a) Sanitation - is the hygienic means of promoting
health through prevention of human contact with the
hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper
disposal of sewage or wastewater
b) Sewer - underground watertight conduits for
conveying sewage by gravity flow from urban areas to
points of disposal.
c) Sewage – the liquid conveyed by a sewer. It
may consist of any one or a mixture or liquid wastes.
d) Sewerage System - A system of sewer pipes
(sewers) collects sewage and takes it for treatment or
disposal.
e) Separate Sewer - two systems, one for sanitary
sewage, the other for storm drainage.
f) Combined Sewer – one sewer system to collect
sanitary sewage and storm drainage.
g) Hydraulic Radius - the ratio of the cross-
sectional area of a channel or pipe in which a fluid is
flowing to the wetted perimeter of the conduit.
h) Dry Weather Flow - refers to the wastewater
flow in a sewer system during periods of dry weather
with minimum infiltration.
i) Open Channel – occurs when the hydraulic
grade line lies in the surface of the flowing liquid which
is exposed to the atmosphere.
j) Closed Channel – occurs when the sewage flows
in a conduit at a pressure above or below atmospheric
k) Hydraulic Gradient – the slope of the surface of
a liquid flowing in partially filled sewer or open channel.
a) Sources of sewage (CID)
• Domestic sewage – waste water derived from
the sanitary conveniences of residences
• Commercial sewage – waste water originating
from predominantly business or commercial areas.
• Industrial sewage – liquid waste generated by
industrial process, as dyeing, brewing, or papermaking
etc.
b) Types of Sewers (SSSHOLM)
• Sanitary Sewer - It carries sanitary sewage i.e.,
wastewater from municipality including domestic and
industrial wastewater.
• Storm Sewer - It carries storm sewage including
surface runoff and street wash.
• Combined Sewer - It carries domestic, industrial
and storm sewage.
• House Sewer - It is the sewer conveying sewage
from plumbing system of a building to
common/municipal sewer.
• Lateral Sewer - This sewer carries discharge
from house sewers.
• Submain Sewer - This sewer receives discharge
from two or more laterals.
• Main/Trunk Sewer - It receives discharge from
two or more submains.
• Outfall Sewer - It receives discharge from all
collecting system and conveys it to point of final
disposal.
c) Sewer Appurtenances (GOLDJLIFMSC)
• Man-holes: Man holes are the openings of
either circular or rectangular in shape constructed on
the alignment of a sewer line to enable a person to
enter the sewer for inspection, cleaning and flushing.
• Street inlets: Street inlets are the openings
through which storm water is admitted and conveyed to
the storm sewer or combined sewer.
• Catch Basins: Catch basins are small settling
chambers of diameter 60 - 90 cm and 60 - 75 cm deep,
which are constructed below the street inlets.
• Lamp Holes: Direct any obstructions inside the
sewer. Can serve also as a clean-out.
• Flush Tank: a device to hold water for flushing
(the sewer) and prevent clogging of sewers laid on flat
grades
• Inverted Siphon: frequently referred to as
depressed sewer
• Junction Structure: chamber constructed to
facilitate the meeting of two or more sewers.
• Grease Trap: a device used to filter grease, oil,
fats coming from kitchen sinks, repair shops, gas
station, etc. before entering the sewer.
• Overflow Weir: formed by an opening in the
side of a sewer high enough to permit discharges of
excess flow
• Leafing Weir is formed by a gap in the invert of
the storm sewer thru which dry weather flow will fall
• Drop Manhole: a manhole used when there is a
drop in elevation of more than 1 meter
• Measuring Devices: used to measure rate of
flow such as weirs, partial flumes, venturimeter, etc.
e) Types of pipe materials for sewers
• Cast Iron
• Vitrified Clays
• Concrete
• PVC
• Asbestos Cement
f) Factors to consider when designing sanitary
sewers
• Type of area to be served
- Residential/Domestic
- Commercial
- Industrial
• Rate of Water Supply
• Ground Water Infiltration
g) Types of sewerage systems
 • Sanitary Sewer System  Unless laid at steep gradient, self-polishing
• Sanitary Drainage System velocity in the sewers cannot be measured
• Combined System  Risk of encroachment by unautho rain water
• Separate System collecio
h) Loads on buried sewer pipes  X2 house plumbing fixtures
• Dead Loads  Maintenance cost will be greater
• Super imposed Loads q) Disadvantages of Combined System
• Impact  Bigger the size, larger size of excavation
• Transverse Earth Pressure  DWF being small, larger size of sewer
• Soft Uneven Foundation  Cost of pumping and treatment will be greater
• Undermining  Overflowing under worst conditions may
i) Methods of Forecasting Population endanger pub. Health
• Arithmetic Method r) Data needed prior to storm sewer design
• Geometric Method  Project meeting
• Increment Method
 Topographic Map
j) Diseases borne by improper disposal of sewage
 Site Reconnaissance
• Diphtheria
 Local land development ordinance
• Dysentery
 Related engineering design and reports
• Cholera
s) Factors to be considered in proper selection of
• Dengue
inlets
• Diarrhea
• Trachoma  Grading
k) 3 Principal Components of SSS  Spacing
• Inlet  Changing of Direction
• Pipe  Change of pipe slope and size
• Outflow Head Wall t) Method of sewer outfalls
l) Sewer Cross Sections  Outfall at streambank
• Circular  Channel connecting outfall with stream
• Egg Shaped  Outfall discharging onto stream overbank
• Semielliptical
• Rectangular
• Parabolic/Delta
• U-shaped Suspended solids – can cause sludge deposits and
• Modified U-shaped anaerobic conditions in the environment
m) Components of Public SS Biodegradable organics – can cause anaerobic
conditions in the environment
 Collection System
Pathogens – transmits diseases
 Treatment Facilities
Nutrients – can cause eutrophication
 Disposal Works
Heavy metals – toxicity to biota and humans
n) Advantages of Sep. System
Refractory organics – toxicity to biota and humans
 Rainfall is uneven
Dissolved solids – interfere with reuse
 San. Sewer is to have one outlet Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems
 San. Sewage is to be pumped Pretreatment – removes materials that can cause
 Finances available are small but San. DrAge is operational problems, equalization optional
imper. Primary treatment – remove 60% of solids and 35% of
 The drainage area is steep. Allowing water to BOD
roff qc Secondary treatment – remove 85% of BOD and solids
o) Advantages of Combined System Advanced treatment – varies 95% of BOD and Solids, N,
 Rainfall is even P
 Both san. Sewage and storm wat is tb pumped Dissolved Oxygen – oxygen that is in solution in the
 Area to be served is heavily bilt up liquid, it indicates the freshness of sewage
 Effective flows have tb provided BOD or Biochemical Oxygen Demand – most important
p) Disadvantages of Sep. System criterion in determining the strength of sewage. It is the
amount of oxygen needed to oxidize or decompose the
organic matters in sewage. which when analyzed yield results reflecting actual
Rate of deoxygenation – is assumed directly quality of the water samples
proportional to the amount of organic matter present in
the sample
Cycles of Decomposition
Putrefactive Stage – sets in on the death of plants and
animals. The resulting dead animals’ tissues and cells
are attacked by putrefactive bacteria.
Nitrification Stage – is brought through agency of the b)
aerobic bacteria by the oxidation of the ammonia in
sewage to first as nitrites and then nitrates.
Plant life – The nitrates are taken up by the plant roots
and converted into plant protein. c)
Animal life – is the highest stage of the cycle in which
the vegetable proteins and carbohydrates form part of
the living animal substance.
a) Analysis of Sewage
 To ascertain various substances in the
sewage
 To determine their physical, chemical,
and biological characteristics
 To contain such information and results
as are necessary for the operation
d)
 To show progress of self-purification
and pollution of stream
b) Sampling of Sewage
 Time
 Place
 Temperature
 Color
 Odor
 Turbidity
c) Significance of Chemical Analysis
 DO determination is usually made by
the Winkler’s method which is an
oxidation reduction process
 BOD test is the most important in
sewage analysis as it indicates the
amount of decomposable organic
matter in the sewage.
 Chloride is an organic substance not
affected by biological treatment.
 Nitrogen Compounds
o Free Ammonia Nitrogen – low
amount indicates fresh sewage
o Organic Nitrogen – High
amount indicates fresh sewage
o Nitrite Nitrogen – indicates
freshness of raw sewage
o Nitrate Nitrogen – indicates
stability of sewage
Sampling - is a collection of truly representative samples
a) Sampling Stations
 Influent
 Effluent
 Mixing Zone
 Others
Types of Samples
 Grab or Catch – sample collected at a particular
time and place
 Composite – combination of grab samples
Significant Wastewater Control Parameters
 Color
 Temperature
 pH
 BOD-COD-DO
 Total Suspended Solids
 Settle able Solids
 Oil and Grease
 Heavy Metals
 Coliforms
Basic Analysis of Sewage
 Gravimetric – calculations are based on mass
measurements
 Titrimetric – a solution is added to the sample
where the constituents in the sample react with
it
 Spectrophotometric – an analysis measuring the
relative intensities of monochromatic light as a
result of atomic absorption
 Potentiometric – a direct measurement of
electron potential which the concentration of
an active ion may be derived
EXAM IN SEWERAGE
I. Define/Discuss the following terms:
a) Sanitation - is the hygienic means of
promoting health through prevention of human
contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the
treatment and proper disposal of sewage or
wastewater.
b) Sewer - underground watertight
conduits for conveying sewage by gravity flow from
urban areas to points of disposal.
c) Sewage – the liquid conveyed by a
sewer. It may consist of any one or a mixture or
liquid wastes.
 d) Sewerage System - A system of sewer
pipes (sewers) collects sewage and takes it for
treatment or disposal.
e) Separate Sewer - two systems, one for
sanitary sewage, the other for storm drainage.
f) Combined Sewer – one sewer system to
collect sanitary sewage and storm drainage.
g) Hydraulic Radius - the ratio of the cross-
sectional area of a channel or pipe in which a fluid is
flowing to the wetted perimeter of the conduit.
h) Dry Weather Flow - refers to the
wastewater flow in a sewer system during periods
of dry weather with minimum infiltration.
i) Open Channel – occurs when the
hydraulic gradeline lies in the surface of the flowing
liquid which is exposed to the atmosphere.
j) Closed Channel – occurs when the
sewage flows in a conduit at a pressure above or
below atmospheric
II. Enumerate/Discuss the following:
a) Sources of sewage
• Domestic sewage – waste water
derived from the sanitary conveniences of
residences
• Commercial sewage – waste water
originating from predominantly business or
commercial areas. Consist not only of the waste
water resulting from the commercial activities
themselves but also includes sanitary wastes
• Industrial sewage – liquid waste
generated by industrial process, as dyeing, brewing,
or papermaking etc.
b) Types of Sewers
• Sanitary Sewer - It carries sanitary
sewage i.e, wastewater from municipality including
domestic and industrial wastewater.
• Storm Sewer - It carries storm sewage
including surface runoff and street wash.
• Combined Sewer - It carries domestic,
industrial and storm sewage.
• House Sewer - It is the sewer conveying
sewage from plumbing system of a building to
common/municipal sewer.
• Lateral Sewer - This sewer carries
discharge from house sewers.
• Submain Sewer - This sewer receives
discharge from two or more laterals.
• Main/Trunk Sewer - It receives
discharge from two or more submains.
• Outfall Sewer - It receives discharge
from all collecting system and conveys it to point of
final disposal.
c) Sewer Appurtenances
• Man-holes: Man holes are the openings
of either circular or rectangular in shape
constructed on the alignment of a sewer line to
enable a person to enter the sewer for inspection,
cleaning and flushing.
• Street inlets: Street inlets are the
openings through which storm water is admitted
and conveyed to the storm sewer or combined
sewer.
• Catch Basins: Catch basins are small
settling chambers of diameter 60 - 90 cm and 60 -
75 cm deep, which are constructed below the street
inlets.
d) Factors to consider when selecting pipe
materials for sewers
e) `Types of pipe materials for sewers
f) Factors to consider when designing
sanitary sewers
g) Types of sewerage systems
h) Loads on buried sewer pipes
i) Methods of forecasting population
j) Diseases borne by improper disposal of
sewage