3/31/2019 Chapter 11 Homework

Chapter 11 Homework
Due: 1:59pm on Wednesday, January 16, 2019
You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy

New MicroCareers: Take a Bacterial Survey

You are the new prokaryote cell line curator at a biological resource center that supplies cells and research organisms to research facilities. As a new curator, the
company would like for you to review and improve its current catalog descriptions and in-house protocols. Since the catalog includes only a brief introductory section that
covers bacteria and archaea, you decide to expand this section into a comprehensive background and survey of taxa. You want to update the introduction to include a
comprehensive review of prokaryotic cells and also emphasize the differences between bacteria and archaea. As prokaryotic cells, both groups lack internal
membranes, and therefore also lack membrane-bound organelles. You choose to begin your introduction with an overview of prokaryotic cell morphology.

Part A - Bacterial Shape

While many people new to the field of microbiology like to use the terms rods and spheres, you prefer the correct terminology that is currently in use to describe the
morphology of bacteria, which is also utilized in naming newly discovered species of bacteria. Shape designations for the cells are based on Latin or Greek
description of the cellular shape and configurations.
To aid anyone who will be reading this new introduction you are writing, you choose to develop a series of figures that will illustrate the multiple shapes
and configurations that bacteria have evolved to use. Place the correct term next to the shape it denotes.

Hint 1. Latin or Greek for shapes

Remember that the Greek for “sphere” is coccus and that the word for “rod” in Latin is bacillus.

Hint 2. Spirillum or spirochete?

One is shorter with fewer curves and the other is longer and has tighter coils. The shorter ones are generally considered stiffer and less “bendy.”

ANSWER:

Reset Help

Coccus

Spirillum

Coccobacillus

Spirochete

Bacillus

Pleomorphic

Vibrio

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3/31/2019 Chapter 11 Homework

Correct
What descriptions would you use for explaining and naming bacterial cells based on configuration?

Part B - Bacterial Configuration

Match the Greek designation with the appropriate cell configuration.

Hint 1. Latin or Greek for number

Greek has been used to characterize two cells (diplo), four cells (tetra), and other numbers of cells.

Hint 2. Latin or Greek for configuration

Greek has been used to characterize cell configuration shape if the cells are in chains (strepto) or clusters (staphylo).

ANSWER:

Reset Help

Diplococci

Streptococci

Tetrads

Sarcinae

Staphylococci

Correct

Part C - Bacterial Reproduction

Another characteristic that you want to include in the introduction is bacterial reproduction. Prokaryotic cells have only one chromosome and lack any organelles
such as a nucleus, which limits the requirement for numerous cellular processes when a cell divides to form two daughter cells. In both major forms of bacterial
reproduction, binary fission and snapping, the single chromosome must replicate so that each daughter cell will carry a complete chromosome. During binary

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3/31/2019 Chapter 11 Homework
fission, the cell replicates its DNA and each DNA molecule is attached to the cytoplasmic membrane. The growing cell elongates the cytoplasmic membrane, which
separates the daughter DNA chromosomes. The formation of a cross wall allows for invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane. The cross wall completely divides
daughter cells, which may or may not separate.

Snapping division, seen in some Gram-positive bacilli, occurs when only the inner portion of a cell wall is deposited across the dividing cell. This new cross wall
puts tension on the outer layer of the old cell wall. Eventually, the outer wall breaks at its weakest point with a snapping movement that tears it most of the way
around. The daughter cells can then remain hanging together almost side by side being held by a small remnant of the original outer wall.

Choose from the following statements the ones that correctly discuss reproduction using binary fission in a bacterial cell.

Select all that apply.

Hint 1. Binary fission

Hint 2. Snapping division

ANSWER:

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3/31/2019 Chapter 11 Homework

Due to the stretching of the cytoplasmic membrane, both cells will contain a complete genome.

Each daughter cell is an exact copy of the other, both genetically and morphologically.

Each daughter cell will contain an equal number of organelles.

The daughter cell will be a permanently smaller copy of the mother cell but will contain a complete genome.

Correct

Part D - The Archaea Bacteria

You decide that the introduction should also discuss the extremophiles that are referred to as the archaea. These single-cell organisms are considered
"extremophiles" due to their ability to survive and reproduce in environmental conditions that would be hostile for most living organisms. Archaea species have been
isolated from highly acidic sulfur springs, ocean floor thermal vents with temperatures that exceed boiling, and subarctic ice well below freezing. While still
considered to be prokaryotic, the archaea have numerous differences that place them apart from the bacteria.

Choose the characteristics that separate the archaea from other prokaryotic cells.

Select all that apply.

Hint 1. Extreme environments

Archaea are known for inhabiting extreme environments that do not allow for growth of regular bacteria. These extreme environments denature the proteins
and sugars of peptidoglycan and irreversibly damage the lipids of the cytoplasmic membranes of most bacteria.

ANSWER:

Archaea lack true peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

The cytoplasmic membrane lipids of archaea have branched or ringform hydrocarbon chains.

The morphology of the cell is rigid and is geometric in shape, similar to a sphere or cylinder.

All currently identified and characterized archaea have been linked as the causative agent to an animal or human disease.

Correct

Part E - Bacterial Survey

In a section that will be a brief survey of the prokaryotic bacteria, you want to give an overview of the multiple groups of bacteria and representative bacteria within
each group. The groupings have been developed based on many characteristics of the bacterial cells and attempt to group together different species with similar
cellular characteristics. Cellular morphology, cell wall composition, and metabolism have historically been used as means to roughly group bacteria together into
different classes and genera. Current technologies have been expanding and reorganizing these groupings based on lipid content and genomic characterizations.
Which of the following characteristics would NOT be used to aid in classifying a newly discovered bacterial species?

Hint 1. Bacterial morphology

Bacterial morphology covers the size, shape, and external appendages that a bacterial cell will have.

Hint 2. Cell composition

The guanine and cytosine DNA base composition and the presence of a thick peptidoglycan cell wall are considered when identifying and classifying
bacteria.

ANSWER:

cellular appendages

nutrients required

cellular size

DNA composition

cell wall composition

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3/31/2019 Chapter 11 Homework

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Visualize It! Chapter 11 Figure 2

You will label the endospore with its location within the cell and locate the vegetative cell.

Part A
Label the vegetative cell and the endospore for its location within the cell.

Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Not all labels will be used.

ANSWER:

Reset Help

Central spore Terminal spore Vegetative cell

Subterminal
endospore

Correct

Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 98.5%.
You received 1.97 out of a possible total of 2 points.

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