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the livelihood and well-being of societies. Climate change directly impacts water resources and
water services for all economic, social and environmental functions that water supports.
Therefore, the impacts reach into many sectoral interests such as health and agriculture. Water-
related climate risks arise from too much water, too little water or polluted water.
People’s access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene solutions can be significantly affected by
extreme events such as floods and droughts, as well as growing water scarcity.
Improvements in water resources management will help manage climate risks now and in the
future through better information, policy, regulation, allocation and cooperation. This reduces the
vulnerability to current climate variability and paves the way for more proactive climate change
adaptation.
The occurrence of floods and droughts is expected to increase with a changing climate, with the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicting water-related disasters to
increase in both frequency and severity, as the whole global water cycle is affected by climate
change. In turn, this will cause loss and damage, which affect the supply and delivery of water,
sanitation and hygiene.
The methodology adopted in undertaking this baseline combined quantitative and qualitative
methods. The mixed approach was adopted for purposes of complementarity, triangulation, and
validation of responses. While the greater part was quantitative using a structured questionnaire,
the qualitative aspect focused on direct observations of WASH facilities with regard to presence of
handing washing facilities and practices, cleanliness of toilet facilities, and other observable
phenomena. Data from direct observations, GPS coordinates, and photos of WASH facilities were
also captured
Access to improved drinking water is one of the important conditions for good hygiene in
households.
social learning lens
Vulnerability is defined as the capacity of a receptor to experience harm from a specific hazard or a range of hazards
[52,19,111,2]. Disasters occurring in WASH systems tend to result from vulnerabilities to a range of hazards impacting upon the system at
different geographical levels.
Ironically, efforts to increase access to improved WASH system services at the household level often do not adequately consider risk reduction
to protect public health in the community. Even if household options are imple- mented, untreated wastewater is frequently discharged into
ditches or open storm-water drains (if they exist), which defies the purpose of the household efforts. Children
playing in the streets become exposed when partially treated and pathogen-laden overflow from septic tanks or other sanitary
installations are drained to curb-side open channels, or households directly flush their toilet waste into street drains. Such drains are often
clogged from silting or the dumping of garbage, thus causing overflows. They are further impacted during heavy rainfall causing further spread
of contamination [104]. The drains are often directly accessed for drinking and washing water thus further increasing exposure. Conventional
sewerage is not possible when the capital costs and water requirements are too high for the area in question. Other factors hindering such
infrastructure investments are the additional costs for operation and maintenance, lack of financial and technical strength within the local
administration, and too narrow streets in unplanned settlements. When conventional sewerage is ruled out for poor urban areas, pour flush or
pit latrines along with septic tanks seem to be the only remaining option [104]. However these options are not appropriate in flood prone
settings because they cause contamination and leak- age, especially in areas with high water tables [37,38]. Unfortunately, alternative
approaches are not provided. Instead a single technology, often dysfunctional, is often promoted with subsidies attached to it [85].
The role and responsibilities of the key stakeholders during the implementation of the project will
be:
Ministries of Water, Education and Health will be key partners at the federal (national)
level in establishing an enabling environment,
Bureau of Amhara Regional Finance, Water, Health and Education will be key partners
at regional levels in terms of contributing finance (25% contribution), monitoring project
implementation, and providing technical support,
Offices of Jabi Tehnan Woreda Finance, Water, Health and Education are the key
partners at district level in joint planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluation.
Kebele Administration, Health Extension Workers, School Directors and other
development agents are also key stakeholders at community level.
The Household survey for the baseline survey will be conducted using mWater app which is an
on line application which includes mWater Surveyor, mWater Mapper and mWater Pathfinder.
The mWater Surveyor is an online and mobile software platform that allows organizations to
map sites such as water points or sanitation facilities schools, health clinics, or communities,
and monitor them over time by adding status update.
WAE will provide the tool used for context analysis and household data collection. The
consultant team will be expected to determine the sample size for the baseline survey, conduct
data collection (both quantitative and qualitative), do analysis, and report writing.
https://www.mwater.co/surveyor.html