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Oct 26, 2017
The environmental toll of plastics

The amount of plastic manufactured in the first ten years of this century
eclipses the total produced in the entire last century
(https://www.ehn.org/u/douglasfischer) Douglas Fischer (https://www.ehn.org/u/douglas scher)
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Editor's note: This is an unformatted reprint of a post we rst published in 2009. We lost the original
URL as we switched to a new platform in October, 2017. But we found readers still referencing the
piece, so we dove into our archives. Thanks for reading us.
By Jessica A. Knoblauch
Environmental Health News

July 2, 2009
https://www.ehn.org/plastic-environmental-impact-2501923191.html 1/24
From cell phones and computers to bicycle helmets
4/2/2019
and hospital IV bags, plastic has molded society
The environmental toll of plastics - EHN
in many waysEnvironmental
that make life bothHealth
easier and Newssafer. (/)
Donate the synthetic material also has left harmful 
But 
imprints on the environment and perhaps human health, according to a new compilation of articles
authored by scientists from around the world.
More than 60 scientists contributed to the new report

(http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1526.toc), which aims to present the rst
comprehensive review of the impact of plastics on the environment and human health, and offer
possible solutions.
"One of the most ubiquitous and long-lasting recent changes to the surface of our planet is the
accumulation and fragmentation of plastics," wrote David Barnes, a lead author and researcher for
the British Antarctic Survey. The report was published this month in a theme issue of Philosophical
Transactions of The Royal Society B, a scienti c journal.
As the scrutiny of the environmental toll of plastic increases, so has its usage, the scientists reported.
The amount of plastic manufactured in the rst ten years of this century eclipses the total
produced in the entire last century
Since its mass production began in the 1940s, plastic's wide range of unique properties has propelled
it to an essential status in society. Next year, more than 300 million tons will be produced worldwide.
The amount of plastic manufactured in the rst ten years of this century will approach the total
produced in the entire last century, according to the report.
"Plastics are very long-lived products that could potentially have service over decades, and yet our
main use of these lightweight, inexpensive materials are as single-use items that will go to the
garbage dump within a year, where they'll persist for centuries," Richard Thompson, lead editor of
the report, said in an interview.
Evidence is mounting that the chemical building blocks that make plastics so versatile are the same
components that might harm people and the environment. And its production and disposal
contribute to an array of environmental problems, too. For example:
Chemicals added to plastics are absorbed by human bodies. Some of these compounds have
been found to alter hormones or have other potential human health effects.
Plastic debris, laced with chemicals and often ingested by marine animals, can injure or poison
wildlife.
Floating plastic waste, which can survive for thousands of years in water, serves as mini
transportation devices for invasive species, disrupting habitats.
Plastic buried deep in land lls can leach harmful chemicals that spread into groundwater.
Around 4 percent of world oil production is used as a feedstock to make plastics, and a similar
amount is consumed as energy in the process.
People are exposed to chemicals from plastic
4/2/2019
multiple times per day through the air, dust, water, food
Environmental
and use of consumer products. Health Donate
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For example, phthalates are used as plasticizers in the manufacture of vinyl ooring and wall
coverings, food packaging and medical devices. Eight out of every ten babies, and nearly all adults,
have measurable levels of phthalates in their bodies.
In addition, bisphenol A (BPA), found in polycarbonate bottles and the linings of food and beverage
cans, can leach into food and drinks. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported
that 93 percent of people had detectable levels of BPA in their urine.
The report noted that the high exposure of premature infants in neonatal intensive care units to
both BPA and phthalates is of "great concern."
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers or PBDEs, which are ame-retardants added to polyurethane foam
furniture cushions, mattresses, carpet pads and automobile seats, also are widespread.
The plastics industry maintains that its products are safe after decades of testing.
"Every additive that we use is very carefully evaluated, not just by the industry, but also
independently by government agencies to look at all the materials we use in plastics," said Mike Neal,
a consumer and environmental affairs specialist at PlasticsEurope, an industry trade association, and
a co-author of the report.
But some of these chemicals have been shown to affect reproduction and development in animal
studies, according to the report. Some studies also have linked these chemicals with adverse effects
in people, including reproductive abnormalities.
"We have animal literature, which shows direct links between exposure and adverse health
outcomes, the limited human studies, and the fact that 90 to 100 percent of the population has
measurable levels of these compounds in their bodies," said John Meeker, an assistant professor of
environmental health sciences at the University of Michigan School of Public Health and a lead
author. "You take the whole picture and it does raise concerns, but more research is needed."
Shanna Swan, director of the University of Rochester's Center for Reproductive Epidemiology,
conducted studies that found an association between pregnant women's exposure to phthalates and
altered genital development in their baby boys.
Also, people with the highest exposure to BPA have an increased rate of heart disease and diabetes,
according to one recent study. Animal tests studies of PBDEs have revealed the potential for
damaging the developing brain and the reproductive system.
Yet the effects on human health remain largely unknown. To help shed more light on the issue, the
report recommends more sophisticated human studies.
"It's tough to have a smoking gun with a single
4/2/2019
animal study or observational human study," Meeker
said. "We needEnvironmental Health

to have different types Newsindicating
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determine health effects resulting from these chemicals."
But testing humans for endocrine disruptors can be tricky because phthalates and BPA pass through
the body so quickly. In addition, tests for each chemical cost about $100 a pop.
Deciding which chemicals to test and at what dose is also an issue. To date, most studies have
addressed single chemicals, and there are limited data on the interactions between chemicals.
Compounding the problem is the discovery that endocrine disrupting chemicals may have effects at
doses lower than those used in the Environmental Protection Agency's standard toxicity tests.
Swan said the old model of testing should be thrown out and that the new goal should be tests that
mimic real human exposure.
"It's a very complicated picture and the laboratory model of just taking one isolated chemical and
giving it to a genetically pure strain of rats in clean cages, clean air and clean water and seeing what it
does just doesn't come close to mimicking the human situation," she said.
Many researchers recommend studies that test pregnant women as well as their children. The
National Children's Study will do just that by examining environmental in uences on more than
100,000 children across the United States, following them from before birth until age 21.
"There are so many questions now with these chemicals in relation to cardiovascular disease, age
and puberty, obesity, developmental disorders," said Swan. "We don't know what's causing it, only
hints, so the beauty of the National Children's Study is that we can look at all of these endpoints and
it should reveal a lot of answers."
Plastic's problems extend beyond the human body, according to the report. More than one-third of
all plastic is disposable packaging like bottles and bags, many of which end up littering the
environment.
Although the image of a bird tangled in a plastic necklace is by now burned into the public's eye,
ingestion of plastic fragments is much more common. Once inside, plastic can pack a one-two punch
by both clogging an animal's stomach and poisoning it with chemicals that have concentrated in the
plastic. Some chemicals are then transferred to the food web when animals eat them.
More than 180 species of animals have been documented to ingest plastic debris, including birds,
sh, turtles and marine mammals, according to the report.
Unfortunately, collecting data on plasticizers' impacts on wildlife suffers the same pitfalls as studying
human health. Still, there is already evidence that chemicals associated plastics might harm wildlife.
For example, laboratory studies have shownThe
4/2/2019
that phthalates and BPA affect reproduction in all
environmental toll of plastics - EHN
Environmental
studied animal groups and impairHealth Newsin (/)
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development 

crustaceans and amphibians.
"While there is clear evidence that these chemicals have adverse effects at environmentally relevant
concentrations in laboratory studies, there is a need for further research to establish population-
level effects in the natural environment," according to the report.
Charles Tyler, a professor at the University of Exeter School of Biosciences in the United Kingdom
and a senior author of the report, said that scientists have shown that "some of these chemical
compounds are getting into the environment and are in some environments at concentrations where
they can produce biological effects in a range of wildlife species."
Traveling from coast to coast, plastic can endure for thousands of years due to the reduced UV
exposure and lower temperatures of aquatic habitats.
Barnes demonstrates plastic's mobility with his account of a plastic sighting during an expedition to
the Amundsen Sea where he took biological samples, the rst there ever. The Amundsen, located in
the Paci c Sector of Antarctica, is the only sea in Antarctica with no research station on its coast and
the nearest urban center thousands of miles away.
"Even for us, getting in was a challenge because there's so much ice and it's so dif cult to get there,"
said Barnes. "But even in that remotest of environments, there was plastic oating on the sea
surface.
Plastic also serves as a oating transportation device that allows alien species to hitchhike to
unfamiliar parts of the world, threatening biodiversity. Global warming further aids the process by
making previously inhospitable areas like the Arctic livable for invasive species, which can be
detrimental to local species.
For example, plastic items are commonly colonized by barnacles, tubeworms and algae. Along the
shore of Adelaide Island, west of the Antarctic Peninsula, ten species of invertebrates were found
attached to plastic strapping that was littering the ice.
"Raising the temperature just one degree can make the difference between getting to someplace and
actually surviving once you get there," said Barnes.
Plastic is so resilient that even burying it deep within the earth doesn't keep it from impacting the
environment. Currently it accounts for approximately 10 percent of generated waste, most of which
is land lled. But, as the report notes, placing plastics in a land ll may simply be storing a problem for
the future, as plastic's chemicals often sink into nearby land, contaminating groundwater.
In addition, production of plastics is a major user of fossil fuels. Eight percent of world oil
production goes to manufacturing plastics.
As plastics grow in volume at a rate of aboutThe
4/2/2019
nine percent each year, the authors emphasize that
environmental toll of plastics - EHN
Environmental
tackling its problems Health
means addressing News
itsDonate (/)
sustainability. 

One solution is to treat plastic as a reusable material rather than as a disposable commodity that's
quickly discarded. That means making plastic more easily recyclable from the get-go by using fewer
materials in the manufacturing process and increasing recycling facility availability.
"The recycling message is simple; both industry and society need to regard end-of-life items,
including plastics, as raw materials rather than waste," stated the report.
Increasing the availability of biodegradable plastic, which can be made from renewable materials
from plants such as corn and soy, is another option.
"Biodegradable plastics have the potential to solve a number of waste-management issues,

especially for disposable packaging that cannot be easily separated from organic waste in catering or
from agricultural applications," according to the report.
However, currently production capacity for biodegradable plastics worldwide is around only
350,000 tons, representing less than 0.2 percent of petrochemical-based plastic. In addition, "most
of these materials are unlikely to degrade quickly in natural habitats, and there is concern that
degradable, oil-based polymers could merely disintegrate into small pieces that are not in
themselves any more degradable than conventional plastic," stated the report.
To help mitigate the potentially harmful chemicals in plastics, the authors recommend that more
studies be conducted on the biological mechanisms that may be affected by plastic additives and in
particular, low-dose chronic exposures.
In the meantime, the report recommends reducing the use of these chemicals and developing safer
alternatives, a strategy known as green chemistry.
"Had this approach been in place 50 years ago it would probably have prevented the development of
chemicals that are recognized as likely endocrine disruptors," the report said.
The report also suggests that plastic waste can be reduced by using labels that allow consumers to
choose packaging based on a lifecycle analysis that includes all components of the manufacturing
process. For example, if the product were made of mostly recycled materials, used minimal
packaging and could be easily recycled, it would get a green dot. If the product were made of
excessive packaging that used a lot of virgin materials, it would get a red dot.
"Personally, I feel that's the way to do it, rather than a knee jerk reaction where legislation says we
can't use certain types of plastic," said Thompson. "Having that information will help drive the system
because I think consumers are keen to make the right choice when provided with all the
information."
Neal of PlasticsEurope said consumers, not The
4/2/2019
theenvironmental
industry,tollare responsible for making sure plastics
of plastics - EHN
don't wind upEnvironmental Health Donate

littering the environment. News (/) (https://donatenow.networkforgood.org/1437620) 

"In my view the responsibility is fairly and squarely on the consumer," he said. "People tend to pick on
plastics because perhaps it's the most visible form of litter and because it's lightweight so it can
move around a bit, but actually it's only a small part of the litter problem."
The authors said that if plastics are made and used responsibly, they can help solve some
environmental problems.
For example, one study found that packaging beverages in PET (a type of plastic) versus glass or
metal reduces energy use by 52 percent and greenhouse gas emissions by 55 percent. And, solar
water heaters containing plastics can provide up to two-thirds of a household's annual hot water
demand, reducing energy consumption.
Plastics, if used wisely, "have the potential to reduce mankind's footprint on the Earth," Thompson
said.
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News (/) 

News (/) 
(https://www.ehn.org/residents-shout-down-oil-and-gas-execs-over-fracking-at-us-steel-mill-
Kristina Marusic/EHN
2633068424.html)
Kristina Marusic (https://www.ehn.org/u/kristinamarusic1) 28 March Lifestyle
Residents shout down oil and gas execs over fracking at US Steel
mill (https://www.ehn.org/residents-shout-down-oil-and-gas-
execs-over-fracking-at-us-steel-mill-2633068424.html)
Tensions ran hot Wednesday night during a community meeting about proposed fracking at the site
of U.S. Steel's Edgar Thomson Steel mill in Braddock, 10 miles east of downtown Pittsburgh.
Keep reading...
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    

News (/) 
Katy De Wolff (https://kimdewolff.com/tag/toys/)

(https://www.ehn.org/the-800-lb-cheap-plastic-gorilla-in-our-oceans-2633252233.html)
Peter Dykstra (https://www.ehn.org/u/peterdykstra) 31 March Popular
Peter Dykstra: The 800-lb (cheap, plastic) gorilla in our oceans

(https://www.ehn.org/the-800-lb-cheap-plastic-gorilla-in-our-
oceans-2633252233.html)
Save for one word, Walter Brooke (1914-1986) had an unremarkable career as a Hollywood bit
player, usually as a mid-level military of cer ghting Indians or Nazis.
Keep reading...
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    

News (/) 

News (/) 
(https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-exxon-mobil-climatechange/u-s-regulator-rules-out-exxon-
www.reuters.com
shareholder-vote-on-climate-resolution-idUSKCN1RE2E5)
U.S. regulator rules out Exxon shareholder vote on climate

resolution (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-exxon-mobil-
climatechange/u-s-regulator-rules-out-exxon-shareholder-vote-
on-climate-resolution-idUSKCN1RE2E5)
Exxon Mobil Corp is not required to let its shareholders vote on setting greenhouse gas targets, the
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission said on Tuesday, agreeing with the company's request to
reject the proposal.
Read the Full Article on www.reuters.com (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-exxon-mobil-

climatechange/u-s-regulator-rules-out-exxon-shareholder-vote-on-climate-resolution-
idUSKCN1RE2E5)
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    

News (/) 
www.eenews.net
(https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060139433)
2h Water (https://www.ehn.org/water)
'It's really in great shape.' Trump sees warming up close

President Trump's visit to the shores of Lake Okeechobee took him to the front lines of climate
change.
Read the Full Article on www.eenews.net (https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060139433)
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    

News (/) 
(https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/04/02/climate/pricing-carbon-emissions.html?
www.nytimes.com
rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fclimate)
These countries have prices on carbon. Are they working?

(https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/04/02/climate/prici
ng-carbon-emissions.html?
More than 40 governments have adopted a price on carbon, but many of the programs are still too
weak to drive truly deep cuts in emissions.
Read the Full Article on www.nytimes.com
(https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/04/02/climate/pricing-carbon-emissions.html?
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    

News (/) 
(https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2019/04/02/interiors-watchdog-is-reviewing-
allegations-that-david-bernhardt-violated-trump-ethics-pledge/?
noredirect=on&utm_term=.b63e6525da8b)
2h
Interior Dept. watchdog reviewing allegations that acting

secretary violated Trump ethics pledge
(https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-
environment/2019/04/02/interiors-watchdog-is-reviewing-
allegations-that-david-bernhardt-violated-trump-ethics-pledge/?
noredirect=on&utm_term=.b63e6525da8b)
The Of ce of Inspector General is reviewing allegations that the acting secretary may have violated
his ethics pledge by weighing in on issues affecting a former client, the of ce con rmed Tuesday.
Read the Full Article on www.washingtonpost.com (https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-
environment/2019/04/02/interiors-watchdog-is-reviewing-allegations-that-david-bernhardt-violated-
trump-ethics-pledge/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.b63e6525da8b)
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    

News (/) 
(https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/02/us/arctic-oil-drilling-well-data.html?
www.nytimes.com
A key to the Arctic’s oil riches lies hidden in Ohio

(https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/02/us/arctic-oil-drilling-well-
data.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fclimate)
The ndings of a test well drilled in Alaska three decades ago have been a closely guarded secret. We
found answers in a Cleveland courthouse.
Read the Full Article on www.nytimes.com (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/02/us/arctic-oil-
drilling-well-data.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fclimate)
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    

News (/) 
www.eenews.net
2h
Mr. Congeniality: How Perry uses charm to stay out of trouble

Energy Secretary Rick Perry has worked to stay on lawmakers' good side, but one top Democrat
describes his behavior as "sizzle, no steak."
Read the Full Article on www.eenews.net (https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060139355)
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    

News (/) 
(https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2019/04/02/asheville-bill-nye-urges-people-get-
www.citizen-times.com
work-climate-change/3339954002/)
In Asheville, Bill Nye urges people to 'get to work' on climate

change (https://www.citizen-
times.com/story/news/local/2019/04/02/asheville-bill-nye-urges-
people-get-work-climate-change/3339954002/)
Much of the conversation before a nearly sold out crowd was about the fundamentals of climate
change, a topic Nye has discussed for a generation.
Read the Full Article on www.citizen-times.com (https://www.citizen-
times.com/story/news/local/2019/04/02/asheville-bill-nye-urges-people-get-work-climate-
change/3339954002/)
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    

News (/) 
(https://www.fastcompany.com/90328267/the-rockefeller-foundation-is-unceremoniously-ending-its-
successful-resilience-program)
The Rockefeller Foundation ends 100 Resilient Cities

(https://www.fastcompany.com/90328267/the-rockefeller-
foundation-is-unceremoniously-ending-its-successful-resilience-
program)
100 Resilient Cities–which funded an of ce of resiliency in city governments around the world–is set
to be terminated this summer. The reasons are unclear.
Read the Full Article on www.fastcompany.com (https://www.fastcompany.com/90328267/the-
rockefeller-foundation-is-unceremoniously-ending-its-successful-resilience-program)
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    

News (/) 
(https://www.reuters.com/article/us-shell-afpm/citing-climate-differences-shell-walks-away-from-u-s-
www.reuters.com
refining-lobby-idUSKCN1RE0VB)
Citing climate differences, Shell walks away from U.S. refining

lobby (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-shell-afpm/citing-
climate-differences-shell-walks-away-from-u-s-refining-lobby-
idUSKCN1RE0VB)
Royal Dutch Shell Plc on Tuesday became the rst major oil and gas company to announce plans to
leave a leading U.S. re ning lobby due to disagreement on climate policies, citing its support for the
goals of the Paris climate agreement.
Read the Full Article on www.reuters.com (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-shell-afpm/citing-

climate-differences-shell-walks-away-from-u-s-refining-lobby-idUSKCN1RE0VB)
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    

News (/) 
(https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/shark-killing-great-barrier-reef-australia-queensland-
www.independent.co.uk
court-cull-a8850891.html)
2h Water (https://www.ehn.org/water)
Shark culling banned on Great Barrier Reef after campaigners

win landmark court ruling
(https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/shark-killing-
great-barrier-reef-australia-queensland-court-cull-
a8850891.html)
Campaigners had fought to end the practice of killing sharks, which is meant to reduce the risk of
attacks in the region.
Read the Full Article on www.independent.co.uk (https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/shark-

killing-great-barrier-reef-australia-queensland-court-cull-a8850891.html)
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    

Groundwater Turn

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