Q.

A mixture oxide of iron and chromium FeOCr2O3 is fused with

sodium carbonate in the presence of air to form a yellow colourd
compound (A). On acidification the compound (A) forms as orange
colourd compound (B). Witch of the strongest oxidizing agent.
1. the compound (A) and (B)
2. write balanced comical equation for the each steps
Ans.1. Compound (A) – Na2 Cr2 O7 (sodium chromate)
Compound (A) – Na2 Cr2 O7 .2H2O (sodium dichromate)
2. Reaction in ncert book

Q. The reduction of a metal oxide is easier if the metal formed is

liquid state the temperature of reduction.
Ans. The entropy is higher if the metal is in liquid state. The value
of entropy change
Of the reduction process is more on +ve side when the metal
formed is in liquid state and the metal oxide being reduced is in
solid state. Thus the value of ^G© become more negative side and
the reduction become easier.

Q. the reduction of cr203 with Al is thermodynamically feasible, yet is

not does occur in the room temp.
Ans. The reaction
Cr2O3 + 2Al - Al2O3 +2Cr
Is thermodynamically feasible certain amount of activation energy
is essential.
Therefore, such reactions, heating is required.

Q. pine oil is used in forth flotation process.

Ans. Pine oils enhanced non-mettability of the mineral particles and
froth stabilizers
(E.g. cresols, aniline) stabilized the froth.

Q. transition metal acts as catalyst.

Ans. Transition metal shows variable oxidation state, therefore,
they can form intermediate products of different reactant
molecules. Transition elements are capable to form interstitial
compound due to which they can absorb and activate the reacting
molecules.
Example:- v2o5 is used for the oxidation of so2 to so3 in contact
process of hydrochloric acid

Q. chromium group element have the higher melting point in there

respective series.
Ans. The higher melting point of chromium group element are
attributed in the involvement of greater higher
number of electron from (n-1) d in addition to the
Ns electron in the interatomic metallic bonding.

Q. transition metals formed coloured complex.

Ans. The colour of compound of transition element depends upone
the unpaired electron present in the d orbital of transition element.
if d orbital are complete vacant as in se3+ and ti4+ or co complete
filled as in cu2+ and zn2+, the compounds will be colourless, but if
any unpaired electron is present in d- orbital, the compound will be
coloured due to d-d transaction. The unpaired electron excite from
one energy level to another energy level with in the same d- sub
shell. For this purpose (d-d transaction) the energy is absorbed
from visible region of radiation and reflected lights will decide the
colour of the compound.

Q. account for the following information.

1. Among the halogens f2 is the strongest oxidising agent?

Ans. Since the reduction potential of F is maximum.

2. Fluorine exhibits only -1 oxidation state whereas other

halogen elements exhibit in positive oxidation state also.
Ans. F has no vacant d – orbital.

3acidity of oxo acid of chlorine is

 HOCl<HOClO<HOClO2<HOClO3
Ans. In HOCl, oxidation state of Cl = +1
In HOClO, oxidation state of Cl = +3
In HOClO2, oxidation state of Cl = +5
In HOClO3, oxidation state of Cl = +7

Q. a trance lucent white waxy solid (A) on heating in an inert

atmosphere is converted to its, allotropic form (B). Allotrope (A) on
reaction with very dilute KOH liberates a highly poisonous gas (C)
having rotten fish smell. With access of chlorine form (D) which
hydrolyses to compound (E). Identify the compound (A) to (E)

Ans. (A) White waxy solid - white phosphorus

(B) Allotrope - red phosphorus
(C) Poisonous gas - PH3 (phosphin)
(D)PCl3 - phosphoric trichloride
(E) H3PO3 - phosphorous acid

Reactions:-
P4 + HI – PH 4I

White phosphorus
phosphonium iodine

PH4I + KOH – KI+H 2O

+ PH3

Phosphene

PH3 + 3CL2 – PCL 3

+ HCL

Chlorine phosphoric trichloride

PCL3 + 3H2O – H3PO3

+ 3HCL
Q. Chlorine water has both oxidising and bleaching properties.
Ans. Chlorine undergo from -1 to 0 or negative to positive oxidation
state.

Q. H3PO2 and H3PO3 acts as good reducing agents while H3PO4 does
not?
Ans. In H3PO4, 4 have +5 oxidation states which is maximum while
H3PO2 and H3PO3 have oxidation state +1 and +3 respectively.

Q. On addition of ozone gas to KI solution, violet vapours are

obtained.
Ans. Ozone oxidises moist potassium iodide to iodine
Reaction:-

2KI + H 2O - 2KOH (aq) +

I2(s) + O2 (g)

Q. Give reasons for the following:-

(a) CN- ion is known but CP- is not known.

Ans. N has higher electeronegativity, so it exists in nature.

(b) NO2 demerises to form N2O4.

Ans. NO2 is having odd electrons hence gets demerises.

(c) ICl is more reactive than I2.

Ans. I-Cl has little polar character than I2 so I-Cl is more reactive
than I2.

Q. an element A exists as a yellow solid in standard state. It forms a

volatile hydride foul smelling gas and is extensively used in
quantitative analysis of salt. When treated with oxygen B forms an
oxide C which is a colourless compound, pungent smelling gas. This
gas when passed through acidified KMnO4 solution decolourises it. C
gets oxidized D in the presence of heterogeneous catalyst. Identify
A, B, C, D and also give the chemical equation. of C with acidified
KMnO4 solution for conversion C to D.

Ans. The element A is sulphur.

The gas C is sulphur dioxide
S(s) + O2 (g) -
SO2 (g)

The gas
D is sulphur trioxide

2SO2 (g) +O2 - 2SO3 (g)

Sulphur dioxide behaves as a reducing agent, it converts iron (III)

ions to iron (II) ions and decolourises acidified potassium
permanganate (VII) solution.

5SO2 + 2MnO-4 + 2H2O- 5SO42- +4H+ +

2Mn2+

A-element sulphur
B-CS2, sulphur dioxide gas
C- So3, sulphur trioxide gas

Q. A blackish brown compound A when fused with alkali metal

hydroxide in presence of air, produces a dark green coloured
compound B which on electrolytic oxidation in alkaline medium
gives a dark purple coloured compound C. Identify A, B, and C and
write the reactions involved.
Ans. Blackish brown coloured solid

A = MnO2 (Pyrolusite)
Dark green coloured compound

B = KMnO4
Dark purple coloured compound
 C = KMnO4 (potassium permanganate)

Reaction:-
2MnO2 + 4KOH+ O2 – 2K2MnO4
+ 2H2O
(A) (B)

2K2MnO4 + Cl2 – 2KMnO4 +

2KCL
(B) (C)

Q. What happens when an acidic solution of the green compound (B)

is allowed to stand for same time? Give the equation involved. What
is this type of reaction called?

Ans. When the acidic solution of the green compound is allowed to

stand for some times, its colour changes to dark purple to form
KMNO4
2K2MnO4 + 4HCL - 2KMnO4 + MnO2 + 2H2O +
4KCL

Q. Give the reason for the following:

Q. A transition metals have high enthalpies of atomization.

Ans. since transition elements has metallic bonding due to presence
of unpaired electrons.

Q. Among the lanthanoids, Ce (III) is easily of oxidised to Ce (IV).

Ans. Ionization energy is low as electron is loosely bounded to
nucleus.

Q. Fe3+|fe2+ redox couple has less positive electron potential than

Mn3+|Mn2+ couple.
Ans. since Mn is stable half filled state.

Q. Copper (I) has d10 configuration, while copper II has d9

configuration, still copper (II) is more stable in aqueous solution
than copper.
Ans. Cu (II) is more stable since it has d10 configuration which is
fully filled.

Q. The second and third transition series elements have almost

similar atomic radii.
Ans. This is due to the intervention of the 4f orbital which must be
filled before the 5d series of the element begin.

Q. what is covalence of nitrogen in N2O5?

Ans. the covalence of nitrogen in N2O5 =5

Q. explains why both N and Bi do not form pentahelide while

phosphorous does?
Ans. nitrogen and bismuth do not formed pentahelide due to non -
availability of the d- orbital in its valence shell.

Q. when conc. H2SO4 was added into an unknown salt is present in a

test tube, a brown gas is evolved. This gas intensified when copper
turning where also added into this test tube. On cooling, the gas (A)
changed into a clourless gas (B).

(a) Identify the gases A and B

(b) Write the equation for the reaction involved.

Ans. (a) nitrite when heated with conc. H2SO4 first comes colourless
nitric acid which decomposes to give brown fumes
Of nitrogen oxide
NaNO3 + Conc.H2SO4 (aq) - NaHSO4 (aq) + HNO3 (g)
4HNO3 - 2H2 (l) + O2 (g) +4NO2
(g)

Brown nitrogen dioxide

A is NO2 (g)
B is HNO3 (g)

(b) Brown fumes intensifies o addition of copper turning due to

reaction of evolved nitric acid with copper
Cu (s) + 4HNO3 (g) - Cu (NO3)2 (aq) +2H2O (l)+2NO2(g).
Q. why does chlorine water lose its yellow coloured on standing?
Ans. chlorine water on standing loses its yellow colour due to
formation of HCL and HOCl
Cl2 + H2O - 2HCl +O

Q. what happened when Cl2 reacts with cold dilute solution of

sodium hydroxide? Write equation only.
Ans. with cold and dilute alkalies like NaOH chlorine produces a
mixture of chlorine and hydro chlorine.
2NaOH + Cl2 - NaCl + NaOCl +H2O
(Cold & dilute) hypochlorite

Q. writes down the equation for hydrolysis of XF4 and XeF6. Which of
these two reactions is a redox reaction?
Ans. Hydrolysis of XeF4 and XeF6 with water gives XeO3.

6XeF4 + 12 H2O - 4Xe + 2Xe + 2XeO 3 + 24HF +

3O2

XeF6 + 3H2O - XeO3 + 6HF

The electrolysis of XeF4 is a redox reaction while the hydrolysis of

XeF6 is not a redox reaction.

Explanation:-

The products of hydrolysis are XeOF4 . And XeO2F2 where the

oxidation states of all the element
Remains the same as it was in the reacting stage.

XeF6 + H 2O - XeOF4 + 2HF

XeF6 + 2H2O - XeO2F2 + 4HF

Q. Give the electronic configuration of the following.

Q. d-orbital of Ti in [Ti (H2O)6]3- in an octahedral crystal filed.

Ans. electronic configuration of Ti in
[Ti (H2O)6]3+ is Ti (d1)
Two vacant d orbital are available for octahedral hybridization with
4s and 4p orbital.

Q. Why does this complex is coloured? Explain on the basis of

distribution of electron in the d-orbital.
Ans. the coloured complex is purple. The coloured complex is due to
the jumping of electron from lower level to higher level. When an
electron from a lower energy of orbital is excited to the higher
energy of level, the energy of excitations corresponds
To the complementary colour of the light absorbed.

Q How does these the colour change on heating [Ti (H2O) 6]3+ ion?
Ans. since the structural arrangement of complex changes on
heating, so the colour of complex change.

Q. Of the ions Ag+, Co2+ and Ti4+, which ones coloured in aqueous
solutions.
Ans. Ag+ (4d10 5s0) and Ti4+ have no unpaired electrons while CO2+
(3d7 4s0) has there unpaired electrons, so Ag2+ and Ti4+ ions are
colour less and CO2+ ions are coloured in aqueous solutions.

Q. If each one of the above ionic species is in turn place in a

magnetic filed, how will it respond and why?
Ans. CO2+ ions will get attracted in a magnetic filed while Ag+ and
Ti4+ ions will get repelled in the magnetic field i.e., Co2+ ions are
paramagnetic while Ag+ and Ti4+ ions arte diamagnetic in nature.

Q. (a) Account for the following observations:

Q. In several chemical properties lithium resembles magnesium.

Ans. Lithium resembles magnesium because both are diagonally
opposite elements. They have same electropositive character,
similar polarizing power and similar ionization energies.
Q. +1oxidation state of thallium (atomic no.81) is more stable than
its+3 oxidation state.
Ans. an Outer configuration of thallium is 6s26p1. Due to inert pair
effect the 6s2 electrons are reluctant to participate in bond
formation. Only 6p1 electron takes pare in bond formation. Hence H
oxidation state of thallium is more stable the it’s +3 oxidation state.

Q. Boron chloride exists as a monomer while in the same group

anhydrous s aluminum chloride exists as a dimmer.
Ans. Due to the smaller size of boron (85 pm) and aluminum (143
pm) boron cannot accommodate four CI ions around it. Hence boron
chloride exists as a monomer while anhydrous aluminum chloride
exists as a dimmer.

Q. Complete and balance the following chemical equations:

1 NH3 (g) + H2O (l) - NH4 + (aq) + OH- (aq)

2 XeF4 + SbF5 - [XeF3] + [SbF6]-

Q. N2 is less reactive at room temperature.

Ans. Dinitrogen is inert at room temperature because the highly
bond enthalpy of N triple bond N.

Q.H2S is less acidic than H2Te.

Ans. due to decrease in bond (E-H) dissociation enthalpy down the
group, acidic character increases.

Q. hydrogen fluoride has higher melting point that hydrogen

chloride.
Ans. Due to high electronegative fluorine, the bond pair of H
molecules is largely attached towards F, and wide spared H-bonding
exist in H-bonding exist in HF is higher than that of HCL.

Q. On being slowly passed through water PH3 forms bubbles but NH3
dissolved. Why is it so?
Ans. the N-H bond in NH3 is more polar than P-H bond in ph3. As a
result NH3 easily dissolve in polar solvent like water whereas PH3
does not dissolve as shoe bubbles.
Q. nitrogen is fairly inert gas.
Ans. Nitrogen exist as triply bonded diatomic gaseous molecules at
ordinary temperature
Due to short inter nuclear distance (109pm), the bond strength
is very high and the molecules can be broken by using enormous
amount of energy. Also it is non polar. That is why nitrogen is fairly
inert gas.

Q. identifiy the type of inter-molecular forces that exists between

the following pair.

1. Na+ ion and water molecules

Ans. Ion-dipole attraction.

2. Ag+ and I-ion.

Ans. Ion induced dipole attraction.

3. Argon and argon.

Ans. Dispersion force.

4. HF and H2O
Ans. H - bonding.

Q. Mention the direct consequence of the following factors on the

chemical behavior of the transition elements.

A. they have incomplete filled d-orbital in the ground state or in one

of the oxidised state of there atoms.

B. they contribute more valance electrons per atom in the formation

of metallic bond.
Ans. a. vacant d-orbital can accept lone pair of electro is donated by
other group (ligands) consequently. Transition elements formed a
large number of complex compounds.

b. due to the large number of valence electron per atom the

metallic bonds in transition elements are quite strong. Due to the
presence of strong metallic bonds the transition metals are hard,
possess high density and high enthalpies of atomization.
Q. writes the uses of sulphuric acid?
Ans. Uses are:-
1. Petroleum refining.
2. Manufacture of pigments.
3. Detergent industry.
4. Metallurgical applications.
5. Storage batteries.

Q. given the appropriate reasons for each of the following

observation:

Q. Sulphur vapours exhibits some paramagnetic behavior.

Ans. At elevated temperature, a sulphur vapour exists, as S 2
molecules which are paramagnetic like O2.

Q. Sillicon has no allotropic form analogous to graphite.

Ans. this is due to reluctant of silicone to form p pai-p pai multiple
bounds because of large size of silicon atom. Hence, silicon exists in
diamond structure.

Q. of the noble gases only xenon in known to form real chemical

compounds.
Ans. Xe has relatively lower ionization energy among inert gases
and thus the outermost shell electron of Xe excites to d-subshell
and thereby showing unpaired electronic structure.

Q. Nitrogen shows only a little tendency for catenation, whereas

phosphorous show a clear tendency for catenation.
Ans. Nitrogen shows a little tendency for catenation, due to
weakness of N-N single bond whereas the phosphorous shows a
clear tendency for catenation, due to its ununexpectedly high bond
energy.

Q. accounts the following:

Q. Tendency to show -2 oxidation states diminishes from sulphur to

polonium in group 16.
Ans. as we move down the group from sulphur to polonium, the
electeronegativity decreases.

Q. Boron forms electron deficient compound.

Ans. boron has only three electrons in the outermost shell which it
can share with other atom. Hence in these compounds, there are six
electrons present around B-atom i.e., octet is not completed.

Q. PbCl4 is less stable than SnCl4.

Ans. this is because the stability of +4 oxidation state decreases
down the group. Transition elements are those in which the last
electron enters the d-orbital of penultimate shell. There general
electronic configuration is [Noble gas](n-1) d 1-10 ns 1-2
Inert transition elements are those in which the last electron enters
the d-orbital of antepenultimate shell. There general outer
configuration is
4f 1-14 5d 0-1 6s2 or 5f 1-14 6d 0-1 7s2.

Q. discuss the general trends in the following properties of the 3dd

transition elements (21 – 29)

Q. atomic size
Ans. in 3d series, atomic radius decreased from 21si to 25Mn and then
becomes constant for next five elements. This is due to combine
effects of increasing effective nuclear and increase screening
effects along the period.
Q. oxidation state
Ans. 3d elements shows variable oxidation state due to the
participation of 4s and 3d electrons in bonding because the energy
of 4s and 3d subshell are almost equal. Two higher oxidation state
increases with the increase in atomic numbers, reaches a maximum
value in the middle and starts decreasing.

Q. formation of coloured ions

Ans. except Zn4-, d3 –transition metal ions possess one or more
unpaired d electron which undergo-d transition to impart colour to
them.

Q. gives appropriate reason for each of the following observations:

Q. only higher numbers of group 18 of the periodic table are

expected to form compounds.
Ans. this is because member like xenon and krypton have low
ionization energy and also have vacant orbital in there valance shell
for the promotion of electrons.

Q. Fluorine is the stronger oxidising agent than chlorine, though

fluorine has lower electron affinity than chlorine
Ans. Fluorine has higher standard potation than chlorine, so it is
more easily reduced and hence it is stronger oxidising agent than
chlorine

Q. NO2 readily forms a dimmer, whereas ClO2 does not.

Ans. NO2 has one unpaired electron in its molecular orbital which
tends to get paired and thus dimerisation occur.

Q. how would you account for the following:

Q. The transition elements exhibit in high enthalpies of atomization.
Ans. because if having large number of unpaired electrons in their
atoms, they have stronger atomic interaction and has stronger
bonding between atoms. Consequently, transition elements exhibit
higher enthalpies of atomization.

Q. The 4d and 5d series of the transition metals have more frequent

metal-metal bonding in there compounds then do the 3d metals.
Ans. the transition metals of 4d and 5d series having greater
enthalpy of atomisation then the corresponding elements of 3d
series. This indicates the metal of 4d and 5d series having more
frequent metal-metal bonding in there compounds than do the 3d
metals.

Q. There is greater range of oxidation stats among the actinoides

than that in the lanthanoids.
Ans. lanthanoids mainly exhibit in +3 oxidation state. In addition,
they show lower oxidation state of+2 and higher oxidation states of
+4, Actinoides also exhibit +3 oxidation state. In addition they show
a wide range of higher oxidation state from +4 to +7. This is due to
comparable energies of 5f, 6d, and 7s orbital in actinoides

Q. of the ions Co2+, Sc2+, and Cr2+ which one will give coloured
aqueous solution and how will each of them respond to magnetic
field and why?
Ans. Co2+: [Ar] 3d7
Sc2+: [Ar] 3d0
Cr2+: [Ar] 3d3
Co and Cr3+ ion will more coloured ion in aqueous solution as they
2+

have unpaired electron in the 3d-subshell. Sc3+ has no unpaired

electrons in 3d-subshell so in will form colourless ions. So Sc3+ will
be repelled (diamagnetic) and Co2+ and Cr3+ ion will be attracted
(paramagnetic) in a magnetic fields.

Q. Explain giving reason each of the following:

Q. NF3 is an exothermic compound but NCl3 is an endothermic

compound.
Ans. bond strength of N-F bond is more than the bond strength of
N-Cl bond.

Q. CCl4 is not hydrolysed with water but SiCl4is easily hydrolysed.

Ans. carbon does not contain d-subshell where as silicon does
contain. Therefore, silicon can accommodate lone pair electron
donated by oxygen atom of water for co-ordinate bond formation.
There unlike to SiCl4, CCl4 does not hydrolysed.

Q. Nitrogen does not formed pentachloride but phosphorous

formed.
Ans. nitrogen does not possess d-subshell. Therefore it can
accommodate one pair of electron donated by chlorine atoms, for
co-ordinate bond formation. In phosphorous the state of affair is
just opposite, as it does contain d-subshell.

Q. SF6 is well known but SH6 is not known.

Ans. SF6 is much more stable than SH6 as F is more
electronegative than H.

Q. BF3 is a weaker Lewis acid then BCl3.

Ans. BF3 is smaller molecule than BCl3 therefore, is repels the lone
pair of electron which BF3 accepted by behaving as a Lewis base.

Q. nitrogen exists as a diatomic molecules, N2 where as phosphorous

exist as a tetra atomic molecules, P4
Ans. There exists triple bond in two nitrogen atoms. Then it occurs
as a diatomic molecule. Phosphorous does not exhibit multiple
bonding to the same extant as nitrogen. Therefore P4 exist in
tetrahedral structure.

Q. Explain the following observations.

Q. Most of the known noble gas compounds are those of xenon.

Ans. this is because of lower ionization energy of xenon and due to
the presence of vacant d-orbital for the promotion of electron.
Q. ClF3 exists but FCl3 does not.
Ans. chlorine atom has vacant d-orbital and ca show a valency of +3
and so ClF3 is formed F atom has no d-orbital and can show only -1
oxidation state.

Q. among the hydrides of elements of group 16. Water shows

unusual physical properties.
Ans. H2O is a colourless liquid while the other hydrides of group 16
elements are colourless poisonous gases with unpleasant smell. The
law volatile character of water is due to the association of water
molecules through hydrogen bonding. This in turn, is due to low
atomic size and high electeronegativity of oxygen.

Q. Unlike phosphorous, nitrogen show little tendency for

catenation.
Ans. Nitrogen shows a little tendency towards catenation. It is due
to the weakness of the N-N single bond. The tendency of
phosphorous to show the catenation is due to its unexpectedly high
bond energy.

Q. assigns appropriate reason for each of the following observation

Q. Anhydrous AlCl3 is used as a catalyst.

Ans. The central Al in AlCl3 is electron deficient. Because it’s Lewis
acid character, AlCl3 acts as a catalyst in frendlecraft’t alkylation’s
and acylation of benzene and help in generating electrophile for
attack on the ring.

Q. Phosphinic acid behaves as a monophonic acid.

Ans. Phosphinic acid H3PO2, has one P(OH) group and two hydrogen
directly attached to phosphorous it has only one ionisable hydrogen
and hence behaves as a monophonic acid.
Q. SF6 is not easily hydrolysed whereas SF4 is readily hydrolysed.
Ans. SF6 is inert due to the presence of satirically protected sulphur
atom which does no allow thermodynamically favorable reaction like
hydrolysis takes place. On the other hand, the less satirical
hindrance SF4 goes hydrolysis.

Q. no form of element silicon is comparable.

Ans. the size of silicon atom is larger than that of carbon atoms so
the bonding is not effective in silicon atoms. However this is
present in carbon atoms in graphite of smaller size. So element
silicon cannot give graphite like structure. But it reassembles
diamond and very hard and poor conductor of electricity.

Q. account for the following:

Q. Ammonia is stronger base than phosphin.

Ans. Ammonia is stronger base than phosphin: both possess a lone
pair of electron on there central atoms. They donate this lone pair
to some other species and thus behave as a Lewis base. Since
atomic size of phosphorous is more than of nitrogen therefore,
negative charge on phosphorous diffused. Hence ammonia is
stronger base than phosphin.

Q. The tendency to exhibit the +2 oxidation state increase with

increases atomic number in group 14.
Ans. as we move down the group ‘ns’ pair of electron become more
and more reluctant in bond formation. Electronic configuration of
group 14 element is ns2 np2. thus only 2p-orbital electrons are left
for bond formation. Therefore as we more down the group 14
tendency to exhibit ‘+2’ oxidation state increases.

Q. HF is weaker acid then HI.

Ans. ‘F’ is most electronegative element. Therefore, hydrogen
bonding among HF molecules is very strong. Thus liberation proton
becomes very difficult. In case of HI the states of fair is just
opposite. Hence HF is weaker acid then HI.
Q. how would you account the following:

Q. The transition element exhibit higher enthalpy of atomisation.

Ans. because of having large number of unpaired electrons in there
atoms, they have stronger inter atomic interaction and hence
stronger bonding between the atoms. Consequently, transition
elements exhibits hi enthalpy of atomisation.

Q. The 4d and 5d series of the transition metals have more frequent

metal-metal bonding in there compounds then do the 3d metals.
Ans. the transition metals of 4d and 5d series have greater enthalpy
of atomisation then the corresponding elements of 3d series. Thus
indicates that the metals of 4d and 5d series have more metal-metal
bonding in there compounds then do the 3d metals.

Q. There is a greater range of oxidation state among the actinoides

than that in the lanthanoids.
Ans. lanthanoids mainly exhibit +3 oxidation states. In addition,
they show lower oxidation state of +2 and higher oxidation state of
+4, Actinoides also exhibit +3 oxidation states. In addition, they
show a wide rang higher oxidation state from +4 to +7. This is due
to comparable energy of 5f, 6d and 7s orbital in actinoides.

Q. how would you account for the following:

Q. Cobale (II) is stable in aqueous solution but in presence of strong

ligands it is easily
oxidised. (Co = 27)
Ans. cobalt (II) is stabilised because of higher crystal field splitting
energy.

Q. The transition element form interstitial compounds.

Ans. transition metals form a large number of interstitial
compounds because small atom of certain non metallic element (H,
B, C, N etc.) gets trapped in voids of vacant space of lattice of the
transition metals.
As a result of fitting up of the interstitial spaces, such interstitial
compounds are hard and rigid.
Q. Silver halides find use in photography.
Ans. under the action of light, decomposition of silver bromide
takes place in traces where it is illuminated. The number of silver
atoms formed a proportional to the quantity of light falling on the
surface.

Q. What is lanthanoids contraction? Mention its main consequence.

Ans. the steady decrease in ionic radius from La3+ to Lu3+ is termed
as lanthanoids contraction.
Consequence of lanthanoids contraction:
1. Similar physical chemical properties among lanthanoids.
2. Zr and Hf exist together.

Q. assigns appropriate reason for each of the following:

Q. Aluminium is highly electropositive yet it is used as a structural

metal.
Ans. aluminum reacts with oxygen to formed protective layer of
Al2O3 which make it passive.

Q. White phosphorus is more reactive then red phosphorus

Ans. white phosphorus consists of discrete P4 molecules in which
phosphorus atom is tetrahedral bonded to other three phosphorus
atoms. So white phosphorus is highly reactive toxic and
spontaneous ignite in air. In red phosphorus, P4 molecules are linked
in chain structure. So red phosphorus is much less reactive and non
toxic.

Q. Hydrogen fluoride is much more reactive then HCl in aqueous

solution.
Ans. HF is much weaker acid then HCl in aqueous solution because
high bond dissociation energy of HF and due to strong hydrogen
bonding.
Q. sulphur in vapours state exhibits some paramagnetic behavior.
Ans.. In vapor state, sulphur partly exists as S2 molecules and S2
molecules like O2 has two unpaired electron in the antibonding pai*
orbital and hence exhibits paramagnetic behavior.

Q. gives the chemical reaction as an evidence for each of the

following observation:

Q. Tin (II) is reducing agent whereas Pb (II) is not.

Ans. Tin (II) is reducing agent whereas Pb (II) is not.
2Fe3 + Sn4+ - Sn42F2+

Pb (II) does not reduce iron (III) into iron (II) state.

Q. +1 gallium undergo disproportionate reaction.

Ans. GaX (X=Cl, Br, I) disproportionate in water as follows:
3GaX (s) - 2Ga(s) +Ga3+ (aq) +3X-(aq).

Q assigns an appropriate reason for each of the following

statement.

Q. Sif2-6 is known SiCl2-6 is not known.

Ans. this is because
A. the satiric repulsion are less in Sif2-6 due to the smaller size
of F atom, and
 B. the interaction of the lone pair of electron on the F atom with
Si are stronger then that of chlorine.

Q. More metals fluorides are ionic in nature than metal chloride.

Ans. because the highest electeronegativity, fluorine has tendency
for forming ionic compound thus fluorides have the maximum ionic
character.

Q. Solid phosphorus pentachloride exhibit same ionic character.

Ans. in crystal state PCl5 exists [PCl4] [PCl6]-, the ions have
tetrahedral and octahedral structure respectively. So solid PCl5
exhibits some ionic character.

Q. All the bonds in PCl5 are not equivalent.

Ans. As a result of sp3d hybridisation, there are two axial bonds and
three equitorial bonds in PCl5 molecule. As the axial bond pairs
suffer more repulsive interactions from the equitorial bond pairs,
therefore, the axial bonds are slightly elongated and hence slightly
weaker than the equitorial bonds.

Q. Sulphur in vapours state exhibits paramagnetism.

Ans. In vapours state, sulphur partly exist as S2 molecule and S2
molecule like O2 has two unpaired electrons in the antibonding Pai*
orbital and hence exhibits paramagnetism.

Q. Fluorine is the strongest oxidant among the halogen.

Ans. because of the lower bond energy of F-F bond and higher
hydration energy of F- ions, fluorine is the strongest oxidising agent
amongst of the halogen.

Q. Among the noble gases, only xenon is known to form true

chemical compound.
Ans. Xenon has the lowest ionization energy among the noble gases
expect radon which is however, radioactive.
Q. PbO2 is a strongest oxidising agent then SnO2.
Ans. due to inert pair effect. The lower oxidation state gets more
stabilised with the increase in atomic number in the same group of
p-block element. Hence PbO2 is a strongest oxidising agent than
SnO2.