𝑀𝐴𝑇𝑅𝐼𝐶𝐸𝑆 𝑆𝐸𝑀𝐸𝐽𝐴𝑁𝑇𝐸𝑆

𝐷𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐴 𝑦 𝐵 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑖 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑃

𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑃−1 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐵
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑑
𝑆𝑖 𝐴 𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝐵 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐵 𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝐴

PROPIEDADES DE LAS MATRICES

1.- 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜 𝜆 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚é𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜

𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑚𝜆 ≤ 𝑛𝜆

2. −𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎, 𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑦 𝑣 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑠

𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑢 𝑦 𝑣 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒
𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠

3. −𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑚é𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎, 𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑦 𝑣 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑠

𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑢 𝑦 𝑣 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠

4. −𝑇𝑜𝑑𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑚é𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

5. −𝐸𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑚é𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒:

𝑛𝜆 = 𝑚𝜆 ∀𝜆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜

6. −𝐿𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟

𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑗𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖é𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑠,
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑚é𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑗𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑛ú𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠

7. −𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐴 𝑦 𝐵 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠, 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑃 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟

𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑃−1 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐵, 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
(𝑎) 𝐴 𝑦 𝐵 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜 (𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔(𝐴) = 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔(𝐵))
(𝑏) 𝐴 𝑦 𝐵 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒(|𝐴| = |𝐵|)
(𝑐) 𝐴 𝑦 𝐵 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑎 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑎(𝐴) = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑎(𝐵))
(𝑑)𝐴 𝑦 𝐵 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑢𝑛𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠
(𝜆 𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐴 ↔ 𝜆 𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐵)
(𝑒) 𝐴 𝑦 𝐵 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟í𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = |𝐵 − 𝜆𝐼|

8. −𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑢, 𝑣, … 𝑤 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠

𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝛼, 𝛽, … 𝛾 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝐴

𝛼 0 .. 0
0 𝛽 .. 0
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑃 = [𝑢 𝑣 … . 𝑤] → 𝑃−1 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐷 = 𝐷𝑖𝑔(𝛼, 𝛽, … , 𝛾) = [ ]
.. .. … 0
0 0 0 𝛾
 Observación:
El primer valor propio de D es el valor propio correspondiente al primer vector de P
El segundo valor propio de D es el valor propio correspondiente al segundo vector de P
…etc.

Ejercicio

Solución
Se debe diagonalizar N
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴=[ ]
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎−𝜆 𝑏
𝑃(𝜆) = |𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = | |
𝑐 𝑑−𝜆

𝑃(𝜆) = 𝜆2 − 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑎(𝐴)𝜆 + |𝐴|

1 1
Para 𝑁 = [ ]
1 1
1−𝜆 1
𝑃(𝜆) = |𝑁 − 𝜆𝐼| = | |
1 1−𝜆
1 1
𝑃(𝜆) = 𝜆2 − (1 + 1)𝜆 + | |
1 1
𝑃(𝜆) = 𝜆2 − 2𝜆 = 0
𝑃(𝜆) = 𝜆(𝜆 − 2) = 0 → 𝜆 = 0 , 2
Hallemos el espacio propio de 𝜆 = 0
(𝑁 − 𝜆𝐼)𝑥⃗ = ⃗⃗
0 → (𝑁 − 0𝐼)𝑥⃗ = ⃗⃗
0 → 𝑁𝑥⃗ = ⃗⃗
0
1 1 𝑥 0
[ ] [ ] = [ ] , 𝑓2 = 𝑓1 → 𝑓1: 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 → 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = −𝑡
1 1 𝑦 0
𝑥 𝑡 1 1
[𝑦] = [ ] = 𝑡 [ ] → 𝑃1 = [ ]
−𝑡 −1 −1

Como N es simétrica entonces los vectores propios de valores propios diferentes

Son ortogonales
1
Un vector ortogonal de 𝑃1 = (1,-1) es (1,1) → 𝑃2 = [ ]
1
𝐸𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (1,1)𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝜆 = 2
1 1
𝑃 = [𝑃1 𝑃2 ] = [ ]
−1 1
𝜆1 0 0 0
𝑃−1 𝑁𝑃 = 𝐷 = 𝐷𝑖𝑔(𝜆1 , 𝜆2 ) = [ ]=[ ]
0 𝜆2 0 2
Sea
1 1 𝜆 0 2 0
𝑃 = [𝑃2 𝑃1 ] = [ ] → 𝑃 −1 𝑁𝑃 = [ 2 ]=[ ]
1 −1 0 𝜆1 0 0
→ 𝑃−1 𝑁𝑃 = 𝑀
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎: 𝑀 𝑦 𝑁 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠