Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
pl
Anna Treger
Repetytorium
ANGIELSKI
Czasy
Konsultacja merytoryczna:
Les∏aw Kawalec
ISBN-10: 83-60287-13-9
ISBN-13: 978-83-60287-13-2
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Spis treÊci
Wst´p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Sprawdê si´ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1. Present Simple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2. Present Continuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3. Past Simple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4. Past Continuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5. Present Perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7. Past Perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
9. Future Simple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
10. Be Going To . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Klucz do çwiczeƒ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
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wst´p
Wst´p
na nowej maturze oraz egzaminach takich jak First Certificate in English czy
Certificate in Advanced English. Sk∏ada si´ z trzynastu rozdzia∏ów, klucza
fizycznym (time) nie jest tak rozbudowana jak w angielszczyênie, w której mamy
wyró˝nia si´ kilkanaÊcie czasów gramatycznych. W j´zyku polskim mamy tylko czas
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wst´p
stàd, ˝e pe∏nià m.in. takie role znaczeniowe, które w polszczyênie mogà byç oddawane
przy pomocy innych Êrodków nie wyst´pujàcych z kolei w angielskim, np. zastosowania
Z ˝yczeniami sukcesów
Autorka
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Sprawdê si´
Rozwià˝ test i sprawdê swojà wiedz´. Ten test pomo˝e Ci oceniç, na czym nale˝y skoncen-
trowaç si´ w nauce zagadnieƒ przedstawionych w tej ksià˝ce.
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
13. Joel ____________ a solution yet. 21. Beth is tired. She _____________ all
day.
a) didn’t find
b) found a) was working
c) hasn’t found b) worked
c) has been working
14. He _______ the gate between 3 and 4.
22. It ______________ __ all day.
a) repaired
b) has repaired
c) was repairing a) rains
b) is raining
15. My train _________ at 5 o’clock. c) has been raining
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1. Present Simple
Tworzenie czasu Present Simple
Zastosowanie
Present Simple u˝ywamy:
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
always zawsze
usually zazwyczaj
often/frequently cz´sto
sometimes czasami
occasionally okazjonalnie
from time to time od czasu do czasu
sporadically sporadycznie
seldom/rarely rzadko
hardly ever prawie nigdy
never nigdy
ever kiedykolwiek
every day/every second day codziennie/co drugi dzieƒ
once/twice a week raz/dwa razy na tydzieƒ
every now and then czasami
W angielskim, inaczej ni˝ w j´zyku polskim (np. Ona nigdy niczego nie po˝ycza), nie stosuje
si´ podwójnego przeczenia, a wi´c kiedy zdanie zawiera wyraz przeczàcy, np. never,
nothing, nobody, nowhere, a tak˝e sugerujàcy przeczenie np. hardly, wówczas
w orzeczeniu zasadniczym nie pojawia si´ partyku∏a przeczàca not.
Ally never goes out alone after dark. Ally nigdy nie wychodzi sama po zmroku.
Tim has no opinions of his own. Tim nie ma w∏asnych poglàdów.
I have nothing to hide. Nie mam nic do ukrycia.
His wife hardly notices you. Jego ˝ona ledwo ci´ zauwa˝a.
Wyjàtkiem sà pewne dialekty czy gwary Êrodowiskowe, np. African American, East London
Cockney. Jedym z najbardziej znanych przyk∏adów zastosowania podwójnej negacji sà dwa
wersy z piosenki zespo∏u Pink Floyd „Another Brick in the Wall”:
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Present Simple
He goes past one defender, goes past another, dashes forward, flicks on to
Deco, Deco shoots, and he hits home from close range! What a finish of
a great move by Ronaldinho!!!
Mija jednego obroƒc´, mija nast´pnego, wybiega naprzód, podaje do Deco, Deco
strzela i trafia z bliskiej odleg∏oÊci! Co za wykoƒczenie Êwietnego podania
Ronaldinho!!!
First, I lift the cover and put the paper on the glass. Then I select the number
of copies and press the red button.
Najpierw podnosz´ pokryw´ i k∏ad´ papier na szkle. Potem wybieram iloÊç kopii
i naciskam czerwony przycisk.
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
I put sulphur powder in a test-tube. Then I heat the sulphur until it slowly
melts to form a golden yellow liquid. I continue to heat more until a red gas
appears above the liquid.
Wsypuj´ sproszkowanà siark´ do probówki. Nast´pnie podgrzewam siark´, a˝ powoli
stopi si´ i przybierze postaç z∏oto-˝ó∏tego p∏ynu. Podgrzewam jeszcze bardziej do
momentu, a˝ czerwony gaz pojawi si´ nad cieczà.
Jako Êrodek stylistyczny wzbogacajàcy narracj´, który jest alternatywà dla czasu
przesz∏ego.
Zapami´taj!
Czas Present Simple nie jest w Êcis∏ym znaczeniu czasem teraêniejszym, jest w pewnym sensie
ponadczasowy i chocia˝ bywa niekiedy u˝ywany jako czas teraêniejszy opisujàcy to, co dzieje
si´ w danym momencie albo nawet w miejsce czasu przysz∏ego, to jego g∏ówne zastosowanie
polega na okreÊleniu stanów, rutynowych czynnoÊci, nawyków, prawd uniwersalnych.
åwiczenia
1. Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w Present Simple.
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Present Simple
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
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Present Simple
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
10. Uzupe∏nij dialog wstawiajàc w wolne miejsce w∏aÊciwe s∏owo (jeÊli trzeba, dostosuj
form´ wyrazu) wybrane z poni˝szej listy: wait, take out, select, make, open, insert,
put in, come, switch off.
A: Excuse me, can you show me how you use this washing machine?
B: Yes, of course. First, I ______ (1) the right programme for my wash, whether it’s
a quick wash, slightly or heavily soiled. Then I ______ (2) the porthole door and
______ (3) my load. It ______ (4) loading and unloading your laundry easy.
Then I ______ (5) the correct money into the slot to start the machine. That’s
all. Short and simple.
B: Now, the washing is done. I ______ (6) for the door to unlock, ______ (7) the
machine and I ______ (8) the laundry. Next ______ (9) moving it to the dryer.
A: Thanks a lot. I hope I won’t have to take my clothes to the dry-cleaner next
time.
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2. Present Continuous
Tworzenie czasu Present Continuous
Zastosowanie
Czas Present Continuous stosujemy przede wszystkim, kiedy mówimy o czynnoÊciach,
które trwajà w chwili mówienia.
Czasem Present Continuous pos∏ugujemy si´ opisujàc czynnoÊci, które odbywajà si´
w szeroko rozumianej chwili „teraz”.
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
Je˝eli nie u˝yjemy odpowiedniego wyra˝enia (np. at present, these days), bàdê jeÊli kontekst
nie jest wyraêny, powy˝sze zdania mogà oznaczaç, ˝e czynnoÊci te dziejà si´ w chwili obecnej.
Majàc na myÊli takie zamierzenia i plany na przysz∏oÊç, co do których podj´to ju˝ pewne
dzia∏ania realizacyjne.
Dla unikni´cia dwuznacznoÊci nale˝y w tego typu zdaniach u˝yç okreÊlenia czasu,
poniewa˝ jego brak mo˝e wypaczyç wypowiedê.
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Present Continuous
Uwaga!
Pewne grupy czasowników zwykle nie wyst´pujà w czasie Present Continuous – podobnie jak
w innych czasach typu Continuous. Nale˝à do nich:
Czasowniki wyra˝ajàce odczucia (np. love, hate, like, want) i stany intelektualne (know,
think, understand, remember).
I think it is important.
MyÊl´, ˝e to wa˝ne.
ale
What are you thinking about?
O czym myÊlisz? (think w czasie Continuous sugeruje proces myÊlenia, a nie stan
trwa∏ego przekonania).
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
ale
I am hating every moment of this journey.
Nie mog´ Êcierpieç ka˝dej chwili tej podró˝y (hate w czasie Continuous sugeruje,
˝e emocja jest raczej chwilowym odczuciem ni˝ trwa∏à postawà).
He likes his coffee black.
On lubi czarnà kaw´.
ale
I am liking it less and less.
Coraz mniej mi si´ to podoba (like w czasie Continuous oznacza odczucie bàdê
nastawienie zmieniajàce ciàgle swe nat´˝enie).
Zapami´taj!
Czas Present Continuous nie s∏u˝y jedynie do opisywania czynnoÊci bàdê sytuacji, które
trwajà w chwili mówienia.
Present Continuous opisuje tak˝e czynnoÊci, które sà obecnie w toku, choç nie muszà dziaç
si´ w chwili wypowiadania zdania. Present Continuous opisuje tak˝e – za pomocà
przys∏ówków always, continually, constantly – czynnoÊci powtarzajàce si´. Zdanie
wyra˝one w taki sposób nie jest jednak neutralnym stwierdzeniem. Jest ono nacechowane
emocjonalnie, wyra˝a dezaprobat´, zazdroÊç, zniecierpliwienie.
åwiczenia
1. Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w Present Continuous, dokonujàc zmian w strukturze zdania.
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Present Continuous
A B
1. What languages does she speak? a) He is playing football.
2. What do you do? b) Me or my husband.
3. Where do you work? c) Yes, he is. He plays football.
4. Where is Ron? d) English and Hungarian.
5. Who is doing the shopping? e) I am polishing my shoes.
6. Where are you working? f) I can’t understand a word of it!
7. What language is she speaking? g) In a cornfield this season.
8. What are you doing? h) In a bike shop
9. Who does the shopping? i). I am a political analyst.
10. Ron is very active, isn’t he? j) Chris. Do you want him to buy
you anything?
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
5. Uzupe∏nij wolne miejsca danymi z kalendarza (planu spotkaƒ) Rona McCave lub Hugh
Dextera w czasie Present Continuous.
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Present Continuous
A B
1. She is so unreliable. a) He is always helping others.
2. Vince was born under a lucky star. b) She is always poking her nose into
other people’s business.
3. Jay never takes responsibility for c) He is always getting what he wants.
his actions.
4. Katy is so negative all the time. d) She is always criticising everyone
and everything.
5. Winnie the Pooh is a very friendly e) She is constantly coming late.
bear.
6. She is a busybody. f) He is always blaming someone else.
7. Paul is extremely self-centred. g) He is always talking about himself.
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3. Past Simple
Tworzenie czasu Past Simple
Forma twierdzàca Forma pytajàca
Podmiot II Forma Czasownika Did Podmiot I Forma Czasownika
I I
You you
He he
She slept Did she sleep?
It it
We we
You you
They they
Zastosowanie
Czas Past Simple jest czasem przesz∏ym prostym.
Stosujemy go, kiedy mowa jest o czynnoÊciach bàdê stanach, które wydarzy∏y si´
w przesz∏oÊci i nie sugerujemy ich powiàzania z teraêniejszoÊcià. Zdania w czasie Past Simple
zawierajà cz´sto dok∏adny okreÊlnik czasu (np. on Wednesday, last week, a year ago).
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Past Simple
Past Simple u˝ywamy równie˝ do opisu zdarzeƒ, do których dosz∏o w ÊciÊle okreÊlonym
czasie, chocia˝ czas ten nie jest bezpoÊrednio wspomniany. Np. w odniesieniu do czynnoÊci
bàdê stanów, których lokalizacja w przesz∏oÊci nie jest sprecyzowana ˝adnym okreÊleniem
czasowym, a która jest wskazana poÊrednio okolicznikiem miejsca.
Chelsea got up, came to the window and pulled up the shade.
Chelsea wsta∏a z ∏ó˝ka, podesz∏a do okna i podciàgn´∏a rolet´.
I wondered if you could give me some advice. Zastanawiam si´, czy nie
móg∏byÊ mi daç paru rad.
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
Po wyra˝eniach takich jak: if only, I wish, it’s (high) time, I’d rather zamiast czasu
teraêniejszego lub przysz∏ego w aspekcie ˝yczeniowym i/lub hipotetycznym, np.
It’s high time you grew up. Najwy˝szy czas, ˝ebyÊ wydoroÊla∏.
I wish I knew the right words. Szkoda, ˝e nie znam odpowiednich s∏ów.
If only she knew the truth. Gdyby ona tylko zna∏a prawd´.
Zapami´taj!
Past Simple stosujemy, aby odnieÊç si´ do czynnoÊci bàdê sytuacji umiejscowionych
w przesz∏oÊci. Mówiàcy unaocznia wydarzenia przesz∏e i okolicznoÊci ich zaistnienia,
nie sugerujàc ich powiàzania z teraêniejszoÊcià.
åwiczenia
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Past Simple
1. I (look) out of the window and (see) a group of people gathered around a car.
2. The vase (fall) over and (break) into tiny pieces.
3. Katy (call) me within minutes of leaving the office.
4. Jack (pay) me what he (owe) me.
5. Sue (bite) her lip when she (hear) the story.
6. She (leave) all the lights on.
7. The child (stand) over the sink eating a tuna sandwich.
8. Tim (grow) up in a family of eight.
9. Last Saturday I (take) my children out shopping.
10. He (pick) up the phone, (listen), and (run) out of the house.
11. William (park) his car, (get) out, and (approach) the house.
12. She (sit) on the bed’s edge and (read) the letter again.
13. Greg (take) off his reading glasses and (wipe) them carefully.
14. I (drop) out of school last year.
15. Let me see if he (call) her before last week.
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
Jane: Have you read the article on the jungles of Peru in National Geographic?
Chris: No, I haven’t. I am not really into the jungles of South America. Actually,
I am not into any jungles.
Jane: Oh, I 1(be) certain that you would show concern for the plight of many
endangered animals there. After all, you once 2(belong) to OIPA.
Chris: Well, I 3(think) that this article was about trees rather than animals.
Of course I will read it. Thanks for telling me.
Jane: What you 4(do) as a member of OIPA?
Chris: Well, we 5(learn) about animal welfare, 6(defend) their rights, 7(protest)
against vivisection. Actually, I can’t recall much of what we 8(do).
As I 9(say), that 10(be) many years ago.
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P r zR
Aeuzdef i cm
dzeom
kw nBi ak h n h o f
4. Past Continuous
Tworzenie czasu Past Continuous
Zastosowanie
Czas Past Continuous jest czasem przesz∏ym niedokonanym.
Gdy mówimy o czynnoÊciach lub sytuacjach, które trwa∏y przez pewien czas
w przesz∏oÊci, i których czas trwania nie jest bli˝ej znany bàdê jest nieistotny.
The dog was sleeping on the sofa.
Pies spa∏ na sofie.
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
Gdy mówimy o czynnoÊciach bàdê sytuacjach, które rozpocz´∏y si´ przed okreÊlonym
momentem w przesz∏oÊci i prawdpopodobnie trwa∏y dalej.
He was working in the filed at 3 p.m.
Pracowa∏ na polu o trzeciej.
Uwaga!
Zdania w Past Continuous zazwyczaj zaczynajà si´ od while – wyraz ten ma znaczenie
„podczas gdy”.
While I was darning a sock, he got home.
Podczas gdy cerowa∏am skarpet´, on wróci∏ do domu.
Gdy mówimy o czynnoÊciach bàdê sytuacjach, które mieÊci∏y si´ w pewnym okreÊlonym
przedziale czasowym.
I was studying between two and five.
Uczy∏em si´ mi´dzy drugà a piàtà.
Gdy mówimy o dwóch lub kilku czynnoÊciach, które odbywa∏y si´ równolegle przez
pewien czas.
While I was lying on the beach, he was sitting in the shade.
Kiedy le˝a∏am na pla˝y, on siedzia∏ w cieniu.
W narracji, jako t∏o wydarzenia lub opis sytuacji, w której coÊ si´ sta∏o.
A student was performing an experiment when the wind blew the front door open.
Student przeprowadza∏ doÊwiadczenie, kiedy podmuch wiatru otworzy∏ frontowe drzwi.
W uprzejmych wypowiedziach.
I was thinking if you would allow me to interview you.
Zastanawia∏em si´, czy pozwoli∏byÊ mi przeprowadziç z sobà wywiad.
I was wondering if you would explain it to me.
Zastanawia∏em si´, czy nie wyt∏umaczy∏byÊ mi tego.
Po wyra˝eniach takich jak: if only, I wish, it’s time w miejsce czasu teraêniejszego.
I wish she weren’t wearing this dress.
Chcia∏bym, ˝eby nie nosi∏a tej sukienki/Szkoda, ˝e ona ma na sobie t´ sukienk´.
It is high time I was getting home.
Najwy˝szy czas, ˝ebym szed∏ do domu.
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Past Continuous
Aby wyraziç stopniowà zmian´ sytuacji bàdê procesu – wyst´puje wówczas bez okreÊle-
nia czasowego.
It was getting windy. Robi∏o si´ wietrznie.
He was turning grey. Siwia∏.
Zapami´taj!
When i while mogà byç u˝yte zamiennie, jeÊli jedna lub dwie czynnoÊci przesz∏e trwa∏y
stosunkowo d∏ugo. JeÊli jednak obie czynnoÊci by∏y krótkie, stosujemy when.
The phone rang/was ringing while/when I was washing my hair
I bumped into my English teacher when I turned a corner.
åwiczenia
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
2. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Past Continuous lub Past Simple.
1. Tim (park) the car when a police officer (stop) him for driving without his headlights on.
2. A storm (break) while Jim (bird watch).
3. The miners (demonstrate) while the prime minister (open) a meeting.
4. The telephone (ring) while I (proofread).
5. I (sprain) my ankle while I (get) off the bus.
6. The gardener (whistle) while he (trim) the hedge.
7. While the police (search) the house, they (find) 2 kilos of heroin.
8. The ambulance (arrive) while the fire brigade (put) out the fire.
9. Mike (burn) his hand while he (poke) the fire.
10. I (browse) the net when the light (go) out.
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Past Continuous
6. Ann was trying to remove the stain, but she was unsuccessful.
7. It was raining all night in London.
8. The boys were pitching the tent in the yard.
9. The fans were cheering on their team.
10. The ducks were swimming in the pond.
While the players were warming up, someone threw a bottle on the field. (pose for pictures)
The players weren’t warming up when someone threw a bottle on the filed.
They were posing for pictures.
1. Aunt Clarissa burst into my room while I was napping. (tiptoe into my room)
2. While Kim was eating strawberries, Jim came home. (wash strawberries)
3. While I was putting on my running shoes, the lace broke. (take off shoes)
4. Brandon was running up the stairs when his keys fell out of his pocket.
(run down the stairs)
5. We were watching a match when the lights went off. (watch a film)
6. When Chris walked into the office, the secretary was filling out some papers.
(eat a cake)
7. Beth was peeling potatoes when she heard her husband opening the front door.
(mash potatoes)
1. While Sue wrote an essay, Jerry was revising for his exam.
2. He was getting home while I was sleeping.
3. Tim was washing the dishes when a plate was falling off the shelf.
4. Jack was withdrawing money from the ATM machine when his credit card
company was charging him the wrong amount.
5. We lay on the beach when a big wave crashed on the shore.
6. I was changing a light bulb when I lost my balance and was falling over.
7. Chris was sleeping when a knock at the door was awakening him.
8. What were you doing when the accident was happening?
9. They were playing darts when a quarrel was breaking out.
10. While I speed down a hill, a hare ran in front of the car.
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7. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Past Continuous lub Past Simple.
It 1(be) ______ a fine day. The sun 2(shine) ______ brightly, the birds 3(sing)
______, and children 4(run) ______ about. I 5(take) ______ Alfa – a big greyhound
– and 6(go) ______ for a walk in a forest. While we 7(walk) ______ through the
forest, a hare 8(jump) ______ out from behind a bush and 9(begin) ______ to run.
The second my dog 10(see) ______ the hare, she 11(start) ______ pulling the leash
very hard, so we 12(walk) ______ faster and faster. I 13(hold) ______ onto the
leash as tightly as I could. Then Alfa 14(break) ______ loose and 15(start) ______
to chase the hare at full speed. Every second she 16(gain) ______ on the animal.
Finally, she 17(catch) ______ up with it. Never having caught a hare before, Alfa
18(not know) ______ what to do with it. She just 19(sniff) ______ at it and 20(let)
8. a) Beth i Nick byli w sobot´ na pikniku. U∏ó˝ zdania w Past Simple z podanymi poni˝ej
przys∏ówkami o tym, co para robi∏a w piàtek i sobot´.
Friday
9:30-10:00 Choose a location.
10:15-11:30 Invite friends.
12:05-13:15 Plan picnic activities.
15:00-16:20 Do the shopping for the picnic.
Saturday
8:00-10:10 Prepare food and beverages.
10:05-10:30 Fill a picnic basket with food and picnic essentials
(e.g. flashlights and garbage bags).
10:40-11:15 Go to the picnic site.
b)Co Beth i Nick robili w ró˝nych porach dnia w piàtek i sobot´? Zadaj pytania,
a nast´pnie na nie odpowiedz u˝ywajàc czasu Past Continuous:
Fr Sat
9:20 8:50
11.20 10:20
13:00 11:00?
15:45?
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5. Present Perfect
Tworzenie czasu Present Perfect
Zastosowanie
Czas Present Perfect jest ∏àcznikiem pomi´dzy przesz∏oÊcià a teraêniejszoÊcià.
Ma zastosowanie cz´Êciowo zbie˝ne z zasi´giem u˝ycia czasu teraêniejszego jak równie˝
przesz∏ego w polszczyênie.
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Mimo ˝e oba te przyimki t∏umaczy si´ jako od, nie u˝ywa si´ ich wymiennie.
Since zaznacza moment rozpocz´cia czynnoÊci.
JeÊli po since wyst´puje nie samo okreÊlenie czasowe (np. 2000, last summer, 9 o’clock),
ale pe∏ne zdanie, czasownik g∏ówny wyst´puje na ogó∏ w czasie Past Simple (np. I haven’t
been there since I left school).
Po since mo˝emy równie˝ u˝yç ponownie czasu Present Perfect. Oznaczaç to b´dzie,
˝e czynnoÊç bàdê stan wyra˝ony przez czasownik wyst´pujàcy po przyimku trwa do chwili
mówienia.
Ever since I have known her, she has always wanted to write.
Odkàd jà znam, ona zawsze chcia∏a pisaç.
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Present Per fect
CzynnoÊci, które dopiero co si´ zakoƒczy∏y – w tym przypadku zazwyczaj u˝ywamy just.
CzynnoÊci bàdê stanów, które trwajà lub powtarzajà si´ w nieograniczonym przedziale
czasu ∏àczàcym przesz∏oÊç z teraêniejszoÊcià.
Bob has never been in trouble Bob nigdy nie mia∏ problemów
with the law. z prawem (i nadal nie ma).
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
Aby wyraziç nasilenie danej czynnoÊci bàdê stanu stosujemy przys∏ówki cz´stotliwoÊci
(np. always, often, never). Inne spotykane w czasie Present Perfect przys∏ówki to m.in.:
recently/lately ostatnio
just dopiero co, w∏aÊnie
already ju˝
ever kiedykolwiek
yet jeszcze
The baby hasn’t said a word so far. Jak dotàd dziecko nie powiedzia∏o ani
s∏owa.
Toby has worked hard all his life. Toby ca∏e ˝ycie ci´˝ko pracuje.
Tom has never made a single Tom nie pope∏ni∏ dotàd ˝adnego
mistake up till now. b∏´du.
I have been to New York many times. By∏em w Nowym Jorku wiele razy.
Present Perfect mo˝e równie˝ wystàpiç z okreÊleniami czasu teraêniejszego, np. this
morning/afternoon/evening, today, this week.
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Present Per fect
Present Perfect stosuje si´ równie˝, aby wyraziç czynnoÊci lub sytuacje, które zdarzy∏y
si´ w przesz∏oÊci, je˝eli zachowane jest powiàzanie z teraêniejszoÊcià, np. dana czynnoÊç
mo˝e byç powtórzona w teraêniejszoÊci.
Zapami´taj!
Present Perfect nie wyst´puje z takimi okreÊleniami czasu jak: yesterday, last year, two
days ago, last Monday, when I was a child, then.
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
Dear Katy
Just a short note to tell you we 1(return) ______ to London safely. We 2(have)
______ a wonderful stay in your house. I 3(travel) ______ all over the world, and
I can say that these two weeks in Rimini 4(be) ______ my highlight. From the
moment we 5(arrive) ______ until we 6(leave) ______ , we 7(feel) ______ very
special. Everyone 8(have) ______ a fantastic time, and this 9(be) ______ precisely
how I had imagined it in my head. The setting 10(be) ______ excellent. Close to the
beach and within a walking distance to downtown and shopping. Thank you for
excellent accommodation and delicious food – your home made waffles with maple
syrup are the best I ever 11(have) ______ . Can I request you to send me a recipe?
Many thanks for everything. We look forward to our next trip to Italy!
Cheers,
Martha and Steve
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Present Per fect
5. Rosie i Mike biorà wkrótce Êlub. Sporzàdzili list´ rzeczy do wykonania. Napisz w czasie
Present Perfect, co narzeczeni ju˝ zrobili, a czego jeszcze nie. Sprawy, które za∏atwili,
sà zaznaczone.
To Do!
1. Make a guest list.
2. Send out invitations.
3. Buy a wedding dress and tuxedo.
4. Book the church.
5. Choose a reception venue.
6. Select a band.
7. Hire a caterer.
8. Find a professional photographer.
9. Arrange transport.
10. Order a wedding cake.
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
6. The art gallery bought an early painting by van Gogh two years ago.
had The art gallery ______ for two years.
7. Nick spent his childhood in Boston and he still lives there.
lived Nick ______ since his childhood.
8. Bob is still sleeping.
not Bob ______ awoken yet.
8. Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Present Perfect lub Past Simple, dokonujàc
zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba.
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Present Per fect
A B
1. I saw him a) Since 1990
2. I have seen him b) From about 1990 to 1999
3. We know that Penderecki c) didn’t like fishing
4. We know that Chopin d) has composed some operas
5. How long have you lived here? e) has always liked fishing
6. Have you ever seen Cleopatra? f) recently
7. Did you see Cleopatra while abroad? g) Yes, a couple of years ago
8. How long did you live there? h) didn’t compose any operas
9. My great grandfather i) No, never
10. My son, who is eleven, j) two days ago
10. a) U∏ó˝ pytania do ankiety szkolnej w czasie Present Perfect, wykorzystujàc – zgodnie
ze wzorem – wyra˝enia podane w kolumnie Question.
Question Answer
1. fail an exam never/in my life
2. cheat in an exam never
3. copy someone else’s work once before
4. forget your ID tag once or twice
5. play truant several times this school year
6. perform in a school play not yet
7. be late to school three times this school year
8. lie to a teacher never
9. come to class unprepared four times since school began
10. your parents be contacted on a number of occasions
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6. Present Perfect Continuous
Tworzenie czasu Present Perfect Continuous
Zastosowanie
Present Perfect Continuous stosujemy w nast´pujàcych przypadkach:
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Present Per fect Continuous
Podobnie jak w Present Perfect do okreÊlenia d∏ugoÊci czasu pos∏ugujemy si´ przyimkami
since i for.
I have been studying since 9 o’clock. Ucz´ si´ od dziewiàtej.
Mrs Olive has been teaching for 10 years. Pani Olive naucza od dziesi´ciu lat.
Oscar has been surfing the net for an hour. Oscar serfuje w internecie od
godziny.
Niekiedy Present Perfect i Present Perfect Continuous mo˝na pos∏ugiwaç si´ wymiennie.
We have lived in Warsaw for seven years.
lub
We have been living in Warsaw for seven years.
Mieszkamy w Warszawie od siedmiu lat.
Bez okreÊlenia czasowego (for seven years) zdanie w Presen Perfect nabiera odmiennego
znaczenia:
We have lived in Warsaw.
MieszkaliÊmy w Warszawie (i znamy to miasto).
Zapami´taj!
Stosujàc Present Perfect Continuous w pytaniach sugerujemy, ˝e mo˝na zobaczyç, poczuç,
us∏yszeç coÊ, co jest wynikiem jakiejÊ czynnoÊci. JeÊli zadamy pytanie „Have you been
drinking?”, dajemy do zrozumienia, ˝e wyczuwamy woƒ alkoholu. U˝ywajàc tego czasu
niew∏aÊciwie, mo˝na obraziç osob´, do której jest kierowane zapytanie.
åwiczenia
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
A B
1. Her eyes are swollen. a) Yes, I have been playing basketball.
2. You are late again! b) I’ve been gardening all afternoon.
3. You look bored. c) It’s been raining the whole day.
4. Why are you so scared? d) She’s been crying.
5. Aren’t you tired? e) I’ve been watching a horror film.
6. Beth seems to be very pleased. f) I’ve been waiting for Adam to come.
7. Are you hungry? g) Yes, she’s been shopping and spending
money all day.
8. The roads are wet. h) Probably because he has been drinking.
9. Your hands are rough. i) Yes, I have been reading a dull article.
10. Tom is unwell. j) No, I have been slaving over a hot stove all
day.
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Present Per fect Continuous
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7. Past Perfect
Tworzenie czasu Past Perfect
Zastosowanie
Czas Past Perfect jest czasem zaprzesz∏ym. Stosuje si´ go, aby zaznaczyç uprzednioÊç
danej czynnoÊci lub sytuacji przesz∏ej wzgl´dem innej czynnoÊci lub sytuacji przesz∏ej.
W zdaniach w Past Perfect cz´sto wyst´pujà okreÊlenia czasowe takie jak: after, before,
already, just, since, until/till, by, by the time.
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Past Per fect
By opisaç czynnoÊci lub sytuacje, które zdarzy∏y si´ przed innymi czynnoÊciami,
sytuacjami lub momentami w przesz∏oÊci.
By opisaç czynnoÊci lub sytuacje, które trwa∏y ju˝ jakiÊ - najcz´Êciej okreÊlony – przed
innymi czynnoÊciami, sytuacjami w przesz∏oÊci i byç mo˝e trwa∏y tak˝e póêniej.
When I met him in 1998 he had worked as an accountant for a few years.
Kiedy go spotka∏em w 1998, pracowa∏ jako ksi´gowy od kilku lat (Past Perfect – stan
zatrudnienia).
dla porównania:
I had been chatting online for an hour when Jay came.
Czatowa∏em w sieci przez godzin´, zanim przyszed∏ Jay (Past Perfect Continuous
– czynnoÊç).
Wyra˝enia w Past Perfect mo˝na zast´powaç wyra˝eniami w Past Simple bez jakiejkolwiek
ró˝nicy znaczeniowej, kiedy spójniki jasno wskazujà na kolejnoÊç zdarzeƒ.
After I had cleaned out the attic, I went into my backyard = After I cleaned out
the attic, I went into my backyard.
Kiedy posprzàta∏em strych, wyszed∏em na podwórko.
JeÊli zdarzenia opisywane w Past Perfect w ogóle nie wydarzy∏y si´ w danym okresie, Past
Perfect musi byç bezwarunkowo zastosowany.
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
Pete had wanted to dye his hair, but his mother talked him out of it.
Pete chcia∏ ufarbowaç w∏osy, ale jego mama odwiod∏a go od tego.
I had intended to meet her in France, but I couldn’t afford the fare.
Chcia∏em spotkaç si´ z nià we Francji, ale nie mog∏em sobie pozwoliç na bilet.
If the car hadn’t broken down, things would have gone as planned.
Gdyby samochód si´ nie zepsu∏, wszystko posz∏oby zgodnie z planem.
Zapami´taj!
W przeciwieƒstwie do zdaƒ w Present Perfect, zdania w Past Perfect mogà zawieraç
konkretne okreÊlenia czasu, np. in 1998, on Saturday, when he returned, before she
got married. Opisujàc wydarzenia przesz∏e o jasnej chronologicznej kolejnoÊci u˝ywa si´
czasu Past Simple, a nie Past Perfect.
åwiczenia
1. Harry studiuje zagranicà. WczeÊniej nie robi∏ sam wielu rzeczy. Uzupe∏nij poni˝sze
zdanie, wstawiajàc kolejno w miejsce kropek wyra˝enia 1-12 w czasie Past Perfect.
Before Harry went to study abroad ______ be 300 miles from home.
Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never been 300 miles from home.
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Past Per fect
8. give parties
_____________________________________________________________________
9. date a girl
_____________________________________________________________________
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
2. The candidate went there back at 12.20. (invent a slogan/write a campaign song)
_____________________________________________________________________
5. The candidate returned at 16.00. (pay for TV ads/make phone calls to the
donors)
_____________________________________________________________________
6. The candidate visited the office again at 17.00. (make phone calls to
the donors/ organise a whistle-stop tour)
_____________________________________________________________________
1. I bought a coffee table. Carrie found a similar one at a lower price. (after)
_____________________________________________________________________
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Past Per fect
2. He wrote his first novel. He graduated from Oxford University. (by the time)
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Clair went into the room. She knew she was there before. (as soon as)
_____________________________________________________________________
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8. Past Perfect Continuous
Tworzenie czasu Past Perfect Continuous
Zastosowanie
Czas Past Perfect Continuous jest czasem zaprzesz∏ym z wyraênie zaznaczonym aspektem
trwania. Zdania wyst´pujàce w tym czasie cz´sto zawierajà okreÊlenia czasowe takie jak:
for, since, before, until, when.
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Past Per fect Continuous
By wyraziç czynnoÊci lub sytuacje, które trwa∏y przed innymi wydarzeniami lub
sytuacjami w przesz∏oÊci.
I had been studying French for two years before I went to France.
Uczy∏em si´ francuskiego przez dwa lata, zanim pojecha∏em do Francji.
The children had been quarreling for over an hour when their parents came
home.
Dzieci k∏óci∏y si´ przez ponad godzin´, zanim rodzice przyszli do domu.
Betty was tired because she had been cleaning the flat.
Betty by∏a zm´czona, poniewa˝ sprzàta∏a mieszkanie.
Kathy put on weight because she had been eating too much sugar and fat.
Kathy przybra∏a na wadze, poniewa˝ jad∏a za du˝o cukru i t∏uszczu.
Zapami´taj!
JeÊli nie podajesz czasu trwania danej czynnoÊci lub sytuacji (np. for an hour, for ten
minutes, for a week, since last Sunday), lepiej u˝yj czasu Past Continuous zamiast Past
Perfect Continuous.
åwiczenia
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
2. dance wildly
_____________________________________________________________________
4. shout
_____________________________________________________________________
5. fight
_____________________________________________________________________
The policemen ______ for some time before they received a noise complaint.
1. check cars
_____________________________________________________________________
4. pick up truants
_____________________________________________________________________
5. monitor traffic
_____________________________________________________________________
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Past Per fect Continuous
3. Dru˝yna harcerska postanowi∏a posprzàtaç pla˝´. Jak d∏ugo harcerze pracowali, zanim
dosz∏y osoby spoza dru˝yny, które obieca∏y pomoc?
4. Grace arrived at 13.00. When she arrived there the scouts’ backs were aching as
they...
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Past Simple bàdê Past Perfect Continuous.
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9. Future Simple
Tworzenie czasu Future Simple
Zastosowanie
Ze wszystkich czasów przysz∏ych Future Simple jest podstawowy i najbardziej uniwersalny.
Z powodu wieloÊci znaczeƒ nie zawsze jest oczywiste, które z nich mówiàcy ma na myÊli.
Nierzadko wypowiedzi w tym czasie mo˝emy interpretowaç na ró˝ne sposoby.
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
The concert will start any moment now. Koncert rozpocznie si´ lada moment.
We will know the election results tomorrow. Jutro poznamy wyniki wyborów.
I hope my parents will let me buy a dog. Mam nadziej´, ˝e moi rodzice
pozwolà mi kupiç psa.
The president will probably veto the bill. Prezydent prawdopodobnie zawetuje
ustaw´.
By opisaç czynnoÊci lub sytuacje, które jakaÊ osoba dokonuje z przyzwyczajenia czy
innych przyczyn charakterologicznych, niezale˝nie od okolicznoÊci i nie przejmujàc si´
opinià innych.
She will keep asking stupid questions. Ona stale zadaje g∏upie pytania.
Scott will wear this silly bow tie. Scott b´dzie nosiç t´ Êmiesznà muszk´.
To samo zdanie u˝yte w innej osobie nie oznacza ju˝ spontanicznej decyzji, ale
przypuszczenie.
She will buy this coat. Ona kupi ten p∏aszcz (tak mi si´
wydaje).
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Future Simple
Kiedy coÊ postanawiamy. Cz´sto wspomagamy si´ wówczas czasownikami takimi jak:
promise, swear, guarantee.
Kiedy prosimy.
You will not discuss the contract, or any of its terms, with anyone.
Nie b´dziesz rozmawia∏ z nikim o umowie ani o ˝adnym z jej warunków.
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
Future Simple mo˝na równie˝ tworzyç przy pomocy formy shall. Dzisiaj wyraz ten wyst´puje
przede wszystkim w 1 osobie liczby pojedyncze i mnogiej. Dzi´ki niemu mo˝na nadaç
wypowiedzi neutralny charakter. W 3 osobie shall pojawia si´ w podnios∏ym stylu,
w prawnych albo formalnych zobowiàzaniach czy gwarancjach.
Shall w zdaniu pytajàcym (w 1 osobie) stosujemy, by dowiedzieç si´ o ˝yczenia czy ch´ci
osoby, do której wypowiedê jest skierowana. Zdanie pytajàce z shall mo˝e byç równie˝
propozycjà czy sugestià.
Zapami´taj!
Jak wszystkie inne formy czasu przysz∏ego, Future Simple nie mo˝e byç u˝yty w zdaniach
zaczynajàcych si´ od wyrazów when, while, after, before, by the time, if, unless,
provided. Regu∏a ta obowiàzuje, wtedy gdy nie mamy zamiaru nadaç wyra˝eniu z will
znaczenia „zechcieç”, np. „I’ll be grateful if you will kindly consider my request.”
JeÊli masz zamiar daç do zrozumienia, ˝e ktoÊ nie zrobi czegoÊ w przysz∏oÊci nie dlatego,
˝e nie chce, ale z powodu niezale˝nych okolicznoÊci, unikaj czasu Future Simple
(np. „I won’t join you.”). Aby nie sugerowaç odmowy lub niech´ci, u˝yj czasu Future
Continuous (np. „I won’t be joining you.”).
åwiczenia
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Future Simple
The price of petrol will come down in two years’ time. (go up)
No, it won’t. It will go up.
1. The world’s population will come to an end by the end of the 21st century.
(stop growing)
2. People will travel to exotic planets in sixty years’ time. (travel to the moon)
3. Distance learning will replace traditional methods of education in the future.
(support traditional methods of education)
4. In the next sixty years, cars will run on hydrogen. (run on sugar cane)
5. People will live in underground buildings in thirty years’ time. (live in smaller houses)
6. People will eat pills instead of food in 2100. (eat convenience food)
7. In sixty years’ time, people will use sun to produce energy. (use biomass)
8. In fifteen years’ time, Warsaw will have five airports. (have two airports)
9. By the year 2070, people will have several careers. (have shorter careers)
10. The Arctic will be covered in palm trees in the future. (become warmer)
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
4. Zastàp wyt∏uszczone s∏owa odpowiednio wyrazami: will, won’t bàdê shall. JeÊli trzeba,
dodaj zaimek osobowy.
1. Your neighbour is listening to music at full volume. (turn the volume down/call
the police)
2. Your employee is late for work again. (keep to the hours of work/fire you)
3. Your students are talking. (be quiet/punish you)
4. Your boss says no to your request for a pay rise. (give me a pay rise/quit)
5. Your child is doing poorly at school. (improve your grades/ deduct one pound
each day from your pocket money)
6. Your camera doesn’t work. The seller doesn’t want to refund your money. (give
me a refund/sue you)
7. Your flatmate doesn’t keep his room neat. (pick up your room/ throw away
everything that I find on the floor)
8. Your brother doesn’t clean up the table after eating. (clean up the table/not allow
you to eat with us)
9. Your little sister is lying to you. (tell the whole truth/lock you in your room until
you confess)
10. Your landlord is continually disturbing you at night. (stop harassing me/report
you)
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10. Be Going To
Tworzenie zwrotu Be Going To
Zastosowanie
Zwrot be going to u˝ywamy w nast´pujàcych przypadkach:
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Czasowników to be i to come nie powinno si´ raczej u˝ywaç w konstrukcji be going to.
She is going to have a baby. Ona b´dzie mia∏a dziecko (jest w cià˝y).
It is going to rain. Zanosi si´ na deszcz (na niebie zebra∏y si´
chmury).
They are going to win the match. Oni wygrajà mecz (majà du˝à przewag´ nad
przeciwnikiem).
– Zwrot be going to dotyczy zwykle najbli˝szej przysz∏oÊci, will nie odnosi si´ do
˝adnego konkretnego czasu i mo˝e dotyczyç nawet dalekiej przysz∏oÊci.
Zapami´taj!
Unikaj stosowania wyra˝enia be going to z czasownikami ruchu, zw∏aszcza come i go.
W takich przypadkach u˝yj czasu Present Continuous.
JeÊli chcesz pos∏u˝yç si´ jakimÊ zdarzeniem w przysz∏oÊci jako wymówkà, unikaj wyra˝enia
be going to (np. „I’m sorry, I can’t see you tomorrow. I am going to visit my uncle.”). Stosujàc
t´ konstrukcj´ sprawi∏byÊ wra˝enie, ˝e nie zrobisz czegoÊ kierujàc si´ subiektywnym wyborem.
U˝yj czasu Present Continuous (np. „I’m sorry, I can’t see you tomorrow. I am visiting my
uncle.”), aby daç do zrozumienia, ˝e przyczynà odmowy sà wczeÊniej poczynione plany.
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B e G o i n g To
åwiczenia
1. Jak Geri zamierza sp´dziç zbli˝ajàcy si´ tydzieƒ? Popatrz na kartk´ z jej kalendarza.
Uzupe∏nij wolne miejsca informacjami z ramki, stosujàc Present Continuous (w przypadku
terminów ju˝ umówionych) albo konstrukcj´ be going to (w przypadku zamierzeƒ).
2. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Future Simple, bàdê zastosuj zwrot be going to.
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B e G o i n g To
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11. Future Continuous
Tworzenie czasu Future Continuous
Zastosowanie
Czasu Future Continuous u˝ywamy w nast´pujàcych przypadkach:
Gdy mamy zamiar powiedzieç, ˝e czynnoÊç bàdê sytuacja b´dzie odbywa∏a si´
w okreÊlonym momencie w przysz∏oÊci, albo kiedy coÊ innego wydarzy si´ i prawdopod
obnie b´dzie trwaç dalej.
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Future Continuous
They will be getting home just about now. Przypuszczam, ˝e w∏aÊnie docierajà do
domu.
Kiedy pytamy kogoÊ o zamierzenia, zw∏aszcza jeÊli chcemy prosiç o przys∏ug´. Stosujàc
t´ konstrukcj´ unikamy podejrzeƒ, ˝e chcemy wp∏ynàç na zamiary osoby, do której jest kie-
rowane zapytanie.
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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y
Zapami´taj!
Jak wszystkie inne formy czasu przysz∏ego, Future Continuous nie mo˝e byç u˝yty
w zdaniach zaczynajàcych si´ od wyrazów: when, while, after, before, by the time, if,
unless, provided.
JeÊli chcesz dowiedzieç si´ o czyjeÊ zamierzenia na przysz∏oÊç, unikaj czasu Future Simple.
U˝ycie tego czasu sugerowa∏oby, ˝e sk∏aniamy kogoÊ do pewnej czynnoÊci. U˝yj czasu
Future Continuous, by daç do zrozumienia, ˝e chcesz obiektywnie zapytaç o czyjeÊ plany.
åwiczenia
A: Is it Tuesday tomorrow?
B: Yes, why?
A: Oh, I dislike Tuesdays. It is the worst day of the week for me.
B: Most people dislike Mondays. They have to wake up early after a 2-day break.
Could you explain why tomorrow is going to be dreadful?
A: Because, as usual, I 1(attend) a meeting of the Board, which is as boring as hell.
I 2(report) what our unit is doing and 3(answer) questions afterwards. Just
a complete waste of time.
B: Poor you. When you are in a meeting, I 4(get) out of town. My days off start
tomorrow.
A: That’s great! A few days off work 5(do) you good.
B: I hope so. This 6(be) my first holiday in 4 years.
A: So, while I am discussing routine issues, you 7(relax) and 8(have) fun. That is not
really fair.
B: But your days off 9(be) here in no time. Next Sunday when I am dealing with
millions of papers, you 10(have) a great time with your family.
A: True. I wish it were Sunday. By the way, you 11(drive) to the centre?
B: Yeah, do you want a lift?
A: Oh yes, please. I am picking up my sister from the railway station. She 12(arrive)
in half an hour.
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Future Continuous
A B
Larry/dive a) to New York.
Simona/bask b) his title against Dimitri Kirilov.
Katy/fly back c) in the Red Sea.
Mark/travel d) out of student housing.
We/redecorate e) letter writing.
Greg/move out f) across Canada.
Luis Alberto Perez/defend g) in the morning sun.
I/land h) the whole house.
Philip/testify i) a coastal lagoon habitat.
Alice/explore j) before the Tribunal.
We/study k) at Heathrow Airport.
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12. Future Perfect
Tworzenie czasu Future Perfect
Zastosowanie
Czasu Future Perfect u˝ywamy w nast´pujàcy przypadkach:
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The actress will have signed the contract by the beginning of September.
Aktorka podpisze kontrakt przed poczàtkiem wrzeÊnia.
The jury will not have delivered the verdict until next week.
¸awa przysi´g∏ych nie og∏osi werdyktu do nast´pnego tygodnia.
By powiedzieç, ˝e dany stan b´dzie trwa∏, okreÊlajàc przy tym od jak dawna.
Jim will have worked as a reporter for ten years by the end of this year.
Pod koniec roku up∏ynie dziesi´ç lat, odkàd Jim pracuje jako reporter.
I will have studied three foreign languages for two years next semester.
W przysz∏ym semestrze up∏ynà dwa lata, odkàd ucz´ si´ trzech j´zyków obcych.
The plane will have taken off by now, so don’t bother to rush to the airport.
Samolot ju˝ pewnie odlecia∏, wi´c daruj sobie poÊpiech na lotnisko.
W zdaniach w Future Perfect cz´sto wyst´pujà takie okreÊlenia czasowe jak: by, by the
time, before, until/till, by then.
Zapami´taj!
Future Perfect wskazuje na przesz∏oÊç w przysz∏oÊci.
åwiczenia
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Future Per fect
4. Moda na sukces” emitowana jest od poniedzia∏ku do piàtku o 16, babcia Petera uwielbia
ten serial. Odpowiedz na poni˝sze pytania w czasie Future Perfect.
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2. She has been watching the soap every day and records it when she is not at home.
Next month she will be away for two weeks. How many episodes will she have
recorded by the time she returns home?
3. She drinks two cups of herbal tea while watching each episode. How many cups
of tea will she have drunk after a week? She drinks tea only when the soap is
being broadcast.
4. Each episode runs for 30 minutes. How many hours will she have spent in front
of the TV screen watching the soap after a week?
5. Twój kolega wkrótce zdaje egzamin z j´zyka angielskiego. Nie czuje si´ zbyt pewnie.
Dodaj mu otuchy. U∏ó˝ zdania 1-8 w czasie Future Perfect wed∏ug wzoru.
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13. Future Perfect Continuous
Tworzenie czasu Future Perfect Continuous
Zastosowanie
Czasem Future Perfect Continuous pos∏ugujemy si´ by:
Zaznaczyç, ˝e jakiÊ stan b´dzie trwaç przez pewien okreÊlony czas w konkretnym
momencie w przysz∏oÊci, i byç mo˝e b´dzie trwaç i poêniej.
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We will have been negotiating the contract for two months by May.
W maju minà dwa miesiàce, odkàd negocjujemy kontrakt.
Holly will have been delivering letters for five hours by 6 o’clock.
O szóstej up∏ynie pi´ç godzin, odkàd Holly roznosi listy.
I will have been driving for ten hours by the time I get home.
Zanim dotr´ do domu, b´d´ prowadziç od dziesi´ciu godzin.
He will be tired when he gets home because he will have been weeding the
flowerbeds for a few hours.
B´dzie zm´czony, kiedy wróci do domu, poniewa˝ b´dzie plewiç grzàdki od paru
godzin.
Zapami´taj!
JeÊli nie podajesz przeciàgu trwania danej czynnoÊci lub sytuacji (np. for two hours, for an hour,
since May), lepiej u˝yj czasu Future Continuous zamiast Future Perfect Continuous.
åwiczenia
1. U˝ywajàc czasów Future Perfect i Future Perfect Continuous przedstaw jak Robbie
Williams b´dzie realizowa∏ swój projektowany rozk∏ad dnia.
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Future Per fect Continuous
By 7:40 Robbie Williams will have been eating for a few minutes.
By 11:20 ______ .
By 12:45 ______ .
By 13:30 ______ .
By 15:45 ______ .
By 19:10 ______ .
By 20:15 ______ .
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4. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Future Perfect lub Future Perfect
Continuous.
5. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Future Perfect lub Future Perfect
Continuous.
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SPRAWDè SI¢
1-b 15-a
2-b 16-c
3-a 17-b
4-c 18-c
5-a 19-a
6-a 20-b
7-c 21-c
8-b 22-c
9-a 23-b
10-b 24-a
11-b 25-c
12-a 26-b
13-c 27-c
14-c
PRESENT SIMPLE
1. 3.
1. works 1. I don’t experiment with my recipes.
2. does not 2. He doesn’t deliver newspapers to earn some extra
3. read money.
4. keeps 3. They don’t eat vegetables and drink milk.
5. wake, goes 4. My grandmother doesn’t knit sweaters for us.
6. charges 5. My sister doesn’t listen to all sorts of music.
7. reads 6. We don’t eat three meals a day.
8. likes 7. My boss doesn’t smoke Cuban cigars.
9. does not know 8. She doesn’t wear funny round glasses.
10. makes 9. My garden doesn’t overlook a magnificent waterfall.
11. do not migrate 10. I don’t take sugar in my coffee.
12. takes 11. My neighbours don’t gossip about everyone they
13. eat know.
14. gives 12. We don’t cater to birthday parties and wedding
15. collects receptions.
13. They never fight over everything.
14. My friends don’t throw parties to please them-
2. selves.
15. I don’t get angry when people talk behind my
Sugerowane odpowiedzi back.
1. read/rides
2. clean up
3. talks 4.
4. eat
5. works out 1. What do you usually drink for lunch?
6. serve/sell 2. What does she never do before she comes over?
7. makes 3. What does my boss often do while talking?
8. complains 4. What do you read to send yourself to sleep?
9. drives 5. What do we seldom do these days?
10. smiles 6. How often do you study English?
11. growl 7. How does he always spread butter on his bread?
12. follows 8. Where do they live?
13. buys, brings 9. What do polar bears eat?
14. try 10. What does my brother want to become?
15. attends
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5. 8.
Sugerowane odpowiedzi 1. when
1. They fight fire. 2. when
2. She presents the news. 3. if
3. He drives a lorry. 4. if
4. She plays the piano. 5. when
5. We pick fruit. 6. when
6. He produces films. 7. if
7. He hunts deer. 8. when
8. He collects refuse. 9. when
9. They develop software 10. if
10. She decorates the interiors of homes, businesses,
hotels, etc.
9.
6.
1. always
1. a 2. usually
2. b 3. often/frequently
3. a 4. sometimes
4. a 5. occasionally
5. a 6. rarely/hardly ever
7. never
8. once a day
7. 9. ever
10. every second year
1. No, they don’t. They feed on hay, grass, oats.
2. No, they don’t. Penguins live in the Antarctic.
3. No, it doesn’t. Water boils at 100°C. 10.
4. No, they don’t. Cats purr when they are pleased/
Dogs stick their tongues out. 1. select
5. No, it doesn’t. The Earth orbits the Sun. 2. open
6. No, it doesn’t. The Vistula enters the Baltic Sea. 3. put in
7. No, they don’t. Tigers live in Asia. 4. makes
8. No, he doesn’t. David Beckham plays for Real 5. insert
Madrid. 6. wait
9. No, it doesn’t. Coffee grows in Brazil. 7. switch off
10. No, it doesn’t. Yeti lives in the Himalayas. Nessie 8. take out
lives there. 9. comes
11. No, they don’t. Cuckoos lay their eggs in other
birds’ nests.
12. No, he doesn’t. James Bond works for the British
Secret Service.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. 2.
1. When are you leaving? 1. is giving
2. What is she trying to do? 2. is operating
3. Why are you wearing this suit? 3. is checking
4. Are you doing anything tomorrow evening? 4. is talking
5. Whom are you seeing tonight? 5. is helping
6. Where are you hurrying to at this hour? 6. is taking
7. Why are you doing this to me? 7. is taking
8. What is he getting at? 8. is feeding
9. What is she waiting for? 9. is performing
10. How is he doing as a father? 10. is escorting
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3. 6.
1. My parents aren’t buying new furniture for their 1. am studying
house. 2. is rehearsing
2. I am not thinking about leaving my job. 3. is throwing, is always partying
3. We aren’t planning to move to the suburbs. 4. is getting, improves
4. She isn’t reading her old diary. 5. Are you going away, are going
5. Liz isn’t dying her hair green and pink. 6. uses, comes
6. He isn’t cutting a piece of bread. 7. is baking
7. The workers aren’t striking over unfair labour practices. 8. is it going, am getting tired
8. We aren’t redecorating our guest rooms. 9. does he do
9. The cat isn’t licking its paws. 10. does, do
10. My neighbour isn’t drilling holes in the wall.
7.
4.
1. To whom is she reading a bedtime story?
1-d 2. What are you drinking?
2-i 3. What is the child doing?
3-h 4. What is the teacher explaining?
4-a 5. What are you shopping for?
5-j 6. Who is cleaning the bird cage?
6-g 7. When is Matthew sailing for Barbuda?
7-f 8. What is Andy translating?
8-e 9. How is she whisking the eggs?
9-b 10. Where are they basking?
10-c
8.
5.
1-e
1. are attending vegetarian food fairs 2-c
2. am seeing an important customer 3-f
3. am having lunch with a sales manager 4-d
4. am attending a conference on food safety 5-a
5. am moving out to a new house 6-b
6. am taking a business trip to Poland 7-g
PAST SIMPLE
1. 2.
1. The Smiths sold their house and moved to 1. lookes, saw
Vancouver. 2. fell, broke
2. I went to bed, but I didn’t sleep a wink. 3. called
3. Philip studied law at Glasgow University. 4. paid, owed
4. How did you make your first million? 5. bit, heard
5. Abraham Lincoln was born in 1809. 6. left
6. My brother set up in business as a confectioner. 7. stood
7. Martin sued the newspaper for libel, and he won. 8. grew
8. When did you last see him? 9. took
9. Amy joined the company in 2001. 10. picked, listened, ran
10. I wanted to be an astronaut when I was a child. 11. parked, got, approached
12. sat, read
13. took, wiped
14. dropped
15. called
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3. 5.
1. No, he didn’t. Orhan Pamuk won the 2006 Nobel 1. How did your exams go?
for literature. 2. What did the child eat?
2. No, he didn’t. Columbus discovered America. 3. What did the thief steal?
3. No, he didn’t. Michael Jackson underwent many 4. Who(m) did the police arrest?
plastic surgeries. 5. Where did Mr Olive study economics?
4. No, she didn’t. Arthur Conan Doyle created Sherlock 6. When did the Prime Minister open the industrial
Holmes. park?
5. No, it wasn’t. Gniezno was the first capital of Poland. 7. What did Mike install?
6. No, they didn’t. The ancient Egyptians built the pyramids. 8. How many times did the phone ring before I picked
7. No, she didn’t. Catherine the Great reigned over Russia. it up?
8. No, he didn’t. Johann Gutenberg invented the printing 9. Who made a terrible mistake?
press. 10. Why did he lose the game?
9. No, he didn’t. JK Rowling wrote Harry Potter.
10. No, he didn’t. Daedalus constructed the labyrinth.
11. No, he didn’t. Yuri Gagarin became the first man
in space. 6.
12. No, he didn’t. John Travolta starred in Saturday
Night Fever. 1. was
2. belonged
3. thought
4. 4. what did you do
5. learnt
1. drank 6. defended
2. answered 7. protested
3. left 8. did
4. bought/brought 9. said
5. took 10. was
6. showed
7. dreamed
8. went, won
9. sat
10. made
PAST CONTINUOUS
1. 2.
1. While the kettle was boiling, she was taking 1. was parking, stopped
out/took out a cup from the cupboard. 2. broke, was bird watching
2. The postman arrived while we were packing for a 3. were demonstrating, was opening
trip to Florida. 4. rang, was proofreading
3. I was making my bed when I heard a cat meowing. 5. sprained, was getting
4. She met her future husband while she was staying 6. was whistling, was trimming
in Helsinki. 7. were searching, found
5. Tim was chatting online while the child was playing 8. arrived, were putting
with a toy. 9. burned, was poking
6. Alice cut her finger while she was chopping a carrot. 10. was browsing, went out
7. A doctor was examining me when a patient came in.
8. I ran into a friend of mine while I was shopping at
Safeway.
9. Dorothy saw a car accident while she was queuing
at the Main Post Office.
10. Jack heard the police siren while he was going to bed.
11. It was raining when we left the restaurant.
12. What were you doing on 2 September?
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3. 6.
1. What was the actress rehearsing? 1. While, When
2. What did Martha hear while she was locking the 2. when
door? 3. when
3. What was Tom doing when a man came up to the 4. when
table? 5. While, When
4. What was David doing all afternoon? 6. when
5. Where were the children playing? 7. when
6. What was Ann trying to remove? 8. when
7. Where was it raining all night? 9. when
8. Who was pitching the tent in the yard? 10. While, When
9. Who were the fans cheering on?
10. Who/what was swimming in the pool?
7.
1. was
4. 2. was shining
3. were singing
1. Aunt Clarissa didn’t burst into my room while I was
4. were running
napping. She tiptoed into my room.
5. took
2. Kim wasn’t eating strawberries when Jim came
6. went
home. She was washing strawberries.
7. were walking
3. I wasn’t putting on my running shoes when the lace
8. jumped
broke. I was taking them off.
9. began
4. Brandon wasn’t running up the stairs when his keys
10. saw
fell out of his pocket. He was running down the
11. started
stairs.
12. were walking
5. We weren’t watching a match when the lights went
13. was holding
off. We were watching a film.
14. broke
6. The secretary wasn’t filling out any papers when
15. started
Chris walked into the office. She was eating a cake.
16. gained
7. Beth wasn’t peeling potatoes when she heard her
17. caught
husband opening the front door. She was mashing
18. didn’t know
them.
19. sniffed
20. let
5. 8.
1. While Sue was writing an essay, Jerry was revising a) Friday
for his exam. Then, they invited friends.
2. He got home while I was sleeping. Next, they planned picnic activities.
3. Tim was washing the dishes when a plate fell off Finally, they did the shopping for the picnic.
the shelf.
4. Jack was withdrawing money from the ATM Saturday
machine when his credit card company charged him First, they prepared food.
the wrong amount. Then, they filled a picnic basket with food and
5. We were lying on the beach when a big wave picnic essentials.
crashed on the shore. Finally, they went to the picnic site.
6. I was changing a light bulb when I lost my balance
and fell over. b) Friday
7. Chris was sleeping when a knock at the door awoke They were inviting friends.
him. They were planning picnic activities.
8. What were you doing when the accident happened? They were doing the shopping for the picnic.
9. They were playing darts when a quarrel broke out.
10. While I was speeding down a hill, a hare ran in Saturday
front of the car. They were preparing food and beverages.
They were filling a picnic basket with food and
picnic essentials.
They were going to the picnic site.
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PRESENT PERFECT
1. 5.
1. has never travelled 1. They haven’t bought a wedding dress or tuxedo.
2. have never seen 2. They have booked the church.
3. have lost 3. They haven’t chosen a reception venue.
4. have been 4. They have selected a band.
5. Have you seen 5. They haven’t hired a caterer.
6. Where have you been? 6. They have found a professional photographer.
7. has just left 7. They haven’t arranged for transport.
8. have you tried 8. They haven’t ordered a wedding cake.
9. have you done
10. has lost
11. Has there ever been 6.
12. have met
1. We haven’t heard from you for ages.
13. haven’t been
2. How long have you been married?
14. haven’t slept
3. Sue hasn’t learnt how to drive a car.
15. Have you ever skipped
4. I still haven’t made up my mind what I want to be
when I grow up.
5. I have never studied abroad.
2. 6. The art gallery has had this painting for two years.
7. Nick has lived in Boston since his childhood.
1. have returned 8. Bob hasn’t awoken yet.
2. had
3. have travelled
4. have been 7.
5. arrived
6. left 1-a
7. felt 2-a
8. had 3-b
9. was 4-a
10. was 5-a
11. I have ever had
3. 8.
1. since 1. has just released
2. for 2. won
3. since 3. were
4. since 4. has taught
5. for 5. has never voted
6. since 6. didn’t drink
7. since 7. lived
8. for 8. have worked
9. for 9. defeated
10. since 10. Whom did Shakespeare marry?
11. parked, got out, locked
12. haven’t written
4. 13. loved, lived
14. left
1. I haven’t smoked since May 3rd 2000. 15. hasn’t been, got
2. I haven’t lost my temper since February last year.
3. We haven’t talked to each other for over a year.
4. He hasn’t played a match since 2005.
5. We haven’t travelled across Europe since last summer.
6. I haven’t used Windows for a month.
7. Grace has been a business unit manager since 2002.
8. We haven’t been to Madrid since 1990.
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9. 10.
1-j 1. Have you ever cheated in an exam?
2-f No, I have never cheated in an exam.
3-d 2. Have you ever copied someone else’s work?
4-h Yes, I have copied someone else’s work once before.
5-a 3. Have you ever forgotten your ID tag?
6-i Yes, I have forgotten my ID tag once or twice.
7-g 4. Have you ever played truant?
8-b Yes, I have played truant several times this school year.
9-c 5. Have you ever performed in a school play?
10-e No, I haven’t performed in a school play yet.
6. Have you ever been late to school?
Yes, I have been late to school three times this
school year.
7. Have you ever lied to a teacher?
No, I have never lied to a teacher.
8. Have you ever come to class unprepared?
Yes, I have come to class unprepared four times
since school began.
9. Have your parents ever been contacted?
Yes, they have been contacted on a number
of occasions.
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PAST PERFECT
1. 4.
1. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 1. After I had bought a coffee table, Carrie found
polished his shoes. a similar one at a lower price.
2. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 2. He had written his first novel by the time he
washed his clothes. graduated from Oxford University.
3. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 3. Alice began/had begun to walk before she spoke her
cooked a meal in his life. first word.
4. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 4. As soon as Clair went into the room, she knew she
eaten anything other than homemade meals. had been there before.
5. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 5. The concert had begun by the time we arrived at
cleaned the house. the venue.
6. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 6. After Charles (had) made a fortune in the stock
made his bed. market, he supported a number of charities.
7. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 7. We had had that cottage for twenty years before it
bought his own clothes. fell down.
8. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 8. I didn’t go to see the movie because I (had) watched
given parties. it before.
9. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 9. Simon hadn’t had/didn’t have a proper house before
dated a girl. he hit the jackpot.
10. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 10. David had lived in Cincinnati until he moved to
had a mobile phone San José.
2. 5.
1. composed, had never learnt 1. I had never been to an auction before.
2. got, had lost 2. After I had done the laundry, I hung it out to dry.
3. didn’t recognize, hadn’t met 3. When Lucy got a phone call, she had already
4. were, had never heard watered the houseplant.
5. saw, hadn’t yet paid off 4. By the time I turned ten, I had read most of the
6. retired, had worked classic horror novels.
7. had done, took 5. I had never wanted to come back to Europe before.
8. had already started, arrived 6. Paul didn’t join the Labour Party until he had
9. had never eaten, went graduated from Oxford.
10. was, had declined 7. When the alarm clock went off, I had washed my
11. had crossed hair.
12. had kept 8.The plane had taken off by the time Garry arrived at
13. had never heard, went the airport.
14. had had, acted
15. got married, had completed
3.
1. The campaign team had invented a slogan, but they
hadn’t written a campaign song.
2. The campaign team hadn’t paid for TV ads, but they
had designed a campaign logo.
3. The campaign team hadn’t prepared leaflets and
posters, but they had ordered bumper stickers,
T-shirts and balloons with the logo.
4. The campaign team had paid for TV ads, but they
hadn’t made phone calls to the donors.
5. The campaign team had made phone calls to the
donors, and they had organised a whistle-stop tour.
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FUTURE SIMPLE
1. 4.
Sugerowane odpowiedzi 1. Will you stop fidgeting!
1. I will explain it to you. 2. Jim won’t go to a doctor.
2. I will help you to carry it/lend you a hand. 3. When shall I arrive?
3. I will close the window/turn up the heater. 4. The director will see you now.
4. I will get you an aspirin. 5. Shall we go out tonight?
5. I will give you a lift. 6. All payments shall be made no later than May 31.
6. I will take it out. 7. I will call you tomorrow.
7. I will take him for a walk.
8. I will get you a coffee.
9. I will buy some.
10. I will tidy it/clean it up. 5.
11. I will repair/fix it.
1. If you don’t turn the volume down, I will call the
12. I will go and pick them up/collect them.
police.
13. I will mow/cut it.
2. If you don’t keep to the hours of work, I will fire you.
3. If you aren’t quiet, I will punish you.
4. If you don’t give me a pay rise, I will quit.
2.
5. If you don’t improve your grades, I will deduct one
Sugerowane odpowiedzi pound each day from your pocket money.
1. I will eat healthy food. 6. If you don’t give me a refund, I will sue you.
2. I will learn to program it. 7. If you don’t pick up your room, I will throw away
3. I will start dieting. everything that I find on the floor.
4. I will quit smoking. 8. If you don’t clean up the table, I won’t allow you to
5. I will get out of debt/I’ll make it back in the black. eat with us.
6. I will enrol on a language course. 9. If you don’t tell the whole truth, I will lock you in
7. I will enjoy my life more. your room until you confess.
8. I will become more assertive. 10. If you don’t stop harassing me, I will report you.
9. I will plan my expenses carefully.
10. I will stay in more often and read books.
3.
Sugerowane odpowiedzi
1. No, it won’t. It will stop growing by the end of the
21st century.
2. No, they won’t. People will travel to the moon.
3. No, it won’t. Distance learning will support
traditional methods of education.
4. No, they won’t. Cars will run on sugar cane.
5. No, they won’t. People will live in smaller houses.
6. No, they won’t. People will eat convenience food.
7. No, they won’t. People will use biomass to produce
energy.
8. No, it won’t. Warsaw will have two airports.
9. No, they won’t. People will have shorter careers.
10. No, it won’t. The Arctic will become warmer.
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BE GOING TO
1. 4.
1. is going to study for a math exam. 1. What are you going to tell me?
2. is going to stay in and watch Mad TV. 2. What is she going to do?
3. is going to take the car to the garage. 3. What is she going to eat from now on?
4. is having a job interview at 2.30. 4. What isn’t he going to say?
5. is attending the school reunion at 8 p.m. 5. Who is going to get married?
6. is going to the dentist’s at 4 p.m. 6. When is he going to settle down?
7. is going to a passport office. 7. When are we going to get there?
8. What are his parents going to do in the near future?
9. Where is she going to open her office?
10. How is she going to spend the day?
2.
1. will go
2. are going to run 5.
3. are going to spill
1. Starbucks is going to open coffee stores in Poland.
4. am going to be
No, it is not. It is going to move into entertainment.
5. am going to stretch
2. E-learning is going to replace traditional education.
6. will lend
No, it is not. It is going to complement traditional
7. are going to be
education.
8. am going to apply
3. David Beckham is going to act in a film. No, he is
9. am going to be
not. He is going to do another commercial.
10. will raise
4. Michael Jackson is going to move to India. No, he is
11. will bring
not. He is going to face another trial.
12. will go
5. Maybach is going to launch a small family car. No,
13. will give
it is not. It is going to introduce a new custom-built
luxury vehicle.
3. 6. Women skijumping is going to become a Winter
Olympic Games sport. No, it is not. It is going to
Sugerowane odpowiedzi grow in popularity, though.
1. It is going to be a beautiful day. 7. Britney Spears is going to take some time off from
2. The ladder is going to collapse. the music industry. No, she is not. She is going to
3. Simon is going to drink wine. give a world tour.
4. The cyclist is going to win. 8. The Bold and the Beautiful is going to end soon. No,
5. He is going to become president. it is not. It is going to be made into a movie.
6. I am going to be late. 9. Madonna is going to open her own casino. No, she
7. He is going to fail the exam. is not. She is going to release a new album.
8. Katy is going to get sunburnt. 10. Steven Spielberg is going to make a Bollywood
9. It is going to crash. film. No, he is not. He is going to shoot a civil war
10. He is going to get drunk. epic about Abraham Lincoln.
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FUTURE CONTINUOUS
1. 4.
1. will be attending 1. What time will you be starting?
2. will be reporting 2. How will you be addressing the issue?
3. (will be) answering 3. When will you be returning the book?
4. will be getting 4. Will you be attending the tea party?
5. will do 5. What time will you be checking out?
6. will be 6. Where will you be staying?
7. will be relaxing 7. Will you be going to the polls?
8. (will be) having fun 8. How will you be getting to the seaside?
9. will be 9. Will you be using the photocopier?
10. will be having 10. Will you be coming home?
11. will you be driving 11. Will you be brining friends to the party?
12. will be arriving 12. When will you be departing?
13. Will you be dining out?
2.
1. Simona will be basking in the morning sun.
2. Katy will be flying back to New York. 5.
3. Mark will be travelling across Canada.
1. will be giving
4. We will be redecorating the whole house.
2. will be waiting
5. Greg will be moving out of student housing.
3. is going to rain
6. Luis Alberto Perez will be defending his title
4. will have
against Dimitri Kirilov.
5. am going to faint
7. I will be landing at Heathrow Airport.
6. Will you come
8. Philip will be testifying before the Tribunal.
7. Will you have
9. Alice will be exploring a coastal lagoon habitat.
8. will be admiring
10. We will be studying letter writing.
9. will be giving
10. will be
11. will be cheering
3. 12. will you do
13. am going to drill
1. Will you be preparing 14. are going to visit
2. will be checking 15. will be studying
3. will be discussing
4. will be lying
5. will be working
6. will be driving
7. Will you be using
8. will be sitting
9. will you be coming
10. will be keeping
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FUTURE PERFECT
1. 4.
1. will have gained 1. After a month Peter’s grandma will have watched
2. will have recovered twenty episodes.
3. won’t have learnt 2. By the time she returns home, she will have
4. will have lived recorded ten episodes.
5. will have known 3. After a week she will have drunk ten cups of herbal
6. will have finished tea.
7. will have paid 4. After a week she will have spent 150 minutes in
8. will have peeled front of the TV screen watching the soap.
9. will have landed
10. will have finished
11. will have repaired
12. will have been 5.
1. You will have got acquainted with examination
requirements before you know it.
2. 2. You will have revised your grammar and vocabulary
by the end of next month.
1. She will have made a guest list by Sun 14th. 3. You will have learnt new grammatical structures by
2. She will have planned a menu by Mon 15th. May.
3. She will have made a shopping list by Fri 19th. 4. You will have improved your English skills before
4. She will have planed some activities such as games the spring comes.
or karaoke by Sun 21st. 5. You will have extended your existing knowledge
5. She will have done the shopping by Mon 22nd. before you take the exam.
6. She will have chosen the music by Tue 23rd. 6. You will have developed your writing skills by the
7. She will have baked cakes and cooked dishes by end of the semester.
Wed 24th. 7. You will have consolidated your learning from the
8. She will have cleaned the whole house by previous two years before the exam.
Thu 25th.
9. She will have put up decorations by Fri 26st .
10. She will have borrowed extra chairs and tables
from a neighbour by 2 o’clock on Saturday.
11. She will have ordered flowers by 3 o’clock on
Saturday.
12. She will have prepared salad dressing and sand-
wiches by 4 o’clock on Saturday.
3.
Sugerowane odpowiedzi
1. No, they won’t have constructed flying cars until the
end of the twenty-second century.
2. No, scientists won’t have discovered a cure for
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s until 2010.
3. No, people won’t have conquered the solar system
until 3000.
4. No, the Earth’s temperature won’t have risen by 8°C
until the end of the century.
5. No, the European Union won’t have taken in Turkey
until 2020.
6. No, Warsaw won’t have had 5 subway lines built
until 2040.
7. No, the polar ice cap won’t have melted until 2200.
8. No, two-thirds of the world’s plant species won’t
have disappeared until 2100.
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3.
1. What shall I get you for dinner?
2. I am meeting Simon tomorrow.
3. Mrs Colette will have been working in the company
for a month by the end of February.
4. She is going to have a baby in May.
5. We are getting married next summer.
6. I won’t have written the report until 9 o’clock.
7. She will wear mini skirts, which drives me mad.
8. He will not eat vegetables.
9. Where will you be staying?
10. The president will possibly stop the seal hunt.
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Czasowniki nieregularne
bezokolicznik 2. forma 3. forma
abide abided/abode abided
arise arose arisen
awake awoke/awakened awoken
be was/were been
bear bore borne
beat beat beaten
become became become
befall befell befallen
begin began begun
behold beheld beheld
bend bent bent
beset beset beset
bestride bestrode bestridden
bet bet bet
bid bade/bid bid/bidden
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breastfeed breastfed breastfed
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast broadcast
browbeat browbeat browbeaten
build built built
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned
burst burst burst
bust bust (BrE)/busted (esp AmE) bust (BrE)/busted (esp AmE)
buy bought bought
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
cleave cleft/cleaved cleft/cleaved
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NEXTO
Zamówienie numer: 1878385
Email: jakub.radkowski@merlin.pl