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Background
Dyslexia is a learning disorder that causes difficulties in reading but does not affect
general intelligence. Many dyslexic children struggle to make sense of words and symbols
and hence perform poorly in academic testing when their actual cognitive abilities are
are dyslexic and many of them pass through the school system undiagnosed for a long time
(Cassidy 2018). These children whose dyslexia remains ‘invisible’ are more likely to lose
their confidence, be demotivated in their studies and drop out of school compared to their
non-dyslexic peers (Cassidy 2018). Scientific research suggests that the critical age for
identification is in pre-school but the lack of access to early screenings and training of
dyslexia advocates (Cassidy 2018). This paper will examine Made By Dyslexia, a dyslexia
awareness non-profit that was started by the billionaire Richard Branson who is himself
Grounds
The organization Made By Dyslexia (MBD) claims that the special aptitudes of
dyslexic individuals are consistently ignored and marginalized. To buttress its case, it
engages in what Best calls “incidence estimates” or the use of statistics to accentuate the
extent of the problem (1987: 106). Two alarming statistics MBD highlights is that only 3
percent of the public views dyslexia as a favourable condition, while 91 percent of parents
1
and teachers feel that schools can do better in acknowledging and supporting positive traits of
dyslexia1. In response, MBD channels its advocacy towards recognizing how dyslexia can
To achieve this, MBD sets its own definition of dyslexia or what Best (1987) refers to
as a domain statement, which looks at what to include or exclude to identify the phenomenon.
MBD defines dyslexia as an alternative way in which the brain interprets data2; the lack of
managed. MBD further extends the domain of dyslexia by pointing out how dyslexia
stimulates other intelligences like critical thinking and creativity, refocusing the public’s
At the same time, MBD describes the learning difficulties of dyslexia as covering a
definition not only increases the number of individuals who fall into the dyslexic category,
but also draws attention to the diverse kinds of dyslexia. Indeed, by claiming that dyslexia
syndrome and suggests instead that dyslexia is entwined with the dyslexic individual’s own
distinct identity. MBD thus implies that a reductive and monolithic definition of dyslexia
would be akin to an erasure of personal identity and a form of symbolic violence towards the
dyslexic individual.
In addition, MBD is prominent for enlisting celebrities and leaders who are dyslexic
to attract the sympathy of the wider public. As Best (1987) puts it, emotionally powerful case
1
“Spelling It Out,” Made By Dyslexia, http://madebydyslexia.org/assets/downloads/spelling-it-out.pdf
(Accessed October 24, 2018)
2
Ibid.
3
Ibid.
4
“Spelling It Out”, 7.
5
Ibid.
2
studies allow smoother identification with the people at the centre of the issue. In a campaign
video entitled “What is dyslexia”6, the viewer sees well-known celebrity figures like Orlando
Bloom and Keira Knightly intimately sharing their personal struggles with dyslexia during
their school years, striking a chord with viewers with similar feelings of having been a misfit
at school. In addition, the celebrities conveyed how dyslexia enabled their personal success,
with Orlando Bloom quipping that dyslexia was like a “superpower”7. Therefore, MBD
featured celebrities as concrete proof of the extraordinary human potential that is latent in
dyslexic individuals.
spotlight the relevant skillsets of dyslexic individuals in the workplace of the future.
conceive an issue and the corresponding stakes at play. Similarly, “dyslexic thinking”
reframes dyslexia as a form of cognitive giftedness in softer aptitudes like a rich imagination,
visual thinking, innovation and empathy for others9. MDB claims that these aptitudes are
entrepreneurship, design etc10, cladding dyslexic thinking with the rhetoric of professionalism
Indeed, in a separate report, MDB asserts that dyslexic thinking embodies many
higher-order competencies that are projected to be in high demand in the future economy
because they are least in danger of being automated, like complex problem-solving and social
6
What is Dyslexia?, Made By Dyslexia, video file posted October 16, 2018.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtFKNPrJhJ4 (accessed October 24, 2018)
7
Ibid.
8
“Spelling It Out”, 10-11.
9
Ibid.
10
Ibid.
3
intelligence11. As if recapitulating the neoliberal work ethic, dyslexic adults in the study
attribute their success to having “an entrepreneurial outlook”, being “incredibly comfortable
with change”, “finding unconventional ways to problem solve” and being able to “influence
and persuade colleagues”12. In this light, MDB portrays dyslexic individuals not only as a
potential model for the worker of the future but also as an underrepresented, overlooked
source of human capital. Thus, MDB strategically pivots the dyslexia issue to a broader
conversation around the future of work, thereby galvanizing more stakeholders like
policymakers, employers and youth into their cause through shared economic concerns. On a
side note, relating dyslexia to the wider economy parallels Best’s (1987) argument that social
problems are perceived to be more pressing when all of society is claimed to be impacted.
Warrants
Best (1987) informs us that warrants are specific modes of justification that have to be
accepted in order for the claim to be compelling. MGD’s claim that the unique aptitudes of
dyslexic children remain invisible rests on the warrant that the current education system has
failed to recognize and cultivate creativity. Schools have long been blamed for placing undue
aptitudes like music and the arts. From its own research, MGD asserts that 70 percent of
parents and teachers believe that less attention should be given to academic performance and
more to originality and innovation13. Indeed, critics of standardized assessment have long
pointed to the detrimental impact of testing on the child’s ability to think independently and
imaginatively. Thus MGD bolsters its claim by tapping into the premise that flawed
11
“The value of dyslexia,” Made By Dyslexia, http://madebydyslexia.org/assets/downloads/EY-the-value-of-
dyslexia.pdf (accessed October 24, 2018)
12
“The value of dyslexia”, 14-16.
13
“Spelling It Out”.
4
education policies are undervaluing creativity, causing every child in the system to slip
through the cracks in some form or the other because their non-academic strengths are
neglected.
In addition, MGD’s claim that dyslexic thinking is valuable in the modern economy
embeds the warrant that people should and are able to work in a profession that appropriately
matches their skillset. Underemployment occurs when individuals are compelled to find
employment in positions that they are overqualified for due to a shortage of quality jobs. This
a concern because workers lose potential earnings by sticking to an underskilled job, while
the overall loss in labour productivity diminishes the growth of the economy. It is therefore
vital for workers to be matched with jobs that fully harness their skills. Likewise, in order for
Conclusions
early detection tools digital-friendly and accessible to the public, recalibrating assessment
formats to suitably evaluate the aptitudes of dyslexic individuals and specialised training for
likely to gain momentum as a result of MBD’s savvy rhetorical approach. MBD astutely
addition, MBD deploys what Best calls the “rhetoric of rationality” by alluding to the
potentially huge loss in economic value if the aptitudes of dyslexic individuals are ignored
(1987: 116). Furthermore, MBD’s advocacy is likely to be successful because its message
keys into the larger social context of increased labour precarity and economic uncertainty,
which Best (1987) observes of other claim-makers who ride the wave of specific socio-
5
political moments. Volatility in the market and the threat of automation displacing jobs has
given rise to an increased sense of risk that is borne by the individual. Correspondingly, a
premium is placed on the very traits associated with dyslexic thinking like creativity, original
Therefore, it seems very likely that MDB’s dyslexia narrative will be taken up by the public
Bibliography
Best, Joel. 1987. "Rhetoric in Claims-Making: Constructing the Missing Children Problem."
Social Problems 34 (2): 101-121.
Cassidy, Bill. 2018. "Dyslexia is more common than society realizes. Here’s what we can do
to help children struggling in the shadows." The Hill. October 25. Accessed 10 28,
2018. https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/education/413158-dyslexia-is-more-
common-than-society-realizes-heres-what-we-can.
“The value of dyslexia,” Made By Dyslexia, http://madebydyslexia.org/assets/downloads/EY-
the-value-of-dyslexia.pdf (accessed October 24, 2018)
"What is Dyslexia?", Made By Dyslexia, video file posted October 16, 2018.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtFKNPrJhJ4 (accessed October 24, 2018)