STATISTICS NOTES OF SIR

HAMIDULLAH
Organized by Waqas Ahmad

Mid Term Lectures Fall 2013

Waqas Ahmad
waqaskanju@gmail.com
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
Introduction to Statistics:
The word Statistics comes from the Italian word “Statista” which means “political state “. Statistics is the
branch of knowledge which establishes the numerical facts of so many problems that arise in human
life.

Statistics been an exciting discipline has wide applications nearly in all phases of human endeavor.
Dealing with affairs of state to the influence in business, social, & pure sciences, medical sciences
agricultural and engineering, it has played a basic rule in developing information technology.

Today statistics is a scientific study of handling qualitative information it provides a methodology for
collection, classification, description and interpretation of data obtained through a conduct of surveys
and experiments. The main purpose is to describe and draw inferences about the characteristics of
population.

Definition of Statistics: The term statistics is used in a singular sense or plural sense.

In Singular sense it refers to the science comparison method used in the collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of data and their applications.

In plural sense it conveys two meanings. Firstly the word statistics means an aggregate of numerical
facts (data) collected for the purpose of some information.

For example the height of First year Students, the annual rain fall in Mingora city for the last ten years.
Etc.

Secondly, it stands for any value calculated from sample data. For example the average height of First
year students, the average rain fall in Mingora city for last ten years.

Population or Universe (N): Population is a statistical term, which is used to define, a finite or infinite
number of similar or like.

For example the population of students in UOS, the height of students of Govt. Jahanzeb College,
children in a city are the example of population with finite size.

On the other hand population of starts in the sky, all heights between 1 & 3 meters and the population
of trees in swat are the examples of infinite population.

Population Parameter: A numerical value such as mean, standard deviation calculated from
population is knows as population parameter.

Sample (n): sample is a representative part of a population or a subset from a set of units, which is
provided by some process and it is denoted by (n).

The population are generally large or infinite so we use samples drawn from these populations to study
the desirable characteristics and properties of the population.

Page 1 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
Sampling: The process of drawing a part from a whole/population is called sampling.

Sample statistics: The numerical value such as mean and standard deviation calculated from sample is
know is sample statistics.

Mean 𝑋− and standard deviation (S) are the sample statistics or simple statistics. The value of
parameter is fixed or constant where is the value of statistics varies from sample to sample.

Lecture 2
Random Sampling: When every unit of a universe/population has an equal and independent chance of
being chosen for a sample. The sample is called random sampling.

There are two branches of statistics

1. Descriptive Statistics: The branch of statistics devoted to the summarization and representation
of dataset is called descriptive statistics. // Need 5 examples home work

For example, college teacher compute an average grade for has statistics class. The average grade
describes the performance of that particular class but do not make a generalization about other
classes, we can say that the college teacher is using descriptive statistics.

2. Inferential Statistics: The branch of statistics concerned with using sample data to make an
inference about a larger group of data is called inferential statistics.
// Need 5 examples home work.

Application of Statistics in various discipline:

Following are the importance of statistics in various discipline.

1. Statistical data are now widely used in taking all administrative decisions.
a. The authorities in education departments are considering the question of opening new
schools and colleges. Obviously, the decision will be based on knowledge of the school going
populations at different levels.
b. The authorities want to revise the pay scales of employees in view of an increase in the cost
of living. Statistical techniques may help to determine the raise of living.
2. Statistics plays an important role in business because it provides a quantitative basis for arriving
at decisions in all matters connected with operation of business. For example, a successful
business man must know the demand of his consumers, statistics would help to plan production
according to the demands of the consumers.
3. Statistics has proved to be of immense use in astronomy, biology, zoology, physics, chemistry,
agricultural, meteorology, economics, education and sociology etc.

Page 2 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
4. Tools of statistics are indispensable for transport authorities. The transport authorities before
launching any new items first undertake a survey to see whether it would be feasible for them
or not.
5. Actuarial science is the discipline that applies the statistical and mathematical methods to assess
risks in the insurance and finance industries.
6. Biostatistics is a branch of biology that studies biological phenomena and observation by means
of statistical analysis and include medical statistics.
7. Econometrics is a branch of economics that implies statistical methods to the empirical study of
economic theories and relationship.

Assignment No: 1 Application of Statistics.

Lecture 3
Variable: A characteristic that can take on different possible values is called a variable. For
example heights of students, ran fall at a place, price of commodity.

A variables may be quantity and qualitative nature.

Quantitative variable: If the values are expressed numerically the variable is said to be
quantitative, such as age, weights, income, number of children etc.

Qualitative Variable: If the values refers to non-numerical qualities, the variable is said to be
qualitative such as poverty, eye color, smoking, intelligence level.

The variables are denoted by capital letters such as X, Y, Z while small letters x, y, z denote their
values.

Quantitative variables may be further divided into two types

Discrete Variable: A discrete variable can assume only a finite number of values between any
two points. For example the number of children in a family, the number of deaths in an
accidents etc.

Continuous variable: A continuous variable may take an infinite numbers of values between
any two points. Such as heights of students. The temperature at place, the distance covered by
a tourist.

Data: Data is a plural of datum so data means information. Without data there is no ground for
statistics. Data are the core (hard middle part) of the science of statistics. In order to apply
statistical method to any type of inquiry it is necessary that statistical data be collected,
because no statistical analysis is possible in the absence of quantitative data.

There are two types of data

Page 3 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
1. Primary data: primary data is also called as original data but raw in the form, sense it is
collected for the first time by person who is going to use and they are to be arranged
and organized later on, to be fit for use. If primary data are collected directly from the
population then it is also called first-hand information.
2. Secondary data: secondary data is indirectly collected from the population or when
statistically method applied on primary data they lose their shape and become
secondary data.

FBS (Federal bureau of statistics), NARC (national agricultural research council.

Lecture 4
Classifications: Classification is the process of arranging the items in groups or classes according to their
resemblance and gives expression to the unity of attributes.

For example we arrange the marks into groups.

The Objects of classification:

The main objects of classification is to bring out points of similarities and dissimilarities by condensing
details it saves one from mental strength. This enables one to make comparisons and draw inferences
with more ease. It prepares the ground for the proper presentation of statistical facts. It may be noted
that in ideal classification should possess the following merits.

1. Inability: Classes should be clearly defined.

2. Stability: It should be stable, i-e classes should not be changed from time to time.
3. Flexibility: It should be flexible, i-e new classes demanded by new situations and circumstances
should find easy accommodations amongst the previous classes

There are two types of classification

1. Descriptive classification: When the data are classified on the basis of qualities or attributes,
which are incapable of quantitative measurement, the classification is said to be descriptive or
according to the attributes.

For examples marital status, educational standard.

2. Numerical classification: This type of classification is applicable to quantitative data only. Data
relating to height, weight, income, production their value are expressed in terms of numbers
with appropriate units.

Tabulation: The process of arranging the data in tabular form are called tabulation.

Frequency distribution: A large mass of data possess different characteristics, it grouped into different
classes then observations are determined in each class. The arrangement of these classes into tabular
form makes of frequency distribution.

Page 4 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
Class interval: The class interval in term of class width/length is the difference between the upper class
boundary and lower class boundary.

Note: Number of classes should be more than 6 and less than 25.

Class boundaries: If one have grouped frequency distributions with class interval having a gap between
upper class limit of one class and the lower class limit of the next class, we can make it continuous by
subtracting half the length of the gap from the lower class limit, and adding the half the length of the
gap to the upper class limit.

Lecture 5
Examples:

Q: Prepare a frequency distribution from the following figures related to bonus paid of factory workers.

61, 70, 81, 90, 105, 43, 50, 53, 62, 63, 77, 79, 74, 65, 80, 89, 95, 79, 85, 57 using 10 as class interval and
then find class marks class boundary and cumulative frequency.

Answer:

Range = max value - min value => 105 – 43 = 62

𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 62
Number of classes = = 6.2 ≅ 7
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 10

So we will made 7 Classes.

Class Interval Tally bar F C.M C.B C.F

40-49 I 1 44.5 39.5 - 49.5 1=1

50-59 Ill 3 54.5 49.5 - 59.5 1 + 3 =4

60-69 Illl 4 64.5 59.5 - 69.5 4+4 =8

70-79 IIII 5 74.5 69.5 - 79.5 8+5 =13

80-89 Illl 4 84.5 79.5 - 89.5 13+4 17

90-99 Il 2 94.5 89.5 - 99.5 17 +2 =19

100-109 I 1 104.5 99.5 - 109.5 19+1 =20

Where C.I = class interval

Page 5 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
F= Frequency

C.M = Class Marks = (lower limit + Upper limit) /2 e-g (40+49)/2

C.B =Class Boundary = (lower limit of Class B minus upper limit of Class A divide by 2)
e-g (50 – 49)/2

C.F= Cumulative Frequency = Sum of Frequencies

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

H/W

Q: 133 183 178 176 130 135 118 123 194 160 163 185 133 100 109 106 145 149 139 151 157 178 188
198 144 121 168 162 193 140

Using C.I = 10

But I had solved

Arranging in ascending form:

100 106 109 118 121 123 130 133 133 135 139 140 144 145 149 151 157 160 162 163 168 176 178 178
183 185 188 193 194 198

Range = max value – min value => 198 – 100 = 98

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒⁄ 98
No. of class = 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 = 10
= 9.8 ≅ 10

So we will take 10 Classes

Class Interval Tally bar Frequency Class Marks Class boundary C. freq.

100-109 Ill 3 104.5 99.5 – 109.5 3=3

110-119 I 1 114.5 109.5 – 119.5 3+1 =4

120-129 Il 2 124.5 119.5 – 129.5 4 + 2 =6

130-139 Illl 5 134.5 129.5 – 139.5 6+ 5 =11

140-149 Illl 4 144.5 139.5 – 149.5 11 + 4 =15

Page 6 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
150-159 Il 2 154.5 149.5 – 159.5 15 + 2 = 17

160-169 Illl 4 164.5 159.5 – 169.5 17 + 4 =21

170-179 Ill 3 174.5 169.5 – 179.5 21 + 3 = 24

180-189 Ill 3 184.5 179.5 – 189.5 24 + 3 =27

190-199 Ill 3 194.5 189.5 – 199.5 27 + 3 =30

HOME WORK

Q: Example construct a frequency distribution of the data, using class interval of size 2. Also find
cumulative frequency class marks and class boundary.

1345624635482424535451023453432553546563461244345374634577
43

But I had solved

Ascending order:

0111222222333333333333444444444444444455555555555566666677
78

Range = 8 – 0 = 8
8
No of Class= 2 = 4 but this value is not acceptable as no of class should not be less than 6

When it is continues then class foundries are not required.

Class Boundary Tally bar Frequency Class Marks C. frequency

0-1 IIII 4 0.5 4=4

1-2 IIII I 6 1.5 4+ 6 = 10

2-3 IIII IIII II 12 2.5 10 + 12 =22

Page 7 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
3-4 IIII IIII IIII I 16 3.5 22 + 16 = 38

4-5 IIII IIII II 12 4.5 38 + 12 = 50

5-6 IIII I 6 5.5 50 + 6 =56

6-7 III 3 6.5 56 + 3 =59

7-8 I 1 7.5 59 + 1 = 60

Total 60

Lecture 6

Home work:

Q: Construct a frequency distribution table. Also find cumulative frequency and class marks.

0.27 0.23 0.21 0.24 0.30 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.35 0.37 0.31 0.29 0.34 0.32 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.27 0.28

But I solved it. I solved this question using Virtual University Lecture notes.

Answer:

Range = Max value - min value => 0.37 - 0.21 = 0.16

Let our desired classes are: 6

As

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
No of Classes = 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
=> Class interval = ⁄𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

 0.16⁄ = 0.0266 ≅ 0.03

6
So we will take class interval 0.03

Class Interval Tally bar frequency Class Marks C. frequency.

0.21 – 0.23 II 2 0.22 2

Page 8 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
0.24 - 0.26 IIII 4 0.25 6

0.27 -0.29 IIII I 6 0.28 12

0.30 – 0.32 IIII I 6 0.31 18

0.33 -0.35 II 2 0.34 20

0.36 – 0.38 I 1 0.37 21

Lecture 7
Q: Construct a frequency distribution of forty balls diameters using appropriate class interval. Also
construct cumulative frequency, class boundaries and class marks

Let take class interval = 0.2

6.3 7.0 6.8 6.9 6.8 7.1 6.6 7.0 7.2 7.6 6.7 6.5 6.9 7.4 6.6 7.4 6.9 7.2 6.7 7.4 6.5 7.2 7.2 7.1 7.3 7.4 7.6 7.5
7.5 7.8 6.7 6.9 7.0 7.2 6.5 6.8 7.0 7.3 6.5 6.8

Answer:

Range = max value – min value = 7.8 – 6.3 = 1.5

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
No of Classes = 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙

1.5
No of classes = = 7.5 ≅ 8
0.2

Class Marks = (Upper Class limit + Lower Class limit) / 2

Class Boundaries = (lower Class limit of 2nd Class – upper Class limit of 1st Class) /2

Class Boundaries: Detail inside ↓

Class Interval frequency Class C. frequency
Boundaries 6.5 -6.4 /2 = Anx

6.3 – 6.4 1 6.25 - 6.45 1=1 6.3 – Anx = (Lower Class Limit -
anx)
6.5 - 6.6 6 6.45 - 6.65 1+6=7
6.4 + Anx = Upper Class Limit +
6.7 - 6.8 7 6.65 – 6.85 7+7=14 Anx

Page 9 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
6.9 - 7.0 8 6.85 – 7.05 14+8=22

7.1 - 7.2 7 7.045 – 7.25 22+7=29

7.3 - 7.4 6 7.25 – 7.45 29+6=35

7.5 - 7.6 4 7.45 – 7.65 35+4=39

7.7 - 7.8 1 7.65 – 7.85 39+1=40

Relative frequency distribution and percentage relative frequency

Each frequency of class divided by the total frequency of all class is called relative frequency

And

Percentage of each frequency of a class divided by the total frequency is called percentage relative
frequency.

frequency
Relative Frequency =
total frequency

Class frequency Class C. Relative Percentage

Interval boundaries frequency frequency relative

Frequency

6.3 – 6.4 1 6.25 6.45 1=1 1/40 =0.025 (1/40)*100

= 2.5

6.5 - 6.6 6 6.45 6.65 1+6=7 6/40 =0.15 (6/40)*100

= 15

6.7 - 6.8 7 6.65 – 6.85 7+7=14 7/40 =0.175 (7/40)*100

= 17.5

6.9 - 7.0 8 6.85 – 7.05 14+8=22 8/40 =0.2 (8/40)*100

= 20

Page 10 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
7.1 - 7.2 7 7.045 – 7.25 22+7=29 7/40 =0.175 (7/40)*100
= 17.5

7.3 - 7.4 6 7.25 – 7.45 29+6=35 6/40 =0.15 (6/40)*100

= 15

7.5 - 7.6 4 7.45 – 7.65 35+4=39 4/40 =0.1 (4/40)*100

= 10

7.7 - 7.8 1 7.65 – 7.85 39+1=40 1/40 =0.025 (1/40)*100

= 2.5

Cumulative frequency distribution: The cumulative form of a frequency distribution is called cumulative
frequency distribution.

When one wishes to know that what proportion of the elements of a data set have values above or
below certain level. The cumulative form of a frequency distribution is a very effective device for
summarization the information. If the cumulative process is from the lowest value to the highest it is
referred to “a less than type” cumulative frequency distribution. When the frequencies are cumulated
form the highest values to the lowest values, it is called a more than type cumulative frequency
distribution the graph of a cumulative frequency distribution is called ogive.

Class Frequency Class C. Relative Relative Less More

Interval Boundaries freq. frequency than than
Percentage
type type
Frequency

6.3-6.4 1 6.25 - 6.45 1 0.025 2.5 1 40

6.5 -6.6 6 6.45 6.65 7 0.15 15 7 39

6.7- 6.8 7 6.65 – 6.85 14 0.175 17.5 14 33

6.9- 7.0 8 6.85 – 7.05 22 0.2 20 22 26

7.1- 7.2 7 7.045 – 7.25 29 0.175 17.5 29 18

7.3- 7.4 6 7.25 – 7.45 35 0.15 15 35 11

7.5- 7.6 4 7.45 – 7.65 39 0.1 10 39 5

Page 11 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
7.7 7.8 1 7.65 – 7.85 40 0.025 2.5 40 1

Note: Every cumulative frequency is by default less than type.

H/W

Find Relative cumulative frequency and Percentage relative cumulative frequency of the above example.

= cumulative frequency / total frequency

= multiple 100 with relative cumulative frequency.

But I had already done the home work

Class Frequency Relative Relative C. Relative Percentage

Interval frequency freq. cumulative relative
Percentage
frequency frequency
Frequency

6.3-6.4 1 0.025 2.5 1 1/40 =0.025 (1/40) * 100

= 2.5

6.5 -6.6 6 0.15 15 7 7/40=0.175 (7/40) * 100

=17.5

6.7- 6.8 7 0.175 17.5 14 14/40=0.35 (14/40) *100

=

6.9- 7.0 8 0.2 20 22 22/40=0.55 (22/40) *100

=55

7.1- 7.2 7 0.175 17.5 29 29/40=0.725 (29/40) *100

=72.5

7.3- 7.4 6 0.15 15 35 35/40=0.875 (35/40) *100

=87.5

Page 12 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
7.5- 7.6 4 0.1 10 39 39/40=0.975 (39/40) *100
=97.5

7.7 7.8 1 0.025 2.5 40 40/40=1 (40/40) *100

=100

Lecture 8

Measure of location or central tendency

Definition: A single value that represents the whole data is called central tendency.

OR

An average is the stage at which the largest number of items tends to concentrate (majmoa) and so it is
called central tendency. Average are also sometimes referred to as measures of location because they
locate the center of distribution.

Measure of Central tendency: The method we use to find the representative value of data is called
measure of central tendency.

Objects of measure of location or central tendency:

1. The most important object of measuring location or average is to find out the value that can
represents the whole data.
2. One of the object of measuring average is very much useful for comparative study of different
distribution.
3. Average are very useful for computing various other statistical measure such as dispersion,
skewness, kurtosis and various other basic characteristics of a mass of data.

−
𝑥 = sample mean ℳ = population mean

**************************** 2nd class of probability **********************

Types of averages: Following are the type of measure of location or averages.

1. Mathematical averages:
a. Arithmetic mean or simple mean
b. Geometric mean
c. Harmonic mean

Page 13 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com

2. Averages of position:
a. Median or quintiles or partition values
b. Mode

Arithmetic mean: One of the most common use measures of location is the arithmetic average or mean.
Arithmetic mean is mid value of the items in data. Mean is called as the central value of distribution.

Arithmetic mean from ungroup data: Mean is obtained by adding all the data set values and dividing it
by the number of values involved.

If x1, x2..., xn is the set of n value symbolically its mean is expressed as

− x1+ x2+..+ xn Σ𝑥
A.M or 𝑥 = 𝑛
=
𝑛

Calculate the arithmetic mean of the values the following values 10, 20,30,40,50

10+20+30+40+50
A.M = 30
= 30

Example No 2:

126 135 131 140 143 150 120 110

126+135+131+ 140 + 143+ 150+ 120+ 110 1055

= = 131.8
8 8
Example No 3:

5.20 3.50 6, 9.75 6.5 3.65 9.5 1.25

5.20+3.50+6 +9.75+6.5+ 3.65+9.5 1.25 45.35
8
= 8

Σx
If population then A.M = Μ = N
Arithmetic mean from frequency data:

Page 14 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
− f1x1 + f2x2 + … + fn Σ fx
The formula used for frequency data is 𝑥 = =
f1+f2+f3+...+fn Σ𝑓

X f fx

10 1 10

20 4 80

30 10 300

40 4 160

50 1 50

Total =160 Σ𝑓 =20 Σfx= 600

Σ fx 600
= 30
Σ𝑓 20

Lecture 9
Example # 2 H/W

F 3 6 9 13 8 5 3 2

Class marks 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 5
(x)

I had already solved.

Answer:

X f fx

6 3 18

7 6 42

8 9 72

9 13 117

10 8 80

Page 15 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
11 5 55

12 3 36

5 2 10

Use this formula

∑ 𝑓𝑥
A.M = 𝑥̅ = ∑𝑓

Example 3: H/W

X 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

F 3 18 23 42 62 78 18 200 198 82 14

Example #1 in Classes

Classes F Class marks (x) fx

5-15 1 (5+15) /2 =10 10

15 – 25 4 (15 + 25) /2 = 20 80

25 35 10 30 30

35 – 45 4 40 160

45 – 55 1 50 50

20 600

∑ 𝑓𝑥
A.M = 𝑥̅ = ∑𝑓
= 600/20 = 30

Example # 2 in Classes H/W

Page 16 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com

Classes 20-24 25-29 30 -34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 -45

F 4 6 8 11 15 9

∑ 𝑓𝑥
A.M = 𝑥̅ = ∑𝑓
Use this formula

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Find the arithmetic mean of all problem we studied in previous classes. H/W

Lecture 10
Weighted Athematic Mean: In calculating arithmetic mean or average, we give equal importance to all
items of the series but it is not necessary that all the appointing of the total number of items have the
same relative degree of importance. Then the relative importance of the various items is indicated by
assigning, “weights” to the various items. The average thus computed by making use of the weights is
called weighted arithmetic average.

Mathematically if 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , . . , 𝑥𝑛 be a set n values with weights if 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 , . . , 𝑤𝑛 respectively

𝑥1 𝑤1 + 𝑥2 𝑤2 + 𝑥3 𝑤3 + ..+ 𝑥𝑛 𝑤𝑛
Then weighted arithmetic mean = 𝑥̅ = 𝑤1 +𝑤2 + 𝑤3 + …+ 𝑤𝑛

Example:

Let us consider a table, showing the average income of four families having earner men as below

Income in (Rs) 1000 1300 1500 2000

No of earners /man 2 4 3 6

∑𝑥 1000+1300 + 1500 + 2000

IF we use the formal 𝑥̅ = x= = 1450
𝑛 4

Page 17 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
We find the mean for four income values. Table shows different number of earner men in each family.
The computation of the above mean takes into count on equal number of men. Therefore it will miss
lead us.

In order to find more reliable and accurate measure we should multiply each income values by the
respective number of earner men in each family. By doing this we assign weights due importance to
each income value. This Mean/average which we obtain is now called weighted arithmetic mean

∑ 𝑤𝑥 𝑥1 𝑤1 + 𝑥2 𝑤2 + 𝑥3 𝑤3 + 𝑥4 𝑤4 2(1000)+4(1300)+3 (1500)+6(2000)
𝑥̅𝑤 = ∑𝑤
= = = 1580
𝑤1 +𝑤2 + 𝑤3 + 𝑤4 2+4+3+6

Example 2:

The marks obtain by a student in statistics, mathematics and computer science were 60, 75 and 63
respectively.

Find the appropriate average if weights of one, two and one are assigned to these marks.

H/w

Example no 3: H/W

Q: A candidate obtains the following percentage in an examination English = 50, Urdu= 85, Math= 73,
computer= 69, and statistics= 55.

Find the weight mean, if the weight of 4, 3, 2, 2, and 1 respective are allotted to the subjects.

Answer: ?

Geometric mean:

For ungroup data:

Let 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , . . , 𝑥𝑛 be the n values of a data set, thus mathematically geometric mean is given by
1
G.M = 𝑛√𝑥1 . 𝑥2 . 𝑥3 . . . . 𝑥𝑛 = (𝑥1 . 𝑥2 . 𝑥3 . . . . 𝑥𝑛 )1/𝑛 = 𝑛 log(𝑥1 . 𝑥2 . 𝑥3 . . . . 𝑥𝑛 )

1
(log 𝑥1 +𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥2 +𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥3 +. . +𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑛 )
𝑛

Page 18 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
1
log of G.M = 𝑛 ∑ log 𝑥

∑ log 𝑥
log 𝑜𝑓 𝐺. 𝑀 =
𝑛

G.M =𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 log ∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥/n

Lecture 11
Q: Calculate the geometric mean of the marks obtained by the class of seven students

70, 80, 85, 90, 95, 60 and 50

Solution:

X log 𝑥

70 1.85

80 1.90

85 1.93

90 1.95

95 1.98

60 1.78

50 1.70

Σ log x = 13.09

∑ logx 13.09
G.M = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 𝑛
= antilog ( 7
) = antilog 1.87

G.M = 74.13

Answer

******************** ******************** ****************************************

Example No 1: H/W

Q: Calculate geometric mean from the following data

Page 19 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
5.20, 3.50, 6, 9.75, 6.5, 3.65, 9.5, 1.25

Solution:

X log 𝑥

5.20 0.72

3.50 0.54

6.0 0.78

9.75 0.99

6.5 0.81

3.65 0.56

9.5 0.98

1.25 0.1

Σ logx = 5.48

∑ logx ∑ 5.48
G.M = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑛
= antilog ( 8
) = antilog (0.69)

G.M = 4.84

********************** **************************** ***************** ***************

Example 2: H/w

Calculate the geometric mean

1, 7, 18, 65, 91 and 103

Solution

X log 𝑥

Page 20 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
1 0

7 0.85

18 1.25

65 1.81

91 1.96

103 2.01

∑ log x = 7.88

∑ logx 7.88
G.M = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 ( ) = antilog ( ) = antilog (1.31)
𝑛 6

G.M = 20.57

***************************** *************************** **************** **********

Geometric mean from frequency data:

Formula for finding Geometric Mean from frequency data

∑ 𝑓 log 𝑥
G.M = antilog
∑𝑓

Example 1: H/W

Class marks (X) 70 80 85 90 95 60 50

F 1 2 4 5 3 1 0

Solution:

X F log x f log x

70 1 1.85 1.85

80 2 1.90 3.8

Page 21 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
85 4 1.93 7.74

90 5 1.95 9.75

95 3 1.98 5.94

60 1 1.78 1.78

50 0 1.70 0

∑ f log x= 30.86

∑ 𝑓 log 𝑥 30.86
G.M = antilog
∑𝑓
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔( ) = Antilog (1.93)
16

G.M =84.87

***************** ******************** *************************** ***************

Find geometric mean from these 2 examples.

Geometric mean from group data.

Example 3:

Green color [ ] = given

Yellow color [ ] = Answer

Marks F Class Marks (x) log x F log x

0 - 10 8 5 0.70 5.6

10 - 20 12 15 1.18 14.16

20 - 30 20 25 1.40 28

30 - 40 4 35 1.54 6.16

Page 22 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
40 - 50 5 45 1.65 8.25

50 - 60 3 55 1.74 5.22

∑f = 52 ∑ f log x = 67.39

∑ 𝑓 log 𝑥 67.39
G.M = antilog
∑𝑓
=Antilog ( ) = Antilog(1.30) = 19.76
52

G.M = 19.76

***************************** ************************ ****************************

Calculate geometric mean from the following group data H/W

Given Data:
Marks 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8

No of Students 10 40 20 10 10 20 40 10

Solution:
no of Students Class Marks
Marks (f) (x) log x f logx
-
0- 1 10 0.5 0.3010 -3.0103
1- 2 40 1.5 0.1761 7.0437
2- 3 20 2.5 0.3979 7.9588
3- 4 10 3.5 0.5441 5.4407
4- 5 10 4.5 0.6532 6.5321
5- 6 20 5.5 0.7404 14.8073
6- 7 40 6.5 0.8129 32.5165
7- 8 10 7.5 0.8751 8.7506

Total 160 80.0394

Page 23 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com

∑ 𝑓 log 𝑥 80.04
G.M = antilog
∑𝑓
= 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔( ) = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 (0.50)
160

G.M =3.16

Answer

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Example 5:

Calculated geometric mean from group data. Take Example one From Lecture 5. H/W

I had already taken example one from lecture 5 which is below.

Class Interval 40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 69 70 - 79 80 – 89 90 - 99 100 -109

Frequency 1 3 4 5 4 2 1

Answer:

Class Class
Interval Frequency marks logx F logx
40 - 49 1 44.5 1.6484 1.6484
50 - 59 3 54.5 1.7364 5.2092
60 - 69 4 64.5 1.8096 7.2382
70 - 79 5 74.5 1.8722 9.3608
80 - 89 4 84.5 1.9269 7.7074
90 - 99 2 94.5 1.9754 3.9509
100 - 109 1 104.5 2.0191 2.0191

Total 20 37.1340

Page 24 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
∑ 𝑓 log 𝑥 37.1340
G.M = antilog
∑𝑓
antilog ( ) = antilog (1.86) = 72.44
20

Example: H/W

Ages 24 27 29 31 37 39 40 43 47 49 50

Frequency 1 1 2 4 7 6 3 3 1 1 1

Frequency
Ages (x) (f) logx f logx
24 1 1.3802 1.3802
27 1 1.4314 1.4314
29 2 1.4624 2.9248
31 4 1.4914 5.9654
37 7 1.5682 10.9774
39 6 1.5911 9.5464
40 3 1.6021 4.8062
43 3 1.6335 4.9004
49 1 1.6902 1.6902
49 1 1.6902 1.6902
50 1 1.6990 1.6990

∑ 30 47.0116
∑ 𝑓 log 𝑥
antilog( ∑𝑓
) = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 (47.01⁄30) = 36.90

Answer

Harmonic mean: Of a series of values is the reciprocal of A.M and the reciprocal of values of items.

Page 25 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
𝑛
H.M = 1
∑
𝑥

Lecture 12
Find out the harmonic mean of the following discrete data.

1, 0.5, 10, 45, 175, 0.01, 4

H.M = 𝑛⁄ 1
∑
𝑥

X 1/x

1 1 H.M = 𝑛⁄ 1
∑
𝑥
0.5 2
Putting values in above
10 0.1
formula
45 0.02
H.M = 7⁄103.38 = 0.07
175 0.005

0.01 100

4 0.25
1
∑𝑥 = 103.38

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Calculate harmonic mean from the following data.

5.2, 3.5, 6.0, 9.75, 6.5, 3.65, 1.25, 9.5

H.M = 𝑛⁄ 1
x 1/x ∑
𝑥

Putting values in above

formula
Page 26 of 51
H.M = 8⁄2.09 = 3.83
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
5.2 0.2

3.5 0.29

6.0 0.17

9.75 0.10

6.5 0.15

3.65 0.27

1.25 0.8

9.5 0.11

1
∑ 𝑥 = 2.09

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Formula for finding H.M from group data:

Example 1:

Q: Find harmonic mean from the following data

X 0.01 0.5 1 4 10 45 175

F 1 6 12 16 20 9 5

Solution:

[ ] = Given

X F f/x
0.01 1 100
0.5 6 12
∑𝑓
1
4
12
16
12
4
H.M= 𝑓
10 20 2
∑𝑥
45 9 0.20
69
175 5 0.03 = 0.53
130
∑ 69 130.23

Page 27 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
Example 2:

X 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

F 3 6 9 13 8 5 3

Solution:

X F f/x
6 3 0.50
7 6 0.86
8 9 1.13
9 13 1.44
10 8 0.80
11 5 0.45
12 3 0.25

∑ 47 5.43

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Calculate harmonic mean form group data:

Example 1:

Classes Frequency Class Marks (x)

0-10 8 5

10-20 12 15

20-30 20 25

30-40 4 35

Page 28 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
∑𝑓
H.M= 𝑓
∑
𝑥
H/W Use the above formula

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Relationship of average:
Relationship between A.M G.M and H.M:

The relationship between AM, GM and HM of a series is given by

A.M > G.M > H.M

If 2, 4, 3, 7
½ = 0.5
Σ 𝑥 2+4+3+7 16
A.M = 4
= 4 =4 ¼ = 0.25
𝑛
∑ logx 1/3 = 0.33
G.M = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 ( ) = antilog [log (2) + log (4) +log (3) + log (7)] /4
𝑛
1/7 = 0.14
G.M = antilog (2.22/4) = antilog (0.56) = 3.6

G.M = 3.6

H.M = 𝑛⁄ 1
∑
𝑥

0.5 + 0.25 + 0.33 + 0.14 = 1.22

Putting in formula

4/1.22 = 3.3

H.M = 3.3

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Q: Which one is best and why? // Home Work

Page 29 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
A.M or G.M or H.M

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

If n observations are equal or constant

A.M= G.M= H.M

If x1, x2 are the two values of a variant then their G.M is equal to the square root of their A.M and H.M

G = √𝐴𝑀 ∗ 𝐻𝑀

2 2
2
G = A*H => 𝐴=
G => 𝐻=
G
𝐻 𝐴
Q: Prove that AM > GM > HM for the following group data // Home Work

Given = [ ]

Classes f X Logx 1/x Fx f/x f logx

0- 10 3 5 0.7 0.2 15 0.6 2.1

10 - 20 2 15 1.18 0.07 30 0.13 2.36

20 - 30 4 25 1.4 0.04 100 0.16 5.6

30 - 40 1 35 1.54 0.03 35 0.03 1.54

∑ 10 80 4.82 0.34 180 0.92 11.6

A.M = 180/10 = 18

G.M = Anti log (11.6/10) => Anitlog(1.16) => 14.45

H.M = 10/0.92 = 10.87

Hence proved AM > GM > HM

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Page 30 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com

Lecture 13
I skipped this Lecture there were only Examples in this Lecture.

Lecture 14
Averages of position

Median: Median is the middle item of a series when it is arranged in ascending or descending order of
magnitude. Median divides the series in two equal parts.

Median for individual series / ungroup data /discrete data:

First arrange the series in ascending order and then apply the formula
𝑛+1
Median = size of 2
th item (for odd number)

Median = Find A.M of two middle values (for even number)

Example 1:

2, 3, 5, 7, 10

Page 31 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
𝑛+1 6
2
= size if 2 th item

Which is 5

Example 2:

Find median from the following series

2,3,5,7,10,13

N=6

(5+7)/2 = 6 Ans

Example 3:

0.11, 0.35, 0.94 0.23 0.42 0.67 0.70

Ascending order: 0.11 0.23 0.35 0.42 0.67 0.70 0.94

Median for frequency Data:

In case of frequency distribution median is the size of (n+1)/2 the median is the value corresponding to
the cumulative frequency distribution in which (n+1)/2 or n/2 lies.

Median = size of (n+1)/2 th item (f = odd)

= size of (n/2) th item (f=even)

Exam 1:

The distribution given below gives the marks in CS test by a class of 45 Ist year Students.

Find Median:

X F Cumulative
frequency

0 2 2

1 2 4

Page 32 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
2 4 8

3 7 15

4 12 27

5 6 33

6 4 37

7 3 40

8 2 42

9 2 44

10 1 45

(N+1)/2

(45+1)/2 = 23

23 Fall in 4

Median from Continues data or group data:

ℎ 𝑛
Median = L + 𝑓 (2 - c.f) When f (even)

ℎ 𝑛+1
Median = L + 𝑓 ( 2
- c.f) When f (odd)

H= class width or class length or the class interval

L = lower class boundary of the middle class

F = frequency of median class

c.f = cumulative frequency preceding the median class.

Lecture 15
Find Median

Solution:

Page 33 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
F 3 6 9 8 5 3 4

X 3 7 9 10 12 11 5

X F c.f

3 3 3

5 4 7

7 6 13

8 10 23

9 9 32

11 3 35

12 5 40

∑ f = 40

Here n= 40 as it is even
𝑛
Formula for odd =2 => 40⁄2 = 20

Median will lies in x=8;

Because our answer is 20 and lies after 13 and before 23.

Find median from the following data

Example 2:

Marks 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8

No of std 10 40 20 10 10 20 40 10

Page 34 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
ℎ 𝑛
Median = 𝐿+ ( − 𝑐)
𝑓 2
In case of a frequency distribution, the median is given by the formula

Where

L =lower class boundary of the median class (i.e. that class for which the cumulative frequency is just in
excess of n/2).

h=class interval size of the median class

f =frequency of the median class

n=Σf (the total number of observations)

c =cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class

Note:

This formula is based on the assumption that the observations in each class are evenly distributed
between the two class limits.

Given: [ ]

Marks No of Std c.f

0-1 10 10

1-2 40 50

2-3 20 70

3-4 10 80

4-5 10 90

5-6 20 110

6-7 40 150

7-8 10 160

Type equation here.

Page 35 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
𝑛 160
For even 2 = 2
= 80

80 lies in Marks(3-4)

ℎ 𝑛
Median = 𝐿+ ( − 𝑐)
𝑓 2
1 160
Median = 3+ ( − 70)
10 2

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Quantiles (Quartiles, Deciles, and percentiles) Portioned values.

As discussed in the previous lecture median divides the data into two equal parts. Other very useful
divisions are also possible called Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles respectively.

Calculation of Quantiles:

A. Quantiles for individual data

B. Quantiles for frequency data
C. Quantiles for group data

Quantiles for individual series:

i) Quartiles: A quartile is the value of item divided into 4 equal parts as the median is the
value of middle item of a series of data. There are 2 quartiles Q1 is the first quartile and
Q3 is the third quartile. Q1 and Q3 are called lower and upper quartile respectively. The
second quartile Q2 is the Median. The quartiles are given by the formula

For odd

(𝑛+1)
Q1 = size of 4
th item

(𝑛+1)
Q2 = size of 2 th item
4

(𝑛+1)
Q3 = size of 3 4
th item

(𝑛+1)
Q4 = size of 4 4
th item

For even

Page 36 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
(𝑛)
Q1 = size of 4
th item

(𝑛)
Q2 = size of 2 4
th item

(𝑛)
Q3 = size of 3 4
th item

(𝑛)
Q4 = size of 4 4
th item

Deciles: They divide the data into 10 equal parts d1, d2, d3 … d9
The 5th Decile D5 consider the median value

A method similar to that used for calculation the quartiles

For odd

(𝑛+1)
Q1 = size of th item
10

(𝑛+1)
Q2 = size of 2 10
th item

(𝑛+1)
Q3 = size of 3 10
th item

(𝑛+1)
Q4 = size of 4 10
th item

For even
(𝑛)
Q1 = size of 10
th item

(𝑛)
Q2 = size of 2 th item
10

(𝑛)
Q3 = size of 3 10 th item

(𝑛)
Q4 = size of 4 10 th item

Percentiles: They divide the data into 100 equal parts. The First, Second, Third up to 99th percentiles are
denoted by P1, P2, and P3 …. P99

The P50 consider the median value

The percentiles are given by the formulas:

For odd

Page 37 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
(𝑛+1)
Q1 = size of 100
th item

(𝑛+1)
Q2 = size of 2 100
th item

(𝑛+1)
Q3 = size of 3 100
th item

(𝑛+1)
Q4 = size of 4 th item
100

For even

(𝑛)
Q1 = size of th item
100

(𝑛)
Q2 = size of 2 th item
100

(𝑛)
Q3 = size of 3 100 th item

(𝑛)
Q4 = size of 4 th item
100
…
…
(𝑛)
Q99 = size of 99 100 th item

Lecture 16
Example 1:

Find the upper and lower Quartile from the following observations

20 25 15 25 30 25 35 30 35 45 40

Find Q1,Q3

Solution:

Arranging in ascending order:

15 20 25 25 25 30 30 35 35 40 45

n=11
𝑛+1
Q1 = Size of (4
)th item

Page 38 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
11+1
Q1 = Size of ( 4
)th item => Third Item

Which is 25

3(𝑛+1) 3(12)
Q3 = Size of ( )th item => )th => 9th item.
4 4

Which is 35

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Find D3, D7, P75, P99

𝑛+1
D3 = 3( 10 ) th item => 3.6th item

Here we can recognize the third item but it is 3.6

So

25 + 0.6(25 - 25) => 25 + 0.6 (0) => 25

[ ] = Third Value;

[ ] = Fourth Value

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

15 20 25 25 25 30 30 35 35 40 // HOME WORK //

Find all Quartiles

Find D3, D7, P75, P99

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Example 2: Find all quartiles, 3rd Deciles from the following data. The marks obtained by 7 Students

In Statistics

82 53 54 60 62 63 46 // Home Work

Lecture 17
Example 1

Q: Find the lower and upper quartile by using the following observations.

Page 39 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
20 25 15 25 30 25 35 30 35 45 40

Solution:

Arranging in ascending order:

15 20 25 25 25 30 30 35 35 40 45

Finding lower Quartile

Finding upper Quartile
𝑛+1
Q1 = size of ( ) th item 𝑛+1
4 Q3 = size of 3( ) th item
4

Here n = 11
Q3 = 9th item. Which is 35
Q1 = 3rd item. Which is 25

Example 2:

Find D3, D7, P75 and P99

Finding D3
𝑛+1
D3 = size of 3( 10 ) th item

Here n = 11
12
D3 = size of 3(10) th item

D3 = 3.6 item. As it is not whole number so

25 + 0.6 (25 - 25)

Where the first Page

and last 2551
40 of is the third item.

While the 2nd 25 is the fourth item.

And 0.6 it the excess from value as 3.6 -3.0 = 0.6

 http://www.wsk.host56.com

Finding D7
𝑛+1
D7 = size of 7( 10 ) th item

Here n = 11
12
D7 = size of 7(10) th item

D7 = 8.4 item. As it is not whole number so

35 + 0.4 (35 - 35)

Where the first and last 35 is the third item.

While the 2nd 35 is the fourth item.

And 0.4 it the excess from value as 8.4 -8.0 = 0.4

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Finding P75
𝑛+1
P75 = size of 75( 100 ) th item

Here n = 11
12
P75 = size of 75( ) th item
100

P75 = 9th item. Which is 35

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Finding P99

Page 41 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
𝑛+1
P99 = size of 99( 100 ) th item

Here n = 11
12
P99 = size of 99(100) th item

P99 = 11.88 item. As it is not whole number so

//Confuse

45 + 0.88(45 - 45)

= 45

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Example 3:

Find all Quartiles, and 3rd Decile from the following data

82, 53, 54, 62, 60, 63, 46 72 // Home Work

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

In Case of Frequency data:

Find Q1, Q3, D5, P25 and P75 by using the following observation

X 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

F 1 2 4 7 9 10 11

Home work But it had done it.

Solution:

Given [ ]

x F c.f

15 1 1

Page 42 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
20 2 3

25 4 7

30 7 14

35 9 23

40 10 33

45 11 44

Here n = ∑f = 44
𝑛
Q1 = size of 4 𝑡ℎ item

44
Q1 = = 11
4

11 lies in 4th item

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Quartile for Individual Observations (Ungrouped Data):

Page 43 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com

Quartile for a Frequency Distribution (Discrete Data):

Quartile for Grouped Frequency Distribution:

Lecture 18

Quartile for Grouped Frequency Distribution:

Page 44 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com

Calculate:

Q1, Q3 D5 P25 and P75

By using the observation below

Classes F c.f c.b

13 – 17 1 1 12.5 - 17.5
18 – 22 1 2 17.5 – 22.5
23 – 27 2 4 22.5 – 27.5
28 – 32 3 7 27.5 – 32.5
33 – 37 2 9 32.5 – 37.5
38 – 42 1 10 37.5 – 42.5

𝑛
Q1 = size of 4 th item

Q1 = 2.5 item, no 2.5 lies in class 23-27

ℎ 10
Q1 = l + 𝑓 ( 4
− 𝑐. 𝑓)

5
Q1 = 22.5 + 2 (2.5 - 2)

Q1 = 22.5 + 2.5 (0.5) = 23.75

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Page 45 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
3𝑛
Q3 = size of 4
th item

Q3 =7.5 th item, 7.5 lies in 5th class 33-37

ℎ 3𝑛
L+ ( − 𝑐. 𝑓)
𝑓 4

5
32.5 + (7.5 - 7)
2

32.5 + 2.5(0.5) = 33.75

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

5𝑛
D5 = size of 10 th item

U wil get median class

ℎ 5𝑛
D5 = L+ 𝑓 (10 - c.f)

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
25𝑛
P25 = size of 100 th item

ℎ 25𝑛
P25 = L+ ( - c.f)
𝑓 100

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

P75 =
75𝑛
Size of 100 th = 7.5 item

ℎ 75𝑛
P75 = L+ 𝑓 (100 - c.f)

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Example 2 Home work

Find Q1, Q3 D5, D7, p20 p70 p99 from the following group data

classes 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54

Page 46 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
F 1 4 8 11 15 9 1

Example 3:

classes 2.5 – 2.9 3.0 3.4 3.5 3.9 4.0 4.4 4.5 – 4.9 5.0 5.4 5.5 5.9 6.0 – 6.4

F 2 7 17 25 20 12 9 8

Find Q1, Q3, D3, D6, P15, P82 // Home work

Lecture 19
Mod: Mod is the most frequent value in a data set. In other words the maximum point of the frequency
distribution.

Mod for individual data:

Example 1:

From the following sizes of shoes find out the model size. 11, 7, 9, 8, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 6, 8, 7, and 8

Solution: 8 is the model value

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Mod for frequency data:

In case of frequency data the mod is the most frequent value.

Example 1: in case of frequency data

Page 47 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
X 10 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

f 2 4 6 7 12 18 26 7 5 3 2

Mode = 66

Ans

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Mod from Continues data or group data:

𝒇 − 𝒇𝟎
Mode = L + 𝟐𝒇𝒎𝒎−𝒇 (𝒉)
𝟎 − 𝒇𝟏

Where

L is the lower class boundary of the mode class

fm =Frequency of model class

f0 =Frequency preceding the model class

f1 =Frequency following the model class

Find mode by using the following observations

Given [ ]

Classes F class boundary

13 – 17 1

18 – 22 1

23 -27 2

28 – 32 3 27.5 – 32.5

33 – 37 2

38 – 42 1

L =27.5

Page 48 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
H=5

fm = 3
f0 = 2

f1 = 2

Putting values in formula

𝟑− 𝟐
Mode= 27.5 + 𝟐(𝟑) −𝟐− 𝟐 (𝟓)

1
Mode = 27.5 + 2(5) => 27.5 + 2.5 => 30 Ans

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Example # 2: in case of group data:

Given: [ ]

Class Interval F Class boundary(c.b)

9.3-9.7 2

9.8 – 10.2 5

10.3 – 10.7 12

10.8 – 11.2 17 10.75 - 11.25

11.3 – 11.7 10

𝒇 − 𝒇𝟎
Mode = L + 𝟐𝒇𝒎𝒎−𝒇 (𝒉)
𝟎 − 𝒇𝟏

L = 10.75

𝒇𝒎 = 17

𝒇𝟎 = 12

𝒇𝟏 = 10

Putting values in formula

Page 49 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com

𝟏𝟕− 𝟏𝟐
Mode = 10.75 + 𝟐(𝟏𝟕) −𝟏𝟐− 𝟏𝟎 (𝟎. 𝟓)

𝟓 𝟐.𝟓
Mode =𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟑𝟒−𝟐𝟐 (𝟎. 𝟓) => 10.75 + 𝟏𝟐 => 10.75 + 0.23 => 10.98

Ans

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Find Mod from the following group data:

Marks F

0-1 10

1-2 40

2-3 20

3-4 10

4-5 10

5-6 20

6-7 30

7-8 10

𝒇 − 𝒇𝟎
Mode = L + 𝟐𝒇𝒎𝒎−𝒇 (𝒉)
𝟎 − 𝒇𝟏

L=1

𝒇𝒎 = 40

𝒇𝟎 = 10

Page 50 of 51
 http://www.wsk.host56.com
𝒇𝟏 = 20

Put values in the above formula //Home work

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Or

Where
= Lower class boundary of the model class
= Frequency of the model class (maximum frequency)
= Frequency preceding the model class frequency
= Frequency following the model class frequency
= Class interval size of the model class

End of Mid Term Course

Please let me know if anything is written wrong. So that I can correct it. By writing in the feedback page
of website.

Page 51 of 51