients,
hormones, enzymes and other substances to and from
the different parts of the body
 Red blood cell
 White blood cell
 Platelet
 Plasma
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
Blood and Its Functions
 Transports oxygen and nutrients to body’s cells
and tissues
 Transports hormones to their target area

 Eliminates waste materials from the body’s cells

 Maintains water balance for body’s cells and

tissues
 Transports antibodies and protective substances
throughout the body
 Assist in regulating body temperature

 Helps maintain acid base balance

COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
 Blood is composed of cellular or formed elements
and the liquid portion.
 Formed elements: (45%)
• RBCs (erythrocytes)
• WBCs (leukocytes)
• Platelets (thrombocytes)

 Liquid portion (55%) : Plasma

 Contains mostly of water
 straw colored
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
ERYTHROCYTES
 Bone marrow

 Most numerous

 Biconcave

 Flexible

 120 days

 Hemoglobin

 Anemia
 COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
LEUKOCYTES
 Destroys foreign substances
and removes cellular debris
 Diapedesis – ability to pass
thru capillaries thin walls
 Phagocytosis

 Stains

 Granulocytes vs
agranulocytes
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
LEUKOCYTES
 Neutrophils

 Lymphocytes

 Monocytes

 Eosinophils

 Basophils
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
PLATELETS
 Smallest

 Anucleated

 Fragments of
megakaryocytes
 Prevents blood loss

 Platelet plug
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
PLASMA & SERUM
 Liquid portion

 Pale yellow
 Water
 Nutrients
 Hormones
 Electrolytes
 Proteins (Fibrinogen, Globulins,
Albumin)
 Waste
 Protective substances
 COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
PLASMA & SERUM
Water – 90-92%
Nutrients – cholesterol, FA, AA and glucose
Hormones – assist in chemical reactions and allow the body to
maintain a constant balance
Electrolytes – Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca ; regulation of the body’s water
Proteins
Fibrinogen – aids in clotting
Globulins – fight foreign invaders (antibodies)
Albumin – Most abundant; assist in regulating BP
Waste – urea, uric acid, creatinine and xanthine ; product of
chemical reactions
Protective substances
 Composed of long cells called
MUSCLE TISSUE 
muscle fibers
(MOVEMENT)  Contraction  movement
FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLE TISSUE

 Movement

 Heat production

 Maintenance of posture

 Stabilize joints
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

 Excitability

 Contractibility

 Extensibility

 Elasticity
TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
 SKELETAL MUSCLE
 Long, cylindrical muscle fibers with crossbanded or
striated appearance
 CARDIAC MUSCLE
 Striated muscle, branched muscle fibers and has a
single central nucleus that occupies the center of the
fiber
 VISCERAL/SMOOTH MUSCLE
 Spindle shaped cells which are thickened at the
middle but tapered toward the ends
TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
(CONTROL)
 Senses stimuli
and transmits
signals called
nerve impulses Axon
from one part
of an animal to
another
Dendrite
 Consists of a
cell body and
long extensions Cell body
called dendrites
(towards cell
body) and
axons (towards
another cell or
an effector)
NEURONS
1. Cell body (Cyton)
- central nucleus within the protoplasmic fluid “neuroplasm”

- Mitochondria, golgi apparatus

- Centrioles are absent

- No replacement for destroyed neurons

2. Cell processes – cytoplasmic extensions

a. Dendrite or Dendron – one/more processes which carry
impulses towards the cell body
b. Axon – single process, long and does not branch near the
cell body
–arises form projecting conical elevation in the cell
body – “axon hillock”
- conveys impulses away from the cell body
 Tissue Type Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve

Cell Shape Flattened, Irregular or round Elongated Cell appendages

cuboidal, branched
columnar
Cell Single  Scattered in In sheets or Isolated or
Arrangement multilayered matrix bundles networked

Location Body covering or Supports other Lining internal Concentrated in

lining organs or organs organs, make brain and spinal
cavities skeletal muscles cord + all over
the body
Surface Feature Cilia, microvilli - - -
of Cells
Matrix Type Basement Varied – protein - -
membrane fibers + liquid,
gelatinous, firm
to calcified
Matrix Amount Minimal Extensive Absent Absent

Unique Feature No direct blood Cartilage has no Can generate Can generate
supply, except for blood supply electrical signals, electrical signal
glands force and
movement