LESSON 1: KINETIC MOLECULAR MODELS OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

KEY WORDS:
OBJECTIVE/S:
Kinetic Molecular Theory
 Explain the natre of liquid
Intramolecular forces and Intermolecular forces
and solid states using the
kinetic molecular theory; Ion-dipole force
and
Dipole-dipole force
 describe the different
kinds of intermolecular London Dispersion
forces of attractiobn.
Hydorogen Bond

Described the states of

matter in terms of

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Arrangement of  Closel  Less closely  Very far apart

Particles packed packed than  Disorderly
 Orderly in a solid
 Disorderly

Kinetic Energy of  Vibrate and  Slide over  Move abot at

particles rotate each other great speeds
about a
fixed
position
Particle Motion
 Very low  Low  High

Attractive forces
between particles  Very strong  Strong  Very weak

 Ion-dipole
Intermolecular
 Dipole-dipole
FOrces
 London Dispersion
 Hydrogen Bonding

CHAPTER 1-Compiled by : GUTIERREZ, Bernadeth F. Page 1

 CHAPTER 1: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

1.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Solids and Liquids

CRITERIA SOLID LIQUID ***LIQUIDS- due to its particle arrangements,
Particle they have:
Arrangement
- no strong attractive force (that is much as
strong as solids) thus, sufficient kinetic
energy can overcome their attractive forces.
- particles that can move at short distance and
Movement  Held by very  Held
collide with each other.
strong forces together by
of attraction strong forces - particles that does not move independently
 Particle are of attraction thus, have fixed volume but does not have
not free to  Particles fixed shape.
move are able - high diffusion rate and is slightly more
 Particle to slide compressible than that of solid.
vibrate past one
about in another
fixed QUESTION TO PONDER:
positions
Density Very High High How about the Kinetic Molecular Theory of
Diffusibility Extremely Slow Slow Gas?
Compressibility Slightly Slightly
compressible compressible CRITERIA GAS
(more than solid) Particle Arrangement
Volume and Has fixed Indefinite shape
Shape volume and and has fixed
shape volume
Thermal Expands slightly Expands slightly Movement
Expansibility when heated when heated
(more than solid)
Density
***SOLIDS – due to its particle arrangement,
they have:
Diffusibility
- strong attractive force thus, the kinetic force
is not strong to overcome it.
- particles that are not free to move thus,
vibration is limited Compressibility
- fixed and volume
- slow diffusion rate and can be compressed
Volume and Shape
slightly.

Thermal Expansibility

CHAPTER 1-Compiled by : GUTIERREZ, Bernadeth F. Page 2

 1.2 Intermolecular Forces
I. Intermolecular vs. Intramolecular *** Velcro- commonly used as a cloth fastener

Which is stronger intermolecular force or

intramolecular force?

_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________

A. Types of Intramolecular force of

attraction

Which is ionic and which is covalent?

CO2_______________ HCl_______________
CH4_______________ MgOH_______________

1. Ionic bond: METAL + NON-METAL

__________________________________________
__________________________________________

2. Covalent Bond: NON-METAL +

NON-METAL; formed between atoms
that have similar electronegativity (see
attachment of electronegativity table at the last page)

INTERMOLECULAR FORCE INTRAMOLECULAR FORCE

 forces that exist  forces that hold atoms

between molecules. together within a
molecule. __________________________________________
__________________________________________

CHAPTER 1-Compiled by : GUTIERREZ, Bernadeth F. Page 3

  Nonpolar covalent bond vs. Which is polar and which is nonpolar?
Polar Covalent bond
C2H6__________________________
NH3___________________________
NONPOLAR CH3OH_________________________
POLAR
CF4____________________________
 the difference in The difference in PCl5___________________________
electronegativity electronegativity
between bonded between bonded
atoms is less than atoms is between 0.5 b. Metallic Bond- This type of covalent
0.5. and 1.9. chloride bonding specifically occurs between atoms
of metals, in which the valence electrons are
POLAR free to move through the lattice.
a. Hydrogen directly
attached to F, O ,N

NONPOLAR

a. Monoatomic

b. Diatomic
 The freely moving electrons in metals are
b. Lack symmetry responsible for their reflecting property—
 Unidentical freely moving electrons oscillate and give off
c. Hydrocarbons elements outside photons of light—and their ability to effectively
the central element conduct heat and
electricity.
d. Symmetrical 
*** Oscillate- move or swing back
Compound
and forth at a regular speed

 With lone pair

Relative strength of the intramolecular forces

a. Nonpolar covalent bond

Which is stronger?

Au or NaCl ______________________________
CH4 or PCl5_______________________________________________
NH3 or H20 ______________________________

CHAPTER 1-Compiled by : GUTIERREZ, Bernadeth F. Page 4

 B. Types of Intermolecular forces of 4. Hydrogen Bond : H+ F, O,N
attraction
1. Ion-Ion interaction: ION + ION

__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________ 5. London Dispersion forces (Van der Waal)
__________________________________________  The more electrons a molecule has, the
stronger the London dispersion forces are.

2. Ion-dipole interaction: ION + DIPOLE

MOLECULE

__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________

Relative strength of intermolecular forces of

attraction
__________________________________________
Ion-dipole
__________________________________________ Hydrogen bond
__________________________________________ Dipole-dipole
London Dispersion

3. Dipole-dipole interactions: PARTIALLY ___________________________________________

POSITIVE CHARGE + PARTIALLY ___________________________________________
NEGATIVE CHARGE ___________________________________________

The rule of thumb

Intermolecular force= energy (to break the

force)
 Boiling and melting points of
__________________________________________ compounds depend on the type and
__________________________________________ strength of the intermolecular forces
__________________________________________
present, as tabulated below:

CHAPTER 1-Compiled by : GUTIERREZ, Bernadeth F. Page 5

CHAPTER 1-Compiled by : GUTIERREZ, Bernadeth F. Page 6