Multi Purpose Machine Project Document 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
❖ We feel in great in presenting the report of our project “Multi Purpose

Machine” which finds application in much modern equipment and system, this
project is done in partial fulfillment of B.M.E. (B. tech. in mechanical
engineering) course in course at the Career Point ksrm college of engineering,
Cuddapah.
❖ We wish to express our sincere gratitude and thanks to our guide

Mr.Mallikarjuna during our whole project work for his inspiration given to us
and guidance shown upon us. He was greatly helpful to us by solving all our
queries and difficulties. We are also thankful to our head of the department of
mechanical engineering.
❖ Last but not least we are thankful to and all out lectures who showered upon
there help and guidance during the project work and also our friends who always
ready to help.
KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 1

ABSTRACT
This thesis deal with design development and fabrication of “MULTI PURPOSE
MACHINE”. This machine is designed for the purpose of MULTI OPERATIONs
i.e. DRILLING, CUTTING & SHAPING. This machine perform multipurpose
operation at same time with required speed & this machine is automatic which is
controlled or operated by motor which is run with the help of current. This
machine is based on the mechanism of whit worth return. This model of the multi
OPERATIONAL machine is may be used in industries and domestic
OPERATION which can perform mechanical operation like drilling, cutting
&shaping of a thin metallic as well as wooden model or body.

LIST OF FIGURES
No Figure Name Page No
1 Whitworth Mechanism 11
2 3D View of MPMM 13
3 Actual View of MPMM 14
4 Drill Bit 19
5 Machine Drawing 20
6 Scotch yoke mechanism 23
7 Over view of model 25
8 Grinding Centre getting power

through bevel gear arrangement 25
9 Sawing/ Cutting end using

Scotch Yoke Mechanism 26
10 Drilling centre getting drive through bevel

gear and belt-pulley arrangement 26
11 Drilling Machine 31
12 Shaping Machine 36
13 Cutting Machine 37

LIST OF TABLES
No Table Name Page No
1 Specification of drill 34
2 Specification of hacksaw 37
3 Cost of components 31-32
4 Plot diagrams 40-43

Chapter :-1 INTRODUCTION
Industries are basically meant for Production of useful goods and services at low
production cost, machinery cost and low inventory cost. Today in this world
every task have been made quicker and fast due to technology advancement but
this advancement also demands huge investments and expenditure, every industry
desires to make high productivity rate maintaining the quality and standard of the
product at low average cost In an industry a considerable portion of investment
is being made for machinery installation. So in this paper we have a proposed a
machine which can perform operations like drilling, sawing, shaping, some lathe
operations at different working centers simultaneously which implies that
industrialist have not to pay for machine performing above tasks individually for
operating operation simultaneously .Economics of manufacturing: According to
some economists, manufacturing is a wealth producing sector of an economy,
whereas a service sector tends to be wealth-consuming. Emerging technologies
have provided some new growth in advanced manufacturing employment
opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the United States. Manufacturing
provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national
defense.
machine
A machine is composed of mobile and immobile parts. These parts are united to
create, transform or to use the mechanical energy. These machines are comprised
of many elements and every element is an isolated part of the machine, where the
elements are to be designed independently and assembled together [2]. Every
element is a constituent of a whole part or it can be made of many small pieces
that are combined to form a machine by means of processes like riveting, welding,
etc. [3, 4]. Many machinery parts are joined together to create a machine as a
whole. Examples of some of the machines are, lathe which uses mechanical
energy to cut the metals, turbines which create mechanical energy, compressors
that compress the air by utilizing mechanical energy, engines that take up fuel to
create mechanical energy, refrigerators and AC which utilize mechanical energy
to create a cooling effect and washing machines that use up the mechanical energy
to cleanse the clothes [5, 6].

Classification of machines
Machines are categorized into following types.
Machines that produce mechanical energy:
• The machines that produce mechanical energy are coined as prime movers.
These machines transform certain forms of energies such as heat energy,
hydraulic energy, and electrical energy into mechanical energy or work.
The exact pioneer of such machines is the IC (Internal Combustion) where
the fuel’s chemical energy is transformed into heat energy [7]. This heat
energy is thereby transformed into mechanical work that causes rotation of
the vehicle’s wheels. Gas turbines, water turbines and steam engines are
some of the list of machines that fall under this category.
• Machines that transform mechanical energy:
These machines are coined as converting machines as they transform
mechanical energy into forms of energies like electrical energy, hydraulic
energy and so on. Electrical generators, where the rotation of the shaft is
transformed into electrical energy, and hydraulic pumps where the rotor’s
rotational energy is transformed into fluid’s hydraulic energy are certain
illustrations.
• Machines that use mechanical energy:
In these machines the mechanical energy that is obtained is used for
several applications. Some examples of such mechanisms are lathe machines
which cut the metals and washing machines which makes use of rotor’s rotation
for washing.
1.1 Literature Review
Before starting our work we have undergone through many research papers which
indicates that for a production based industries machine installation is a tricky
task as many factor being associated with it such as power consumption
(electricity bill per machine), maintenance cost, no of units produced per machine
i.e. capacity of machine, time consumption and many more….
Some research papers which have led us to approach to the idea of a machine
which may give solution to all these factors are as follows:

Heinrich Arnold1 November 2001:
Rather long re- investment cycles of about 15 years have created the notion that
innovation in the machine tool industry happens incrementally. But looking at its
recent history, the integration of digital contro ls technology and computers into
machine tools have hit the industry in three waves of technology shocks. Most
companies underestimated the impact of this new technology.This article gives
an overview of the history of the machine tool industry since numerical controls
were invented and introduced and analyzes the disruptive character of this new
technology on the market. About 100 interviews were conducted with decision-
makers and industry experts who witnessed the development of the industry over
the last forty years. The study establishes a connection between radical
technological change, industry structure, and competitive environment. It reveals
a number of important occurrences and interrelations that have so far gone
unnoticed.
Dr. Toshimichi Moriwaki (2006):
Recent trends in the machine tool technologies are surveyed from the view points
of high speed and high performance machine tools, combined multifunctional
machine tools, ultra precision machine tools and advanced and intelligent control
technologies.
Frankfurt-am Main, 10 January 2011. :
The crisis is over, but selling machinery remains a tough business. Machine tools
nowadays have to be veritable “jack of all trades”, able to handle all kinds of
materials, to manage without any process materials as far as possible, and be
capable of adapting to new job profiles with maximized flexibility. Two highly
respected experts on machining and forming from Dortmund and Chemnitz report
on what’s in store for machine tool manufacturers and users. Multi-purpose
machines are the declarations of independence. The trend towards the kind of
multi-purpose machining centers that are able to cost efficiently handle a broad
portfolio of products with small batch sizes accelerated significantly d uring the
crisis. “With a multi-purpose machine, you’re less dependent on particular
products and sectors”, explains Biermann.
1.2 Proposed Methodology
In this project we will generally give the power supply to the shaft on which a
bevel gear is mounted on it, and a second bevel gear at a right angle to it has been

mounted on a drill shaft to which a drill bit is being attached. At one end of the
shaft is connected to power supply , other end is being joined to a circular disc
,through this circular disc scotch yoke mechanism is being performed (rotator y
motion is converted to reciprocating motion) . Also in between these two helical
gear is mounted which transfer its motion to other helical gear which is mounted
on a shaft consist of grinding wheel.

Experimental Set-Up
we have involved the gear arrangement for power transmission at different

working centers , basically gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut
teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part in order to transmit torque,
in most cases with teeth on the one gear being of identical shape, and often also
with that shape on the other gear. Two or more gears working in tandem are called
a transmission and can produce a mechanical advantage through a gear ratio and
thus may be considered a simple machine. Geared devices can change the speed,
torque, and direction of a power source. The most common situation is for a gear
to mesh with another gear; however, a gear can also mesh with a non-rotating
toothed part, called a rack, thereby producing translation instead of rotation.

Chapter: 2 PROBLEM DEFINITION
2.1 Problem Statement
To design and development of MULTI PURPOSE MECHANICAL MACHINE,

a structured which is designed for the purpose of MULTI-OPERATIONs i.e.
DRILLING, CUTTING & SHAPING.
2.2 Problem Identification
This machine perform multipurpose operation at same time with required speed
& this machine is automatic which is controlled or operated by motor which is
run with the help of current. This machine is based on the mechanism of whit
worth return. This model of the MULTI OPERATIONAL machine is may be
used in industries and domestic OPERATION which can perform mechanical
operation like drilling, cutting & shaping of a thin metallic as well as wooden
model or body.
In this conceptual model we have involved the gear arrangement for power
transmission at different working centers , basically gear or cogwheel is a rotating
machine part having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part in
order to transmit torque, in most cases with teeth on the one gear being of identical
shape, and often also with that shape on the other gear. Two or more gears
working in tandem are called a transmission and can produce a mechanical
advantage through a gear ratio and thus may be considered a simple machine.
Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and direction of a power source.
The most common situation is for a gear to mesh with another gear; however, a
gear can also mesh with a non-rotating toothed part, called a rack, thereby
producing translation instead of rotation.

Chapter: 3 MECHANISM OF MACHINE
WHITWORTH’S QUICK RETURN MECHANISM
3.1 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to investigate the performance of a whit worth

quick return motion and to verify that the motion does have a quick return stroke
and a slow cutting or forward stroke.
3.2 THEORY
Definition of mechanism
Mechanism is a simplified model, usually in the form of a line diagram, which is

used to reproduce exactly the motion occurring in a machine. The purpose if this
reproduction is to enable the nature of the motion to be investigated without the
encumbrance of the various solid bodies which forms the machine elements .
3.3 WHITWORTH QUICK RETURN MECHANISM
Whitworth mechanism

The above diagram shows the mechanism as used on the apparatus. Link 1 on the
top diagram is extended to point A. Attach to point A is another link with pivot.
The other end of this link terminated in a slider. In a machine tool where this
mechanism is used the cutting tool is attached to this slider.
The link POA rotates about a O. The mechanism is driven by crank PC which
rotates about C with constant velocity. The slider at P slides along POA as the
crank is turned. Its path is shown by the dashed circle, centered on C and through
P. Clearly when P is at P1 the slider S is at the outer extremely of its travel. When
P is at P2 the slider S is at the inner extremely of its travel.
Now as PC rotates with constant velocity the time taken to go from P1 to P2 is

less than that taken to go from P2 to P1. However during both those time intervals
the slider as moving the same distance. Therefore the speed of S is different
during the different parts of cycle. During the shorter time intervals P1 to P2 the
slider as has the greater speed and during the interval P2 to P1 it has slower speed.
Thus P1 to P2 is quick return and P2 to P1.
When applied to metal cutting machine the other advantage is variable power
distribution during the cycle. When S is on the return stroke the slider at P is
nearer O and simple moment shows that the torque applied is low. Hence, the
return stroke uses less power as P=T.W. During the cutting stroke the slider at P
is at greater radius from O and thus more power is available to perform useful
work in the cutting metal.
Thus the overall performance is to provide high power forward cutting

stroke with a low powe r and higher speed quick return in preparation for
the next cut.

Chapter: 4 DESIGN OF MODEL
3D VIEW
Considering various stress capacity of material selected for shaft and moment of
inertia and bending moment we calculated diameter of shaft which is to be
mounted with pulleys, grinding wheel and buffing wheel. at its The shaft rotates
at 2800 rpm. From design diameter is 6 mm, but as grinding wheel’s inner
diameter is 20 mm; we selected shaft diameter as 20mm.

The ball bearings selected for radial load of 20 kg during 90% of time & 80 kg
load during remaining 10%. We determined the value of dynamic load rating for
5000hrs of operation with not more than 10% of failure. Then using reference
table for static load bearing no 204 is selected. We are requiring high speed for
operation as these are finishing operations. For making the project compact
transmission is done through v-belt. The v– belt is mostly used in m/c where a
great amount of power is to be transmitted from one pulley to a component when
two pulleys are very near to each other. Two trapezoidal shape v-belts are selected
and those made of fabric and cords, molded in rubber and covered with fabric and
rubber. As grinding is a high speed machining operation and it requires to run
with speed 3000 to 4000 rpm. So diameter of arbor pulley calculated as 50 mm
referring to design data book and corresponding calculations for diameter of
motor pulley are carriedout.
ACTUAL VIEW

Chapter :- 5 MACHINE EQUIPMENTS
5.1 Component of machine
1) FRAME
2) BEVEL GEAR
3) WHITWORTH MECHANISM
4) MOTOR
5) PULLEY
6) BEARING (BALL & SLIDING BEARING)
7) ROCKER ARM
8) HACKSAW BLADE
9) TOOL POST
10) DRILLING CHUCK
11) DRILL TOOL
12) SINGLE CUTTING TOOL
13) TABLE
14) NUT & BOLT
15) OTHER COMPONENTS
The following components are the major components of the multi process
machine.

5.2 Drilling
A drill is a tool fitted with a cutting tool attachment, usually a drill bit used for
drilling holes in various materials or fastening various materials together with the
use of fasteners. The attachment is gripped by a chuck at one end of the drill and
rotated while pressed against the target material. The tip of the cutting tool does
the work of cutting into the target material. Drills are commonly used in
woodworking, metalworking and construction.
Specially designed drills are also used in medicine, space missions and other
applications. Drills are available with a wide variety of performance
characteristics, such as power and capacity.
5.3 shaping
Shaper operates by moving a hardened cutting tool backwards and forwards

across the work piece. On the return stroke of the ram the tool is lifted clear of
the workpiece, reducing the cutting action to one direction only. The workpiece
mounts on a rigid, box shaped table in front of the machine. The height of the
table can be adjusted to suit this workpiece, and the table can transverse sideways
underneath the reciprocating tool which is mounted on the ram, the table motion
is usually under the control of an automatic feed mechanism which acts on the
feed screw.
The ram slides back and forth above the work, at the front end of the ram is a
vertical tool slide that may be adjusted to either side of the vertical plane. This
tool slide holds the clapper box and tool post from where the tool can be
positioned to cut the straight, flat surface on the top of the workpiece. The tool
slide permits feeding the tool downwards to put on a cut it or may be set away
from the vertical plane, as required. The ram is adjustable for stroke and due to
the geometry of the linkage, it moves faster on the return stroke than on the
forward, cutting stroke. This action is via a slotted link or whit worth link.
5.4 Cam arrangement
A cam is a rotating or sliding piece in a mechanical linkage used especially in

transforming rotary motion into linear motion or vice-versa. It is often a part of a
rotating wheel (e.g. an eccentric wheel) or shaft (e.g. a cylinder with an irregular
shape) that strikes a lever at one or more points on its circular path. The cam can
be a simple tooth,as is used to deliver pulses of power to a steam hammer, for
example, or an eccentric disc or other shape that produces a smooth reciprocating
(back and forth) motion in the follower, which is a lever making contact with the
cam.The cam can be seen as a device that rotates from circular to reciprocating

(or sometimes oscillating) motion. A common example is the camshaft of an
automobile, which takes the rotary motion of the engine and translates it into the
reciprocating motion necessary to operate the intake and exhaust valves of the
cylinders. Cams can also be viewed as information-storing and transmitting
devices. Examples are the cam-drums that direct the notes of a musical box or the
movements of a screw machine's various tools and chucks. The information
stored and transmitted by the cam.
5.5 Bevel gear
A bevel gear is a type of mechanical gear. These gears where the axes of the two
shafts intersect and the tooth bearing faces of the gears themselves are conically
shaped. Bevel gears are most often mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart,
but can be designed to work at other angles as well. The pitch surface of bevel
gears is a cone.
5.6 Hydraulic bottle jack
Bottle jacks are hydraulic jacks that are placed in a horizontal position. These
jacks push against a lever, which lifts the main lift arm. Bottle jacks have a longer
handle than most hydraulic jacks, however, and it is possible to get more lift per
stroke with the increased leverage they provide when compared to regular models
of jacks. Bottle jacks are versatile because their horizontal position makes it
possible to place them in tight spots and provides good leverage. Recently bottle
jacks have proven useful in search and rescue missions following earthquake
damage. As a result, bottle jacks are standard equipment in firehouses and for
search and rescue teams. They are also used for lifting, spreading, bending,
pushing, pressing, or straightening requirements. The base and cylinders of bottle
jacks are electrically welded for strength, and all models are capable of working
in upright, angled, or horizontal positions.
5.7 Vice
It is a device consisting of two parallel jaws for holding a work piece; one of the
jaws is fixed and the other movable by a screw, a lever, or a cam. When used for
holding a work piece during hand operations, such as filing, hammering, or
sawing, the vise may be permanently bolted to a bench. In vises designed to hold
metallic work pieces, the active faces of the jaws are hardened steel plates, often
removable, with serrations that grip the work piece; to prevent damage to soft
parts, the permanent jaws can be covered with temporary jaws made from sheet
copper or leather. Pipe vises have double V-shaped jaws that grip in four places

instead of only two. Woodworking vises have smooth jaws, often of wood, and
rely on friction alone rather than on serrations.
For holding work pieces on the tables of machine tools, vises with smooth
hardened-steel jaws and flat bases are used. These machine vises are portable but
may be clamped to the machine table when in use; means may also be provided
for swiveling the active part of the vise so that the work piece can be held in a
variety of positions relative to the base.For holding parts that cannot be clamped
with flat jaws, special jaws can be provided.
5.8 Bearing
A bearing is a device to permit constrained relative motion between two parts,

typically rotation or linear movement.
Bearings may be classified broadly according to the motions they allow and
according to their principle of operation. Low friction bearings are often
important for efficiency, to reduce wear and to facilitate high speeds.
Essentially, a bearing can reduce friction by virtue of its shape, by its material,
or by introducing and containing a fluid between surfaces. By shape, gains
advantage usually by using spheres or rollers. By material, exploits the nature of
the bearing material used.
Sliding bearings, usually called bushes bushings journal bearings sleeve bearings
rifle bearings or plain bearings. rolling-element bearings such as ball bearings and
roller bearings.
Jewel bearings, in which the load is carried by rolling the axle slightly off-center.
Fluid bearings, in which the load is carried by a gas or liquid magnetic bearings,
in which the load is carried by a magnetic field. Flexure bearings, in which the
motion is supported by a load element which bends. Bearings vary greatly over
the forces and speeds that they can support. Forces can be radial, axial (thrust
bearings) or moments perpendicular to the main axis.
Bearings very typically involve some degree of relative movement between

surfaces, and different types have limits as to the maximum relative surface
speeds they can handle, and this can be specified as a speed in ft/s or m/s. The
moving parts there is considerable overlap between capabilities, but plain
bearings can generally handle the lowest speeds while rolling element bearings
are faster, hydrostatic bearings faster still, followed by gas bearings and finally
magnetic bearings which have no known upper speed limit.

5.9 Drilling tool
Drilling tool is a cylindrical end-cutting tool used to originate or enlarge circular

holes in solid material. Usually, drills are rotated by a drilling machine and fed
into stationary work, but on other types of machines a stationary drill may be fed
into rotating work or drill and work may rotate in opposite directions. To form
the two cutting edges and to permit the admission of a coolant and the ejection of
chips, two longitudinal or helical grooves or flutes are provided. The point or tip,
of a drill is usually conical in shape, and it has cutting edges where the flutes end.
The angle formed by the tapering sides of the point determines how large a chip
is taken off with each rotation of the drill. The degree of twist of the helical flutes
also affects the drill’s cutting and chip-removal properties.For general purpose
twist drills the helix angle is about 32°. The angle formed by the two sides of the
tapering point is 118° for standard drills, while for drilling tough metals, a flatter
point with a 135° angle is recommended.
The peripheral portion of the drill body not cut away by the flutes is called the la
nd, and to reduce friction and prevent the land from rubbing against the sides of
the hole, most of the land is cut away, leaving a narrow ridge called the margin
that follows the edge of the side of the flute that forms the cutting edge. The fluted
part, or body, of a drill is either hardened high-carbon steel or high-speed steel;
other drills have inserts of cemented carbide to form cutting edges or are made
from sintered-carbide rods. The shanks of twist drills are either straight or tapered
and when not integral with the body are made from low-carbon steel and welded
to the body.
Drill bit

3. Machine drawing

Chapter :- 6 WORKING PRINCIPLE
Here the bevel gear arrangement is used for carrying out the operations. Bevel
gear is used to perpendicular (90) power transmission. One of the bevel gear is
connected with the motor and another one with the drill chuck hence when the
motor is rotated the drill chuck also rotates. The motor pulley shaft is connected
to a cam arrangement on the other side. Cam arrangement converts rotary motion
into reciprocating motion and the reciprocating motion is used for the slotting and
shaping operation. The slotting toll and shaping tool are guided by a horizontal
guide bush. The up down table is mounted on a hydraulic bottle jack piston rod
hence when the bottle jack handle is pumped the table height can be adjusted
according to the requirement when the after the process is completed the pressure
should be released through pressure relief valve to make the table come down. A
vice is mounted on the table to hold the work piece.
List of materials factors determining the choice of materials
The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed below.
6.1 Properties
The material selected must possess the necessary properties for the proposed
application. The various requirements to be satisfied that Can be weight, surface
finish, rigidity, ability to withstand environmental attack from chemicals, service
life, reliability etc.
The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively affect
their
selection
a. Physical
b. Mechanical
c. From manufacturing point of view
d. Chemical
The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal
Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity,
electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc. The various Mechanical properties
Concerned are strength in tensile, Compressive shear, bending, torsional and
buckling load, fatigue resistance, impact resistance, elastic limit, endurance limit,
and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding properties.
The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of view are,
a. Cast ability
b. Weld ability
c. Forge ability
d. Surface properties
e. Shrinkage

f. Deep drawing etc.
6.2 Manufacturing case
Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface

qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may demand
the use of special materials.
6.3 Quality Required
This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material. For
example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less number of components
which can be fabricated much more economically by welding or hand forging the
steel.
6.4 Availability of Material
Some materials may be scarce or in short supply it then becomes obligatory for
the designer to use some other material which though may not be a perfect
substitute for the material designed. The delivery of materials and the delivery
date of product should also be kept in mind.
6.5 Space consideration
Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces

involved are high and space limitations are there.
6.6 Cost
As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material plays an

important part and should not be ignored. Sometimes factors like scrap utilization,
appearance and non-maintenance of the designed part are involved in the
selection of proper materials.
6.7 Merits
a. Easy to operate.
b. Reduces time and increases production rate.
c. Low maintenance.
d. Easy to implement.

6.8 Applications
This multipurpose device has a numerous applications in various fields. In
industries, this is used in assembly section. The required pressure is set and the
operation is carried out. In automobile shops various operations are required
frequently drilling, shaping, cutting etc. It is also used as a screw driver for
tightening and loosening nuts and bolts. It is used.
1. In automobile workshops
2. In small scale industries
3. In such places where frequent changes in operations are
required
4. In welding shops for shaping.
5. For performing operations in huge parts which can not be done
in ordinary machines, since it is portable.
a. Used in small scale industries to reduce machine cost.
b. In such places where frequent change in operation are required.
Scotch Yoke Mechanism

The Scotch yoke is a mechanism for converting the linear motion of a slider into
rotational motion or vice-versa. The piston or other reciprocating part is directly
coupled to a sliding yoke with a slot that engages a pin on the rotating part. The
shape of the motion of the piston is a pure sine wave over time given a constant
rotational speed.

The scotch yoke mechanism is made and its advantages and disadvantages are
discussed. Its motion characteristics are studied. It is concluded that this
mechanism is a good choice to convert rotating motion into reciprocating motion
because of fewer moving parts and smoother operation. It can be used in direct
injection engines like diesel engines, hot air engines. In this project report we
provide an overview of the issues concerning different aspects of multipurpose
machine using scotch yoke mechanism. The paper focused on the principle of
scotch yoke mechanism, type of tooling and machining parameters and process
performance measure, which include cutting speed, depth of cut, material
removal rate with different type of equipments which can be run simultaneously
and fabricate the work piece in multipurpose machine has been presented. The
presented results can help to plan the machining of work piece with expected
tolerance. The following major conclusions may be drawn from the study.
Multipurpose machine is derived from turning lathe which has been a well
established industrial processes offering attractive capabilities for handling work
piece of various length to be used at micro level
Power Transmission Through Gears

Bevel gears are gears where the axes of the two shafts intersect and the tooth-
bearing faces of the gears themselves are conically shaped. Bevel gears are most
often mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can be designed to work at
other angles as well. The pitch surface of a gear is the imaginary toothless surface
that you would have by averaging out the peaks and valleys of the individual
teeth. The pitch surface of an ordinary gear is the shape of a cylinder. The pitch
angle of a gear is the angle between the face of the pitch surface and the axis.
Working of the Model:

In the conceptual model of “Multi-Functional operating machine” we are giving
supply to the main shaft (refer fig.13), as we move along the axis of shaft we have
mounted a pair of bevel gears, through the pinion shaft we are giving drive to drill
shaft through belt-pulley arrangement, we have installed the stepped pulley in the
arrangement therefore we can made the speed variation. Now again as we move
along the axis of main-shaft further we have again used the bevel gear
arrangement to give the drive to grinding center.
As we can see that the scotch yoke mechanism is directly fabricated to the main
shaft and have same angular velocity as that of main-shaft.

Figure1: Over View Of The Model
Figure 2: Grinding Centre getting power through bevel gear arrangement

Figure 3: Sawing/ Cutting end using Scotch Yoke Mechanism
Figure 4: Drilling centre getting drive through bevel gear and belt-pulley arrangement
Specification of the Components used in the conceptual model:

i. Frame of the model: length=2.5 ft., width=2 ft., height=1 ft.
ii. Bevel gears: no. of teeth T1=12, T2=9.
iii. For gear: Base radius. =2cm, pitch cone angle=55 deg, pitch dia. = 4 cm.

iv. For Pinion Base radius. =1.4cm, Pitch Cone Angle=35 Deg, pitch dia. = 2.8
cm.
v. Shaft dia. =10 mm (approx.), shaft length=2.5ft.
vi. Roller bearings of inside dia.=9.5 mm
vii. Material of bevel gears is mild steel
viii. Shaft is also of mild steel.
ix. Length of Belt = 12 inch.
x. Thickness of belt= 14 mm.
xi. Diameter of pulley= 60 mm.
xii. Type of belt used = V-belt.
xiii. Frame is made of metal (iron).
xiv. Operation can be performed are: sawing/cutting, drilling, grinding (we have
used a prototype wheel (dia. 12 cm) in-place of grinding wheel).
Advantages
➢ Multi machine are performed at one time.

➢ Our machine is used Return stroke (whit worth) mechanism.
➢ The return stroke of shaper machine is utilized as cutting operation.
➢ All operation is performed by only one motor.
➢ Size is compact therefore it requires less space.
➢ Time saving.
➢ Less man power is required.
➢ Low manufacturing & maintenance cost.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Initial cost is high

2. Spindle rotation is electricc power, so this machine having low
torque.
Power transmission through gear
Bevel gears are the gears where the two axial shafts intersect, and the tooth-
bearing faces of the gears are in the shape of a cone. Bevel gears are mostly placed
on shafts that are separated at a distance of 90°. Yet it was employed to function
at other angles too. The gear’s pitch surface acts as the imaginary toothless
surface by separately averaging out the teeth’s peaks and valleys. The typical
gear’s pitch surface corresponds to the cylinder’s shape. The gear’s pitch angle is

the angle amidst the axis and the face of the pitch surface. Pitch surface and the
pitch angle are the two crucial gearing notions.
The most common variety of bevel gears have pitch angles which are below 90°
and so they exhibit a conical shape and this kind of bevel gears are known as
external, as the gear’s teeth are seen pointing outwards. The meshed external
bevel gears’ pitch surface is coaxial together with the gear shafts. The point of
intersection of the shaft axes is of great significance. The apexes of the two
surfaces are at the above mentioned intersecting point. Bevel gears possess pitch
angles above 90° and possess teeth that are seen pointing inwards. And so they
are called as internal bevel gears. The specification of the components used is
expressed under table 1.
Components Specifications
Frame’s model length = 3.5 feet
width = 3 feet
height = 3.5 feet
Bevel gears T1 = 40, T2 = 20 (two teeth)
material = mild steel
Gear base radius = 80 mm
pitch cone angle = 55°
pitch diameter = 4 cm
Pinion base radius = 42 mm
pitch cone angle = 35° pitch diameter =
2.8 cm
Shaft diameter = 25 mm
length = 2.7 feet
material = mild steel
Roller bearings inner diameter = 25 mm
Belt material = V-belt
length of 1st belt = 96″
length of 2nd belt = 46″
Pulley diameter = 457.2 mm
Frame iron
Operations sawing / cutting, shaping, drilling,
grinding and circular saw cutter

Chapter: 7 OPERATION OF MACHINE
Operations perform by machine:-
1. DRILLING
2. SHAPING
3. CUTTING
7.1 DRILLING
Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work-piece by using a

rotating cutter called DRILL.
➢ The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine.
➢ The drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the drill
is held in tailstock and the work is held by the chuck.
➢ The most common drill used is twist drill.
Drilling Machine
➢ It is the simplest and accurate machine used in production shop.

➢ The work piece is held stationary i.e. champed in position and the drill
rotates to make a hole.
Components of Drilling Machine
1. Spindle
The spindle holds the drill or cutting tools and revolves in a fixed position in a
sleeve.
2. Sleeve
The sleeve or quill assembly does not revolve but may slide in its bearing in a
direction parallel to its axis. When the sleeve carrying the spindle with a cutting
tool is lowered, the cutting tool is fed into the work and when its moved upward,
the cutting tool is withdrawn from the work. Feed pressure applied to the sleeve
by hand or power causes the revolving drill to cut its way into the work a fraction
of an mm per revolution.

3. Column
The column is cylindrical in shape and built rugged and solid. The column
supports the head and the sleeve or quill assembly.
4. Head
The head of the drilling machine is composed of the sleeve, a spindle, an electric
motor and feed mechanism. The head is bolted to the column.
5. Worktable
The worktable is supported on an arm mounted to the column. The worktable can
be adjusted vertically to accommodate different heights of work or it can be
swung completely out of the way. It may be tilted up to 90 degree in either
direction, to allow long pieces to be end or angle drilled.
6. Base
The base of the drilling machine supports the entire machine and when bolted to
the floor, provides for vibration- free operation and best machining accuracy. The
top of the base is similar to the worktable and may be equipped with t- slot for
mounting work too large for the table.
7. Hand feed
The hand feed drilling machine are the simplest and most common type of drilling
machine in use today. These are light duty machine that are operated by the
operator, using a feed handled, so that the operator is able to “feel” the action of
the cutting tool as it cuts through the work piece. These drilling machines can be
bench or floor mounted.
8. Power feed
The power feed drilling machine are usually larger and heavier than the hand feed
ones they are equipped with the ability to feed the cutting tool in to the work
automatically duty work or the work that uses large drills that require power feed
larger work pieces are usually clamped directly to the table or base using t- bolts
and clamps by a small work places are held in a vice. A depthstop mechanism is
located on the head, near the spindle, to aid in drilling to a precise depth.

Drilling machine
Cost of Components
S.no Component Specification Unis Cost
1 Hacksaw 1.5 feet 1 150
2 Shaping tool 4mm to 8mm 1 250

contact
MS tool with CU
coated
3 wires 230v wire 2mtrs 200
4 Screw rods 12mm 3feet 500
5 Screw jack 1ton /2ton 1 1200
6 Drilling set 10mm 1 600
7 pulley 10 inch 1 1500

8 pulley 3inch 1 800
9 bearings (ball) 12mm 6 600
10 MS square pipes 1.5inch x 1.5inch 20feet 1500

2mmthickness
11 AC motor 230v ac /1/1 HP 1 4200
12 Screws and nuts 12mm 1/2KG 180
13 Screws and nuts 8mm 1/2KG 100
14 watchers 8mm &12mm 0.250KG 100
5 B-Belt pulley 56inch 1 450
16 MS flats 1inch x 5mm 2FEET 80
17 Bevel gears 15teeth 2 800
Total 13210
Operation:
Drilling:
Drilling machine can be defined as an instrument which is used to drill holes.

Drilling machine plays an important role in mechanical workshops. The purpose
of this project work is to get hold of complete information pertaining to
drilling machines. A drilling machine comes in many shapes and sizes, from
small hand-held power drills to bench mounted and finally floor-mounted
models. Today the Industrial growth is purely depends up on latest machines;
therefore the subject of drilling machines is extended too widely, because
today wide varieties of drilling machines are designed for various applications.
The most advanced version-drilling machine is CNC (Computer Numeric
Control); it is used for drilling the PCB’s
The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine.

The drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the
drill is held in tail stock and the work is held by the chuck.
The most common drill used is the twist drill.
It is the simplest and accurate machine used in production industries.
The work piece is held stationary i.e., clamped in position and the drill rotates
to make a hole.
Calculation
The main goal of the work proposed is to signify an innovative concept. For this,
certain useful data are extracted from our theoretical model, and a calculation on
the deviation percentage derived from the standard calculated values is
deliberated as follows.
Calculation of drilling speed
For drilling speed, first we calculated the speed of bull wheel i.e. the main pulley.
From the relation of speed and diameter equation (3.1) can be defined as,
NS/NM=DA/DB
where, Ns is the speed of the main pulley, Nm is the speed of the motor which is
1445rpm, Da is the diameter of the motor pulley (small) which is 90mm, Db is
the diameter of the main pulley which is 457.2mm.
So, the speed of the main pulley is given under equation (3.2)
NS=(DA/DB )*NM
Ns= (90/457.2) *1445
Ns= 284.44 rpm
Therefore, bull wheel speed is 284.44rpm
Now the drilling speed is calculated, having the values as speed of the bull
wheel to be 284.44rpm, no. of teeth on gear to be 40 and no. of teeth on pinion
to be 20.
This is done by the relation given under equations (3.3) and (3.4),
Ng⁄NS = TP⁄Tg (3.3)
Ng=(TP⁄ Tg)* NS (3.4)
These two equations give the value of the drilling speed as stated below.
Ng = (40/20)*284.44 = 568.88rpm
The verification of the drilling speed is performed as follows. Since we used 1:2
gears, i.e. the gear has 40 teeth, and pinion has 20 teeth, the speed of drilling
gets double to that of the speed of the bull wheel. This is verified by the
following step.

Ng = 284.44*2 = 568.88 rpm
7.2 Shaping:
The shaping machine is used to grind flat metal surfaces especially where a
large amount of metal has to be removed. Other machines such as milling
machines are much more expensive and are more suited to removing smaller
amounts of metal, very accurately. A shaper is a type of machine tool that uses
linear relative motion between the work piece and a single-point cutting tool
to machine a linear tool path. Its cut is analogous to that of a lathe, except that it
is (archetypal) linear instead of helical. (Adding axes of motion can yield helical
tool paths, as also done in helical planning.) A shaper is analogous to a plane,
but smaller, and with the cutter riding a ram that moves above a stationary
work piece, rather than the entire work piece moving beneath the cutter.
The ram is moved back and forth typically by a crank inside the column;
hydraulically actuated shapers also exist.
Specification:-
Drill size in mm. Feed in mm/rev
3.2& less 0.025-0.050
3.2 to 6.4 0.050-0.10

6.4 to 12.7 0.10-0.18
12.7 to 25.4 0.18-0.38
25.4 & large 0.38-0.64

The shaping machine is used to machine flat metal surfaces especially where a
large amount of metal has to be removed. Other machines such as milling
machines are much more expensive and more suited to removing smaller amounts
of metal, very accurately.
➢ The reciprocating motion of the mechanism inside the shaping machine

can be seen in the diagram. As the disc rotates the top of the machine moves
forwards and backwards, pushing a cutting tool. The cutting tool removes
the metal from work which is carefully bolted down.
➢ The shaping machine is a simple and yet extremely effective machine. It is

used to remove material, usually metals such as steel or aluminum, to
produce a flat surface. However, it can also be used to manufacture gears
such as rack and pinion systems and other complex shapes. Inside its
shell/casing is a crank and slider mechanism that pushes the cutting tool
forward and returns it to its original position.This motion is continuous.
Shaping machine
Calculation of grinding speed

From the relation between the speed and the diameter that derives equation (3.5)
and (3.6), the value of Ns is calculated.
NS⁄Nm =Da⁄Db (3.5)

NS= Da⁄Db * Nm (3.6)
where, Ns is the speed of grinding and circular cutter, Nm is the speed of motor,
Da is the diameter of pulley used for grinding which is 45mm, Db is the
diameter of big pulley of the motor which is of 110mm.
Therefore, Ns = (110/45)*1445, which equals 3532.22rpm. Therefore the speed
of grinding is 3532.22rpm.
7.3 CUTTING
A hacksaw is a fine tooth saw with a blade held under tension in a frame, used
for cutting materials such as metal or plastics, hand held hacksaws consist of a
metal arch with a handle, usually a pistol grip, with pins for attaching a narrow
disposable blade. A screw or other mechanism is used to put the thin blade under
tension. The blade can be mounted with a teeth facing toward or away from the
handle, resulting in cutting action on either the push or pull stroke. On the push
stroke, the arch will flex slightly, decreasing the tension on the blade. Blades are
available in standardized lengths, usually 10 or 12 inches for a standard hand
hacksaw. “junior” hacksaws are half the size. Powered hacksaw may use large
blade in a range of sizes, or small machines may use the same hand blades.
Cutting machine
Specification of hacksaw
Size of hacksaw blade :-
Thickness = 1.27-2.54mm

Width = 25.40-50.80mm
Length = 304.80-609.60mm
A hacksaw is a fine-tooth hand saw with a blade held under tension in a frame,
used for cutting materials such as metal or plastics. Hand-held hacksaws consist
of a metal arch with a handle, usually a pistol grip, with pins for attaching
a narrow disposable blade. A screw or other mechanism is used to put the
thin blade under tension. The blade can be mounted with the teeth facing
toward or away from the handle, resulting in cutting action on either the
push or pull stroke. On the push stroke, the arch will flex slightly, decreasing
the tension on the blade, often resulting in an increased tendency of the blade to
buckle and crack. Cutting on the pull stroke increases the blade tension and will
result in greater control of the cut and longer blade life.
WORK PIECE MATERIAL CUTTING SPEED
Mild steel 0.75
Cast Iron 0.50
Brass/Aluminium 1.5
Bronze 1.25
Thin Section(pipes & Tubes) 1.5

Our main aim is to represent our innovative concept, we have taken some useful
data from our conceptual model and tried to evaluate the percentage deviation
from the standard calculated values which is as follows:-
Since pitch radius of pinion is rp = 1.4 cm, pitch radius of gear rg = 2 cm.
By the relation between pitch cone angle and velocity ratio we can find the
velocity ratio as we have pitch cone angle for both gear and pinion as 55 deg. and
35 deg.
tan ϒp =(sinθ) / (( ωp/ ωg)+cosθ)
where θ is the angle between the shaft.

On putting θ=900 and ϒp=350 we get ωp/ ωg = 1.428 i.e. our velocity ratio is
1.428
Now for the two complete revolution of main shaft the Drilling shaft and
grinding shaft should have no of revolution = 2.856 (theoretically)
But from our model the no of revolution measured at drilling and grinding axis
2.67 i.e. two complete revolution plus 2400 rotation.
Percentage Error in power transmission =(2.856-2.67)/(2.856) * 100 = 6.51%
Now diameter of circular disc of Scotch yoke mechanism = 7.9 cm
Actual measured effective stroke length of yoke =7.73cm
Percentage error in the stroke length =(7.9-7.73)/7.9 * 100 = 2.15%
Similarly many values of rpm at drilling and grinding axis can be measured on
changing the input; in this conceptual model feed to the work piece is given
through the work table.
Calculation of hacksaw cutting speed
shows the values of driven end’s theoretical and actual revolution.

Driven end’s No. of Driven end’s Driven end’s
theoretical and revolutions theoretical actual
actual offered to revolution revolution
revolution S. main-shaft
No.
1 1 1.428 1.335
2 2 2.856 2.67
3 3 4.284 4.22
4 4 5.712 5.65
5 5 7.14 7.075
6 6 8.568 8.503

Since the model is subjected to friction therefore there is a error of 6.51% and
2.15% during power transmission and transverse motion of sawing blade
respectively.
For Drilling and Grinding operation we have used the identical bevel gears
therefore both operation will have same velocity ratio.
Table 1: difference in between theoretical power transmission and actual

power transmission
S no. No. of Theoretical Actual

revolution given revolution at revolution at
to main shaft driven end driven end
1 1 1.428 1.335
2 2 2.856 2.67
3 3 4.284 4.22
4 4 5.712 5.65
5 5 7.14 7.075
6 6 8.568 8.503
Table 2: difference in between theoretical effective stroke length of yoke

and actual effective stroke length of yoke for different no. of revolution of
main shaft
S no. No. of Theoretical Actual effective

revolution given effective stroke stroke length at
to main shaft length at driven driven end
end
1 1 7.9 7.73
2 2 7.9 7.73
3 3 7.9 7.73
4 4 7.9 7.73
5 5 7.9 7.73
6 6 7.9 7.73

Plot to show theoretical revolution at driven end
Plot to show actual revolution at driven end

plot to show actual effective stroke of length at driven

Chapter:- 8 FUTURE IMPLIMENTATION
➢ We can perform various operations like cutting, drilling or shaping

individually by introducing coupling (engagement & disengagement)
between them.
➢ We can perform grinding operation by introducing a grinding tool at the

main shaft.
➢ We can perform boring operation by introducing a boring tool by

replacing drilling tool.
➢ We can change the speed of motor by regulator.

Chapter:- 9 CONCLUSION
After completing the major project on “MULTI PURPOSE MACHINE” we are

much happy and would like to thank our teacher guides and the lectures of the
concerned department who have guided us.
While making this project we have been also to learn a lot and understand the
various aspects of “MULTI PURPOSE MACHINE” we can use our knowledge,
which we get during our study.
The scotch yoke mechanism is made and its advantages and disadvantages are
discussed. Its motion characteristics are studied. It is concluded that this
mechanism is a good choice to convert rotating motion into reciprocating motion
because of fewer moving parts and smoother operation. It can be used in direct
injection engines like diesel engines, hot air engines. In this project report we
provide an overview of the issues concerning different aspects of multipurpose
machine using scotch yoke mechanism. The paper focused on the principle of
scotch yoke mechanism, type of tooling and machining parameters and process
performance measure, which include cutting speed, depth of cut, material
removal rate with different type of equipments which can be run simultaneously
and fabricate the work piece in multipurpose machine has been presented. The
presented results can help to plan the machining of work piece with expected
tolerance. The following major conclusions may be drawn from the study.
Multipurpose machine is derived from turning lathe which has been a well
established industrial processes offering attractive capabilities for handling work
piece of various length to be used at micro level.
We have presented the development of multipurpose machine in various modes
by which it can be actively adopted.
We have explained the various parts and components of multipurpose machine
using scotch yoke mechanism.
Different types of attachments and tools which can be implemented on multi-
purpose machine have been discussed.
We can see that all the production based industries wanted low production cost
and high work rate which is possible through the utilization of multi-function
operating machine. It requires less power as well as less time, since this machine
provides working at different center it really reduced the time consumption up to
appreciable limit. In an industry a considerable portion of investment is being
made for machinery installation. So in this paper we have proposed a machine
which can perform operations like drilling, cutting, shaping at different
working centers simultaneously which implies that industrialist have not to
pay for machine performing above tasks individually, since this machine will

perform different operation simultaneously This machine can be used in remote
places where electricity is irregular or insufficient. It can be used for light
duty cutting and drilling operations of plywood. also the shaping operation can
be used to sharp the tools edges as well as to remove extra materials Its working
can be done in less floor space. Unskilled labour can also handle it
efficiently because of this we can reduce the cost of production which is the most
important factor in production industry.

Chapter:- 10 REFRENCE
The websites:-
➢ www.technogystudent.com
➢ www.terry-eng27.blogspot.in
➢ www.wikipedia.org
➢ www.ask.refrence.com
➢ www.dictionary.refrence.com
➢ www.community.machinedesign.com
➢ www.google.com
➢ www.sciencedirect.com

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

❖ We feel in great in presenting the report of our project “Multi Purpose

❖ We wish to express our sincere gratitude and thanks to our guide

KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 1

KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 2

No Figure Name Page No

3 Actual View of MPMM 14

6 Scotch yoke mechanism 23

7 Over view of model 25

8 Grinding Centre getting power

9 Sawing/ Cutting end using

10 Drilling centre getting drive through bevel

KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 3

No Table Name Page No

3 Cost of components 31-32

4 Plot diagrams 40-43

KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 4

KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 5

Machines are categorized into following types.

Machines that produce mechanical energy:

1.1 Literature Review

KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 6

Dr. Toshimichi Moriwaki (2006):

Frankfurt-am Main, 10 January 2011. :

1.2 Proposed Methodology

KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 7

KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 8

we have involved the gear arrangement for power transmission at different

KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 9

2.1 Problem Statement

To design and development of MULTI PURPOSE MECHANICAL MACHINE,

2.2 Problem Identification

KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 10

WHITWORTH’S QUICK RETURN MECHANISM

The objective of this experiment is to investigate the performance of a whit worth

Mechanism is a simplified model, usually in the form of a line diagram, which is

3.3 WHITWORTH QUICK RETURN MECHANISM

KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 11

Now as PC rotates with constant velocity the time taken to go from P1 to P2 is

Thus the overall performance is to provide high power forward cutting

KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 12

KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 13

KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 14

5.1 Component of machine

6) BEARING (BALL & SLIDING BEARING)

10) DRILLING CHUCK

11) DRILL TOOL

12) SINGLE CUTTING TOOL

14) NUT & BOLT

15) OTHER COMPONENTS

KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 15

Shaper operates by moving a hardened cutting tool backwards and forwards

5.4 Cam arrangement

A cam is a rotating or sliding piece in a mechanical linkage used especially in

KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 16

5.5 Bevel gear

5.6 Hydraulic bottle jack

KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 17

A bearing is a device to permit constrained relative motion between two parts,

Bearings very typically involve some degree of relative movement between

KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 18

Drilling tool is a cylindrical end-cutting tool used to originate or enlarge circular

KSRM CE, DEPT. MECH 19