Formulas and Principles
CHAPTER 1
ALGEBRA
Laws of Exponents (Index Law)
L
2.
3.
4
5.
mo" = gen
a"a" =a
a" a" = qin"
(a""y" = a
(ab)" = ap”
(a/b)" = a" 15"
Properties of Logarithms
1,
2,
3,
4.
5.
6.
7.
8,
9,
log, xy = log, x +log, y
log.,(x/y) = log, x-log, y
log, x" = nlog, x
log, x
ite
log, a =1
log, 1 =0
6. ame
7.
8.
9,
10. If a" =a" thenm=n
10. log, 6=Inb/Ina= logb/loga
(change base rule)
log, x =Ine (e = 2.71828...) natural logarithm
logy x =log.x common logarithm
If log, x=a then a" =x
Special Products
weRUN
a(x +y)=axrt+ay
(x + a)(y + b) = xy + bx + ay + ab
(WE ty)= (ty Hx? + 2p t
(yey) = (ey) =x Day +
Gt pe-y =x‘Formulas ‘andPrinciples
Example:
(xt yea daly +6 xiy? + day? t yt
Yo get the coefficient of the next term
. coefficient) x (exponent of
| Coefficient = [seeds ccponentot 9
exponentof y+1 of previoustern
(x tye xtt daly + 6x32 + dag? + yi"
2nd term:
Coefficient = 1(4)/(0 + 1)=4
3rd term:
Coefficient = 4(3)/(1 +1) =6
KB
Sum of Coefficients
To get‘the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of (ax + by +z)", replace all
variables with one (1) and subtract the constant term (if any) of the expansion
Sum of coefficients = [a(1) + 5(1) + c(1)}" ~ constant term
Examples
Find the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of (2x + 3y -
t Sum =[ 2(1) + 3(1) - 1 = 4°= 4096
Pind the sum of the coefficients of the expansion of (2x — 1”.
( Sum = [2(1) ~ 1° = C1" =0
iSum of Infinite Geometric Progression
If n—» co and the common ratio -1