USTH

BI8

Optics
1. Geometrical Optics

Nguyễn Quốc Hưng

email: hungngq@hus.edu.vn
Mobile: 091 849 7300
Program

• Geometrical optics
• Wave optics
• Applications
• Quantum optics

• Textbook: Halliday et al. 10th ed.

• Yalecourse by Shankar on youtube, lecture 16-18

TA: Đinh Thúy Hiền

thuyhiendinh2111@gmail.com
History of Optics
• In the beginning
• Greek philosopher, islamic world, lens and primitive ray optics
• 17th century:
• Telescope by Galileo, Kepler
• Microscope by Jansen, Fontana
• Snel and refraction law
• Fermat: principle of least time
• Newton: white = ∑ color
• Huygens: wave theory
• Romer: first measurement of speed of light
• 19th century:
• Young and wave theory of light
• Fresnel diffraction
• Maxwell's unification theory
• Hertz verify that light is EM wave
• Aether theory under attack
• Michelson measurement
• 20th century:
• Aether dies
• Einstein speed of light
• Planck, Bohr and gangs on quantum theory
• Modern optics
What is optics?

Optics
• A branch of electromagnetism
• Described by quantum physics

Light
• Propagate as a wave (without a medium)
• Create/Annihilate as a particle (from charged particles)

Approximately described by
• Geometrical optics
• Wave optics
• Quantum optics

An art work from the internet

 dista

Violet
Orang

Blue
Red

Gree
occu

Yello
2
: (R/5) m0 i
B ! d s ! m0 i
:
! . (Answer)
Maxwell's rainbow R
Visible spectrum
2
25
Wavelength (m)
108 107 106 105 104 103 102 10 1 Additional
10–1 10–2 examples,
10–3 10–4 10–5 video,
10–6 10–7 10–8 10 –9 and
10–10 10 –11 practice
10–12 10–13 10–14 10available
–15
10–16
Long waves Radio waves Infrared Ultraviolet X rays Gamma rays

10 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024
Frequency (Hz)
Maxwell’s Equations
FM radio
Equation 32-5 is the last of the four fundamental equations of electr
TV channels
Maritime, Maritime, aeronautical,
called Maxwell’s equations and displayed in Table
band, 32-1. These fou

14 - 69
7 - 13
Maritime and AM aeronautical, citizens

2-6
aeronautical uses radio and mobile radio and mobile radio
Table 32-1 Maxwell’s Equations a
104 105 106 7
10 8
10 109 1010 1011
Frequency (Hz)
Name Equation
Figure 33-1 The electromagnetic spectrum.

Gauss’ law for electricity ! : :

E ! dA ! qenc /´0

Gauss’ law for magnetism ! : :

B ! dA ! 0

Faraday’s law ! :
E ! ds ! $
:
d"B
dt

Ampere – Maxwell law ! :

B ! d s ! m0´0
:
d"E
dt
# m0 ienc

a
E#
E #B always gives
B always gives the
the direction
direction in which
in which thesinusoidally,
the wave travels.
wave travels.
in which Em and Bm are the amplitudes ofinthe
this movement of charge also varies magnitude
fields andand, direction, at an-
as in Chapter 16, v and k
Greatest
Greatest
gular frequency v . The antenna has the effect of an electric dipole whose electric
vary sinusoidally,
ary sinusoidally, justangular
just
are the
dipole
like
like
moment
thevaries
the transverse
transverse
frequency waves
waves
and
sinusoidally
discussed
discussed
inangular
magnitude wave number
and direction along ofthethe magnitudes
wave,
antenna. respectively.
magnitudes
eover,Thethe
eover, the traveling
fields
fields varythese
vary
From E&M
with
with the same
the
equations, wave
same frequency
frequency
we note that andnot
and in phase
in phase
only do the two fields form(e)the electro-
(e)
other.
other. magnetic wave but each also forms its own wave. Figure Figure 33-4
Equation33-4 (a)(a)
33-1–(h)
–: (h) The variation
gives
The variation
the in the
electric
in the
wave component of the electromagnetic wave, andelectric
electric
Eq.
Travelingfield
field
:
E
wave Egives
33-2 and the
and thethe magnetic
magnetic
magnetic field
field B
:
B
ese features,
ese features, we we can
can assume
assume that that the the electromagnetic
electromagnetic wave
Transformer wave the distant
distant point
point P of Fig.
P of Fig.33-3
33-3 as
as one
one ww
ment for generating wave a component. As weC shall discuss below, these thetwo wave components cannot
nE
neticthe
the positive
positive
LECTROMAG
wave in the
direction
direction
N ETICof ofWAVES
an xaxis,
an
Energy
xaxis, thatthat the the electric
electric field
field in
in length of
length of the
the electromagnetic wave
P electromagnetic wave trav
tra
parallel
nparallel to theexist
the independently.
axis,
y axis, and
L
source that the magnetic field is then
to
of the spectrum: an y and that the magnetic field is then
Transmission past it.
past it.In
In this perspective,
Distant
this perspective,the the wave
wave is is
athe z
sinusoidal axis (using
current Wavea Speed. From
right-handed R Eq. 16-13, we
coordinate lineknow
system, of thattraveling
the speed point of the
directly out wave
of the is v/k.
page. The twt
the z axis (using a right-handed
magnetic
enerates the wave. However, fields are related coordinate
by system, of 33-1 E traveling directly out of the page.975 The
write the electric and magneticbecause
magnetic this
fields is an
as electromagnetic
sinusoidal functions wave,
Electric its speed
LECTROMAG
fields vary (in vacuum)
N ETIC
sinusoidally
WAVES
in is given an
magnitude an
write
hich athedetectorelectric
can and fields as sinusoidal
LC oscillator functions dipole fields vary sinusoidally in magnitude
e path of the the symbol
wave) and c rather
time t : than v. In Ethe m next section
c you will see that
direction.
direction. Notecthat
Note has they
that the
they value
are always
are
(33-4) always perpe
e path of
eling past it. the wave) and time t : !
Because the dipole moment varies in magnitude and direction, the electric
antenna
(amplitude ratio).
B pendicular to to each
each other
E
other and
and to
to the
the wav
wa
field produced by the dipole varies in magnitude and direction. m
Also, because the pendicular
current varies, the If magnetic
we dividefield
Eq.produced
33-1 byby the
Eq. current
33-2 1
varies
and thenin magnitude
substitute direction
direction
with Eq. of
of
B
travel.
travel.
33-4, we Pfind that
E !
E ! Em
and direction. E sin(kx"
m sin(kx"
However, vt),
the changes c !
vt), in the electric and magnetic (33-1)
(33-1)(wave
fields do speed),
not Greatest (33-3)
the magnitudes of the fields at 1
every m0instant
´0 and at any point are related by
magnitudes
happen everywhere instantaneously; rather, the changes travel outward from the E (a) E
antenna at the speed of light c. Together the changing fields form an electromag- B B
netic wave which
that travels is about
away from 3.0
the # 10
antenna m/s.E Inc.other
8 at speed The words,
angular frequency P P
B! !B sin(kx" vt),
Bmm sin(kx" vt), (33-2)ratio).
(33-2)
of thisBwave is v, the same as that of the LC oscillator.
! c (magnitude (h) (33-5) (b)
B :
Electromagnetic Wave. Figure 33-4 shows how the electric field E and the
ee the
the amplitudes
amplitudes of the
of the fields
fields and,
time asand, as in
as in Chapter
Chapter 16,v
16, andpast
v and k the
k Zero
:
magnetic field B change with one wavelength of the wave sweeps
All
Rayselectromagnetic
and Wavefronts. waves,
We including
can represent visible the light, have the
P same
electromagnetic wavespeed
magnitudes in vacuum.
as incFig. 33- P
ency and
distant
ency and angularangular
point P of Fig.wave
33-3;
wave innumber
each
number part of
of the
Fig. 33-4,
of theline wave,
the
wave, respectively.
wave is traveling
respectively. directly
5a, with a ray (a directed
out of the page. (We choose a distant point so that the curvatureshowing the ofwave’s direction of(g)
the waves travel) or with wave-(c)
wesuggested
we note
The
note that
field
that not
travel
not
in Fig. 33-3
only
out
only
is
ofdo
do
small
thethe
the
enough
two
antenna
two
to
fields
fields
neglect.
form
atAtspeed
form
fronts (imaginary surfaces over which the wave ishas
such
the
c with
the
points,
electro-
the same
electro-
the wave the same magnitude of electric
said
ch also forms
frequency
h also
to beforms You
its
as
its
a plane wave, ownwill
the
own LC also
wave.
wave. see
Equation
circuit
and discussion Equationthat
of thetwo
wave the
33-1
33-1 wave
is much gives
gives speed
the
simplified.) c
the electric
Noteand
electric the
several amplitudes of the electric and
field), or both. The wavefronts shown in Fig. 33-5a are separated by one wave-
key
• features
B andinEFig.
he electromagnetic are33-4; they are
wave,
always present
and Eq.regardless
perpendicular 33-2 givesoftohow thetraveling
the
the wave is created:
magnetic direction
e electromagnetic length wave,
l (! and
2p /k)Eq.
of the
:
33-2
:
wave.gives the traveling
(Waves magnetic in approximately
P
B
the same direction P
B

we shall
we shall
1.
• The discuss
Bdiscuss
alwaysand
electric below,
below,
form these
perpendicular
magnetic
these
a beam, two
fields
two
such Eto wave
E
asand
wave B are
a laser components
alwayswhich
components
beam, cannot
perpendicular
alsotobethe
cannot
can represented E with a ray.) E
(f) (d)
• direction in which
The fields the wave
vary is traveling. Thus,
sinusoidally, with the wave is
same a transverse wave,
frequency, and asin
Drawing the Wave. We can also represent the wave as in Fig. 33-5b, Bwhich
discussed in Chapter 16. P
m Eq.
m Eq.
2. The16-13,
phase
16-13, we
electricwe
shows
know
fieldknow
the
is always
electric
that
that the
perpendicular
andto magnetic
the speed
speed of
theof
field
the wave
the
magnetic wave vectors
field. is v/k.in a “snapshot” of the wave at a
is v/k.
is an
is anTheelectromagnetic
electromagneticcertain instant.
wave,
wave, The
its curves
speed (inthrough
vacuum) the tips
iswave of the vectors represent the
given E sinu-
alwaysits speed (in vacuum) is given
: :
3. cross product E # B gives the direction in which the travels. : :
an v. In the next soidal
section oscillations
you will
will seegiven
see that byc Eqs.
has 33-1value
the and 33-2; the wave components E and B
Greatest
n v.4.InThethe next
fields section
always you
vary sinusoidally, just that
like c has
the the
transverse value
waves discussed magnitudes
The traveling light

• The oscillating B field induce an oscillating and

perpendicular E field (Faraday law)
• The oscillating E field induce an oscillating and
perpendicular B field (Maxwell law)
entered onAll
S. sunbathers know that an electromagnetic wave can transport energy and
deliver it to a body on which theVariation wave falls. The rate of the sphere
energy of radius
transport per r.
unit
of Intensity with Distance
Poynting vector
area in such
:
a wave is described by a vector S , called the Poynting vector after
How intensity varies with distance from a real source of elec
physicist John Henry Poynting (1852 – 1914), who first discussed its properties.
tion is often complex — especially when the source (like
This vector is defined as
movie premier) beams the radiation in a particular direction.
AG N ETIC WAVES
: 1 situations
: :
we can assume that the source is a point source t
Energy rate per unit area S ! E " B (Poynting
isotropically is, with equal intensity(33-19)
— thatvector). rin all directions. T
m0
We can then rewrite Eq. 33-24 as fronts spreading from such an isotropic point source S at a pa
shown in cross section in Fig. 33-8.
Its magnitude S is related to the rate at which energy is transported Sby a wave
Timeacross
averagea unit
ratearea
peratunit
any instant 1 Let2us assume that the energy of the waves is conserved as th
(inst):
I ! source. ELetrms. us also center an imaginary(33-26) sphere of radius r on the
area (intensity) cm0
Fig. 33-8.All the energy emitted by the source must pass through
S ! !
energy/time
rate
area
Because E ! cB and c is such a very largeinst
at "
which ! !
energy
power
passes
area
number, you might
" .
through the (33-20)
sphere
inst conclude that
via the radiation
at which energy is emitted by the source — that is, the source pow
the energy associated with the electric(power field is :much greater than that associated
From this we can see that the SI unit for S isunit per thearea)
wattmeasured
per square at meter
the sphere
(W/mmust
2 then be, from
).
with the magnetic field. That conclusion is incorrect; the two
Figure 33-8energies
A pointare exactly
source S emits electro-
equal. To show this, we start with Eq. 25-25, which gives the
magnetic wavesenergy density
uniformly
power inPsall directions
:
Iwave
! at any ! ,
u (! 12 ´0 E 2)The direction
within of the Poynting
an electric field, and vector S of ancB
substitute electromagnetic
for E;
The then we
spherical canarea
write pass
wavefronts 4p r through
2 an
point gives the wave’s direction of travel and the direction of energy transport
at that point. 1 2 1 2
imaginary sphere of radius r that is
u E ! 2 ´0 E where ! 24pr´0(cB)
2 . centered
is the area of theon sphere.
S. Equation 33-27 tells us t
the electromagnetic radiation from an isotropic point source
If we now Example (Halliday
substitute for
: c with33.01):
: Eq. 33-3,Whenwe you
get look at the North star, you intercept a light
Because E and B are square
perpendicular of thetodistance
each r frominthe
other an source.
electromagnetic
from a star at a distance : of : 431 light year and emitting energy
: at a rate of 2200
wave,
timesthe
thatmagnitude
of our Sun of(P B is 1EB.
E "=3.90 1026ThenW). the
B 2magnitude of S is
Neglecting any atmospheric
sun1 2
u E ! ´ 0 B !
Checkpoint 2.
2
absorption, find rms values ofmthe 0 ´S0 !
1 2m
electric and
0
magnetic fields when starlight
reaches you. EB, (33-21)
The figurem 0 here gives the electric field of an electromagnetic wave a
2
However, Eq. 30-55 tells us that B /2ma0 certain is the point
energy and density uB of The
a certain instant. a magnetic
wave is transporting energ
:
field B ;in
sowhich E, and
we seeS,that uE !Buare instantaneous
B everywhere along
in the values. z The magnitudes
an electromagnetic
negative direction. and B are
E direction
What is wave.
the so magnetic fie
of the
 33.27 For a uniform electromagnetic beam that is perpendi-
reading this module, you should be able to . . .
cular to a target area, apply the relationships between the
bleDistinguish
24 at WileyPLUSbetween force and pressure. area, the wave’s intensity, and the force on the t
ndi- area, the wave’s
wave’s intensity,
intensity and and
the the forceon
pressure onthe
thetarget,
target, for
for both
25 Radiation
Identify
n that both
that an pressure
electromagnetic wave transports both total absorption and total backward reflect
momentum and total
total
can absorption
absorption
exert a force andand
and total
total backward
a pressure backward
on reflection.
33.27 For a uniform electromagnetic beam that is p
33.27 For a uniform electromagnetic beam that is cular
target. perpendi-
to a target area, apply the relationships be
cular toelectromagnetic
26 For a uniform a target area,beamapplythatthe relationships between
is perpendi- the and the pressure on the target,
wave’s intensity
ular When a surface
to a wave’s
target area, intercepts
apply
intensity the EM radiation,
relationships
and the between
pressure onathat
force andtotal
the target, a pressure
for absorption
both and total backward reflection.
a are exertedpath, on thethe
force is
surface
y Ideastotal absorption and 2IA
total backward reflection.
When a surface intercepts F !
electromagnetic (total reflection
radiation, a back along path).
path, the force is
rce is c
e and If athe
area, pressure
the wave’sare
radiation exerted
intensity,
is totally on absorbed
and the
the surface.
force onby thethe
target, for
surface 2IA
thebothpath,
radiation ●
total the
is The radiation
force is
totally
absorption absorbed pressure
by the p
surface,
r
and total backward reflection. is the
the force
force is per unit area:
F!
c
(total reflection back along path)

3.27 For a uniform IA electromagnetic

2IA beamIthat is perpendi- ● The radiation pressure p is the force per unit are
F ! (total p !
absorption), (total absorption) r
of to a target Farea,
eacular c! apply the relationships between the path).
r
(total reflection back along
c I
wave’s intensity and the c pressure on the target, for both pr ! (total absorption)
hich I isabsorption
total the intensityandoftotal
the radiation
backward and 2Iis the area of
A
reflection. c
surface● The and
radiationtopressure
perpendicular the path of pp isradiation.
r!
rthe the force(totalper unit area:
reflection back along path). 2I
al c and pr ! (total reflection back alo
the radiation is totally reflected
If the radiation is totallyback I along its original
reflected c
pr ! (total absorption)
ath, the force is c
2IA 2I
diation Pressure
and F !
c
(total preflection
r ! back along
(totalpath).
reflection back along path).
c
●ctromagnetic
husThecan exert
radiation waves have
a pressure
pressure pr linear
is the momentum
onforce per unitandarea:thus can exert a pressure on
objectbe
must when veryshining
smallonbecause,
Iit. However, the pressure must be very small
Ikaros: because,
the first solar sail spacecraft, 2010
example, you do not pr !feel a punch during a camera flash.
(total absorption)
lash. c
2I
nd pr ! (total reflection back along path).
n exert a pressure on c
 on
ht. 33.34For
33.32 Explain
a lightwhat
beam is incident
meant ifperpendicularly
two sheets areon crossed.
a polariz-
is vertical, so only vertically
gh the sheet, while
Whencomponents
a beam perpendicular to
edn- 33.35
ing sheet, apply the is sent into
one-half rulea and
system of polarizing
the cosine-squared polarized light emerges.
he moleculessheets, and disappear.
work through
rule, distinguishing
Polarization theirthe uses.sheets one by one, finding the
molecules but, instead, shall assign to the sheet a Incident light ray
fy 33.33 transmitted
Distinguish intensity
between and a polarization.
polarizer and an analyzer.
h electric field components are passed:
n.
on 33.34 Explain what is meant if two sheets are crossed.
EM waves are polarized if their E field
ed vectors 33.35are When a beam
all in adirection is
single planesent into a system of polarizing Unpolarized light
parallel to the polarizing is passed
sheets,perpendicular
heet; a component work through to itthe sheets one by one, finding the
is absorbed. Polarizing sheet
fy ● If the original
transmitted light is and
intensity initially unpolarized, the transmitted
polarization.
Only components of E that is parallel to
on. emerging
.ght intensity
from is half
Ithe sheettheconsists
original ofintensity
only the I0 : 988 CHAPTE
Vertically R 33 light
polarized E LECTROMAG
the sheet's polarizing direction are
os,the polarizing
transmitted,direction of the component
perpendicular sheet; hence 1
the
2 I0.
I !compo-
on. In areFig.absorbed
33-11, the vertical electric field Figure 33-11 Unpolarized light becomes po-
larized when it is sent through a polarizing
eet; the horizontal components are absorbed.
● If the original light is initially unpolarized, the The transmitted ti
ycally polarized.
● If the original
sheet. Its direction of polarization is then
on. intensity I is half light is initially
the original polarized,
intensity I0 : the transmitted
parallel to the polarizing direction of the th
s, intensity depends on the angle u between thewhich
sheet, polarization
is represented here by the po
nts
LightIf original
directionlightofis the original light I !and 1
I . the
Polarizing
polarizing
unpolarized 2 0 directiondirection
vertical lines drawnof in the sheet. iz
e the sheet: tr
ofy light transmitted by a polarizing sheet. We start
llel ● If the original light is initially
ectric field oscillations we can resolve into y and polarized, the transmitted P1 no
If intensity
original depends
light is on
polarized the I
angle! Iu cos 2
between u. the polarization This light is vertically si
Fig. 33-10b. Further, we can arrange for the 0 y axis
nts polarized. in
irection direction
of the sheet.of the
Then original
only the light and the polarizing direction
y components P2 of on
e passedthe bysheet:
the sheet; the z components are be
lel
33-10b, if the original waves are randomly ori- The sheet’s polarizing axis
po
2 is tilted, so only a fraction
ents and the sum of the z components I ! Iare 0 cos u.
equal. lig
of the intensity passes.
sorbed, half the intensity I0 of the original light is
England
ing polarizedare
lightoriented
is then Figure 33-13 The light transmitted by polariz- su
ing sheet P1 is vertically polarized, as repre-
 e other side. In Figure 33-16b, the beams
e point of reflection
than the
of lightinitial material
in the photograph
and refraction. In Fig. 33-16b, the angle of incidence
and
are a greater
represented withindex.
an incident ray, a reflected ray, and a refracted ray (and wavefronts). Each ray is
the undeflected
angle of reflection
orientedis u!1,respect
with and the 33.44
to a angle
Describe
of the
line, called refraction howis the
normal, that
primary
, all measured
u2perpendicular
is
and secondary rainbo
to the sur-
theGeometrical
from one material
normal. The
face at optics
theinto
plane containing
point formed
of reflectionthe
and Don't and
incident need
refraction. explain
In E&M
ray why
and33-16b,
Fig. the thethey
normal are
angleisofthe circular arcs.
incidence
is u1is
ncidence, which in angle
, the of reflection
the plane of theispageu!1, and
inthe
Fig.angle of refraction is u2, all measured
33-16b.
relative to the normal. The plane containing the incident ray and the normal is the
riment shows that
Whenplane ofreflection
wavelength <<
incidence, and
which refraction
objects,
is we
in the can
planeare governed
ofrepresent
the by
light
page in Fig. two
waves
33-16b. laws:
as straight line rays
of reflection: A Experiment
reflected shows
ray lies
thatin the plane
reflection of incidence
and refraction and has
are governed by twoanlaws:
treatment of light
eflection equal to
Lawthe inreflection:
of angle oftheA angleray
incidence
reflected oflies
refraction
(both inrelative isofthe
the planeto related to
andthe
normal).
incidence angle of inciden
has an
raight-line rays.
angle of reflection equal
16b, this means thatLaw of reflectionSnell’s law,of incidence
to the angle (both relative to the normal).
Law of refraction
In Fig. 33-16b, this means that
ary between two u!1 " u1 (reflection). n2 sin u 2 ! n1(33-39)
u!1 " u1 (reflection). sin u1(33-39)
(refraction),
refracted ray
now usually (We shall
drop the now usually
prime on drop
the the prime
angle on
of the angle of reflection.)
reflection.)
e plane of incidence. where n1 and n2 are the indexes of refraction of the me
gle of incidence, and which the incident and refracted rays travel.
Normal
Incident Reflected
Normal
ray ray
Incident Reflected
ray ray θ 1 θ '1
Wavefront Air
Water
θInterface
1 θ '1
θ2
Wavefront Air
Interface Water
Refracted
ray
(a) (b)
θ2
©1974 FP/Fundamental Photographs

Figure 33-16 (a) A photograph showing an incident beam of Refracted

light reflected and refracted by
Fermat's principle of least time

Light goes in the path that takes the least amount of time

Analogy: best path to save the sinking boy?

Homework: derive the law of reflection from this principle.

For fun: derive all of geometrical optics from this principle.
 Example
on and 33.3
refraction of a monochromatic beam
action of a monochromatic beam
atic light reflects
lects material 1
etween
ial 1 2 with index
erial θ1 θ'1
m
ndexmakes an angle 50°
n1
θ1 θ'1
e of
ngle reflection at nA1 A
50° n2
ere?
n at A θ2 A θ2
n2 θ 2 θ'
θ2 θ2 2
n2 θ
2 θ'
2
ngle of incidence, n2 n3 B
the normal to the Air B θ3
nce,
light reaches the n3
the(a)indexes
ferent A beam ofof monochromatic(a) light Air θ 3 (b)
sethelight can be
reflects andre-
refracts at A on the
s of
l’s law, Eq. 33-40:
interface between(a) Figure
2 material (a) Light reflects and refracts(b)
33-22 with at point A on the inter-
face The
between (b) Then the light escape at B to air.
materials 1 and 2. (b) The light that passes through
e re-n1=1.33 and n2=1.77.
(33-42)
incident
Find angle ofthe
reflection and
beam Figure
make 33-22
an material
(a)
angleLight
of 50 2 reflects
reflects
with the and
and refracts
refracts at
at point
point BA on
on theinterface
inter- between
3-40: refraction.
materials 2 and 3 (air). Each dashed line is a normal. Each dotted
face Find
interface.
to the normal between materials
at reflection angle.1 and
Find2. (b) The light that passes through
-42)refraction line gives the incident direction of travel.
angle2 reflects
material and refracts at point B on the interface between
materials 2 and 3 (air). Each dashed line is a normal. Each dotted
alpoint
at A is drawn
line gives the incident direction of travel.
at the angle of in- This result means that the beam swings toward the normal
are measured relative to the normal.)
is incident on a glass – air interface.
Chromatic
an the dispersion
red component, but now u2b is

Normal 994 CHAPTE R 33 E LECTROMAG N ETIC W

Incident Reflected
white light white light Normal
To incr
Incident Reflected gular cross s
θ1 θ1 white light white light in Figs. 33-2
Air n1
Glass n2 θ1 θ1 Rainbows
he blue The most ch
. (a) Glass n1 (which cons
θ 2b Air n2
ds up the light re
rom θ 2r θ 2r then refract
greater Refracted on the horiz
Refracted Blue is always first refract
he di- light θ 2b light
bent more refraction in
el if it
(a) than red.Courtesy Bausch &(b)
Lomb
figure.) If m
(a) colors they
the antisola
To loca
away from
directly up,
between yo
White your right a
light Becaus
to the rainb
the top of a
O each
42° drop, they are Aoften called primary rainbows. A secondary
42° 42° rainbow involves
(b)
two reflections inside a drop, as shown in Fig. 33-21d. AColors appear in the sec-
Rainbow
ondary rainbow at an angle of 52! from the direction of A. A secondary rainbow

Water drops
Sunlight Water drops
Sunlight

Rainbow
Rainbow

42°
42° 42°
O 42° A O 52° 42° A 42°
(a) A (d) (b) A

1st order rainbow 2nd order rainbow

Water drops

Question: So far, Titan, Saturn's biggest moon, is the only extraterrestrial

Sunlight
object that is known to have ocean and rain. Suppose its sky is clear.
How difference is the rainbow there compare to Earth?
es of refraction on the two sides 33.47 For a given pair of indexes of refraction
critical angle.
Total internal reflection
33-7 POL AR I ZATION BY R E FLECTION 997

ndary across which theCritical

indexcase of refraction decreases will experience total internal r
critical angle uc, where
a b c d e f g Air
Glass
θ c

1
n2
Critical angle uc ! sin $
(critical angle).
n1
If the next index is lower
and the incident angle is
large enough, the light
S
(a) can be trapped inside. (b)
Ken Kay/Fundamental Photographs

Figure 33-23 (a) Total internal reflection of light from a point source S in glass occurs
for all angles of incidence greater than the critical angle uc. At the critical angle, the

Total Internal Reflection

refracted ray points along the air – glass interface. (b) A source in a tank of water.

which gives us
Figure 33-23a shows rays of monochromatic light from a point s
incident
u ! sin on the
c
n
"1
n
2
interface between
(critical angle). (33-45) the glass and air. For ray a, wh
1
cular to the interface, part of the light reflects at the interface and
Because the sine of an angle cannot exceed unity, n cannot exceed n in this
2 1
through
equation. This restriction ittotal
tells us that with noreflection
internal change cannotin direction.
occur when
the incident light is in the medium of lower index of refraction. If source S were
in the air in Fig. 33-23a, allFor
its raysrays through
that arebincident on the aire, which
– glass interfacehave progressively larger angles
(including f and g) would be both reflected and refracted at the interface.
the interface,
Total internal reflection has found many thereapplications are alsotechnology.
in medical both reflection and refraction at the i
For example, a physician can view the interior of an artery of a patient by running
two thin bundles ofangle of incidence
optical fibers through the chest increases,
wall and into an the artery angle of refraction increases; fo
 Key Idea :
Polarization by reflection
● A reflected wave will be fully polarized, with its E vectors perpendicu
Brewster angle uB, where
A reflected wave is fully polarized with E perpendicular to the n2
u B ! tan "1
(Brew
plane of incidence if it strickes a boundary at Brewster angle n1
998 CHAPTE R 33 E LECTROMAG N ETIC WAVES

Incident
unpolarized Reflected Polarization by Reflecti
ray ray
You can vary the glare you se
θB
θB
by looking through a polariz
then rotating the sheet’s pol
Air
n = 1.5 Glass so because any light that is r
polarized by the reflection.
Figure 33-25 shows a ray
us resolve the electric field v
θr
Refracted pendicular components are pe
ray to the page in Fig. 33-25; the
see the tips of the vectors).
Component perpendicular to page of incidence and the page; t
Component parallel to page Because the light is unpolariz
In general, the reflected li
Figure 33-25 A ray of unpolarized light in
air is incident on a glass surface at the
nitudes. This means that the
Brewster angle uB. The electric fields along fields oscillating along one dir
Images
A reproduction derived from light

Real image can be formed on a

surface, its existence does not
depend on observer. Light ray
actually pass through the image.

Virtual image exists only within the

brain, but is said to exist at the
perceived location. No light ray
pass through the image.
 do pas
the same length. That is, Extended Objectsthe reflected rays, you perceive a point
R
source of light I to be behind the mirror,
Fig. 34
Plane mirror In Fig. 34-5, an extended object O, repre
at a perpendicular distance i. The perceived
In a plane mirror the light
Ib ! Ob, Plane Mirrors
perpendicular distance p in front of a plane
at an a
source I is a virtual image of object O.
flected (3
seems to come from an
A mirror is a surface that can reflect a beam
side a
object on the other side. zontal
-4are either scattering p it widely in many direction
the distances
A “pencil” of rays from from
enters the mirror to the image and the ob
i
O O
θ θ
I
b
after reflection at the mirror.Mirror Only surface acts as pa mirror; a concrete i wall does n
ation
portion of 34-1 tellsnear
the mirror usa isthat the image imagesOisthat
asa far plane behind
mirror (a flatthe mirro
reflecting
I where sur
Figure 34-2 shows
θ a point source of respec
light O
dontin thisof
O it. By convention (that
reflection. The light appears I is, to get ourθ a equations to w
the ob
nate at point I behind the mirror. perpendicular distance p in front of a plane
out), o
nces p are taken to be positiveonquantities and
the mirror is represented
Mirror image with raysdistan
spread
for vir
θ light isFigure
represented
34-3 Two rayswith reflected
34-2. Ray rays spread
be wri
(as here) areθ taken to be negative quantities.
the reflected
Oa makes rays backward
an arbitrary Thus,
from Fig.
angle Eq.the
(behind
u with the 34-1 mi
normal
intersect at atopoint
the mirror
thatsurface. Ray Ob is
is a perpendicular dista
p or as p i perpendicular to the mirror.
If you look into the mirror of Fig. 34-2 O
Figure 34-5 An extended object
Figure 34-2 A point source of light O, called
O and its virtual im
mirror
reflected light.O
To make sense ofI what you s
Mirror
the object, is a perpendicular distance p light located at the point of intersection ofnear the p
i !mirror.
in front of a plane "pLight(plane
rays mirror).
image I of object O. It is called a point image (34
image
object
reaching the mirror from O reflect from tual image because the rays do not actually facepa
u
the mirror. If your eye intercepts some of a
do pass through a point of intersection foryour a ref
at are fairlyrays,
the reflected close together
you perceive a point can enter the eye after reflection
Ray Tracing. Figure 34-3 shows two ray
source of light I to be behind the mirror,
ye position shown in Fig. 34-4,
at a perpendicular distance i. The perceived only
Fig. a
34-2. small
One reachesportion
the mirror ofat the
point mi
Extend
b, pe
In Fig
source I is a virtual image of object O. at an arbitrary point a, with an angle of incide
ortion smaller than the pupil offlected the rayseye) areis alsouseful
shown. The in right
forming perpe
triangl
s portion, close one eye and look atFigurethree
side and
the mirror
34-4 Aequal
“pencil”angles
image
andO enters
of rays from
of a s
are thus cong
the eye after reflection at the mirror. Only
 d the mirror, (c) B
or to ceiling, with a mirror.
O
rections is a confusing mon- B
Mirror maze
ida hallway
for a point (a) to of-
that seems
om the top of O B
h, and you soon A
learn, after A hallway seems to O
hose reflected
largely an illusion. B lie in front of you.
he top in
r maze ofwhich
the differently
.(a)
60°Asangles)
shown in and walls are
(b)
height
while (mea-
standing
O at point
B O at O
you see a confusing jumble
B
direction of the ray shown
(b)
and reflects O to you at the
eflection, with the angle of
with a mirror. (c)
) O
onfusing
you, your mon-
brain automati-
at seems
ate to of- lying behind
at a point
on learn, (c)
after
hind A, at a distanceOequalA hallway seems(d) to O
O
usion.
hus, when you face into liethe
in front of you.
ch
aightdifferently
hallway consisting of Figure 34-7 (a) Overhead view of a mirro
How to focus light?

Parabolas satisfy equidistance from a

line to a point.

In practice: use spherical mirror in the

approximation to a parabola shape.
 aken
ehind the
the to be aFor
concave
object. positive
mirror;
thisthat quantity,
is,
reason,|i| is greater.andthe
we write that of a convex
formula
Bending m as mirror
formirror
the
posite side.
equal to the height of the object; the height of the
rfeature
mirrors of both types, the
is why many makeup mirrors and shaving
focal length is
this fway related
shifts to the
Spherical mirror
the mirror
produce a largerby
image of a face. |m| "
h! the image away. I
n. As we shall prove in Module 34-6, (lateral magnification).
when light rays from an ob- (34-5)
mirror by curving a plane mirror so its surface is
h O
lg. angles with
1 the central axis of a spherical mirror, a simple equa-
ct !
distance 2 r
34-8c.fCurving
p,
the surface
the image
in thismirror),
(spherical way (1) moves
distance i, and the C
focal length f :
Central axis (34-3)
c
hindWetheshall
mirrorsoon prove
and (2) thatthethe
increases lateral
field of view.magnification can also be written as
the object closer to the mirror and (4) shrinks it.
concave
usually convex
1 mirror and negative
to take advantage
1 seen with for
of the increase
1 a single mirror. i a
in convex mirror.
store can then
$ be " m "mirror).
(spherical # (lateral magnification).(34-4) (34-6)
p
R 34 I MAG ES i f p
s r
p i
itude of For
the image
a planedistance
mirror, i is always
for equal to
which we forhave 1.
i34-10,
" # p,but youm " $ the the The magnification
rical Mirrors
mall angles in figures such as Fig. If clarity
To find the focus, (b)
intercept
we can determinesend howin these two distances are
of 1 means
hweexaggerated
must consider the
that the
angles.
raysimage
reflection
parallel
With of
is the
that
light
same
assumption,
from an
size as the
Eq. object.
reflections,
34-4 The plus sign means that
they seem
applies
to the central axis. to come from this point.
y infiniteordistance
nvex, plane inmirror.
front of aFor spherical mirror, or plane mirror, only
a convex a it this
point of a spherical
at axis extends through the center
mirror defined,
of curvature C
we can find the rela-
Bending
be formed, regardless
Real
of the object’s location on
Virtual
the centralway shifts the
stance
Because ofi theand greatobject
C
distance
focus
distance between
F
p
the object
Central
for concave O
and focus
F
conveximageC closer.
she example from ofthe aobject
convex mirror in Fig. 34-8 c, the image is al-
c c
spreading are plane wavesaxis
when
egin
etecentral
byaxis.
placing
This means
the
that
object
the rays
O inside the focal point Iof the
representing
side of the mirror from the object and has the same c Centralorien-Central axis C
is, between
o the central axis the
whenmirror
they reachand its focal point F (Fig.axis34-10a).
the mirror.
. parallel rays reach a concave mirror like that
hese
.ntral
Theaxissize of an object
are reflected throughor image,
a common f as measured
point F; perpendicular
f to
shown in the figure. If we placed r a (small) card at r
l axis, is called the object (a) or image height. Let h represent (b)
the
y distant object O would appear on the card. (This
t, andobject.)
distant h! thePointheight
Figure
F 34-9 ofInthe
(a)
is called athe image.
concave
focal pointThen
mirror, incident the light
(or parallel ratiorays h!/h
p brought
are i is called
to a real
r
focus at F, on the same side of the mirror as the incident light rays. (b) In a convex mir-
ation m produced
stance from the center of byparallel
ror, incident the the mirror.
mirror c is the However,
light rays seem to diverge fromby
focal convention,
a virtual focus at F,(c) on thetheside of
the mirror opposite the light rays. O
 Inside. With the focal point of a spherical mirror defined, we can find the rela-
tion between image distance i and object distance p for concave and convex
Images from spherical mirror spherical mirrors. We begin by placing the object O inside the focal point of the
concave mirror — that is, between the mirror and its focal point F (Fig. 34-10a).

Changing the location

Virtual
of the object relative to image I
F changes the image. O
O O
I
F F (i = –∞) F
Real
I image I
(i = +∞)

Parallel rays f
p i p=f p
f i
1018 CHAPTE
(a) R 34 I MAG ES (b) (c)

Figure 34-10 (a) An object O inside the focal point of a concave mirror, and its virtual image I. (b) The object at the
Table 34-1
focal point Your
F. (c) Organizing
The Table for
object outside theMirrors
focal point, and its real image I.
Image Sign

Mirror Object
Type Location Location Type Orientation of f of r of i of m
Plane Anywhere
Inside F
Concave
Outside F
Convex Anywhere

Fill in the table! the image and the object have the same orientation. For the concave mirror of
Fig. 34-10 c, m ! !1.5.
Organizing Table. Equations 34-3 through 34-6 hold for all plane mirrors,
concave spherical mirrors, and convex spherical mirrors. In addition to those
re 34-11 (a, b) Four rays that may be same orientation as the object or is inverted. Under Sign, give the sign of the
wn to find the image formed by a con- quantity or fill in " if the sign is ambiguous. You will need this organization to
How to find the image
e mirror. For the object position
wn, the image is real, inverted, and
tackle homework or a test.

aller than the object. (c, d) Four similar Locating Images by Drawing Rays
s for the case of a convex mirror. For a • Parallel ray to the central axis
Figures 34-11a and b show an object O in front of a concave mirror. We can
vex mirror, the image is always virtual, • Reflected
ented like the object, and smaller than
graphically rayimage
locate the afterofpassing through
any off-axis theobject
point of the focalbypoint
drawing a ray
object. [In (c), ray 2 is initially directed diagram with any two
• Reflected rayofafter
four special rays through
passing throughthe point:
the center of curvature
ard focal point F. In (d), ray 3 is initial- • Reflected ray at central point c
irected toward center of curvature C.]
Any two of these four rays
will locate the image.
b

O C F c O C d F c
I a I
2 e
4
3

(a) (b)

2
O I F C O I C
c c F

Here too, any two rays

4
will locate the image.
(c) (d)
 Note the following major n1 is the index
wheredifference from ofreflect
refra
y far from the refracting surface and virtual images are formed when the view the insect through a curved
an image. object is the
surface,
located and
location of
n 2 is
the
th
imag
nearer the refracting surface. In the final situations (Figs. 34-12e and f ),
n● The object
always directsdistance
Spherical p, the
therefracting
ray away image
from distance
surfaces
the central axisi, Real
and virtual images
side ofnot
does thecoincide
surface.with the locat
images form on the side of a refracting surface
ysand the regardless
radius of curvature r ofdistance.
the surface are and virtual images form insect
● If the (see Fig. 34-12d).
surface faced
formed, of the object on the same side as by
thethe
obj
related
e the by major difference from reflected images:
following and if it is concave, r is Real
Real nega
n1 n2 n2 # n1 O C I● ImagesO on Cthe object’s Isid
Basic equation:
l images form on the side of
! " ,
p a refracting
i surface
r that is opposite then1object, n2 images onn1the opposite n2 side
virtual images form on the same side as the object.
r r
p i p i
• Real images form on the side of (a) (b)
Real Re
refracting surface that is opposite the
object. Spherical
O Refracting
C I Surfaces
O C
Virtualn1 n2 Virtual n1 n2
• VirtualReal
images form on the sameReal
side We now turn
Virtual from imagesVirtual
formed by reflectio
as the
C
object.
I O C I
tion
I
through
O I C surfaces
O
r
C
of transparent
O I
CO I
rmaterials,
C

n1 n2 n1 n2 p nn11
only spherical i n2n2
surfaces, with nradius
n1 p
1 n
of curvatu
n22 i
r r
The light(a)will
(e) be emitted by a point
(c) (d)
object O
(f ) (b)

p i p i
fraction n1; possible
Figure 34-12 Six
it will ways
refract through a spherical s
in which an image can be formed
(a) (b)
of refraction
spherical surface nof2.radius r and center of curvature C. The su
with Our
index ofconcern
refractionisn1whether
from a mediumthe light
with rays,
index after
of refract
Virtual
is always in theimage
medium(no n1, toVirtual
withobserverthe left of the surface.
form a real necessary) orThe
a
index of refraction is unshaded (think of it as being air, and th
Virtual
glass).O
RealI images
C are formed in (a)Oand (b);
I virtualCimages a
n1
four situations. n2 n1 n2
O IC O I C
n1 n2 n1 n2 (e) (f )

(e) (f ) Figure 34-12 Six possible ways in which an image can be for
 produced by eachthe
lens.
the surrounding
therays,
surrounding
but it can
medium.
medium.
bend light rays only if its index of refraction differs from that of
surrounding medium.
the surrounding medium.
Thin lenses Forming
Forming aa Focus.
Forming
surfaces, or a
Focus. Figure
Focus.
When
Figure 34-14a
Figure
rays
34-14a shows
34-14a
that are
shows aa thin
shows
parallel a to
thin lens
thin
the
lens with
lens
with convex
with
central
convex refracting
convex
axis of the
refracting
refracting
lens
surfaces, sides.
or sides. When rays that are parallel atothin
the lens
central axis of the lens are
are
ric, of refraction n, andsent
radii
surfaces,
sent
orof
Forming
through
through
curvature
the
aWhen
sides.
the
Focus.
lens,
lens,
rays
they
they
r
Figure
1 and
that
refract
34-14a
refract
are r
twice,
twice,2as
as
by
shows to
parallel
is
is shown
shown
the withaxis
central
enlarged
enlarged in
convex
in
of
Fig.
Fig.
surfaces, or sides. When rays that are parallel to the central axis of the lens are
refracting
the lens
34-14b.
34-14b.
are
This
This
sent through the lens, they refract twice, as is shown enlarged in Fig. 34-14b. This

Basic equation:
1 1sent through
$ ToTofind
p Tosend
find"
find
sendTo
the
the the
inrays
1 the lens, they refract
focus," (n # 1)
thefocus,
i infind fparallel
focus,
raysparallel
focus,
1 twice, as1is shown enlarged in Fig. 34-14b. This
r1
send
#
r2
.
incentral
rays parallel
The
The bending
bending occurs
occurs
The bending occurs
" #
h totothe
send
the axis.
in rays
central parallel
axis. only
The at
at the
the surfaces.
onlybending occurs
surfaces.
● The magnitude of the lateral magnification m of an object is
to theto central axis.axis.
the central only at
only at the
thesurfaces.
surfaces.

re 34-14 (a)
ure34-14 (a)Rays
the ratio of the image
Raysinitially CC
height
initiallyparallel
FF
h! to object
parallelto toFF CC
height h,
22 11 22 11
Figure(a)
e34-14
central
central 34-14Rays
axis
axis ofofinitially
(a) aRays
aconverging C C
converging parallel
initially
F F lens
lenstoare
parallel areto
F F CC
h!
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1

s
entral
dethe
ade
the made
to
the lens.
Converging
axis
totocentral
converge
converge
lens. to
convergeThe
ofaxis
converge
The
a to
to
lens
converging
lens
ofaaareal
to
isto
aisreal afocal
thinner
thinner
lens
converging
real focal lens
focal
!m! "
real than
focal
are
pointlensFFare
point
than point
point ,
22
F2 F2
al ffh
ewn,
awn,bywith
lens.the The
with lens. lens
aawidth Theislike
width lens
thinner
like isthat
that thinner
than
of
ofthe
thethan
verti-
verti-
n, drawn,
linewith
line a with
through
throughwidth ait.width
it. like
We
Weshall likeconsider
that
shall rr
ofthat
theofverti-
consider the allverti-
f rr
all 22 11
f
ne cal
ebending line through
through
bending ofofit. and is related to the object
raysWeas
rays it.
as We
shall r r distance
shall consider
consider
occurring
occurring (a)
(a)
all
atatthis r rp and image distance i by
this all 2
(b)
(b)
2 1 1

theline.
ending
tral
ntral bending
line.of(b) rays
(b) Anofasrays
An as occurring
occurring
enlargement
enlargement atofthis
of the
(a)
at this
the (b)
central
palpart
line.
part ofof
(b) line.
the
the An (b)
lens
lens An
of
of(a);
enlargement enlargement
(a); normals
normals
(a)
of thetoto i IfIfyou
ofthe
the
the youintercept
interceptthese
these
(b)

facestop part of the lens of (a); normals to the

art ofare
rfaces areshown
the lens ofdashed.
shown dashed.
(a); normals Notem " # Ifrays,
Note to the .rays,
If you
you they
intercept
intercept
seemthese
theyseem
these
to
to
at
ces
surfaces are shown dashed. Note
t both arerefractions
both refractions
shown dashed.bend
bendNote
that both refractions bend the ray down-
the
theray raydown- p rays,
down- rays, they seem to
come
come they
from
fromseem
FF . . to
come from 2F2 .
bothrd,toward
d, toward
refractions thethecentral
central
bend axis. axis.ray
the (c)down-
(c) The
The F2.2
ward, toward the central axis. (c) The CC1 1 FF2 2 FF1come from
CC22
me
me
verge
erge
initially
initially
toward the
Diverging
same initially
by
initiallybyaaparallel
For a system of lenses
parallel
parallel
central
●
diverging
diverging
parallel
rays
rays
rays
axis.
C
lens.
lens.
C
F with a common central axis, the
are
are
lens
rays
are
made
(c)made
F The
are
Extensions
Extensions
made
toto
made to
to of of 1
1
2
2
F1
1
F1
C2
C2

diverge by a diverging lens. Extensions of

ege diverging
diverging
bydiverging
the a diverging image produced by the first lens acts as the objectExtension
rays
rays rays pass
pass through
through
lens.
pass Extensions
through a virtual
a virtual of
a virtual for
Extension
Extension
cal
al point
point
iverging F2 .2 .(d)
Frays (d)
FpassAn Anthrough
enlargement
enlargement of
a virtualofthe
the
focal
ppoint
part
part
top of F
point
of2the
part .the
oflens
(d) the second lens, and so on,
lens
Anlens
the of(c).
of (c).
of Note
enlargement rr r and the
2 . (d) An enlargement of the
Note
(c).
fff
that
that
Note rr roverall magnification
both
both
ofthat
the both
Extension
11 1 22 2
ractions bend the rayupward,
upward, f away
om ex
actions
art
m from
ctions
of the
refractions bend
thecentral
the central
bend
lens
the central the
the
bend of ray
is the product of the individual
axis.
axis. ray
(c).
the Note
ray r
upward, away
axis.
that
upward, away
(c)magnifications.
(c)
both
(c)
away
r 1 2 (d)
(d)
(d)
the central axis. (c) (d)
 2 O 1 p
eom Thin Lenses
according to that rule. Thus, the term (1/r1 ! 1/r2) C2 F1 f
side of Eq. 34-10 is of
positive, I
consider the types imageand all the
formed bysigns are
converging and diverging lenses. (b) i
Images from thin lenses
4-15a shows an object O outside the focal point F1 of a converging
n lens with concave sides. When rays that are paral- f
lens.
rays drawn in the figure show that the lens forms a real, inverted r2 image
r1 I
ens are sent through this lens, they refract twice, as (a) p i
ject on the side of
14d; these rays diverge,
the lens opposite
neverlenses
passing
the object.
through any
n Converging can Diverging lenses can
enstheis aobject is placed
diverging lens. inside theextensions
However, focal point
give either type of image. of F 1, as in Fig. 34-15b, the lens
the
irtualpoint
mon image
F2 atI on the samef from
a distance side ofthethe lens of
center as the
the object and with the same give only virtual images.
on.
tualHence, a converging
focal point lenseye
at F2. (If your canintercepts
form either some a real
of image or a virtual image, O
g ona whether
ive bright spot thetoobject
be at is
F2outside orthe
, as if it is inside theof
source focal point,
I
respectively.
cus34-15c
re exists Oon the opposite
shows an object side
C 1Oof in
thefront
lens atofF1a, sym-
diverging lens. Regardless
O of C1 I C2
ist distance
thin. Because the focalofpoints of a diverging lens
C 2 (regardless
F1 whether O is inside or outside the F1 virtual focal
ength to be negative.
is lensf produces a virtual image that isI on the same side of the lens as the
d has the same orientation. p
f i
ith mirrors, we r2 take the r1 image distance i to be positive when the f image is r1 r2
(a) formed p by convergingi and diverging lenses.
fnegative
image when the image is virtual. However, the(b) locationsi of real and
(c) p
ct O outside
mages the focal
from lenses arepoint F1 of a converging
the reverse of those from lens. mirrors:
ure show
1026 that the lens forms
CHAPTE R 34a real, inverted
I MAG ES image I
e lens opposite the object. Figure 34-15 (a) A real, inverted image I is
dimages form
inside the on the
focal pointside
F1,of
asainlens
Fig.that is opposite
34-15b, Diverging
the lensthe object, and lenses
virtualcan formed by a converging lens when the
Table 34-2 Your Organizing Table for Thin Lenses give only virtual images. object O is outside the focal point F1. (b)
same
ges side
form I onofthe
theside
lenswhere
as the the
object and is.
object with the same
ng lens can form O either a real image or a virtual image,
O Image
The image I is virtual andSign
has the same ori-
ect is outsideFor1 inside the focal point, respectively. entation as O when O is inside the focal
ral magnification
object in front of m
OLens produced
Objectlens.
a diverging byRegardless
converging of and diverging
C1
lenses
I
is point.C(c) A diverging lens forms a virtual
2
Eqs.
ss 34-5
of whetherandO34-6,
Type the same
isp inside or as for
Location
outside themirrors.
virtualLocation
focal Type Orientationimage I, with of
the of i
f same orientation of m
as the
haveimage
rtual been that
asked
f
is ontotheabsorb
same
Inside aFlotofof
side theinformation
lens as the in this module, and you object O, whether O is inside or outside the
tation.Converging
ganize
(b) it for yourself
i by Outside
filling inF
Table 34-2 for thin symmetric lenses (both focal point of the lens.
i
the image distance i to be positive when the image is r1 r2
mage is virtual. However, the locations of real and
Diverging Anywhere (c) p
e the reverse of those from mirrors:
Diverging lenses can Figure 34-15 (a) A real, inverted image I is
sides areformed
convex by or both sideslensarewhen
concave).
the Under Image Location note whether
ide of agive
lensonly
thatvirtual images.
is opposite the object, and virtual a converging
the image is onOthe
object same side
is outside of the
the focal lensFas
point the object or on the opposite side. Under
1. (b)
here the object
O is.
Image Type note whether
The image the
I is virtual andimage is real
has the same orori-
virtual. Under Image Orientation note
I C whetherentation
the imageas Ohas the O
when same orientation
is inside the focalas the object or is inverted.
Example 34.3

A praying mantis preys along the central axis of a thin symmetric lens 20 cm from the
lens.The lateral magnification of the mantis provided by the lens is m=-0.25, and index of
refraction n=1.65.
Determine the type of image produce by the lens, type of lens, position of the mantis
(inside/outside focal point), which side of the lens, and whether the image is flipped.
What are the two radii of curvature of the lens?
Reading: Halliday chapter 33 + 34

Homework:
• Chapter 33: 4, 6, 8, 12, 15, 20, 22, 24, 33, 37, 47, 49, 50, 56,

57, 59, 62, 65, 72, 75, 86, 89

• Chapter 34: 2, 4, 5, 7, 41, 42, 9 to 29 only odd number, pick

5 from 50 to 67.

Derive the law of reflection from Fermat principle