1998 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS

Presidential elections were held in the Philippines on May 11, 1998. In the presidential election, Vice President Joseph Estrada won a
six-year term as President by a landslide victory. In the vice-presidential race, Senator Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo won a six-year term
as Vice President also by a landslide victory. This was the third election where both president and vice president came from different
parties.

Results[edit]
The 10th Congress canvassed the votes in joint session for a number of days before declaring Estrada and Arroyo as the winners; with
Senate President Neptali Gonzales and Speaker De Venecia announcing the victors.
While the official canvassing did not start a fortnight after Election Day, the National Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL) held a
parallel and unofficial quick count which was released days after the election and was updated at irregular intervals. NAMFREL based
their tally from the seventh copy of the election returns given to them.
In theory, the totals for the official canvassing (derived from the certificates of canvass, which are then derived from the election returns)
and the completed NAMFREL quick count should be equal.

For president[edit]
Estrada carried majority of the provinces especially his hometown, San Juan City and Metro Manila.
De Venecia carried his home province of Pangasinan, as well as Baguio City, Roco carried his home province of Camarines Sur and the
rest of the Bicol Region (excluding Masbate), and Osmeña got his foothold over his home province of Cebu and other provinces in the
South.
Other candidates also carried their home provinces such as de Villa of Batangas and Siquijor, Enrile of Cagayan and Iloilo City, and
Defensor-Santiago of Iloilo Province, as well as Tawi-Tawi and Bacolod City. Lim was the only major candidate who did not carry any
provinces (except Batanes) and failed to capture his hometown of Manila.
Candidates Parties Votes %
Joseph Estrada Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (Force of the Filipino Masses) 10,722,295 39.86%
Lakas–NUCD–UMDP (People Power–National Union of Christian Democrats–Union
Jose de Venecia 4,268,483 15.87%
of Muslim Democrats of the Philippines)
Raul Roco Aksyon Demokratiko (Democratic Action) 3,720,212 13.83%
Emilio Osmeña Probinsya Muna Development Initiative (Provinces First Development Initiative) 3,347,631 12.44%
Alfredo Lim Liberal Party 2,344,362 8.71%
Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma–Lapiang Manggagawa (Party for
Renato de Villa 1,308,352 4.86%
Democratic Reforms–Workers' Party)
Miriam Defensor
People's Reform Party 797,206 2.96%
Santiago
Juan Ponce Enrile Independent 343,139 1.28%
Santiago Dumlao Kilusan para sa Pambansang Pagpapanibago (Movement for National Change) 32,212 0.12%
Manuel Morato Partido Bansang Marangal (Party of Noble Nation) 18,644 0.07%

ERAP ESTRADA
PWERSA NG MASANG PILIPINO
The Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (Force of the Filipino Masses), formerly Partido ng Masang Pilipino (Party of the Filipino Masses) is
a populist political party in the Philippines. It is the political party of former Philippine President Joseph Estrada. In the 1998 Presidential
elections, it aligned itself with other political parties to create Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino or LAMMP (Struggle of the Patriotic
Filipino Masses).

History[edit]
Originally named the Partido ng Masang Pilipino, the Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (PMP) emanated from an organization which was an
offshoot of the Economic Recovery Action Program (ERAP) organized by Mr. George S. Antonio in May 1990. The ERAP organization was
formally launched on October 4, 1990 with 21 original members.[1]
The organization grew exponentially with the recruitment of members nationwide. It was then that the PMP was accredited as a political
party with the objective of helping to uplift the lives of the Filipino people, especially the poor and the disadvantaged, through effective
and efficient social and economic reforms. Its first campaign headquarters was located at the 4th floor of San Buena Building, Edsa corner
Shaw Boulevard, Mandaluyong City. On August 20, 1991, Partido ng Masang Pilipino was accredited as political party.
In 1992, PMP took its first major political step by fielding then Senator Joseph Estrada as its vice-presidential candidate together with
other local candidates. Under PMP, Mr. Estrada overwhelmingly won against his four opponents.

The PMP also participated in the May 1995 election. In 1997, a permanent and fully operational headquarters was established at 409
Shaw Boulevard, Mandaluyong City. In 1998, PMP was very much involved in the election with the candidacy of Estrada as President
and other local candidates nationwide. PMP played a lead role in the establishment of the opposition coalition Laban ng Malayang
Masang Pilipino (LAMMP), which also counted among its members the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) and Nationalist People's
Coalition (NPC). The coalition fielded full slates for the national and local levels. Card- bearing members reached as high as 3.2 million
nationwide. In the end, close to 11 million Filipinos overwhelmingly voted Joseph Estrada into office as the 13th President of the Republic
of the Philippines.

In 2001, PMP once again led the opposition coalition, with majority of its candidates elected into office, led by Dr. Luisa Ejercito Estrada
who won a seat in the Senate.
Two years later, in 2003, the name Partido ng Masang Pilipino was changed to Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino.
In April 2004, the PMP agreed to enter into a coalition with the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) and Partido Demokratiko ng
Pilipinas- Lakas Bayan (PDP LABAN) to form the Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (KNP) and support the candidacy of Fernando Poe,
Jr. for President of the Republic of the Philippines.

In office[edit]
Today, PMP occupies three Senate seats as a member of the minority floor, occupied by Estrada's wife, Luisa Ejercito Estrada, who won
in 2001, his son, former San Juan suburb Mayor Jinggoy Estrada and long-time Estrada colleague veteran politician Juan Ponce Enrile,
the last two winning in 2004.
In the 14 May 2007 election, the party won 3 seats in the House of Representatives. Members of the Philippine House of Representatives
are elected to serve three year terms.[3]
In the current 17th Congress the party current holds one senate seat held by Estrada's son JV Ejercito, due to most members switching
sides to PDP-LABAN or UNA.

In the news[edit]
On January 18, 2008, Joseph Estrada's Partido ng Masang Pilipino (PMP) caused full-page advertisement in Metro Manila newspapers,
blaming EDSA 2 of having "inflicted a dent on Philippine democracy". Its featured clippings questioned the constitutionality of the
revolution. The published featured clippings were taken from Time, New York Times, Straits Times, Los Angeles Times, Washington
Post, Asia Times Online, The Economist, and International Herald Tribune. Supreme Court justice Cecilia Muñoz Palma opined that EDSA 2
violated the 1987 Constitution.[4]
Alfredo Lim, on August 20, 2008, resigned as head of Joseph Estrada's Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (Partido ng Masang Pilipino - PMP)
following a PMP's executive committee resolution removing him as president of the party. He was replaced by Joseph Estrada who is also
the PMP chairman.[5][6]

Impeachment trial[edit]
Corruption charges[edit]
President Estrada in 2000.
The Estrada presidency was soon dogged by charges of plunder and corruption. He was reported by his Chief of Staff Aprodicio
Laquian to have allegedly spent long hours drinking with shady characters as well as "midnight drinking sessions" with some of his
cabinet members during meetings.[41] In October 2000, an acknowledged gambling racketeer, Luis "Chavit" Singson, governor of the
province of Ilocos Sur, alleged that he had personally given Estrada the sum of 400 million pesos ($8,255,933) as payoff from illegal
gambling profits, as well as 180 million pesos ($3,715,170) from the government price subsidy for the tobacco farmers' marketing
cooperative.
Impeachment proceedings[edit]

Singson's allegation caused an uproar across the nation, which culminated in Estrada's impeachment by the House of Representatives on
November 13, 2000 which did not succeed. The articles of impeachment were then transmitted to the Senate and an impeachment court
was formed, with Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. as presiding officer.
Major television networks pre-empted their afternoon schedules to bring full coverage of the Impeachment Trial. There were three sets
of cameras in the Impeachment Court (normally the Senate Chamber): one from ABS-CBN, one from the GMA Network, and one (using
a poor camera) from NBN (it was then called PTV, or the People's Television Network).

During the trial, the prosecution (composed of congressmen and private prosecutors) presented witnesses and evidence to the
impeachment court regarding Estrada's involvement in an illegal numbers game, also known as jueteng, and his maintenance of secret
bank accounts. However, the president's legal team (composed of a former chief justice, former congressman, former solicitor-general
and other lawyers) denied such allegations including his ownership of an account under the name Jose Velarde. However, in February
2001, at the initiative of Senate President Aquilino Pimentel, Jr., the second envelope was opened before the local and foreign media
and it contained the document that stated that Jaime Dichavez and not Estrada owned the "Jose Velarde Account".[48][49]

Ilocos Sur Governor Luis "Chavit" Singson was one of the witnesses who testified against President Estrada. The President and the
governor of Ilocos Sur were said to be "partners" in-charge of the operations of illegal gambling in the country.[citation
needed] Governor Singson feared that he would be charged and stripped of power (there have been talks about the governor making
a deal with the opposition... he was to help incriminate Estrada and he would be compensated for his service), but he was offered
immunity by anti-Estrada lawmakers. He was then asked to accuse the President of having committed several illegal acts. Vice-President
of then Equitable-PCI Bank Clarissa Ocampo testified that she saw the President, Joseph Estrada sign the false name "Jose Velarde" on
the banking document and this was also witnessed by Apodicio Laquian.[50]

According to Transparency International in an old survey that did not fit with newer information[by whom?], Estrada was the tenth most
corrupt head of government ever, and being the second Philippine Head of State after Marcos in terms of corruption.[51][52]
EDSA II[edit]
Main article: EDSA Revolution of 2001
Protests[edit]
On the evening of January 16, 2001, the impeachment court, whose majority were political allies of Estrada,[53] voted not to open an
envelope that was said to contain incriminating evidence against the president. The final vote was 11–10, in favor of keeping the
envelope closed. The prosecution panel (of congressmen and lawyers) walked out of the Impeachment Court in protest of this vote.
Others noted that the walkout merited a contempt of court which Davide, intentionally or unintentionally, did not enforce.[54] The
afternoon schedule of television networks covering the Impeachment were pre-empted by the prolongation of the day's court session
due to the issue of this envelope. The evening telenovelas of networks were pushed back for up to two hours. That night, anti-Estrada
protesters gathered in front of the EDSA Shrine at Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, not too far away from the site of the 1986 People
Power Revolution that overthrew Ferdinand Marcos. A political turmoil ensued and the clamor for Estrada's resignation became stronger
than ever. In the following days, the number of protesters grew to the hundreds of thousands.
On January 19, 2001, the Armed Forces of the Philippines, seeing the political upheaval throughout the country, decided to withdraw
its support from the president and transfer its allegiance to the vice president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. The following day, the
Supreme Court declared that the seat of presidency was vacant.

Resignation[edit]
At noon, the Supreme Court declared that Estrada "constructively resigned" his post and the Chief Justice swore in the constitutional
successor, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, as President of the Philippines.[55] Prior to Estrada's departure from Malacañang, he issued a
press release which included:
“ ...I now leave Malacañang Palace, the seat of the presidency of this country, for the sake of peace and in order to begin
the healing process of our nation. I leave the Palace of our people with gratitude for the opportunities given to me for
service to our people...[56] ”
On January 18, 2008, Joseph Estrada's Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (PMP) placed a full-page advertisement in Metro
Manila newspapers, blaming EDSA 2 of having "inflicted a dent on Philippine democracy". Its featured clippings questioned the
constitutionality of the revolution. The published featured clippings were taken from Time, New York Times, The Straits Times, Los
Angeles Times, Washington Post, Asia Times Online, The Economist, and the International Herald Tribune. Former Supreme Court justice
and Estrada appointee as chairwoman of the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office Cecilia Muñoz Palma opined that EDSA 2 violated
the 1987 Constitution.[57]

Joseph Estrada, original name Joseph Ejercito (born April 19, 1937, Manila, Philippines), Filipino actor and politician who served
as president of the Philippines (1998–2001) and later mayor of Manila (2013– ).

The son of a government engineer, Estrada entered the Mapua Institute of Technology with the intention of following in his father’s
footsteps, but he eventually dropped out to become a film actor. Forbidden by his parents to use the family name, he adopted the screen
name Erap Estrada. He played the lead in more than 100 movies, usually portraying a swashbuckling tough guy who defends the poor
against the corrupt establishment. He also produced some 75 films.
In 1968 Estrada entered politics, successfully running for the mayorship of the Manila suburb of San Juan, a post he retained until 1986.
In 1969 he was elected to the Senate. In 1992 he ran for vice president on the National People’s Coalition ticket. Although the party’s
presidential candidate, Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr., lost the election to Fidel Ramos, Estrada won the vice presidential contest.

In 1998 Estrada ran for president, though his candidacy faced significant opposition. Ramos, who was constitutionally barred from running
for a second term, endorsed House Speaker José de Venecia, and many of the country’s powerful businessmen opposed
Estrada’s populist proposals. The Roman Catholic Church denied Estrada its support because he had admitted to having fathered four
children by women other than his wife. However, he did have the support of Imelda Marcos, the widow of former president Ferdinand
Marcos and then a member of Congress, and he enjoyed a devoted following among the country’s poor. Estrada managed to capture
nearly 40 percent of the vote, handily defeating his nearest rival, de Venecia, who garnered only 15.9 percent. The margin of victory
was the largest in a free election in the history of the Philippines, and Estrada was officially declared president by Congress on May 29,
1998.
Estrada’s tenure as president was short-lived, however, as a corruption scandal erupted in October 2000 when a fellow politician claimed
that Estrada had accepted millions of dollars worth of bribes. In November the Philippine Senate began an impeachment trial, but it was
abandoned after some senators blocked the admission of evidence. On Jan. 20, 2001, Estrada was ousted amid mass protests, and his
vice president, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, ascended to the presidency. Later that year Estrada was brought to trial on charges of plunder
(large-scale corruption) and accused of having procured more than $80 million through bribes and corrupt dealings. Estrada denied the
accusations, calling them politically motivated, and he remained relatively popular in the Philippines despite the charges. In September
2007 he was convicted of plundering and sentenced to a maximum of 40 years in prison. The following month, however, Estrada was
pardoned by Arroyo. In October 2009 he announced his candidacy for president, but he was defeated in the May 2010 elections
by Benigno S. Aquino III (son of Benigno Aquino, Jr., and Corazon Aquino).

In 2013 Estrada ran for mayor of Manila and defeated the incumbent, Alfredo Lim. After taking office later that year, he faced a number
of issues, notably the city’s debt and inability to pay for basic services. In order to raise revenue, he sharply raised property taxes.
Estrada faced a serious challenge from Lim in the 2016 elections but narrowly won a second term.
 2004 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS
The Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections of 2004 was held on Monday, May 10, 2004. In the presidential election,
incumbent president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo won a full six-year term as President, with a margin of just over one million votes over
her leading opponent, highly popular movie actor Fernando Poe, Jr.. The 3.48% margin of victory is the closest margin in Philippine
presidential election history.

The elections were notable for several reasons. This election first saw the implementation of the Overseas Absentee Voting Act of
2003 (see Wikisource), which enabled Filipinos in over 70 countries to vote. This is also the first election since the 1986 People Power
Revolution where an incumbent President ran for re-election. Under the 1987 Constitution, an elected president cannot run for another
term. However, Arroyo was not elected president, but instead succeeded ousted President Joseph Estrada, who was impeached with
charges of plunder and corruption in 2000 and later convicted of plunder (but received conditional pardon from Arroyo).
Moreover, this was the first time since 1986 that both the winning president and vice president were under the same party/coalition.
This election was also held at a period in modern Philippines marked by serious political polarization. This resulted in lesser candidates
for the presidential and vice presidential elections compared to the 1992 and 1998 elections.

Background[edit]
The political climate leading up to the 2004 elections was one of the most emotional in the country's history since the 1986 elections that
resulted in the exile of Ferdinand Marcos. Philippine society has become polarized between the followers of former president Joseph
Estrada who have thrown their support for Estrada's close associate Fernando Poe, Jr. and those who support incumbent Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo, or at best oppose Estrada.
The several months leading to the May elections saw several presidential scandals, Arroyo reversing her earlier decision not to run for
president, the sudden but not unexpected candidacy of Fernando Poe, Jr., defection of key political figures from the Arroyo camp to
the opposition, the controversial automated elections initiative of the COMELEC, and the split of the dominant opposition party, Laban
ng Demokratikong Pilipino, between Poe and Panfilo Lacson.

Candidates Parties Votes %

Gloria Macapagal- Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats (People Power–Christian Muslim
12,905,808 39.99%
Arroyo Democrats)
Fernando Poe Jr. Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (Coalition of United Filipinos) 11,782,232 36.51%
Aquino wing of the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (Struggle of Democratic
Panfilo Lacson 3,510,080 10.88%
Filipinos)
Raul Roco Aksyon Demokratiko (Democratic Action) 2,082,762 6.45%
Eddie Villanueva Bangon Pilipinas Party (Rise Up Philippines Party) 1,988,218 6.16%

GLORIA ARROYO
Presidency[edit]
First Term (2001–2004)[edit]
Succession[edit]
The last quarter of 2000 up to the first week of January 2001 was a period of political and economic uncertainty for the Philippines.
On January 16, 2001, the impeachment trial also took a new direction. Private prosecutors walked out of the trial when pro-Estrada
senators prevented the opening of an evidence (a brown envelope) containing bank records allegedly owned by President Estrada.
With the walkout, the impeachment trial was not completed and Filipinos eventually took to the streets in masses to continue the clamor
for President Estrada's resignation. From January 17 to 20, 2001, hundreds of thousands of Filipinos gathered at Epifanio de los Santos
Avenue (EDSA), the site of the original People Power Revolution. The clamor for a change in the presidency gained momentum as
various sectors of Philippine society – professionals, students, artists, politicians, leftist and rightist groups – joined what became known
as EDSA II. Officials of the administration, the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), and the Philippine National Police (PNP) also
withdrew their support for President Estrada.

Days after leaving Malacañang Palace, President Estrada's lawyers questioned the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency before the
Supreme Court. He reiterated that he had not resigned as president and that at most, Arroyo was just serving in an acting capacity. The
high court, however, voted unanimously to uphold the legitimacy of Arroyo's succession. As a consequence, Estrada no longer enjoys
immunity from charges being filed against him.
In the last week of April 2001, the Sandiganbayan ordered the arrest of Estrada and his son, then mayor Jinggoy Estrada, for plunder
charges. A few days later, Estrada supporters protested his arrest, gathered at the EDSA Shrine, and staged what they called, EDSA
III – comparing their actions to the People Power revolution of 1986 and January 2001.
Thousands of protesters demanded the release of Estrada. Eventually, they also called for the ouster of Arroyo and the reinstatement
of the former. On May 1, 2001, they marched towards Malacañang to force Arroyo to give in to their demands. Violence erupted
when the protesters attempted to storm the presidential palace and the military and police were ordered to use their arms to drive
them back. Arroyo declared a state of rebellion because of the violence and prominent political personalities affiliated with Estrada
were charged and arrested. The so-called EDSA III was the first serious political challenge to the Arroyo presidency.
Oakwood Mutiny[edit]
Main article: Oakwood mutiny
The Oakwood mutiny occurred in the Philippines on July 27, 2003. A group of 321 armed soldiers who called themselves "Bagong
Katipuneros"[15] led by Army Capt. Gerardo Gambala and Lt. Antonio Trillanes IV of the Philippine Navy took over the Oakwood
Premier Ayala Center (now Ascott Makati) serviced apartment tower in Makati City to show the Filipino people the alleged corruption
of the Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo administration. They also stated that they saw signs suggesting that the President was going to
declare martial law.

2004 Presidential Election[edit]

Article VII Section 4 of the 1987 Constitution explicitly states that the president of the Philippines can only serve for one term. However,
the same provision also implicitly states that a president's successor who has not served for more than four years can still seek a full
term for the presidency. Although Arroyo fell under this category, she initially announced on December 30, 2002 that she would not
seek the presidency in 2004. She emphasized that she would devote her remaining months in office to serving the people and
improving the economy of the Philippines.

In October 2003, Arroyo changed her mind and announced that she would contest the May 2004 presidential elections and seek a
direct mandate from the people. She explained, "There is a higher cause to change society...in a way that nourishes our future". With
her decision, the initial criticisms hurled against Arroyo centered on her lack of word of honor.

As predicted by SWS exit polls, Arroyo won the election by a margin of over one million votes against Poe. However, the congressional
canvassing was quite contentious as opposition lawmakers in the National Board of Canvassers argued that there were many
discrepancies in the election returns and that insinuations of cheating were raised. On June 23, 2004, Congress proclaimed Arroyo
and Noli de Castro as president and vice president, respectively.

Second Term (2004–2010)[edit]

2004 Presidential Election rigging allegations[edit]

Arroyo taking her Oath of Office for a full term as president before Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. in Cebu City on June 30, 2004.

On June 30, 2004, in a break with tradition, Arroyo first delivered her inaugural speech at the Quirino Grandstand in Manila. She then
departed for Cebu City for her oath taking, the first time that a Philippine president took the oath of office outside of Luzon.

Allegations of cheating against Arroyo gained momentum one year after the May 2004 elections. In a press conference held on June
10, 2005, Samuel Ong, former deputy director of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) claimed to have audio recordings of
wiretapped conversations between Arroyo and an official of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC). Virgilio Garcillano, a former
COMELEC commissioner, would later be identified as the official talking to Arroyo. According to Ong, the recordings allegedly proved
that Arroyo ordered the rigging of the national elections for her to win by around one million votes against Poe.
The recordings of Ong became known as the Hello Garci controversy and triggered massive protests against Arroyo. Key members of
her cabinet resigned from their respective posts and urged Arroyo to do the same. On June 27, 2005, Arroyo admitted to
inappropriately speaking to a COMELEC official, claiming it was a "lapse in judgement". She, however, denied influencing the outcome
of the elections and declared that she won the elections fairly. Arroyo did not resign despite the pressures coming from various sectors
of society.

The Hello Garci controversy became the basis of the impeachment case filed against Arroyo in 2005. Attempts to impeach Arroyo
failed later that year. Another impeachment case was filed against Arroyo in 2006 but was also defeated at the House of
Representatives.

In October 2007, lawyer Alan Paguia filed an impeachment complaint against Arroyo in connection with the issue of bribery. Paguia's
complaint was based on the revelation of Pampanga Governor Ed Panlilio that various governors received half a million pesos from
Malacañang. The impeachment case, as of the middle of October 2007, has already been referred to the House of Representatives
Committee on Justice.

2010 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS

The Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections of 2010 were held on Monday, May 10, 2010. The ruling President of the
Philippines, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, was barred from seeking re-election by the 1987 Constitution, thus necessitating an election to
select the 15th President.

Incumbent Vice-President Noli de Castro was allowed to seek re-election though he could have possibly sought the presidency. As he
didn't offer himself in any manner of candidacy at the election, his successor was determined as the 15th Vice President of the
Philippines. Although most presidential candidates have running mates, the president and vice president are elected separately, and the
winning candidates may be of different political parties.
This election was also the first time that the Commission of Elections (COMELEC) implemented full automation of elections, pursuant to
Republic Act 9369, "An act authorizing the Commission on Elections to use an Automated Election System in the May 11, 1998 National
or Local Elections and in subsequent National And Local Electoral Exercises". [1]
The results of the congressional canvassing showed that Senator Benigno Aquino III of the Liberal Party won by a plurality, although he
had won with the highest percentage of votes since 1986, but not enough to have the largest margin of victory, even in elections held
after 1986.

Meanwhile, in the election for the vice-presidency, Makati Mayor Jejomar Binay of the Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng
Bayan (PDP-Laban) defeated Senator Mar Roxas of the Liberal Party in the second-narrowest margin in the history of vice presidential
elections. Aquino and Binay were proclaimed in a joint session of Congress on June 9, and took their oaths on June 30, 2010. Roxas
filed an electoral protest to the Presidential Electoral Tribunal (PET; the Supreme Court) on July 10, 2010.[2]
Candidates Parties Votes %
Benigno Aquino III Liberal Party 15,208,678 42.08%
Joseph Estrada Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (Force of the Filipino Masses) 9,487,837 26.25%
Manny Villar Nacionalista Party (Nationalist Party) 5,573,835 15.42%
Lakas Kampi CMD (People Power–Partner of Free Filipinos–Christian Muslim
Gilberto Teodoro 4,095,839 11.33%
Democrats)
Eddie Villanueva Bangon Pilipinas Party (Rise Up Philippines) 1,125,878 3.12%
Richard Gordon Bagumbayan-VNP (New Nation–Volunteers for a New Philippines) 501,727 1.39%
Nicanor Perlas Independent 54,575 0.15%
Jamby Madrigal Independent 46,489 0.13%
John Carlos de los
Ang Kapatiran (Alliance for the Common Good) 44,244 0.12%
Reyes

BENIGNO AQUINO
The Presidency of Benigno S. Aquino III began at noon on June 30, 2010, when he became the fifteenth President of the Philippines,
succeeding Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Since the start of his presidency, he has also been referred to in the media
as PNoy.[36][37][38][39]

Aquino is the:
Third-youngest person to be elected president, and the fourth-youngest president after Emilio Aguinaldo, Ramon
Magsaysay and Ferdinand Marcos.[3]
First president to be a bachelor and have no official consort, being unmarried and having no children.[3]
Second president not to drink alcoholic beverages; the first president not to drink alcohol was Emilio Aguinaldo.[3]
Eighth president to smoke cigarettes.[3]
First alumnus of Ateneo de Manila University to become president.[3]
Third president who will only hold office in Malacañang Palace, but not be a resident, following his mother Corazon Aquino and Fidel
V. Ramos.[3]
First president to make Bahay Pangarap his official residence.[36][40]
Third president to use his second given name, Simeon, as his middle initial, as Manuel L. Quezon and Jose P. Laurel did (like his
grandfather and father used his second name as well).[2][3][4]
Second president to be a child of a former president (Corazon Aquino).
First president to be a former student of a former president (Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo).

The presidential transition began on June 9, 2010, when the Congress of the Philippines proclaimed Aquino the winner of the 2010
Philippine presidential elections held on May 10, 2010, proclaiming Aquino as the President-elect of the Philippines.[6][7] The transition
was in charge of the new presidential residence, cabinet appointments and cordial meetings between them and the outgoing
administration.

The presidential residence of Aquino is Bahay Pangarap (English: House of Dreams),[41] located inside of Malacañang Park,[42] at the
headquarters of the Presidential Security Group across the Pasig River from Malacañang Palace.[41][43] Aquino is the first president
to make Bahay Pangarap his official residence.[36][40] Malacañang Park was intended as a recreational retreat by former
President Manuel L. Quezon.[40] The house was built and designed by architect Juan Arellano in the 1930s,[40][41] and underwent a
number of renovations.[41] In 2008, the house was demolished and rebuilt in contemporary style by architect Conrad
Onglao,[40][41] a new swimming pool was built, replacing the Commonwealth-era swimming pool.[36][40] The house originally had
one bedroom,[41] however, the house was renovated for Aquino to have four bedrooms,[36] a guest room, a room for Aquino's
household staff, and a room for Aquino's close-in security.[42]The house was originally intended as a rest house, the venue for informal
activities and social functions for the First Family by former President Manuel L. Quezon.[41] Malacañang Park was refurbished through
the efforts of First Lady Eva Macapagal, wife of former President Diosdado Macapagal, in the early 1960s.[40] First Lady
Macapagal renamed the rest house as Bahay Pangarap.[40] During the presidency of Fidel V. Ramos, the house was restored and
became the club house of the Malacañang Golf Club.[41] The house was used by former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to
welcome special guests.[41] Aquino refused to live in Malacañang Palace, the official residence of the President of the Philippines, or in
Arlegui Mansion, the residence of former presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel V. Ramos, stating that the two residences are too
big,[41] and also stated that his small family residence at Times Street in Quezon City would be impractical, since it would be a security
concern for his neighbors.[43]

On June 29, 2010, Aquino officially named the members of his Cabinet, with Aquino himself as Secretary of the Interior and Local
Government,[44] a position that Vice President-elect Jejomar Binay initially wanted, however, Aquino stated that the post is not being
considered for him,[45]but has offered Binay various positions, such as, to head a commission that will investigate the outgoing Arroyo
administration, the posts of Secretary of Agrarian Reform, chairman of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council
(HUDCC), and the chairman of Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA), but Binay refused.[46] Aquino also announced the
formation of a truth commission that will investigate various issues including corruption allegations against outgoing President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo. Aquino named former Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. to head the truth commission.[47]
Traditionally, it is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines who administers the oath of office to the
incoming president and vice president, however, Aquino refused to allow Chief Justice Renato Corona to swear him into office, due to
Aquino's opposition to the midnight appointment of Corona by outgoing President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on May 12, 2010, two
days after the 2010 elections and a month before Arroyo's term expired.[48]Instead, Aquino formally requested Associate Justice of
the Supreme Court of the Philippines Conchita Carpio-Morales, who opposed the midnight appointment of Corona,[49] to swear him
into office.[50]

Aquino took the oath of office on June 30, 2010, at the Quirino Grandstand in Rizal Park, Manila.[4][9] The oath of office was
administered by Associate Justice Conchita Carpio-Morales, who officially accepted Aquino's request to swear him into
office,[4][50] reminiscent of the decision of his mother, who in 1986, was sworn into the presidency by Associate Justice Claudio
Teehankee.[3] After being sworn in as the fifteenth President of the Philippines, succeeding Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Aquino
delivered his inaugural address.

During the inaugural address, Aquino created the no ‘wang-wang’ policy, strengthening the implementation of Presidential Decree No.
96.[37][51] The term ‘wang-wang’ is street lingo for blaring sirens.[52] Presidential Decree No. 96 was issued on January 13, 1973 by
former President Ferdinand Marcos, regulating the use of sirens, bells, whistles, horns and other similar devices only to motor vehicles
designated for the use of the president, vice president, senate president, House Speaker, chief justice, Philippine National Police, Armed
Forces of the Philippines, National Bureau of Investigation, Land Transportation Office, Bureau of Fire Protection
and ambulances.[37][51]However, despite having the privilege of using ‘wang-wang’, Aquino maintained he would set the example for
his no ‘wang-wang’ policy, not to use ‘wang-wang’, even if it means being stuck in traffic and being late every now and
then.[53][54] Aquino also traded the official black presidential Mercedes Benz S-Guard limousine for his own white Toyota Land
Cruiser 200.[53] After the inaugural address, the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority began to enforce Aquino's no ‘wang-
wang’ policy, confiscating ‘wang-wang’ from public officials and private motorists who illegally used them.[51]

On July 26, 2010, at the Batasang Pambansa, in Quezon City, Aquino delivered his first State of the Nation
Address (SONA).[38][55]During Aquino's first State of the Nation Address (SONA), Aquino announced his intention to reform
the education system in the Philippines by shifting to K–12 education, a 12-year basic education cycle.[56] K–12 education is used in
the United States, Canada, and Australia. On July 29, 2015, Aquino delivered his final SONA address, where he discussed the
country's economic improvements and the benefits of social service programs, particularly the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino
Program and the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation, during the course of his presidency.[57]

Criticisms
Manila hostage crisis
On August 23, 2010, in front of the Quirino Grandstand in Rizal Park, Manila, the site of Aquino's presidential inauguration, the Manila
hostage crisis occurred. Aquino expressed concern over the matter and gave his condolences to the victims. Aquino defended the actions
of the police at the scene, stating that the gunman had not shown any signs of wanting to kill the hostages. Aquino ordered a "thorough
investigation" into the incident, and would wait until it is completed before deciding whether anyone should lose his or her
job.[58] Aquino declared that the media may have worsened the situation by giving the gunman "a bird's-eye view of the entire
situation".[59] Aquino also made reference to the Moscow theater hostage crisis, which, according to Aquino, resulted in "more severe"
casualties despite Russia's "resources and sophistication".[60] On August 24, 2010, Aquino signed Proclamation No. 23, declaring
August 25, 2010, as a national day of mourning, instructing all public institutions nationwide and all Philippine embassies and consulates
overseas to lower the Philippine flag at half-mast, in honor of the eight Hong Kong residents who died in the crisis.[61][62] On August
25, 2010, at a press conference in Malacañang, Aquino apologized to those offended when he was caught on television apparently
smiling while being interviewed at the crime scene hours after the Manila hostage crisis.[63]Aquino said;
"My smile might have been misunderstood. I have several expressions. I smile when I'm happy, I smile when I'm faced with a very absurd
situation...and if I offended certain people, I apologize to them. It's more of an expression maybe of exasperation rather than anything
and again, I apologize if I offended certain people, who misunderstood (my) facial expression."[63]
On September 3, 2010, Aquino took responsibility for the crisis.[64] Aquino actually has direct supervision of the Philippine National
Police, since Aquino had asked Secretary of the Interior and Local Government Jesse Robredo to address other concerns, such as coming
up with a comprehensive plan on delivering social services to and relocating informal settlers in coordination with the local
governments.[64]

Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda)

President Aquino's administration was criticised during and after Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) in November 2013 for the government's
"slow" response to aid the victims.[65] This criticism resulted in countries like Canada to provide humanitarian aid to the victims of the
typhoon through non-governmental organizations and not the Philippine government, wherein the Canadian Ambassador to the
Philippines, Neil Reeder cited "the speed, because of the need to move quickly, and because we don’t, as a government, want to be
involved in the details, nor do we think it’s efficient to have other governments involved."[66]

Mamasapano massacre
President Aquino was hounded by accusations of evading responsibility for the death of 44 Special Action Force operatives in a failed
operation which led to the so-called Mamasapano massacre.[67]

Noynoying
Main article: Noynoying
Noynoying (pronounced noy-noy-YING[68] or noy-NOY-ying[69]) is a protest gimmick in the form of a neologism that Aquino's critics
have used to question his work ethic, alleging his inaction on the issues of disaster response and rising oil prices. A play on the
term planking and Aquino's nickname, Noynoying involves posing in a lazy manner, such as sitting idly while resting his head on one
hand, and doing nothing.

DUTERTE
Philippine presidential election, 2016
The Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections of 2016 was held on Monday, May 9, 2016, as part of the 2016 general
election. This was the 16th presidential election in the Philippines since 1935 and the sixth sextennial presidential election since 1986.
Incumbent president Benigno Aquino III was ineligible for re-election, pursuant to the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Therefore, this
election determined the 16th President. The position of president and vice president are elected separately, thus the two winning
candidates could come from different political parties.
Rodrigo Duterte led the preliminary count with 38.5% of the vote.[2] Congress had met in late May to canvass the results, issued an
official result with Rodrigo Duterte and Leni Robredo emerging as the winners of the presidential and vice presidential races,
respectively. They were proclaimed on May 30, in the House of Representatives.

The Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan (Philippine Democratic Party-Power of the Nation), more commonly known as PDP–
Laban, is the ruling political party in the Philippines.
The party now known as PDP–Laban is the result of a merger between the Partido Demokratiko Pilipino and Lakas ng Bayan.

Partido Demokratiko Pilipino (PDP) was founded in 1982 by Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. and a group of protesters against the authoritarian
government of Ferdinand Marcos, the 10thPresident of the Philippines. These protesters include the leaders of Davao
City and Cagayan de Oro City, such as Zafiro L. Respicio, Rey Magno Teves, Cesar R. Ledesma, Samuel Oceña, Crispin Lanorias and
Morgs Cua.

Merger[edit]
By 1983, PDP had formed a coalition with the Lakas ng Bayan (Filipino for "People Power") party, founded earlier by former
Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr. in 1978.
In 1986, the two groups merged to form the Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan or PDP LABAN. During that period, PDP
LABAN became the single biggest opposition group to run against the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos in the 1986 Snap Presidential
Elections. Corazón Aquino, the widow of the assassinated senator Benigno Aquino, Jr., became the party's nominee to run for President.
Aquino was persuaded to run by businessman, newspaperman and street parliamentarian Joaquin Roces, who was convinced that
Aquino would have the biggest chance to defeat Marcos in the polls.
Roces started the "Cory Aquino for President" movement to gather one million voters in one week, to urge Aquino to run for president.
However, another opposition group led by Senator Salvador Laurel of Batangas was also participating in the election, with Laurel as its
presidential bet. Before the election, Aquino approached Laurel and offered to give up her allegiance to the PDP-LABAN party and
run as president under Laurel's United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO) party. Laurel later approached Aquino, offering
her only the Vice-Presidential nomination of UNIDO (or Unity). In the end, Laurel became the Vice-Presidential running-mate of Aquino,
after being convinced to do so by the Archbishop of Manila, Jaime Cardinal Sin.

PDP-LABAN then aligned itself with UNIDO, which became the main group and leader of the coalition which opposed Marcos. After
the People Power Revolution of 1986, which saw Aquino and Laurel proclaimed President and Vice President, respectively, PDP LABAN
continued its alliance with UNIDO until the latter's dissolution in 1987. In 1988, PDP-LABAN was split into two factions: the Pimentel
Wing of Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. and the Cojuangco Wing of Jose Cojuangco, Jr.. The Cojuangco Wing and the Lakas ng Bayan party of
House Speaker Ramon Mitra, Jr. merged in 1988 to form the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino party.

PDP-Laban today[edit]
As of May 2016, PDP–Laban is headed by its president, senator Aquilino "Koko" Pimentel III, after the then incumbent Vice-President of
the Philippines, Jejomar Binay, resigned as party chairman and left the party. The party is currently re-grouping, and there are some
movements of expansion especially in Mindanao, where it originated, particularly in the Davao region. Two of the party's founders,
Crispin Lanorias and Cesar Ledesma, are again active in recent party activities. After the 2016 elections, PDP–Laban signed a coalition
agreement with the Nacionalista Party, Lakas-CMD, National Unity Party and the Nationalist People's Coalition, witnessed by
President-elect Rodrigo Duterte.
4 members of the Liberal Party jumped ship swore into PDP-Laban. They are: Bataan Rep. Geraldine Roman, Quezon City Rep. Alfred
Vargas, Lanao del Sur Rep. Ansaruddin Adiong, and North Cotabato Rep. Nancy Catamco.[3]
Ideology and platform[edit]
According to self-published material, PDP-LABAN seeks a peaceful and democratic way of life characterized by:
freedom
solidarity
justice, equity, and social responsibility
self-reliance and efficiency
enlightened nationalism
a federal system of parliamentary government

Five basic party principles[edit]

Theism
Authentic humanism
Enlightened nationalism
Democratic centrist socialism
Consultative and participatory democracy

The Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte began at noon on June 30, 2016, when he became the 16th President of the Philippines,
succeeding Benigno Aquino III.

At the age of 71, Duterte became the oldest person ever elected to the presidency, after former President Sergio Osmeña. Duterte is
also the first local chief executive to get elected straight to the Office of the President, the second Cebuano to become president (after
Osmeña), the third Cebuano-speaking president (after Osmeña and Carlos P. Garcia), the first Visayan from Mindanao and the fourth
Visayan overall (after Osmeña, Manuel Roxas and Garcia).[77]
A Pulse Asia survey conducted from July 2–8 showed that Duterte had a trust rating of 91%, the highest of the six presidents since
the Marcos dictatorship (the previous highest was Duterte's predecessor, Benigno Aquino III with 87%).[17] Shortly after his inauguration
on June 30, Duterte held his first Cabinet meeting to lay out their first agenda, which included the country's disaster risk
reduction management, decongesting the Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila, the country's main gateway, and expressed his
ideas and concerns regarding the territorial disputes in the South China Sea prior to the announcement of the verdict of the Philippines'
arbitration case against China over the issue,[78] which the Philippines later won.[79] Four days later, on July 4, Duterte issued his
first executive order entitled "Reengineering the Office of the President Towards Greater Responsiveness to the Attainment of
Development Goals", allowing his Cabinet Secretary, Leoncio Evasco, Jr., to supervise over several agencies that focus on poverty
reduction.[80] On July 23, Duterte signed Executive Order No. 2 also known as the Freedom of Information Order.[81]
On August 1, 2016, Duterte launched a 24-hour complaint office accessible to the public through a nationwide complaint hotline, 8888,
while also changing the country's emergency telephone number from 117 to 911.[82]

On August 7, Duterte approved the burial of former President Ferdinand Marcos at the Heroes' Cemetery in Taguig scheduled for
October 18,[83] saying that Marcos is qualified for the burial at the cemetery due to him being a "former president and a soldier". The
decision was vehemently opposed, due to "the brutal, oppressive and corrupt nature of Marcos's two-decade regime."[84]An online
petition which received over 30,000 signatures stated:
Burying Ferdinand E Marcos alongside our nation's heroes who fought for our freedom is an affront to the thousands of lives tortured
and murdered during his reign. Laying him to rest at the Heroes' Cemetery is a disdainful act that will send a message to the future of
our nation—our children—that the world we live in rewards forceful and violent hands.[84]
Following the September 2 bombing in Davao City that killed 14 people in the city's central business district, on September 3 Duterte
declared a "state of lawlessness", and on the following day signed a declaration of a "state of national emergency on account of
lawless violence in Mindanao".[85] The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Philippine National Police (PNP) were ordered to
"suppress all forms of lawless violence in Mindanao" and to "prevent lawless violence from spreading and escalating elsewhere".
Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea said that the declaration "does not specify the imposition of curfews", and would remain in
force indefinitely. He explained: "The recent incidents, the escape of terrorists from prisons, the beheadings, then eventually what
happened in Davao. That was the basis."[86] The state of emergency has been seen as an attempt by Duterte to "enhance his already
strong hold on power, and give him carte blanche to impose further measures" in his so-called drug war: "Never previously has a state
of emergency been declared as a result of a single bombing or kidnappings, which were in any event far more serious a decade ago
than they are today. And, in fairness, bombings have regrettably become commonplace in areas of the southern Philippines over the
past two decades."[87]

In December 2016, Duterte was ranked 70th on Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People.[88][89]
While adjusting to working and residing at the Malacañang Palace, Duterte divides his workweek between Manila and Davao City by
spending three days in each city, utilizing the Malacañang of the South while in Davao.[90]