The heat fiux that is applied to the left face of a plane wall is q” = 20 Wim*. The wall is of thickness 1 = 10 mm and of thermal conductivity & = 12 Win+K. If the surface temperatures of the wall are measured to be 50°C on the left side and 30°C on the right side. do steady-state conditions exist? JA concrete wall, which has a surface area of 20 u? and is 0.30 m thick, separates conditioned room air from ambient air. The temperature of the inner surface of the wall is maintained at 25°C, and the thermal conductiv- ity of the concrete is 1 W/m-K. (a) Determine the heat loss through the wall for outer surface temperatures ranging from —15°C to 38°C, which correspond to winter and summer extremes, respectively. Display your results graphically. (b) On your graph, also plot the heat loss as a finetion of the outer surface temperature for wall materials hav ing thermal conductivities of 0.75 and 1.25 WAn-K. Explain the family of curves you have obtained. A freezer compartment consists of a cubical cavity that is 2m on a side, Assume the bottom to be perfectly jnsulated. What is the minimum thickness of styrofoam insulation (F = 0.030 Wim K) that must be applied to the top and side walls to ensure a heat load of less than 500 W. ‘when the inner and outer surfaces are —10 and 35°C? You've experienced convection cooling if you've ever extended your hand out the window of a moving vehi= cle of into a flowing water stream, With the surface of your hand at a temperature of 30°C. determine the con= vection heat flux for (a) a vehicle speed of 35 kin/h in air at —S°C with a convection coefficient of 40 Wim? -K and (b) a velocity of 0.2 mis ina water stream at 10°C with a convection coefficient of 900 Wim? -K. Which condition would fee! colder? Contrast these results with a heat loss of approximately 30 Wim? ‘under normal room conditions. | Air at 40°C fiows over a long, 25-mm-diameter cylinder ‘with an embeclded electrical heater. In a series of tests. measurements were made of the power per unit length, P*, required to maintain the cylinder surface tempera- ‘ure at 300°C for different free stream velocities V of the air. The results are as follows: Airvelocity, (m/s) 1 2 4 8 12 Power, P’ (Wim) 450 658-983 1507 1963 (@) Determine the convection coefficient for each velocity, and display your results graphically. (b) Assuming the dependence of the convection coef cient on the velocity to be of the form ft = CP", determine the parameters C and 17 from the results of part (a. ‘A common procedure for measuring the velocity of an airstream involves the insertion of an electrically heated wire (called a hot-wire anemometer) into the airflow, with the axis of the wire oriented perpendicular to the flow direction. The electrical energy dissipated in the wire is assumed to be transferred to the air by forced convection. Hence. for a prescribed electrical power, the temperature of the wire depends on the convection coef ficient, which, in tum, depends on the velocity of the air. Consider a wire of length £=20mm and diameter D=05mm, for which a calibration of the form V = 6.25 x 107°}? has been determined. The velocity and the convection coefficient / have units of vs and ‘Wim?-K, respectively. In an application involving air at a temperature of T., = 25°C, the surface temperature of the anemometer is maintained at T, = 75°C with a volt- age drop of SV and an electric current of 0.1 A. What is the velocity of the ar? Consider a 150-W incandescent lamp. The filament of the lamp is 5 em long and has a diameter of 0.5 mm. The diameter of the glass bulb of the lamp is 8 em, Determine the heat fx, in Wim’, (a on the surface ofthe filament ancl (6) on the surface ofthe glass bulb, and (c) calculate how much it will, ‘cost per year to keep that lamp on for eight hours a day every day ifthe unit cost of electricity is $0.08/kWh. Answers: (a) 1.91 x 10° Wim, (b) 7500 Win?, (c) $25.04%yr‘An ice chest whose outer dimensions are 30 cm * 40 cm X 40 cm is made of 3-em-thick Styrofoam (& = 0.033, ‘Wem - °C). Initially, the chest is filled with 40 kg of ice at 0°C, and the inner surface temperature ofthe ice chest can be taken, to be O°Cat all times. The heat of fusion of ie at 0°C is, kif, and the surrounding ambient aris at 30°C. Disregard any heat transfer from the 40-cm % 40-cm base of the ice ‘chest, determine how long it will take for te ice in the chest to ‘melt Completely ifthe outer surfaces ofthe ie chest are at 8°C. ‘Answer: 32.7 devs The boiling temperature of nitrogen at atmospheric 196°C. Therefore, nitrogen is since the temperature of liquid nitrogen ina tank open tothe atmosphere. will remain constant at =196°C unl the liquid nitrogen in the tank is depleted, Any heat transfer to the tank will result in the evaporation of some liquid nitrogen, which has a heat of ‘vaporization of 198 kitkg and a density of 810 ke/m? at | atm. Consider a 4-m-diameter spherical tank initially filled with liquid nitrogen at 1 atm and ~196°C. The tank is ex- posed to 20°C ambient air with a heat transfer coefficient of 25 Wim? - °C. The temperature of the thin-shelled spherical tank is observed to be almost the same as the temperature of the nitrogen inside. Distezarding any radiation heat exchange, determine the rate of evaporation of the liquid nitrogen in the pressure at sea level (1 atm) is ‘commonly used in low temperature scientific stk tankas a result of the heal transfer from the ambient ait. 1, vapor ewe tam Liquid ¥, —lo«ec" ‘A 3.m-internal-diameter spherical tank made of l-cm- lick stainless ste! is used to slore iced water at OPC. The tank is located outdoors at 25°C. Assuming the entire stel tank 10 bbe at 0°C and thus the thermal resistance of the tank to be neg- jible, determine (a) the rate of heat transfer to the iced water in the tank ang (6) the amount of ice at °C that melts during @ 24-hour period. The heat of fusion of water at atmospheric pres- ‘are isfy = 333.7 Kikg. The emissivity ofthe outer surface of the tank ls 0.6, and the convection heat transfer coefficient on the outer surface can be takea to be 30 Wien? - °C. Assume the average surrounding surface temperature for radiation ex- ‘change tobe IS°C. Ansar 5808 kg ‘An oveshead 25.mlong. uninsulated industrial steam pipe of 100-mm diameter is routed through a building ‘whose walls and air are at 25°C. Pressurized steam sintains a pipe surface temperature of 150°C. and the ‘coefficient associated with natural convection ish = 10 Win -K. The surface emissivity i= 08 (@) What isthe rate of heat oss from the steam line? (b) Ifthe steam is generated in a gas-fired boiler oper- ating at an efficiency of ry 0.90 and natural gasis priced at C,= $0.02 per MJ. what is the annual ‘cost of heat iss from the line? ‘Under conditions for which the same room temperature is maintained by a heating or cooling system, it i not ‘acommon fora person to feel chilled in the winter but comfortable in the summer. Provide a plausible expla- ‘nation for this situation (With supporting calculations) ‘by considering a room whose air temperarure is main- tained at 20°C throughout the year, while the walls of ‘the room are nominally at 27°C aad 14°C in the sum- smer and winter, eopectively. The exposed surface of a [person in the room may be assumed to be ata tempera ‘ure of 32°C throughout the year and to have an emis- sivity of 0.90. The coefficient associated with heat ‘wansfer by aatural convection between the person and ‘the room ais is approximately 2 Wim’-K. A spherical interplanetary probe of 0'S.m diameter con- tains electronics that dissipate 150 W. If the probe surface thas an emissivity of 0.8 and the probe does not receive radiation from other surfaces, 2s, for example, ftom the ‘sun, what is its susface temperature?A vacuum system. as used in sputtering electrically con- ducting thin films on microciscuits, is comprised of a ‘baseplate maintained by an electrical heater at 300 K and a shroud within the enclosure maintained at 77K by a liquid-nitrogen coolant loop. The circular baseplate, insulated on the lower side, is 0.3 m in diameter and has an emissivity of 0.25 Liquit- nitrogen — Join, lec heater seviate (@) How auch electrical power amet be provided to ‘the baseplate hester? (®) At what rate must liquid nitrogen be supplied to the ‘shroud if its heat of vaporization is 125 KI/kg? (©) To reduce the liquid mitogen consumption, it & ‘proposed 10 bond a thin sheet of aluminum fou (€ = 0.09) to the baseplate. Will this have the desired effect?