THE POTENTIALITY OF IMPERATA CYLINDRICA AS ALTERNATIVE RAW

MATERIAL FOR FIBERBOARD PRODUCTION

A Project Study Presented to the

College of Civil Engineering
Our Lady of Fatima University
Dela Paz Norte, City of San Fernando, Pampanga

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

By:
CALAWIGAN, RENARD
LEANDICHO, MARIEFAI
PINEDA, RENDELL CELNA
SONEJA, CAMILLE
UMLAS, ALDRAKE

March 2018
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled “THE POTENTIALITY OF IMPERATA CYLINDRICA AS

ALTERNATIVE RAW MATERIAL FOR FIBERBOARD PRODUCTION”, prepared and
submitted by RENARD CALAWIGAN, MARIEFAI LEANDICHO, RENDELL CELNA
PINEDA, CAMILLE SONEJA and ALDRAKE UMLAS in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering is recommended
for acceptance and approval for Oral Examination.

Engr. Ernesto Villarica

Adviser

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with grade of ________.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Dr. Catalino Mendoza

Engr. Alfred Santos Engr. Anne Krischel Hipolito

Accepted and Approval in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.

Engr. Oliver C. Celis

March 2018 Dean, College of Engineering

 DEDICATION

First of all, we would like to take the opportunity to thank our Almighty God for helping

us during the time that we spent and efforts that we gave in doing this research.

To our loving parents,

To our friends and classmate,

To our loved ones,

We would like to extend our deepest appreciation to all of you. It would not have

been possible without all your support and help, who were always there when we

needed the most.

Renard

Mariefai

Rendell

Camille

Aldrake
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success of this study will not be possible without the help of the gracious

individual who took their valuable contribute. We would like to extend our appreciations,

our sincere gratitude for the helpful comments and suggestions, especially for those

comments with bear on our various arguments for the thesis statements.

To our families, for their unconditional love that gave us motivations during our

studies. In their all understanding and patience which serves as our strength.

To the Department of Science and Technology - Forest Products Research

and Development Institute in UP Los Banos for, allowing the researchers to use their

machines.

To our Adviser, Engr. Ernesto Villarica, for being our critic and for helpful

comments that made the research better, Thank you.

To our panelist: Dr. Catalino Mendoza, Engr. Anne Krischel Hipolito, and

Engr. Alfred Santos for their understanding and for their suggestions for development.

To Engr. Oliver Celis, our thesis instructor and Dean of College of Engineering,

for the guidance and support during the study, thank you.

To the members of the group, for the enjoyable moments which kept us strong all

throughout in making this research possible.

To God Almighty, for giving wisdom upon us, the strength and peace of mind in

order to finish this research.

THE POTENTIALITY OF IMPERATA CYLINDRICA AS
ALTERNATIVE RAW MATERIAL FOR FIBERBOARD
PRODUCTION

Oliver Celis1, Ernesto Villarica1, Catalino Mendoza1, Ann Krischel Hipolito1, Alfred, Santos1, Renard
Calawigan1, Mariefai Leandicho1, Rendell Celna Pineda1, Camille Soneja1 and Aldrake Umlas1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering,
Our Lady of Fatima University, Dela Paz Norte, City of San Fernando, Pampanga 2000

This study aimed to develop an alternative, sustainable and environmentally friendly source of raw material
for the production of fiberboard. The prime material used in this research is imperata cylindrica, widely known as
cogon grass, and isocyanate resin as the binder.
In this research, three different percentage of resin content are used, 8%, 10% and 12%, and produced two
samples for every percentage of resin with dimensions of 30cm x 30cm x 1.2cm. The samples are then cut to sizes that
are suitable for physical and mechanical testing. The physical properties consists of moisture content, thickness
swelling and water absorption and the mechanical properties which include modulus of rupture, face screw holding
capacity and internal bond strength were determined according to the procedures specified by the Philippine National
Standards (PNS). The tests were all conducted at the Department of Science and Technology – Forest Product
Research and Development Institute, UP Los Banos, Los Banos, Laguna.
The relationship of the fiberboard’s properties to its density is mostly being considered in each test results
in the experiments. As specified by the standards for fiberboard, the mechanical properties were directly proportional
to the density whereas the results of physical property test depend on the change in its density.
The cogon grass fiberboard with 8% resin content did not pass all the physical property test and mechanical
property test required for Type 100, Type 150 and Type 200 fiberboard specified by Philippine National Standard
(PNS). The cogon grass fiberboard with 10% resin content passed the physical property test but has failed to pass the
required mechanical properties specified for Type 150 fiberboard. The cogon grass fiberboard with 12% resin content
passed all the standard requirements specified by PNS for Type 150 fiberboard. This result shows that as resin content
increases, the strength of cogon grass fiberboard increases as well.

Keywords: Cogon grass, Isocyanate Resin, Fiberboard,

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Title Page i

Approval Sheet ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Abstract v

Table of Contents vii

List of Figures viii

List of Tables ix

CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction 1

Objectives of the Study 2

Significance of the Study 3

Scope and Delimitation 3

Definition of Terms 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITRATURE

Conceptual Literature 6

Research Literature 10

Conceptual Framework 12
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOLOGY

Research Design 13

Preparation Stage 13

Materials and Equipment 15

Method and Procedure 15

Property Testing and Analysis 16

CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

Experiment Results 21

CHAPTER V: SUMMARY OF RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings 29

Conclusions 31

Recommendations 32

Bibliography

Appendices

Appendix A Test Results and Computations

Appendix B Communication Letters

Appendix C Photographs

Appendix D Curriculum Vitae

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Cogon Grass 9

2 Conceptual Framework 12

3 Process Flow for CGFB Production 14

4 Production of CGFB 20

5 Moisture Content (%) 22

6 Thickness Swelling (%) 23

7 Water Absorption (%) 24

8 Modulus of Rupture (MPa) 25

9 Internal Bond (kg/cm2) 26

10 Face Screw Holding Strength (kgs) 27

 LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page

1 Minimum Fiberboard Properties 16

2 PNS Specifications 27

3 Comparison from the PNS Specifications 29

 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

The increase in population leads to the increase of housing needs, therefore the

demand for construction materials is increasing as well. Land areas that are being utilized

tend to have a massive amount of waste product that are not being disposed of properly

and sometimes being burnt which causes large scale fires and pollution. This has become

a reason for researchers to look for alternative use of materials which are seemingly

unimportant or considered as waste products but can be used as a raw material in the

production of eco-friendly and sustainable construction materials.

In this research, the seemingly unimportant material to be used to produce

fiberboard is cogon grass. Cogon grass is a worldwide invasive grass and is known for

its enormous spread over vast areas in the country. It is a kind of weed that adapts well

on sustainable areas of tropical and subtropical regions. Cogon is widely known as pest

grass and the worst weed of the world due to its capability to successfully disseminate

and displace desirable plants and vegetation. The reason for its widespread distribution

is because of the seed that is being deposited by wind, transported by humans and

animals. Cogon grass is mostly sighted everywhere especially at roadsides, undistributed

sandy areas, hills and flat woody areas.

The Filipino’s creative way of thinking paved the way for the undesirable cogon

grass, despite the fact that it is treated as pest, to be used for crafts making such as

decorations, baskets, and bags like bayong. The products produced from cogon grass
have features such as eco-friendly, water-resistant and chemical-free which means it is

a material that we can use far more than just being a decoration. This and the above

mentioned reasons are the motivations of the researchers why they came up with an idea

of utilizing this agricultural waste as a raw material in the production of fiberboard.

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this research was to determine the potentiality of cogon

grass as an alternative raw material in the production of fiberboard.

Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following:

1. What are the characteristics of cogon grass fiberboard in terms of:

1.1. Physical Properties

1.1.1. Moisture Content

1.1.2. Thickness Swelling

1.1.3. Water Absorption Test

1.2. Mechanical Properties

1.2.1. Modulus of Rupture

1.2.2. Internal Bond

1.2.3. Face Screw Holding Test

2. How the Cogon Grass Fiberboard does compares with that of standard fiberboard

specified by the Philippine National Standard?

3. What is the suitable application of the Cogon Grass Fiberboard particularly in the

construction industry?
Significance of the Study

The study introduced the use of materials which are considered as waste and

unusable but is readily available and can be replenished in our environment such as

cogon grass to be used as a material for fiberboard. Harvesting and utilizing cogon grass

for fiberboard can help in maintaining lands for vegetation or parks, and can help in

preventing large scale fires. The result of this research could be significant to the

following:

To the environment, as stated above, the study will be beneficial especially in

maintaining lands for agricultural or for parks and would prevent large scale fires if a large

sum of cogon grass would be reaped and be used.

To engineers and manufacturers, the study can make them aware of the possibility

of the cogon grass as an option for readily available materials for fiberboards.

To the researches, the study will help them acquire information and ideas of how

fiberboards are produced. The research made them think of unusable and natural

materials that can be replenished and has abundant source that can be used as

substitutes for construction materials.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study focued on the utilization of cogon grass as raw material in the production

of fiberboard. The physical and mechanical properties of the fiberboard were determined

such as moisture content, thickness swelling, water absorption, modulus of rupture,

internal bond and face screw holding test.

Isocyanate resin was used as binder for the proposed fiberboard. DOST-
FPRDI will be the venue for the production and testing of cogon grass fiberboard.

The testing and procedure in analyzing the product were in accordance to the

Philippine National Standards (PNS) for fiberboards.

Definition of Terms

The following key terms are hereby defined for better understanding of the terms

used in the study:

Bayong. A type of bag originating from Philippines made by weaving dried leaves.

It is usually made from the leaves of buri palm, pandan leaves and other leaves of plants

originating from the country.

Cogon Grass. The scientific name of the grass is imperatacylindrica, specie of

grass in the family Poaceae. It is a very aggressive perennial type of grass. It is a very

unpleasant weed and considered one of the world’s worst weed.

Density. It isthe physical property of a matter that is usually defined as the ratio of

weight of the material to its volume. The density of a material indicates how tightly or

loosely a matter is stuffed together.

DOST-FPRDI. Department of Science and Technology - Forest Products

Research and Development Institute

Face Screw Holding Strength Test. It is a test to determine the holding strength

of screws in the surface of the fiberboard and its edges.

Fiberboard. It is a building material made from fibers of wood or other plants that

are compressed into boards. Fiberboard can be found in medium-density fiberboard

(MDF) and high density fiberboard (HDF).

 Isocyanate Resin. It is known as an adhesive that can bond “anything to anything”

and it is developed during WWII.

Medium Density Fiberboard. It is an engineered wood product made by

disintegrating hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibers then mixed with resin

binder, mat-formed and pressed to form boards.

Modulus of Rupture. MOR, also known as the flexural strength, is the maximum

load capacity that a member can carry in bending.

Thickness Swelling. It is a test to determine the difference in the thickness of a

specimen after immersing it in water for 24 hours (PNS 1998)

Water Absorption. It is a test to determine the ability of the fiberboard to absorb

moisture.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The purpose of this chapter is to present informative literature related to the

research project. This contains the conceptual literature, research literature and

conceptual framework.

Conceptual Literature

This section presents relevant concepts related to the research project that was

reviewed from various literatures.

Fiberboard

Fiberboard is a construction material made out of wood fibers that are glued

together. Fiberboard can be found in medium-density fiberboard (MDF) and high density

fiberboard (HDF). Plywood is often mistaken as fiberboard but it is actually made up of

thin sheets of wood and not particles of fibers of wood. Fiberboard has a patchy, textured

look but can be a great substrate for veneer. Fiberboard has various uses like home

interiors and exteriors, vapor barrier and insulation and especially in furniture industry.

MDF is a generic term for any dry process fiberboard and a panel primarily made

by disintegrating hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibers and combined with a

synthetic resin and bonded together. The density of MDF is typically between 500-800 kg

per m3 (31-50 lb. per ft3). Philippines, however, does not produce MDF but the demands

are filled in by imported products.

 HDF has a typical density of up to 900kg/m3. It is a stronger, harder product

compared to MDF. HDF usually has a thickness of 3mm-8mm and is often supplied

perforated. Locally produced fiberboards, called “lawanit”, are HDF.

The raw materials that are usually used for fiberboard are wood chips, sawdust,

and shavings. However, research shows that waste paper, corn silk and husk, even

bagasse and coconut husk are being used as well due to recycling and environmental

issues.

Process of Manufacturing Fiberboard

The manufacture of fiberboard is based on the processing steps that vary from one

manufacturer to another. The raw material that is used is size-reduced, screened, heated,

and refined to fibers to attain the required physical, chemical, and economical

components of the finished product (Ernst, 1997). The range of adhesive depends on the

type of selected resin and desired fiberboard properties.

Several processes of resination are used in manufacturing fiberboards. The most

common method is the blow line blending method. In this method, the resin is added into

the blow line before drying. This method provides the fiber a better resin distribution.

Another method is applying resin after the fiber drying process. The resin is sprayed on

the fiber in a special blending unit. This method has lower resin consumption but has a

higher risk of producing fiberboards with resin spots on the surface.

The MDF process was divided into seven main process steps:

1. Size-reduction (hammer-milling) and screening

2. Washing and preheating

 3. Defibration

4. Mixing of resin to fiber

5. Mat forming

6. Pre-pressing

7. Hot-pressing

Cogon Grass

Cogon grass is a very aggressive perennial type of grass. It is a very unpleasant

weed and considered one of the world’s worst weed. This grass spreads rapidly. It

reduces forest productivity and destroys wildlife habitat. If left alone, it can choke out

vegetation and desirable plants. Cogon grass is flammable and creates a severe fire

hazard.

External Anatomy of Cogon Grass

Cogon grass has some distinguishing vegetative features. It grows rarely as a

single plant but it quickly forms infestations. The grass varies in height usually from 0.3

to 1.2 meters. The leaves measure 1.25 to 2.5 cm wide and 30 to 75 cm long. It has short

stems that are not visible thence the leaves appear to rise from soil that makes the grass

look like it is stemless. Unlike other grasses, the whitish upper midrib of a mature leaf of

the grass is not centered on the blade. Leaf margins are also rough to touch due to tiny

jags that can cut through. The cogon grass has a fluffy, white, plume-like seed heads.

The seed heads range from 5 to 20 cm in length and has about 3000 seeds. The roots
have sharp points along its flaky scale covering and are densely segmented. The junction

of leaf and stem is thin, round and hairy.

Figure 1. Cogon Grass

Uses of Cogon Grass

Cogon grass was used as a packaging material before, but later realized that it

was a fast spreading weed that can destroy valuable plants. The opinion about the grass

is varied widely.

It is viewed as an innutritious plant in some countries. However, in other parts of

the world, cogon grass is viewed as a beneficial plant. The weed is considered edible and

has medicinal uses.

In the Philippines, cogon grass is used for crafts making. Rey Espinosa discovered

the change in color of the grass while being burnt. He was then inspired to make an

artwork out of it so he started to collect cogon grass in his backyard instead of burning

them. "After having the cogon grass pass through charcoal, I will start sketching on the
frame my desired design. Then, using a cutter, I will cut and paste the small pieces of

cogon on the frame so that it will take the shape of the object I have drawn on the frame,"

Espinosa explained from an interview (ABS-CBN, 2008).

Research Literature

Various researches are done to determine other alternative materials that can be

used in making fiberboards. These paved the way for the determination of the potentiality

of cogon grass in making fiberboards.

The study of Halvarsson (2010) focused on the use of straws in making fiberboard.

In his research, he used wheat and rice straw. He indicated that the manufacture of

wheat-straw fiberboard has resulted in acceptable mechanical board properties.

However, the thickness swelling and water absorption of straw particle boards is higher

than wood-based fiberboards. Insufficient wetting of straw material by resin causes the

poor to moderate thickness swelling properties of such straw boards. The wheat-straw

fiber used melamine-modified urea-formaldehyde (MUF) and the rice-straw fiber was

mixed with methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate (MDI). The wheat straw MDF panels were

approved in accordance with the requirements of the European standard for medium

density fiberboards (EN 622-5, 2006). The rice-straw MDF panels were approved

according to the requirements of American National Standard Institute for medium density

fiberboard of the (ANSI A208.2-2002). The results of this research show that the straw

MDF is capable of providing satisfactory MDF panels based on different types of straw

species and adhesives. The straw MDF panel is recyclable or can be converted to energy

after utilization.
 Jaber (2013) conducted a study and evaluation in the use of newspaper in

manufacturing of fiberboard. The fiberboard used poly vinyl estate and MDI (3 is to 1 ratio)

and Portland cement (water cement ratio equal to 0.4) as binder for the fiberized

newspapers. He concluded that the bending strength of the board depends on the ratio

of cement added. As the cement ratio increases the bending strength decreases and the

compressive strength increases. Physical property of the board is improved with the

addition of cement and the water absorption and thickness swelling is improved by the

polymer blend. Jaber considered the newspaper as a suitable raw material for fiberboard.

In the production of coconut fiberboard, the PCA-Zamboanga Research Center

used coconut coir, fronds, spathes and shredded wood to produce a fiberboard. Portland

cement was used as a binder for coconut fiberboard at a ratio of 70% to 30% fibers.

Coconut fiberboard has a good physical property and it is considered as cheap, durable

and a low maintenance cost material. They considered the coconut fiberboard as a good

insulating material, fire-resistant and water-resistant.

Hoareau, et al. (2006) made a research on fiberboards based on bagasse. The

fiberboard used phenol-formaldehyde as the resin and furfuryl alcohol as coating for the

fibers. The importance of the pressure applied during the curing and the necessity to

dilute the prepolymer resulted to a good result in the impact strength, water absorption

and the interaction between the fiber and the resin. The board has enhanced durability

against white and brown root fungi. Bagasse is a renewable raw material in the

manufacture of fiberboard. Outdoor uses in tropical areas appear feasible.

Conceptual Framework
 The idea of using the cogon grass as a raw material in making fiberboard is due to

researches that considers the low-cost construction demands and environmental issues.

This research is done by preparing the materials used and identifying the appropriate

ratio of grass to resin.

Presented in Figure 2 is the conceptual framework of the study.

INPUT

 Fiberized cogon grass

 Isocyanate glue

PROCESS

 Mixing of Cogon grass to resin

 Fabrication
 Test and analysis
 Determination of physical and
mechanical properties.

OUTPUT

Cogon grass fiberboard

Figure 2. Conceptual Framework

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research methodology used as well as the

documentation in this study. This includes the research design, preparation, materials,

methods, procedures and property testing that is used in this study.

Research Design

Experimental methods are used in the production of the fiberboards from cogon

grass. Various tests were done particularly in the ratio of binder to grass in order to attain

a suitable outcome to this experiment. The procedures are as follows:

1. Collection and preparation of cogon grass

2. Processing of fiberboards

3. Evaluation and analysis of the output

Preparation Stage

The study was conducted through gathering of necessary materials and

information needed. Related articles and research studies were considered and have

served as basis in this study.

The process in the production of cogon grass fiberboard includes collection and

drying of the cogon grass, cutting to size, mixing of cogon grass to binder, molding, hot

pressing and sanding as shown in the process flow as shown in Figure 3.

 Collection and drying of Cogon Grass

Defibration and size reduction

Mixing of grass to resin

Molding

Hot Pressing

Trimming

Figure 3. Process Flow for CGFB Production

Materials and Equipment

Cogon grass was used as the main material in this experiment and was actually

collected at roadsides and backyards in San Fernando. This readily available material

cost nothing and was easily plucked off the soil. The resin that was used in the production

of fiberboard is isocyanate resin. Equipment and instruments used were analytical

balance, mold for mat-forming, and hydraulic hot press machine.

Method and Procedure

After collecting, the grass was fiberized, drying was necessary to remove moisture.

The test procedures followed were done in Forest Products Research and Development

Institute (FPRDI) at Los Baños, Laguna. Moisture meter will be used to determine the

moisture content of the cogon grass before weighing. The cogon grass will be then mixed

thoroughly with isocyanate glue. It will be mat-formed and hot pressed.

The produced fiberboard will then be cut into several parts for testing. The samples

properties were tested and analyzed based on:

1. Moisture Content

2. Modulus of Rupture (MOR)

3. Face screw holding test

4. Water absorption and thickness swelling

5. Internal bond test

Table 1 shows the PNS values of the strength requirements for fiberboard.

Table 1: Minimum Fiberboard Properties

 Type MC TS WA MOR IB FSH

(%) (%) (%) (MPa) (kg/cm2) (kg)

200 12 20 40 17.65 5 50

150 12 20 40 13.73 3 40

100 12 20 40 7.84 2 30

Source: DOST-FPRDI

Property Testing and Analysis

Various testing are conducted to determine the physical characteristics of the

cogon grass fiberboard. The tests are as follows:

A. Determination of Density

The density is determined using the Mass-Volume relationship which is:

𝑚
𝝆=
𝑉

Where:

m = Mass of the material

V = Volume of the fiberboard

Electronic weighing scale is used for the mass of the board and a Vernier

caliper for the determination of the volume.

B. Water Absorption and Thickness Swelling

The measurement of thickness swelling and water absorption is in

accordance with ASTM D1037. The sample fiberboard is submerged into water for

24 hours. Excess water was removed and the surface is wiped with dry cloth then

the weight and thickness is determined using necessary equipment. The following

are given formulas that are used to determine the thickness swelling and water

absorption respectively:

𝑇𝑓 + 𝑇𝑖
𝐓𝐒(%) = × 100%
𝑇𝑖

And

𝑊𝑓 + 𝑊𝑖
𝐖𝐀(%) = × 100%
𝑊𝑖

Where:

Tf= Final Thickness Ti= Initial Thickness

Wf= Final Weight Wi= Initial Weight

C. Modulus of Rupture
 Using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM), the modulus of rupture is

performed to determine the bending strength of the fiberboard. The dimensions

should be determined first before applying the force using UTM. The MOR is

determined using the given formula:

3𝑃𝑆
MOR(kg/cm2) =
2𝑊𝑇 2

Where:

P = Ultimate Load (kg) W = Width (cm)

S = Length (cm) T = Thickness (cm)

D. Face Screw Holding Strength

The screw holding capacity is determined using UTM. The dimension of the

specimen should be at least 10cm x 10cm unless other considerations were

applied. Using a screw driver, 3mm in diameter, is used to predrill lead holes. A

load is applied in the strings that are attached to the other end of the spring scale.

The formula for the Face Screw Holding Strength is:

𝑃1 + 𝑃2
𝑭𝑺𝑯(𝑘𝑔) =
2

Where:

P1 = Load on one side P2 = Load on the opposite side

E. Internal Bond Strength

 The Nail-head-pull-through (NHPT) test is conducted to measure the

resistance of a panel to the head of the nail that is pulled through the board. This

test is used to determine the internal bond strength of the fiberboard. A nail is to

be driven normally to the surface of the board then it will be attached to a spring

scale. The maximum axial force that the board could resist is obtained from the

spring scale and is recorded for computation.

The formula for Internal Bond Test (IB) is:

𝑘𝑔 𝑃
𝐼𝐵 ( ) =
𝑐𝑚2 𝐴

Where:

P = Load A = Area of the board

The following figures show the documentation of the process of the production of

cogon grass fiberboard.

a. Collecting of cogon grass b. Defibration and size reduction

c. Weighing of cogon grass f. Hot pressing
fiber and isocyanate resin

d. Mixing of resin to fibers g. Curing

e. Molding h. Trimming
Figure 4. Production of Cogon Grass Fiberboard
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter contains the presentation, discussions, interpretations and analysis

of the data obtained from the property testing done by the DOST-FPRDI to the produced

cogon grass fiberboard.

Experiment Results

The relationship of the fiberboard’s properties to its density is mostly being

considered in each test results in the experiments. As specified by the standards for

fiberboard, the MOR, Internal Bond Strength and Face Screw Holding Strength were

directly proportional to the density whereas the results of Thickness Swelling and Water

Absorption depend on the change in its density.

1.1 Physical Properties

The following are the results of the physical property testing of the fiberboard.

1.1.1 Moisture Content

The moisture content test is performed to determine the quantity of water

contained in the samples. In Figure 5, the sample with varying percentage of resin are

shown and compared with the allowable moisture content of 12% for standard medium

density fiberboard. The result shows that the samples for each resin content has lower

values compared to the standard therefore, the samples has passed the requirements of

PNS (ASTM D1037-99).

 12

Moisture Content (%) 10

Average
6
Standard for Type 100, 150
4 and 200)

0
8% 10% 12%
Isocyanate Resin Content

Figure 5. Moisture Content (%)

1.1.2 Thickness Swelling

The thickness swelling test is conducted to determine the reaction of the cogon

grass fiberboard when soaked to water. The test requires the board sample to be

submerged in water for 24 hours. Result shown in Figure 6 indicates that the cogon

grass fiberboard has high resistance to swelling caused by immersion to water.

Thickness swelling and resin content greatly affects the durability and appearance of

the fiberboard. In the graph, we can see that the cogon grass fiberboard has low

percentage of thickness swelling in any resin content when compared to the required

percentage of 20% of PNS (ASTM D1037-99). The cogon grass itself does not swell

when soaked to water and by adding isocyanate resin as its binder gives it more

resistance to thickness swelling.

 20
18
16 Sample 1
14
12 Sample 2
TS (%)

10
Sample 3
8
6 Average
4
2 Standard(Type 100, 150
and 200)
0
8% 10% 12%
Isocyanate Resin Content

Figure 6. Thickness Swelling (%)

1.1.3 Water Absorption

Water absorption test is conducted by submerging the board into water for 24

hours in order to determine the ability of the cogon grass fiberboard to resist water that

enters through it. The difference between the weight of the board before and after

submersion was determined and is specified as the weight of the water absorbed. The

result of water absorption test shown in Figure 7 varies with respect to the percentage

of isocyanate resin. The 8% resin content exceeded the standard percentage of water

absorption. The 10% resin content only has a slight difference in its decimal value

compared to the standard percentage of 40%. The 12% sample, however, did not

exceed the standard percentage. The chart also shows that as the resin content

increases, the value of water absorption decreases. This means that when the sample

has small amount of resin it will have more voids where the water can infiltrate while
when the sample has higher amount of resin it will make the board more compacted

thus, lesser voids will occur.

50
45
40 Sample 1
35
30 Sample 2
WA (%)

25
Sample 3
20
15 Average
10
5 Standard (Type 100,150
0 and 200)
8% 10% 12%
Isocyanate Resin Content

Figure 7. Water Absorption (%)

1.2 Mechanical Properties

The following are the results of the mechanical property testing of the fiberboard.

1.2.1 Modulus of Rupture

The Modulus of Rupture test is conducted to determine the flexural strength of

the cogon grass fiberboard. Using the Universal Testing Machine (UTM), the samples

are tested to measure its strength before it ruptures. Figure 8 shows the results of the

MOR test and is compared to standard for Type 100, 150 and 200 which has values of

7.84 MPa, 13.73 MPa and 17.65 MPa, respectively for fiberboard. Based on the data,

the results for the sample with different resin content has high values and has exceeded

the standard for Type 150 fiberboard therefore, the samples has strong resistance to
bending due to force acted by the UTM.

25

20
Sample 1
MOR (MPa)

15 Sample 2
Sample 3
10 Average
Standard (Type100)
5 Standard (Type 150)
Standard (Type200)
0
8% 10% 12%
Isocyanate Resin Content

Figure 8. Modulus of Rupture (MPa)

1.2.2 Internal Bond

The internal bond test is conducted to determine the tensile strength of the cogon

grass fiberboard. The internal bond of fiberboard is the measure of the tensile strength

perpendicular to its surface. The value for the standard internal bond strength and the

result of the test to the samples are shown in Figure 9. We can see that as the resin

content increases, the internal bond increases as well. The values for the samples 8%

and 10% did not attain the standard value of 3 kg/m2 for Type 150 fiberboard only the

12% resin content exceeded the minimum standard.

 5

Sample 1
IB ( kg/cm2)

3 Sample 2
Sample 3
Average
2
Standard (Type 100)
Standard (Type 150)
Standard (Type 200)
1

0
8% 10% 12%
Isocyanate Resin Content

Figure 9. Internal Bond (kg/cm2)

1.2.3 Face Screw Holding Strength

The screw withdrawal test is conducted to determine the ability of the cogon

grass fiberboard to hold screws in its surface. In this test, the UTM is used to measure

the resistance of the board by withdrawing the screws axially. The measurement

indicates the maximum force that can lift up the screw from the fiberboard. Figure 10

shows the standard values for internal bond and the results of the test. All the samples

that were tested exceeded the standard for Type 150 fiberboard whose value is 40 Kg.,

which means the cogon grass fiberboard has a good screw holding capacity.
 70

60

50 Sample 1
FSHS (kgs) Sample 2
40
Sample 3
30 Average

20 Standard (Type 100)

Standard (Type 150)
10
Standard (Type 200)
0
8% 10% 12%
Isocyanate Resin Content

Figure 10. Face Screw Holding Strength (kgs.)

2. Comparison of Cogon Grass Fiberboard to Philippine National Standard

The results of the tests that were conducted by DOST-FPRDI is presented in Table

2 which comprises the physical and mechanical property tests of the cogon grass

fiberboard compared to the fiberboard specifications of Philippine National Standards

(PNS).

TABLE 2: PNS Specifications

Maximum Attained Specification of the Design Cogon Grass Fiberboard

Property Test 8% 10% 12% Required Specification
Resin Resin Resin for Standard Purpose
Content Content Content
1. Moisture Content 10.14 7.54 8.25 ≤12%
2. Thickness Swelling 9.1839 5.8095 5.9818 ≤20%
3. Water Absorption 43.5587 40.0474 33.5755 ≤40%
4. Modulus of Rupture 14.0619 19.3965 14.5056 ≥13.73 MPa
5. Internal Bond 1.5554 2.4574 3.6240 ≥3kg/cm2
6. Face Screw Holding 58.02 61.38 56.10 ≥40kg
3. Application of Cogon Grass Fiberboard to Construction Industry

The cogon grass fiberboard with 8% and 10% resin content can be used as

alternative material in making furniture such as bookcase, dresser, console tables, etc,

wooden tiles, partition walls that does not require mechanical strength, sound

deadening. The cogon grass fibreboard with 12% resin content can be used for

panelling, framing interior stud, partition wall and other uses of a Type 150 fiberboard.
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter includes the summary of findings, conclusions and

recommendations of the study based on the presentation, interpretation and analysis of

data from the previous chapter.

Summary of Findings

All the results that were conducted for the determination of physical and

mechanical properties of cogon grass fiberboard were compared to the Philippine

National Standards (PNS).

Table 3: Comparison from the PNS Specification

PROPERT Maximum attained Required Required Required

Y TEST Specification of the Design Specificatio Specificatio Specificatio
Fiberboard n for n for n for
8% RC 10% 12% Standard Standard Standard
RC RC Purpose Purpose Purpose
Fiberboard Fiberboard Fiberboard
(Type 100) (Type 150) (Type 200)
Moisture 10.14 7.54 8.25 ≤12% ≤12% ≤12%
Content
Thickness 9.1839 5.8095 5.9818 ≤20% ≤20% ≤20%
Swelling
Water 43.558 40.047 33.575 ≤40% ≤40% ≤40%
Absorption 7 4 5
Modulus of 14.061 19.396 14.505 ≥7.84 MPa ≥13.73 MPa ≥17.65 MPa
Rupture 9 5 6
Internal 1.5554 2.4574 3.6240 ≥2kg/cm2 ≥3 kg/cm2 ≥5 kg/cm2
Bond
Face Screw 58.02 61.38 56.10 ≥30kg ≥40kg ≥50kg
Holding
Summary of Results:

1. The moisture content of the cogon grass fiberboard with 8%, 10% and 12% resin

content are 10.14%, 7.54% and 8.25% respectively. All samples have passed the

moisture content standard given by PNS for Type 100, Type 150 and Type 200

fiberboard.

2. The results for the thickness swelling of cogon grass fiberboard with 8%, 10%

and 12% resin content are 9.1838%, 5.8095% and 5.9818% respectively. All the

samples have lower value compared to the standard value of thickness swelling

for Type 100, Type 150 and Type 200 fiberboard.

3. The water absorption of the cogon grass fibreboard with 8%, 10% and 12% resin

content are 43.5587%, 40.0474%, 33.5755% respectively. The 8% and 10%

resin content have higher values than the standard value for Type 100, Type 150

and Type 200 thus, failed. Only the 12% resin content has value lesser and has

passed the PNS for fiberboard.

4. The modulus of rupture of the cogon grass fiberboard with 8%, 10% and 12%

resin content are 14.0619 MPa, 19.3965 MPa and 14.5056 MPa respectively.

Samples with 8% and 12% resin content passed the PNS for Type 150

fiberboard while the 10% sample passed the Type 200 fiberboard.

5. The results for the internal bond test of cogon grass fiberboard with 8%, 10% and

12% resin content are 1.5554 kg/cm2, 2.4574 kg/cm2 and 3.6240 kg/cm2

respectively. The 8% sample failed to pass the PNS standard, the 10% sample

passed the PNS for Type 100 fiberboard and the 12% sample passed the PNS

for Type 150 fiberboard.

 6. The face screw holding strength of the cogon grass fiberboard with 8%, 10% and

12% resin content are 58.02 kg, 61.38 kg and 56.10 kg respectively. All the

samples have passed the requirement for PNS for Type 100, Type 150 and Type

200 fiberboard.

Conclusions:

Based on the summary of the results, it was concluded that:

1. The cogon grass fiberboard samples have different results based on its resin

content. The results are all dependent to the isocyanate resin that was mixed to

the cogon grass fibers.

2. Only the cogon grass fiberboard with 12% resin content has passed the

requirements for Type 150 Minimum Particle Board Properties as specified in

PNS.

3. The cogon grass fiberboard with 10% resin content did not passed all the

requirements for the mechanical property test but has passed the physical

property tests therefore it can still be used as construction material that does not

require mechanical strength.

4. The cogon grass fiberboard with 8% resin content did not passed all the

requirements specified by PNS but based on its appearance it can still be used in

making furniture, as decoration, partition and wall frames that does not require

good mechanical and physical properties.

Recommendations:

From the stated conclusions, the researchers have the following

recommendations;

1. The researchers recommended the use of machine in mixing the cogon grass

fibers with resin instead of manually mixing in order for the resin to spread

thoroughly and equally in every fiber to improve the quality of the produced

cogon grass fiberboard.

2. Utilization of cogon grass fiberboard with 8% and 10% resin for interior

designing material and enhancing its serviceability by means of lamination to

its surface.

3. Develop other resin that is inexpensive and dependable as isocyanate.

4. A guarantor to promote the use of cogon grass fiberboard and help the

farmers reduce unwanted cogon grass in the farm field.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Rufa, Tadena, Villanueva. March 2014. Potentiality of Cacao Husk as Particleboard

Material. Batangas State University, Batangas City

William Hoareau, et. al. July 14 2006. Fiberboards Based on Sugarcane Bagasse Lignin

and Fiber.France.

Halvarsson Soren. 2010. Manufacture of Straw MDF and Fiberboards. Mid Sweden

University, Sundsvall Sweden.

Mohammed Ali Jaber. 2013. Study and Evaluation of the Medium Density Fiberboard

Made From Old Newspaper. Basrah University, Basrah Iraq

Coconut Fiberboard. PCA-Zamboanga Research Center, San Ramon Zamboanga City.

http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/fiberboard.pdf

Rey Espinosa. 2008. A Unique Art Using Dried Cogon Grass.

http://news.abscbn.com/lifestyle/05/20/08/pastor-had-amnesia-yet-discovered-unique-

art. May 2008

Chris Miller. 2010. Cogon Grass Uses.

http://ecop.pbworks.com/w/page/18520545/Cogon%20grass%20uses%200809.
 APPENDICES

Appendix A – Test Results and Computations

Appendix B – Communication Letters, Receipts and Other Files

Appendix C – Photographs

Appendix D – Curriculum Vitae

 Appendix A

Test Results and Computations

 Appendix A

Test Results and Computations

Cogon Grass Fibers + Isocyanate Resin = FIBERBOARD

Dimension: 30cm x 30cm

Thickness: 1.2 cm

Density: 0.6 (Medium Density)

I. Board Mass

M = 𝐿𝑤𝑡𝜌

= (30)(30)(1.2)(0.6)

M = 648 grams

Where: L = length of the board t = thickness of the board

W = width of the board ρ = density of the board

II. Weight of Isocyanate Resin

Weight IR = MRC

For 8% IR Content = 648(0.08) = 51.84 g

For 10% IR Content = 648(0.10) = 64.8 g

For 12% IR Content = 648(0.12) = 77.76 g

Where: M = Board Mass RC = Resin Content

Summary of Computation

% of RC 8% RC 10% RC 12% RC
Weight of Cogon 648 g 648 g 648 g
Grass Fiber
Weight of 51.84 g 64.8 g 77.76 g
Isocyanate Resin
 Appendix B

Communication Letters, Receipts and Other Files

Appendix C

Photographs
 Appendix D

Curriculum Vitae
PERSONAL BACKGROUND

NAME: Renard S. Calawigan

ADDRESS: Bangkusay, Purok 4 Amsic, Angeles City, Pampanga

BIRTHDATE: December 25, 1972

AGE: 45 y/o

STATUS: Married

FATHER: Leonardo Calawigan

MOTHER: Estelita Calawigan

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ELEMENTARY: Colongulo Elementary School

Colongulo, Surallah, South Cotabato

1980-1986

SECONDARY: Surallah National Agriculture School

Surallah, South Cotabato

1986-1991

TERTIARY: Diploma in Fisheries Technology (DFT)

Major in Fish Capture / Marine

Davao del Norte School of Fisheries

Panabo, Davao del Norte

1991-1994
 Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Republic Central Colleges (RCC)

Plaridel St., Angeles City, Pampanga

2013-2016

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Our Lady of Fatima University (OLFU)

Dela Paz Norte, City of San Fernando, Pampanga

2016 - Present

ORGANIZATION/S

Philippines Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE): Student Member

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

NAME: Mariefai P. Leandicho

ADDRESS: Manapat St., Poblacion, Arayat, Pampanga

BIRTHDATE: February 15, 1996

AGE: 22 y/o

STATUS: Single

FATHER: Aristotle M. Leandicho

MOTHER: Marilou P. Leandicho

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ELEMENTARY: University of the Assumption

San Jose, City of San Fernando, Pampanga

2003-2009

SECONDARY: University of the Assumption

San Jose, City of San Fernando, Pampanga

2009-2013

TERTIARY: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Holy Angel University

Angeles City, Pampanga

2013-2016

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Our Lady of Fatima University (OLFU)

Dela Paz Norte, City of San Fernando, Pampanga

 2016 - Present

ORGANIZATION/S

Philippines Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE): Student Member

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

NAME: Rendell Celna G. Pineda

ADDRESS: San Jose Panlumacan, City of San Fernando, Pampanga

BIRTHDATE: October 31, 1994

AGE: 23 y/o

STATUS: Single

FATHER: Reynaldo T. Pineda, Sr.

MOTHER: Julie G. Pineda

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ELEMENTARY: Lucban Elementary School

Camdas, Baguio City

2001-2005

San Jose Panlumacan Elementary School

San Jose, City of San Fernando, Pampanga

2005-2007

SECONDARY: Nuestra Señora Del Pilar Integrated School

Del Pilar, City of San Fernando, Pampanga

2007-2011

TERTIARY: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Saint Louis University

Bonifacio Rd., Baguio City

2011-2015
 Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Our Lady of Fatima University (OLFU)

Dela Paz Norte, City of San Fernando, Pampanga

2016 - Present

ORGANIZATION/S

Philippines Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE): Student Member

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

NAME: Camille D. Soneja

ADDRESS: Ph1, Blk.9, Lot 7, Camella Fiorenza, Brgy. Paligui, Apalit,

Pampanga

BIRTHDATE: April 08, 1996

AGE: 21 y/o

STATUS: Single

FATHER: Matteo T. Soneja

MOTHER: Teresa D. Soneja

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ELEMENTARY: Bebe Anac Elementary School

Brgy. Bebe Anac, Masantol, Pampanga

2002-2008

SECONDARY: San Miguel Academy

Masantol, Pampanga

2008-2012

TERTIARY: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Bulacan State University

City of Malolos, Bulacan

2012-2017

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Our Lady of Fatima University (OLFU)

 Dela Paz Norte, City of San Fernando, Pampanga

2017 - Present

ORGANIZATION/S

Philippines Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE): Student Member

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

NAME: Aldrake V.Umlas

ADDRESS: Ph1, Blk10, Lot13, Camella Fiorenza, Brgy. Paligui, Apalit,

Pampanga

BIRTHDATE: April 22, 1995

AGE: 22 y/o

STATUS: Single

FATHER: Consolador L. Umlas Sr.

MOTHER: Leonora V. Umlas

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ELEMENTARY: Sto. Rosario Elementary School

Sto. Rosario, Macabebe, Pampanga

2002-2003

Macabebe Elementary School

Macabebe, Pampanga

2003-2008

SECONDARY: Pampanga Colleges

Macabebe, Pampanga

2008-2012

TERTIARY: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Bulacan State University

City of Malolos, Bulacan

 2012-2016

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Our Lady of Fatima University (OLFU)

Dela Paz Norte, City of San Fernando, Pampanga

2016 – Present

ORGANIZATION/S

Philippines Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE): Student Member