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pl
Anna Treger

Repetytorium

ANGIELSKI
Czasy

Konsultacja merytoryczna:
Les∏aw Kawalec

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Projekt ok∏adki serii: Marcin Rojek, 2-arts.com

Projekt makiety i opracowanie graficzne: Studio 27, studio27@qdnet.pl

Zdj´cie na ok∏adce: Mariusz Jachimczuk

Redakcja i korekta: Pawe∏ Pokora

ISBN-10: 83-60287-13-9
ISBN-13: 978-83-60287-13-2

© Copyright by Wydawnictwo Lingo sp. j., Warszawa 2007

www.WydawnictwoLingo.pl

Sk∏ad i ∏amanie: Studio 27


Druk i oprawa: Opolgraf

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Spis treÊci

Wst´p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Sprawdê si´ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1. Present Simple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2. Present Continuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3. Past Simple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4. Past Continuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

5. Present Perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

6. Present Perfect Continuous . . . . . . . . . . 43

7. Past Perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

8. Past Perfect Continuous . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

9. Future Simple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

10. Be Going To . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

11. Future Continuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

12. Future Perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

13. Future Perfect Continuous . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Klucz do çwiczeƒ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Wykaz czasowników nieregularnych . . . . 96

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wst´p

Wst´p

Chcesz skutecznie i szybko opanowaç angielskie czasy? Przygotowujesz si´

do egzaminu? A mo˝e potrzebujesz kompendium, po które zawsze mo˝esz si´gnàç,

gdy masz wàtpliwoÊci, co do poprawnego zastosowania czasów? Repetytorium Lingo

„Angielski. Czasy” jest w∏aÊnie dla Ciebie.

Ksià˝ka jest skierowana do uczniów, maturzystów, studentów, osób przygotowu-

jàcych si´ do egzaminów j´zykowych, a tak˝e wszystkich, którzy potrzebujà uporzàdko-

wania i poszerzenia wiadomoÊci o czasach angielskich. Uwzgl´dnia materia∏ wymagany

na nowej maturze oraz egzaminach takich jak First Certificate in English czy
Certificate in Advanced English. Sk∏ada si´ z trzynastu rozdzia∏ów, klucza

do çwiczeƒ, testu sprawdzajàcego oraz wykazu czasowników nieregularnych.

Ka˝dy rozdzia∏ obejmuje wst´pnà charakterystyk´ zagadnieƒ, którym jest

poÊwi´cony, cz´Êç teoretycznà przedstawiajàcà odpowiednie regu∏y gramatyki,

zilustrowanà przyk∏adami wraz z ich t∏umaczeniem na polski oraz zestaw çwiczeƒ

pozwalajàcych opanowaç odpowiednie zagadnienia zwiàzane z rozwijaniem praktycznej

umiej´tnoÊci pos∏ugiwania si´ angielskimi czasami.

W j´zyku polskim ró˝nica pomi´dzy czasem gramatycznym (tense) a czasem

fizycznym (time) nie jest tak rozbudowana jak w angielszczyênie, w której mamy

np. kilka rodzajów gramatycznych czasu teraêniejszego, w sumie w podr´cznikach

wyró˝nia si´ kilkanaÊcie czasów gramatycznych. W j´zyku polskim mamy tylko czas

przesz∏y, teraêniejszy i przysz∏y, co w zasadzie odpowiada podzia∏owi czasu rzeczywistego.

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wst´p

To wzgl´dne bogactwo czasów gramatycznych w j´zyku angielskim bierze si´

stàd, ˝e pe∏nià m.in. takie role znaczeniowe, które w polszczyênie mogà byç oddawane

przy pomocy innych Êrodków nie wyst´pujàcych z kolei w angielskim, np. zastosowania

aspektu niedokonanego czasownika (czytaç) albo aspektu dokonanego (przeczytaç,

wyczytaç, doczytaç), u˝ycia czasowników jednokrotnych (graç, spaç, chodziç) bàdê

wielokrotnych (grywaç, sypiaç, chadzaç) lub zastosowania innych wyrazów uszczegó∏a-

wiajàcych relacje czasowe. Repetytorium uwzgl´dnia nawyki j´zykowe czytelnika


polskiego i wychodzi naprzeciw problemom, na jakie zwykle natrafiajà Polacy uczàcy si´

pos∏ugiwania czasami angielskimi.

Niniejsza publikacja stanowi wzbogacenie – przede wszystkim o urozmaicony

zestaw starannie dobranych çwiczeƒ – odpowiednich rozdzia∏ów repetytorium „Angielski.

Gramatyka z çwiczeniami” wydawnictwa Lingo.

Uczmy si´ czasów! Prawid∏owe rozumienie i pos∏ugiwanie si´ czasami to waru-

nek konieczny dobrej znajomoÊci j´zyka angielskiego.

Z ˝yczeniami sukcesów

Autorka

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Sprawdê si´
Rozwià˝ test i sprawdê swojà wiedz´. Ten test pomo˝e Ci oceniç, na czym nale˝y skoncen-
trowaç si´ w nauce zagadnieƒ przedstawionych w tej ksià˝ce.

1. Sue______ her coffee white. 7. Tom ____________ paella before he


went to Spain.
a) is liking
b) likes c) was liking a) didn’t eat
b) hasn’t eaten
c) hadn’t eaten
2. I ______ to London many times
before. 8. Greg was very tired. He
____________ snow all day.
a) was
b) have been c) had been a) was shovelling
b) had been shovelling
c) has been shovelling
3. What ___________ ? I am a chemist.
9. I _________my Internet connection
a) do you do while I _________a reservation.
b) are you doing
c) are you
a) lost, was making
b) was losing, was making
c) was losing, made
4. Lynn _________ It is so annoying!
10. The band ____________for a few
a) always complains
weeks before they set out on the tour.
b) complained
c) is always complaining
a) have been rehearsing
b) had been rehearsing
5. I promise I _________ tell anyone.
c) was rehearsing

a) won’t 11. We ____________ for you since


b) don’t the morning.
c) won’t have
a) are waiting
b) have been waiting
6. This time next week we c) wait
____________ in the warm Caribbean
sun. 12. I _________ well recently.

a) will be basking a) haven’t been doing


b) are basking b) am not doing
c) will have been basking c) wasn’t doing

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

13. Joel ____________ a solution yet. 21. Beth is tired. She _____________ all
day.
a) didn’t find
b) found a) was working
c) hasn’t found b) worked
c) has been working
14. He _______ the gate between 3 and 4.
22. It ______________ __ all day.
a) repaired
b) has repaired
c) was repairing a) rains
b) is raining
15. My train _________ at 5 o’clock. c) has been raining

a) leaves 23. I ______ Helen since our school


b) is leaving days.
c) will leave
a) know
16. If only I _________ him seriously! b) have known
c) have been knowing
a) took
b) have taken
24. Mary was very disappointed because
c) had taken
she _______________ tickets for the
concert.
17. When I was a child I _________ in
Kentucky.
a) hadn’t bought
a) have lived b) lived c) had lived b) didn’t buy
c) hasn’t bought
18. We _________ married in August.
All’s been fixed. 25. Warsaw __________ dramatically
since I last saw it.
a) will get
b) get married a) changed
c) are getting married b) had changed
c) has changed
19. By February I __________ off the
mortgage. 26. Lord! We __________ crash!

a) will have paid a) will


b) will pay
b) are going to
c) am paying
c) shall
20. I __________ my home town last
week. 27. ____ you ____ me the sugar, please?

a) have visited a) are, passing


b) visited b) will, be passing
c) had visited c) will, pass

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1. Present Simple
Tworzenie czasu Present Simple

Forma twierdzàca Forma pytajàca


Podmiot Czasownik Do/Does Podmiot
I sleep Do I
You you
He he
She sleeps Does she sleep?
It it
We we
You sleep Do you
They they

Krótka odpowiedê Krótka odpowiedê


Yes Podmiot Do/Does No Podmiot Do/Does
Yes, I/we/you/they do No, I/we/you/they don’t
he/she/it does he/she/it doesn’t

Forma przeczàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Do/Does Not Czasownik I don’t
I do You
You He
He She doesn’t sleep
She does not sleep It
It We
We You don’t
You do They
They

Zastosowanie
Present Simple u˝ywamy:

Gdy informujemy o trwa∏ym stanie rzeczy, o zdarzeniach majàcych uniwersalny bàdê


powtarzajàcy si´ charakter.

I study at Silesian University. Studiuj´ na Uniwersytecie Âlàskim.


He works as a clerk. On pracuje jako urz´dnik.
She writes books. Ona pisze ksià˝ki.

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

Gdy mówimy o zachowaniach rutynowych, czynnoÊciach powtarzajàcych si´ mniej lub


bardziej regularnie.

My neighbours seldom do the washing Moi sàsiedzi rzadko piorà i prasujà.


and ironing.
Ben often goes fishing. Ben cz´sto chodzi na ryby.
The Smiths usually cook the meals. Paƒstwo Smith zazwyczaj gotujà posi∏ki.

Opisujàc czynnoÊci zwyczajowe i powtarzajàce si´ cz´sto u˝ywamy w Present Simple


przys∏ówków cz´stotliwoÊci.

always zawsze
usually zazwyczaj
often/frequently cz´sto
sometimes czasami
occasionally okazjonalnie
from time to time od czasu do czasu
sporadically sporadycznie
seldom/rarely rzadko
hardly ever prawie nigdy
never nigdy
ever kiedykolwiek
every day/every second day codziennie/co drugi dzieƒ
once/twice a week raz/dwa razy na tydzieƒ
every now and then czasami

W angielskim, inaczej ni˝ w j´zyku polskim (np. Ona nigdy niczego nie po˝ycza), nie stosuje
si´ podwójnego przeczenia, a wi´c kiedy zdanie zawiera wyraz przeczàcy, np. never,
nothing, nobody, nowhere, a tak˝e sugerujàcy przeczenie np. hardly, wówczas
w orzeczeniu zasadniczym nie pojawia si´ partyku∏a przeczàca not.

Ally never goes out alone after dark. Ally nigdy nie wychodzi sama po zmroku.
Tim has no opinions of his own. Tim nie ma w∏asnych poglàdów.
I have nothing to hide. Nie mam nic do ukrycia.
His wife hardly notices you. Jego ˝ona ledwo ci´ zauwa˝a.

Wyjàtkiem sà pewne dialekty czy gwary Êrodowiskowe, np. African American, East London
Cockney. Jedym z najbardziej znanych przyk∏adów zastosowania podwójnej negacji sà dwa
wersy z piosenki zespo∏u Pink Floyd „Another Brick in the Wall”:

We don’t need no education. Nie trzeba nam szko∏y.


We don’t need no thought control. Nie chcemy kontroli myÊli.

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Present Simple

W przypadku formu∏owania uniwersalnych prawid∏owoÊci, np. kiedy przedstawiamy


prawa natury.

Water freezes at 0°C. Woda zamarza w temperaturze 0°C.


Light travels 186000 miles per second. Âwiat∏o pokonuje 186000 mil na
sekund´.
Oil floats on water. Olej unosi si´ na powierzchni wody.

W odniesieniu do wydarzeƒ przysz∏ych zwiàzanych z pewnymi ustaleniami (takich jak:


rozk∏ad jazdy, repertuar kina czy teatru ..., harmonogram).

The bus departs at 9.15. Autobus odje˝d˝a o 9.15.


The film starts at 6 o’clock. Film zaczyna si´ o szóstej.
The meeting starts at 8 Spotkanie zaczyna si´ o ósmej,
and finishes at 10. a koƒczy o dziesiàtej.

Kiedy mówimy o zdarzeniach, które na pewno wydarzà si´ w przysz∏oÊci.

My grandfather turns 90 this week. Mój dziadek skoƒczy 90 lat w tym


tygodniu.
Spring starts on 21 March. Wiosna zaczyna si´ 21 marca.

W odniesieniu do czynnoÊci wykonywanych w chwili mówienia. Dotyczy to g∏ównie:

– relacji sportowych, np.

He goes past one defender, goes past another, dashes forward, flicks on to
Deco, Deco shoots, and he hits home from close range! What a finish of
a great move by Ronaldinho!!!
Mija jednego obroƒc´, mija nast´pnego, wybiega naprzód, podaje do Deco, Deco
strzela i trafia z bliskiej odleg∏oÊci! Co za wykoƒczenie Êwietnego podania
Ronaldinho!!!

– opisywania i przedstawiania eksperymentów w naukach Êcis∏ych, pokazach


kulinarnych oraz rozmaitych instrukcjach post´powania, np.

... then I add melted butter and mix well.


... wtedy dodaj´ topione mas∏o i dobrze mieszam.

First, I lift the cover and put the paper on the glass. Then I select the number
of copies and press the red button.
Najpierw podnosz´ pokryw´ i k∏ad´ papier na szkle. Potem wybieram iloÊç kopii
i naciskam czerwony przycisk.

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

I put sulphur powder in a test-tube. Then I heat the sulphur until it slowly
melts to form a golden yellow liquid. I continue to heat more until a red gas
appears above the liquid.
Wsypuj´ sproszkowanà siark´ do probówki. Nast´pnie podgrzewam siark´, a˝ powoli
stopi si´ i przybierze postaç z∏oto-˝ó∏tego p∏ynu. Podgrzewam jeszcze bardziej do
momentu, a˝ czerwony gaz pojawi si´ nad cieczà.

W didaskaliach utworów dramatycznych.

Polonius hides behind the curtain.


Poloniusz chowa si´ za kotarà.
King Lear enters carrying Cornelia in his arms. (lub: enter King Lear...)
Wchodzi król Lear niosàc Korneli´ w ramionach.

Jako Êrodek stylistyczny wzbogacajàcy narracj´, który jest alternatywà dla czasu
przesz∏ego.

He takes a puff on his cigar and walks out the door.


Zaciàga si´ papierosem i wychodzi.

W zdaniach czasowych i warunkowych.

If you see Paddy, say hello to her.


JeÊli spotkasz Paddy, pozdrów jà.
If you want to get better, stay in bed and take medicines.
JeÊli chcesz wyzdrowieç, le˝ w ∏ó˝ku i bierz leki.
What do you want to be when you grow up?
Kim chcesz zostaç, kiedy doroÊniesz?

Zapami´taj!
Czas Present Simple nie jest w Êcis∏ym znaczeniu czasem teraêniejszym, jest w pewnym sensie
ponadczasowy i chocia˝ bywa niekiedy u˝ywany jako czas teraêniejszy opisujàcy to, co dzieje
si´ w danym momencie albo nawet w miejsce czasu przysz∏ego, to jego g∏ówne zastosowanie
polega na okreÊleniu stanów, rutynowych czynnoÊci, nawyków, prawd uniwersalnych.

åwiczenia
1. Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w Present Simple.

1. He (work) as a web designer.


2. Their housekeeper (not do) do the laundry.

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Present Simple

3. I never (read) recipe books.


4. She always (keep) people at a distance.
5. I (wake) up before the alarm (go) off.
6. His lawyer (charge) a set fee per hour.
7. She always (read) legal documents very carefully.
8. Tim (like) his potatoes mashed with butter.
9. She (not know) how to sew on buttons.
10. Sophie (make) the most delicious cheesecake in the world.
11. Sparrows (not migrate) to Africa for the winter.
12. My computer (take) a long time to load.
13. Vegans (eat) only plant food.
14. Red Bull (give) you wings.
15. He (collect) old envelopes and household items.

2. Wpisz w wolne miejsce w∏aÊciwy czasownik.

1. I always r______ before going to sleep.


2. Their sons don’t c______ up after meals.
3. My husband always t______ about politics.
4. We don’t e______ until we feel hungry.
5. She usually w______ out in the gym four times a week.
6. They s______ the best steaks in town.
7. He never m______ a mistake.
8. My sister always c______ about being fat.
9. Tom d______ a silver BMW.
10. Mrs Jones s______ when I greet her.
11. My dogs g______ at everyone who comes to my house.
12. She f______ a calorie-controlled diet.
13. My aunt b______ milk from dairy farmers.
14. They always t______ to be friendly and helpful.
15. Their grandson a______ a French-speaking kindergarten.

3. Przekszta∏ç poni˝sze zdania na zdania przeczàce.

1. I experiment with my recipes.


2. He delivers newspapers to earn some extra money.
3. They eat vegetables and drink milk.
4. My grandmother knits sweaters for us.
5. My sister listens to all sorts of music.
6. We eat three meals a day.
7. My boss smokes Cuban cigars.
8. She wears funny round glasses.
9. My garden overlooks a magnificent waterfall.
10. I take sugar in my coffee.
11. My neighbours gossip about everyone they know.

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

12. We cater to birthday parties and wedding receptions.


13. They always fight over everything.
14. My friends throw parties to please themselves.
15. I get angry when people talk behind my back.

4. U∏ó˝ pytania dotyczàce podkreÊlonych cz´Êci zdaƒ.

1. I usually drink orange juice for lunch.


2. She never calls before she comes over.
3. My boss often gesticulates while talking.
4. I read boring articles to send myself to sleep.
5. We seldom go out these days.
6. I study English one to three hours a day.
7. He always spreads butter too thickly on his bread.
8. They live in a remote mountainous area.
9. Polar bears eat seals and other marine mammals.
10. My brother wants to become a TV broadcaster.

5. U∏ó˝ odpowiedzi wedle podanego wzoru.

He is a website designer. What does he do at work?


He designs websites.

1. They are firefighters. What do they do?


2. She is a news presenter. What does she do at work?
3. He is a lorry driver. What does he do?
4. She is a pianist. What does she do?
5. We are fruit pickers. What do we do?
6. He is a film producer. What does he do?
7. He is a deer hunter. What does he do?
8. He is a refuse collector. What does he do at work?
9. They are software developers. What do they do?
10. She is an interior decorator. What does she do at work?

6. Wybierz prawid∏owà odpowiedê.

1. Can I get you anything? Tea, coffee?


a) No, thank you. I don’t need anything.
b) No, thank you. I don’t need nothing.
2. Do you have any experience with animations?
a) No, I am sorry. I don’t have no experience with that yet.
b) No, I am sorry. I don’t have any experience with that yet.
3. What are your weaknesses?
a) I don’t have any glaring weaknesses, however I could improve on my social skills.

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Present Simple

b) I don’t have no glaring weaknesses, however I could improve on my social skills.


4. Do you provide transport to work?
a) Unfortunately, we don’t provide any transport.
b) Unfortunately, we don’t provide none.
5. Can you tell me more about your previous job?
a) I worked as a technical consultant for a small company. I worked seven days
a week – I never had time to rest.
b) I worked as a technical consultant for a small company. I worked seven days
a week – I never didn’t have any time to rest.

7. Skoryguj zdania analogicznie do podanego ni˝ej przyk∏adu.

Newspapers come out every week.


No, they don’t. Newspapers come out every day.

1. Horses feed on meat.


2. Penguins live in the Arctic.
3. Water boils at 90°C.
4. Dogs purr when they are pleased.
5. The Sun orbits the Earth.
6. The Vistula enters the Black Sea.
7. Tigers live in the grasslands of Africa.
8. David Beckham plays for Korona Kielce.
9. Coffee grows in Poland.
10. Yeti lives in the waters of Loch Ness.
11. Blackbirds lay their eggs in other birds’ nests.
12. James Bond works for a Russian Secret Service.

8. Uzupe∏nij zdania wstawiajàc w wolne miejsce if lub when.

1. I will explain everything ______ we meet.


2. I am always careful ______ I drive a car.
3. Correct me ______ I am wrong.
4. ______ you like legal thrillers, you will enjoy this one.
5. ______ the sun goes down, it gets dark.
6. Wake me up ______ it’s time for dinner.
7. ______ you want to lose weight, stay away from sweets.
8. ______ the winter comes, it gets colder and colder.
9.______ the rice turns golden brown, add some wine to the pan.
10.______ you have further questions, please feel free to contact us.

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

9. Korzystajàc ze wskazówki umieszczonej w nawiasie, wpisz w wolne miejsce w∏aÊciwy


przys∏ówek cz´stotliwoÊci. Czasami wi´cej ni˝ jedna odpowiedê jest prawid∏owa.

1. I ______ drink coffee with brown sugar. (at all times)


2. He ______ speaks before he thinks. (on most occasions)
3. She ______ wears her hair in a bun. (many times)
4. I ______ shop at Wal-Mart. (on some occasions)
5. He ______ writes book and film reviews. (not regularly or often)
6. We ______ watch the same film twice. (almost never)
7. They ______ eat between meals. (not at any time)
8. We go bowling ______. (once on each day)
9. Do you ______ go bird watching? (at any time)
10. The meeting is held ______. (the second, then the fourth, then the sixth year)

10. Uzupe∏nij dialog wstawiajàc w wolne miejsce w∏aÊciwe s∏owo (jeÊli trzeba, dostosuj
form´ wyrazu) wybrane z poni˝szej listy: wait, take out, select, make, open, insert,
put in, come, switch off.

A: Excuse me, can you show me how you use this washing machine?
B: Yes, of course. First, I ______ (1) the right programme for my wash, whether it’s
a quick wash, slightly or heavily soiled. Then I ______ (2) the porthole door and
______ (3) my load. It ______ (4) loading and unloading your laundry easy.
Then I ______ (5) the correct money into the slot to start the machine. That’s
all. Short and simple.

(After some time)

B: Now, the washing is done. I ______ (6) for the door to unlock, ______ (7) the
machine and I ______ (8) the laundry. Next ______ (9) moving it to the dryer.
A: Thanks a lot. I hope I won’t have to take my clothes to the dry-cleaner next
time.

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2. Present Continuous
Tworzenie czasu Present Continuous

Forma twierdzàca Forma pytajàca


Podmiot Am/Are/Is Czasownik+ing Am/Are/Is Podmiot Czasownik+ing
I am Am I
You are Are you
He he
She is sleeping Is she sleeping?
It It
We we
You are Are you
They they

Krótka odpowiedê Krótka odpowiedê


Yes Podmiot Am/Are/Is No Podmiot Am/Are/Is+not
Yes, I am No, I am not
we/you/they are we/you/they aren’t
he/she/it is he/she/it isn’t

Forma przeczàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Am/Are/Is Not Czasownik+ing nie istnieje
I am You aren’t
You are He
He She isn’t sleeping
She is not sleeping It
It We
We You aren’t
You are They
They

Zastosowanie
Czas Present Continuous stosujemy przede wszystkim, kiedy mówimy o czynnoÊciach,
które trwajà w chwili mówienia.

He is repairing a washing machine now. On teraz naprawia pralk´.


We are packing our suitcases. Pakujemy nasze walizki.
I am stirring sugar into my coffee. Mieszam cukier w kawie.

Czasem Present Continuous pos∏ugujemy si´ opisujàc czynnoÊci, które odbywajà si´
w szeroko rozumianej chwili „teraz”.

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

He is working as a freelance photographer these days.


Teraz pracuje jako niezrzeszony fotograf.

I am preparing for my driving test now.


Obecnie przygotowuj´ si´ do egzaminu z prawa jazdy.

She is researching new technologies.


Ona prowadzi badanie nad nowymi technologiami.

Je˝eli nie u˝yjemy odpowiedniego wyra˝enia (np. at present, these days), bàdê jeÊli kontekst
nie jest wyraêny, powy˝sze zdania mogà oznaczaç, ˝e czynnoÊci te dziejà si´ w chwili obecnej.

What are you doing now? Co robisz?


I am preparing for my driving test. Przygotowuj´ si´ do egzaminu
z prawa jazdy.
ale

Do you have a driving licence? Masz prawo jazdy?


No, but I am preparing for my Nie, ale przygotowuj´ si´ do egzaminu
driving test. z prawa jazdy.

Czas Present Continuous mo˝na równie˝ stosowaç z przys∏ówkami always, constantly,


continually w sytuacjach, kiedy mówimy o czynnoÊciach powtarzajàcych si´ z mniejszà lub
wi´kszà cz´stotliwoÊcià, co do których wyra˝amy naszà przygan´, negatywny stosunek,
zniecierpliwienie, wzgl´dnie zazdroÊç, np.

Philip is continually complaining. Philip stale narzeka.


Daniel is always telling naughty jokes. Daniel zawsze opowiada nieprzyz-
woite dowcipy.
Zoe is always getting what she wants. Zoe zawsze dostaje to, co chce.
My boss is constantly criticising me. Mój szef ciàgle mnie krytykuje.

Present Continuous u˝ywa si´ tak˝e:

Majàc na myÊli takie zamierzenia i plany na przysz∏oÊç, co do których podj´to ju˝ pewne
dzia∏ania realizacyjne.

I am meeting Simon tomorrow. Jutro spotykam si´ z Simonem.


They are getting married in August. Pobierajà si´ w sierpniu.
We are flying to Madrid next week. Lecimy do Madrytu w przysz∏ym
tygodniu.

Dla unikni´cia dwuznacznoÊci nale˝y w tego typu zdaniach u˝yç okreÊlenia czasu,
poniewa˝ jego brak mo˝e wypaczyç wypowiedê.

I am leaving on Monday. Wyje˝d˝am w poniedzia∏ek.


I am leaving. Wyje˝d˝am (teraz).

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Present Continuous

Kiedy mówimy o czynnoÊciach majàcych charakter tymczasowy.

Kelly is working as a trainee teacher. Kelly pracuje jako praktykantka


w szkole.
I am living in Moscow now. Obecnie mieszkam w Moskwie.
Andrew is working overtime this week. Andrew pracuje w tym tygodniu
w godzinach nadliczbowych.

Do wyra˝enia trendów albo tendencji.

Television is becoming more interactive. Telewizja staje si´ bardziej interaktywna.


The universe is expanding. WszechÊwiat rozszerza si´.
The world’s population is ageing. Populacja starzeje si´.

Uwaga!
Pewne grupy czasowników zwykle nie wyst´pujà w czasie Present Continuous – podobnie jak
w innych czasach typu Continuous. Nale˝à do nich:

Czasowniki postrzegania zmys∏owego (np. hear, see, feel, smell, taste).

Your goulash tastes great.


Twój gulasz jest wyborny (dos∏. gulasz smakuje wybornie).
ale
What are you doing? I am tasting the goulash.
Co robisz? Próbuj´ gulaszu (taste w czasie Continuous odnosi si´ do czynnoÊci, a nie do
stanu).

Czasowniki wyra˝ajàce odczucia (np. love, hate, like, want) i stany intelektualne (know,
think, understand, remember).

I am sorry, I don’t understand.


Przepraszam, nie rozumiem.
ale
I don’t think she is fully understanding my problems.
Nie sadz´, ˝e ona do koƒca rozumie moje problemy (understand w czasie Continuous
sugeruje, ˝e lepsze zrozumienie jest mo˝liwe).

I think it is important.
MyÊl´, ˝e to wa˝ne.
ale
What are you thinking about?
O czym myÊlisz? (think w czasie Continuous sugeruje proces myÊlenia, a nie stan
trwa∏ego przekonania).

I hate this job.


Nie cierpi´ tej pracy.

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

ale
I am hating every moment of this journey.
Nie mog´ Êcierpieç ka˝dej chwili tej podró˝y (hate w czasie Continuous sugeruje,
˝e emocja jest raczej chwilowym odczuciem ni˝ trwa∏à postawà).
He likes his coffee black.
On lubi czarnà kaw´.
ale
I am liking it less and less.
Coraz mniej mi si´ to podoba (like w czasie Continuous oznacza odczucie bàdê
nastawienie zmieniajàce ciàgle swe nat´˝enie).

Czasowniki nazywajàce stosunki mi´dzy osobami, przedmiotami (np. belong to,


consist of, have).

They have a new car.


Majà nowy samochód.
ale
They are having lunch now.
Jedzà teraz obiad (have w czasie Continuous oznacza – w tym kontekÊcie – czynnoÊç
jedzenia a nie stan posiadania).

Przyk∏ady zastosowania czasów ciàg∏ych z rozmaitymi czasownikami prowadzà do wniosku,


˝e w zasadzie nie da si´ wydzieliç grupy czasowników, które nigdy nie tworzà czasów typu
Continuous.

Zapami´taj!
Czas Present Continuous nie s∏u˝y jedynie do opisywania czynnoÊci bàdê sytuacji, które
trwajà w chwili mówienia.
Present Continuous opisuje tak˝e czynnoÊci, które sà obecnie w toku, choç nie muszà dziaç
si´ w chwili wypowiadania zdania. Present Continuous opisuje tak˝e – za pomocà
przys∏ówków always, continually, constantly – czynnoÊci powtarzajàce si´. Zdanie
wyra˝one w taki sposób nie jest jednak neutralnym stwierdzeniem. Jest ono nacechowane
emocjonalnie, wyra˝a dezaprobat´, zazdroÊç, zniecierpliwienie.

åwiczenia
1. Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w Present Continuous, dokonujàc zmian w strukturze zdania.

1. When you (leave)?


2. What she (try) to do?
3. Why you (wear) this suit?
4. You (do) anything tomorrow evening?
5. Whom you (see) tonight?
6. Where you (hurry) to at this hour?

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Present Continuous

7. Why you (do) this to me?


8. What he (get) at?
9. What she (wait) for?
10. How he (do) as a father?

2. Opisz prac´ piel´gniarek w szpitalu. Uzupe∏nij zdania wstawiajàc w wolne miejsce


w∏aÊciwy czasownik z listy w czasie Present Continuous.

take(x2), check, give, perform, operate, talk, feed, help, escort

1. Lynn ______ injections now.


2. Ally ______ medical equipment.
3. Amy ______ a patient’s pulse.
4. Jacky ______ to a doctor now.
5. Juliet ______ a patient get out of bed.
6. Katy ______ a child’s temperature.
7. Paddy ______ height and weight now.
8. Paula ______ a baby.
9. Sue ______ laboratory tests at the moment.
10. Chloe ______ a woman to an examining room.

3. Przekszta∏ç poni˝sze zdania na zdania przeczàce.

1. My parents are buying new furniture for their house.


2. I am thinking about leaving my job.
3. We are planning to move to the suburbs.
4. She is reading her old diary.
5. Liz is dying her hair green and pink.
6. He is cutting a piece of bread.
7. The workers are striking over unfair labour practices.
8. We are redecorating our guest rooms.
9. The cat is licking its paws.
10. My neighbour is drilling holes in the wall.

4. Dopasuj wyra˝enia z kolumny B do wyra˝eƒ z kolumny A.

A B
1. What languages does she speak? a) He is playing football.
2. What do you do? b) Me or my husband.
3. Where do you work? c) Yes, he is. He plays football.
4. Where is Ron? d) English and Hungarian.
5. Who is doing the shopping? e) I am polishing my shoes.
6. Where are you working? f) I can’t understand a word of it!
7. What language is she speaking? g) In a cornfield this season.
8. What are you doing? h) In a bike shop
9. Who does the shopping? i). I am a political analyst.
10. Ron is very active, isn’t he? j) Chris. Do you want him to buy
you anything?

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

5. Uzupe∏nij wolne miejsca danymi z kalendarza (planu spotkaƒ) Rona McCave lub Hugh
Dextera w czasie Present Continuous.

Kalendarz Rona McCave


Monday 9 – 12 business meeting
Tuesday 1 pm: see an important customer
15 – 16:30 have lunch with a sales manager
Wednesday attend a conference on food safety
Thursday
Friday take a business trip to Poland

Kalendarz Hugh Dextera


Monday 12 – 17:30 attend vegetarian food fairs
Tuesday
Wednesday 12 – 14:30 videoconference
Thursday day off – moving out to a new house
Friday

Dexter: Hello. Is that Ron McCave?


McCave: Yes, speaking
D: Hello, this is Hugh Dexter. We met during a conference on food quality last
month.
M: Oh, it is you, Hugh. How are you?
D: I am very well, thank you. I am wondering if we could meet to discuss some of
the things mentioned in the conference?
M: Yes, of course. What about tomorrow at 10 o’clock? No, I am sorry. I am busy
all morning tomorrow – I (1) am having a business meeting. Can we meet
sometime other than between 9 and 12?
D: No, tomorrow afternoon is no good – we (2) ______ . How about Tuesday
afternoon?
M: Tuesday afternoon? I (3) ______ at 1 and from 15 to 16:30 I (4) ______ .
No, Tuesday’s afternoon is no good. Could we possibly meet on Wednesday?
D: Yes, I am free after 14:30.
M: Umm, Wednesday afternoon isn’t good, either. I (5) ______ . Thursday would
be better for me. What are you doing on Thursday?
D: I am taking a day off. I (6) ______ , but I am available all day on Friday.
M: Ah, I (7) ______ . Perhaps we could meet sometime next week. Shall we say
Tuesday?

6. Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Present Simple lub Present Continuous,


dokonujàc zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba.

1. A: Are you busy?


B: Yes. I (study) the proposals.
2. A: Where is Amy?
B: She (rehearse) a new play.

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Present Continuous

3. A: Dan (throw) a party next Saturday.


B: He always (party)!
4. A: It (get) colder and colder.
B: Let’s stay at home until the weather (improve).
5. A: You (go) away this summer?
B: Yes, we (go) to Madrid.
6. A: Who (use) this room?
B: My son, when he (come) home on holiday.
7. A: What is that smell?
B: My mother (bake) bread.
8. A: How it (go) at work these days?
B: I (get) tired from working so much.
9. A: What he (do) for a living?
B: He is a deputy sheriff.
10. A: Who (do) your hair?
B: I (do) it myself.

7. U∏ó˝ pytania dotyczàce podkreÊlonych cz´Êci zdaƒ.

1. She is reading a bedtime story to her little son.


2. I am drinking a gin and tonic.
3. The child is getting to sleep now.
4. The teacher is explaining the basics of algebra.
5. We are shopping for a sofa bed.
6. Ted is cleaning the bird cage.
7. Matthew is sailing for Barbuda next month.
8. Andy is translating a faxed document.
9. She is whisking the eggs vigorously.
10. They are basking in the afternoon sun.

8. Po∏àcz zdania z tabelki A ze zdaniami z tabelki B.

A B
1. She is so unreliable. a) He is always helping others.
2. Vince was born under a lucky star. b) She is always poking her nose into
other people’s business.
3. Jay never takes responsibility for c) He is always getting what he wants.
his actions.
4. Katy is so negative all the time. d) She is always criticising everyone
and everything.
5. Winnie the Pooh is a very friendly e) She is constantly coming late.
bear.
6. She is a busybody. f) He is always blaming someone else.
7. Paul is extremely self-centred. g) He is always talking about himself.

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3. Past Simple
Tworzenie czasu Past Simple
Forma twierdzàca Forma pytajàca
Podmiot II Forma Czasownika Did Podmiot I Forma Czasownika
I I
You you
He he
She slept Did she sleep?
It it
We we
You you
They they

Krótka odpowiedê Krótka odpowiedê


Yes Podmiot Did No Podmiot Did+not
Yes, I/we/you/they did No, I/we/you/they didn’t
he/she/it he/she/it

Forma przeczàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Did Not I Forma Czasownika I
I You
You He
He She didn’t sleep
She did not sleep It
It We
We You
You They
They

Zastosowanie
Czas Past Simple jest czasem przesz∏ym prostym.

Stosujemy go, kiedy mowa jest o czynnoÊciach bàdê stanach, które wydarzy∏y si´
w przesz∏oÊci i nie sugerujemy ich powiàzania z teraêniejszoÊcià. Zdania w czasie Past Simple
zawierajà cz´sto dok∏adny okreÊlnik czasu (np. on Wednesday, last week, a year ago).

We met her on Monday.


SpotkaliÊmy jà w poniedzia∏ek.

I saw this film thee times in a row.


Widzia∏em ten film trzy razy z rz´du.

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Past Simple

Last week we went to a fashion show.


W zesz∏ym tygodniu poszliÊmy na pokaz mody.

OkreÊlnikiem mo˝e byç równie˝ zdanie podrz´dne, np.

I prepared the salad while she was cleaning up.


Przygotowa∏em sa∏atk´, podczas gdy ona sprzàta∏a.

When she got home, I gave her the message.


Kiedy przysz∏a do domu, przekaza∏em jej wiadomoÊç.

Past Simple u˝ywamy równie˝ do opisu zdarzeƒ, do których dosz∏o w ÊciÊle okreÊlonym
czasie, chocia˝ czas ten nie jest bezpoÊrednio wspomniany. Np. w odniesieniu do czynnoÊci
bàdê stanów, których lokalizacja w przesz∏oÊci nie jest sprecyzowana ˝adnym okreÊleniem
czasowym, a która jest wskazana poÊrednio okolicznikiem miejsca.

Luke studied English in London.


Luke uczy∏ si´ angielskiego w Londynie.

We bought this sofa in Berlin.


KupiliÊmy t´ sof´ w Berlinie.

I ran into him in a coffee shop.


Spotka∏em go (dos. wpad∏em na niego) w kawiarni.

Past Simple stosuje si´ równie˝:

Kiedy mówimy o faktach historycznych.

Maria Sk∏odowska-Curie discovered polonium and radium.


Maria Sk∏odowska-Curie odkry∏a polon i rad.

Aleksander Graham Bell invented the telephone.


Aleksander Graham Bell wynalaz∏ telefon.

Kiedy mówimy o zdarzeniach bàdê czynnoÊciach, które nast´powa∏y bezpoÊrednio


jedne po drugich – w narracji.

Chelsea got up, came to the window and pulled up the shade.
Chelsea wsta∏a z ∏ó˝ka, podesz∏a do okna i podciàgn´∏a rolet´.

Kiedy chcemy nadaç wypowiedzi uprzejmy ton (w miejsce czasu teraêniejszego).

I wondered if you could give me some advice. Zastanawiam si´, czy nie
móg∏byÊ mi daç paru rad.

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

I thought you would want to see them. PomyÊla∏em, ˝e móg∏byÊ


chcieç si´ z nimi spotkaç.
I wanted to bring it to your attention. Chcia∏em zwróciç ci na to
uwag´.

Po wyra˝eniach takich jak: if only, I wish, it’s (high) time, I’d rather zamiast czasu
teraêniejszego lub przysz∏ego w aspekcie ˝yczeniowym i/lub hipotetycznym, np.

It’s high time you grew up. Najwy˝szy czas, ˝ebyÊ wydoroÊla∏.

I wish I knew the right words. Szkoda, ˝e nie znam odpowiednich s∏ów.

If only she knew the truth. Gdyby ona tylko zna∏a prawd´.

I’d rather he contacted me first. Wola∏bym, ˝eby on si´ ze mnà skontaktowa∏


pierwszy.

W zdaniach warunkowych i mowie zale˝nej w znaczeniu teraêniejszym lub wspó∏czesnym


(o ile s∏owo wprowadzajàce relacj´ jest w czasie przesz∏ym).

If I had more courage, I would ask her out.


Gdybym mia∏ wi´cej odwagi, umówi∏bym si´ z nià.

He responded that he planned to run for reelection.


Odpowiedzia∏, ˝e planuje ubiegaç si´ o reelekcj´.

Zapami´taj!
Past Simple stosujemy, aby odnieÊç si´ do czynnoÊci bàdê sytuacji umiejscowionych
w przesz∏oÊci. Mówiàcy unaocznia wydarzenia przesz∏e i okolicznoÊci ich zaistnienia,
nie sugerujàc ich powiàzania z teraêniejszoÊcià.

Already, yet, just nigdy nie wyst´pujà w czasie Past Simple.

åwiczenia

1. Ka˝dy z ciàgów wyrazów 1-10 przekszta∏ç w poprawne zdania, nadajàc wyst´pujàcym


tam czasownikom form´ Past Simple.

1. The Smiths/sell/their house and/move/ to Vancouver.


2. I/go/to bed, but I/not sleep/ a wink.
3. Philip/study/law at Glasgow University.

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Past Simple

4. How/you/make/your first million?


5. Abraham Lincoln/be born/in 1809.
6. My brother/set up in business/as a confectioner.
7. Martin/sue/the newspaper for libel, and he/win.
8. When/you/last/see/him?
9. Amy/join/the company in 2001.
10. I/want/to be an astronaut when I/be/a child.

2. Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Past Simple.

1. I (look) out of the window and (see) a group of people gathered around a car.
2. The vase (fall) over and (break) into tiny pieces.
3. Katy (call) me within minutes of leaving the office.
4. Jack (pay) me what he (owe) me.
5. Sue (bite) her lip when she (hear) the story.
6. She (leave) all the lights on.
7. The child (stand) over the sink eating a tuna sandwich.
8. Tim (grow) up in a family of eight.
9. Last Saturday I (take) my children out shopping.
10. He (pick) up the phone, (listen), and (run) out of the house.
11. William (park) his car, (get) out, and (approach) the house.
12. She (sit) on the bed’s edge and (read) the letter again.
13. Greg (take) off his reading glasses and (wipe) them carefully.
14. I (drop) out of school last year.
15. Let me see if he (call) her before last week.

3. Skoryguj zdania analogicznie do podanego ni˝ej przyk∏adu.

The Rolling Stones sang All you need is love.


No, they didn’t. The Beatles sang All you need is love.

1. Harold Pinter won the 2006 Nobel for literature.


2. Columbus discovered India in 1492.
3. Michael Jordan underwent many plastic surgeries.
4. Agatha Christie created Sherlock Holmes.
5. Kraków was the first capital of Poland.
6. The ancient Romans built the pyramids.
7. Catherine the Great reigned over Germany.
8. Alexander Graham Bell invented the printing press in 1456.
9. CS Lewis wrote Harry Potter.
10. Icarus constructed the labyrinth to imprison the Minotaur.
11. Neil Armstrong became the first man in space.
12. Clint Eastwood starred in Saturday Night Fever.

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4. Wpisz w wolne miejsce w∏aÊciwy czasownik.

1. Carl d ______ his wine to the last drop.


2. He a ______ the phone on the first ring.
3. Dylan l ______ home without saying goodbye to anybody.
4. Jacob b ______ me a far too expensive birthday present.
5. It t ______ me a little under an hour to finish the report.
6. She s ______ us the most interesting places in the city.
7. When I was a child, I d ______ of becoming a fire fighter.
8. Last weekend I w ______ to the casino and w ______ $1000.
9. Sylvia s ______ at the kitchen table reading the paper.
10. They m ______ too many mistakes to win the match.

5. U∏ó˝ pytania dotyczàce podkreÊlonych cz´Êci zdaƒ.

1. My exams went very well.


2. The child ate a meal with both parents.
3. A thief broke into a locked vehicle and stole a stereo system.
4. The police arrested demonstrators for blocking the runway.
5. Mr Olive studied economics at the London School of Economics.
6. The prime minister opened the industrial park on Monday.
7. Mike installed a trial version of Windows XP.
8. The phone rang a few times before I picked it up.
9. Emma made a terrible mistake and there is no going back.
10. He lost the game because the umpire was biased against him.

6. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Past Simple.

Jane: Have you read the article on the jungles of Peru in National Geographic?
Chris: No, I haven’t. I am not really into the jungles of South America. Actually,
I am not into any jungles.
Jane: Oh, I 1(be) certain that you would show concern for the plight of many
endangered animals there. After all, you once 2(belong) to OIPA.
Chris: Well, I 3(think) that this article was about trees rather than animals.
Of course I will read it. Thanks for telling me.
Jane: What you 4(do) as a member of OIPA?
Chris: Well, we 5(learn) about animal welfare, 6(defend) their rights, 7(protest)
against vivisection. Actually, I can’t recall much of what we 8(do).
As I 9(say), that 10(be) many years ago.

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P r zR
Aeuzdef i cm
dzeom
kw nBi ak h n h o f
4. Past Continuous
Tworzenie czasu Past Continuous

Forma twierdzàca Forma pytajàca


Podmiot Was/Were Czasownik+ing Was/Were Podmiot Czasownik+ing
I was Was I
You were Were you
He he
She was sleeping Was she sleeping?
It it
We we
You were Were you
They they

Krótka odpowiedê Krótka odpowiedê


Yes Podmiot Was/Were No Podmiot Was/Were+not
Yes, I was No, I wasn’t
we/you/they were we/you/they weren’t
he/she/it was he/she/it wasn’t

Forma przeczàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Was/Were Not Czasownik+ing I wasn’t
I was You weren’t
You were He
He She wasn’t sleeping
She was not sleeping It
It We
We You weren’t
You were They
They

Zastosowanie
Czas Past Continuous jest czasem przesz∏ym niedokonanym.

Czasu Past Continuous u˝ywamy w nast´pujàcych przypadkach:

Gdy mówimy o czynnoÊciach lub sytuacjach, które trwa∏y przez pewien czas
w przesz∏oÊci, i których czas trwania nie jest bli˝ej znany bàdê jest nieistotny.
The dog was sleeping on the sofa.
Pies spa∏ na sofie.

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Gdy mówimy o czynnoÊciach bàdê sytuacjach, które rozpocz´∏y si´ przed okreÊlonym
momentem w przesz∏oÊci i prawdpopodobnie trwa∏y dalej.
He was working in the filed at 3 p.m.
Pracowa∏ na polu o trzeciej.

JeÊli okreÊlenie czasowe wyrazimy w Past Simple, to informujemy, ˝e czynnoÊç wyra˝ona


w Past Continuous rozpocz´∏a si´ przed czynnoÊcià lub sytuacjà wyra˝onà w Past Simple,
i ˝e prawdopodobnie trwa∏a dalej.
I was darning a sock when he got home.
Cerowa∏am skarpet´, kiedy on wróci∏ do domu.

Uwaga!
Zdania w Past Continuous zazwyczaj zaczynajà si´ od while – wyraz ten ma znaczenie
„podczas gdy”.
While I was darning a sock, he got home.
Podczas gdy cerowa∏am skarpet´, on wróci∏ do domu.

Gdy mówimy o czynnoÊciach bàdê sytuacjach, które mieÊci∏y si´ w pewnym okreÊlonym
przedziale czasowym.
I was studying between two and five.
Uczy∏em si´ mi´dzy drugà a piàtà.

Gdy mówimy o dwóch lub kilku czynnoÊciach, które odbywa∏y si´ równolegle przez
pewien czas.
While I was lying on the beach, he was sitting in the shade.
Kiedy le˝a∏am na pla˝y, on siedzia∏ w cieniu.

Past Continuous stosuje si´ równie˝:

W narracji, jako t∏o wydarzenia lub opis sytuacji, w której coÊ si´ sta∏o.
A student was performing an experiment when the wind blew the front door open.
Student przeprowadza∏ doÊwiadczenie, kiedy podmuch wiatru otworzy∏ frontowe drzwi.

W uprzejmych wypowiedziach.
I was thinking if you would allow me to interview you.
Zastanawia∏em si´, czy pozwoli∏byÊ mi przeprowadziç z sobà wywiad.
I was wondering if you would explain it to me.
Zastanawia∏em si´, czy nie wyt∏umaczy∏byÊ mi tego.

Po wyra˝eniach takich jak: if only, I wish, it’s time w miejsce czasu teraêniejszego.
I wish she weren’t wearing this dress.
Chcia∏bym, ˝eby nie nosi∏a tej sukienki/Szkoda, ˝e ona ma na sobie t´ sukienk´.
It is high time I was getting home.
Najwy˝szy czas, ˝ebym szed∏ do domu.

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Past Continuous

Kiedy mowa jest o sytuacjach tymczasowych w przesz∏oÊci.


Paul was working in the shoe shop then.
Paul pracowa∏ wtedy w sklepie z butami.
When I was ten I was living in the suburbs of Philadelphia.
Kiedy mia∏em dziesi´ç lat mieszka∏em na przedmieÊciach Filadelfii.

Kiedy mówimy o ustaleniach przysz∏ych widzianych z perspektywy przesz∏ej.


I was meeting a new client. Mia∏em si´ spotkaç z nowym klientem.

W zdaniach warunkowych i mowie zale˝nej, najcz´Êciej w znaczeniu teraêniejszym.


If I weren’t taking a day off, I would substitute for Robert.
Gdybym nie bra∏ dnia wolnego, zastàpi∏bym Roberta (ale bior´ – aspekt nierzeczy-
wisty).
She said she was leaving (nast´pstwo czasów po she said).
Powiedzia∏a, ˝e odchodzi.

Aby wyraziç stopniowà zmian´ sytuacji bàdê procesu – wyst´puje wówczas bez okreÊle-
nia czasowego.
It was getting windy. Robi∏o si´ wietrznie.
He was turning grey. Siwia∏.

Zapami´taj!
When i while mogà byç u˝yte zamiennie, jeÊli jedna lub dwie czynnoÊci przesz∏e trwa∏y
stosunkowo d∏ugo. JeÊli jednak obie czynnoÊci by∏y krótkie, stosujemy when.
The phone rang/was ringing while/when I was washing my hair
I bumped into my English teacher when I turned a corner.

åwiczenia

1. W wyra˝eniach 1-12 wstaw czasowniki w odpowiedniej formie, aby powsta∏y poprawnie


zbudowane zdania.

I/read/a book/when/the power/go down.


I was reading a book when the power went down.

1. While/the kettle/boil/she/take out a cup/from the cupboard.


_____________________________________________________________________

2. The postman/arrive/while/we/pack/ for a trip to Florida.


_____________________________________________________________________

3. I/make/my bed/when/I hear/ a cat meowing.


_____________________________________________________________________

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

4. She/ meet/her future husband/while/she/stay/ in Helsinki.


_____________________________________________________________________

5. Tim/chat/online/while/the child/play/ with a toy.


_____________________________________________________________________

6. Alice/cut her finger/while/she/chop/a carrot.


_____________________________________________________________________

7. A doctor/examine/me/when/a patient/come in.


_____________________________________________________________________

8. I/run/into a friend of mine/while/I/shop/at Safeway.


_____________________________________________________________________

9. Dorothy/see/a car accident/while/she/queue/ at the Main Post Office.


_____________________________________________________________________

10. Jack/hear/the police siren/while/he/go to bed.


_____________________________________________________________________

11. It/rain/when/we/leave/the restaurant.


_____________________________________________________________________

12. What/you/do/on 2 September?


_____________________________________________________________________

2. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Past Continuous lub Past Simple.

1. Tim (park) the car when a police officer (stop) him for driving without his headlights on.
2. A storm (break) while Jim (bird watch).
3. The miners (demonstrate) while the prime minister (open) a meeting.
4. The telephone (ring) while I (proofread).
5. I (sprain) my ankle while I (get) off the bus.
6. The gardener (whistle) while he (trim) the hedge.
7. While the police (search) the house, they (find) 2 kilos of heroin.
8. The ambulance (arrive) while the fire brigade (put) out the fire.
9. Mike (burn) his hand while he (poke) the fire.
10. I (browse) the net when the light (go) out.

3. U∏ó˝ pytania dotyczàce podkreÊlonych cz´Êci zdaƒ.

1. The actress was rehearsing her lines.


2. While Martha was locking the door, she heard a gunshot.
3. Tom was paying the bill when a man came up to the table.
4. David was repairing the gate all afternoon.
5. The children were playing on the seashore.

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Past Continuous

6. Ann was trying to remove the stain, but she was unsuccessful.
7. It was raining all night in London.
8. The boys were pitching the tent in the yard.
9. The fans were cheering on their team.
10. The ducks were swimming in the pond.

4. Skoryguj zdania analogicznie do podanego ni˝ej przyk∏adu:

While the players were warming up, someone threw a bottle on the field. (pose for pictures)
The players weren’t warming up when someone threw a bottle on the filed.
They were posing for pictures.

1. Aunt Clarissa burst into my room while I was napping. (tiptoe into my room)
2. While Kim was eating strawberries, Jim came home. (wash strawberries)
3. While I was putting on my running shoes, the lace broke. (take off shoes)
4. Brandon was running up the stairs when his keys fell out of his pocket.
(run down the stairs)
5. We were watching a match when the lights went off. (watch a film)
6. When Chris walked into the office, the secretary was filling out some papers.
(eat a cake)
7. Beth was peeling potatoes when she heard her husband opening the front door.
(mash potatoes)

5. Popraw b∏àd w ka˝dym z poni˝szych zdaƒ.

1. While Sue wrote an essay, Jerry was revising for his exam.
2. He was getting home while I was sleeping.
3. Tim was washing the dishes when a plate was falling off the shelf.
4. Jack was withdrawing money from the ATM machine when his credit card
company was charging him the wrong amount.
5. We lay on the beach when a big wave crashed on the shore.
6. I was changing a light bulb when I lost my balance and was falling over.
7. Chris was sleeping when a knock at the door was awakening him.
8. What were you doing when the accident was happening?
9. They were playing darts when a quarrel was breaking out.
10. While I speed down a hill, a hare ran in front of the car.

6. W wolne miejsca wpisz when lub while.

1. ______ he was talking on the phone, I was typing a message.


2. He was painting the ceiling ______ the ladder fell backwards.
3. I was overtaking a van ______ I heard a loud thump.
4. The nurse was preparing the medicines ______ the patient woke up.
5. ______ I was picking the fruit, a bee stung me on my finger.
6. We were complaining about the weather ______ the sun broke through the clouds.
7. We were watching a film ______ the screen went blank.
8. The President was giving a talk ______ a fire alarm went off.

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9. I was taking a shower ______ the water stopped flowing.


10. ______ she was packing the bags, I was looking for our passports.

7. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Past Continuous lub Past Simple.

It 1(be) ______ a fine day. The sun 2(shine) ______ brightly, the birds 3(sing)
______, and children 4(run) ______ about. I 5(take) ______ Alfa – a big greyhound
– and 6(go) ______ for a walk in a forest. While we 7(walk) ______ through the
forest, a hare 8(jump) ______ out from behind a bush and 9(begin) ______ to run.
The second my dog 10(see) ______ the hare, she 11(start) ______ pulling the leash
very hard, so we 12(walk) ______ faster and faster. I 13(hold) ______ onto the
leash as tightly as I could. Then Alfa 14(break) ______ loose and 15(start) ______
to chase the hare at full speed. Every second she 16(gain) ______ on the animal.
Finally, she 17(catch) ______ up with it. Never having caught a hare before, Alfa
18(not know) ______ what to do with it. She just 19(sniff) ______ at it and 20(let)

______ it run off.

8. a) Beth i Nick byli w sobot´ na pikniku. U∏ó˝ zdania w Past Simple z podanymi poni˝ej
przys∏ówkami o tym, co para robi∏a w piàtek i sobot´.

First, then, next, finally


First, they chose a location.

Friday
9:30-10:00 Choose a location.
10:15-11:30 Invite friends.
12:05-13:15 Plan picnic activities.
15:00-16:20 Do the shopping for the picnic.

Saturday
8:00-10:10 Prepare food and beverages.
10:05-10:30 Fill a picnic basket with food and picnic essentials
(e.g. flashlights and garbage bags).
10:40-11:15 Go to the picnic site.

b)Co Beth i Nick robili w ró˝nych porach dnia w piàtek i sobot´? Zadaj pytania,
a nast´pnie na nie odpowiedz u˝ywajàc czasu Past Continuous:

What were they doing on Friday at 9:20?


They were choosing a location.

Fr Sat
9:20 8:50
11.20 10:20
13:00 11:00?
15:45?

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5. Present Perfect
Tworzenie czasu Present Perfect

Forma twierdzàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Have/Has III Forma Czasownika I ’ve
I have You
You He
He She ’s slept
She has slept It
It We
We You ’ve
You have They
They

Forma przeczàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Have/Has Not III Forma Czasownika I haven’t
I have You
You He
He She hasn’t slept
She has not slept It
It We
We You haven’t
You have They
They

Forma pytajàca Krótka odpowiedê


Have/Has Podmiot III Forma Czasownika Yes Podmiot Have/Has
Have I Yes, I/we/you/they have
you he/she/it has
he
Has she slept?
it Krótka odpowiedê
we No Podmiot Have/Has+not
Have you No, I/we/you/they haven’t
they he/she/it hasn’t

Zastosowanie
Czas Present Perfect jest ∏àcznikiem pomi´dzy przesz∏oÊcià a teraêniejszoÊcià.
Ma zastosowanie cz´Êciowo zbie˝ne z zasi´giem u˝ycia czasu teraêniejszego jak równie˝
przesz∏ego w polszczyênie.

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Czasu Present Perfect u˝ywamy w nast´pujàcych przypadkach:

Aby zaznaczyç, ˝e stan rozpocz´ty w przesz∏oÊci trwa do chwili obecnej.


By podaç d∏ugoÊç tego okresu, pos∏ugujemy si´ przyimkami since i for.

She has lived in a small town in Minnesota since 1998.


Ona mieszka w ma∏ym mieÊcie w Minesocie od 1998 roku.

We have known each other for ages.


Znamy si´ od lat.

Mimo ˝e oba te przyimki t∏umaczy si´ jako od, nie u˝ywa si´ ich wymiennie.
Since zaznacza moment rozpocz´cia czynnoÊci.

since Sunday od niedzieli


since summer od lata
since Christmas od Bo˝ego Narodzenia
since 8 o’clock od godziny ósmej
since morning od rana
since I moved out od czasu kiedy przeprowadzi∏em si´

For okreÊla d∏ugoÊç czynnoÊci.

for an hour od godziny


for years od lat
for a long time od dawna

JeÊli po since wyst´puje nie samo okreÊlenie czasowe (np. 2000, last summer, 9 o’clock),
ale pe∏ne zdanie, czasownik g∏ówny wyst´puje na ogó∏ w czasie Past Simple (np. I haven’t
been there since I left school).

It has rained twice since I arrived last week.


Pada∏o dwukrotnie, odkàd przyjecha∏em w zesz∏ym tygodniu.

We haven’t spoken to each other since I went overseas.


Nie rozmawialiÊmy ze sobà, od kiedy wyjecha∏em zagranic´.

Po since mo˝emy równie˝ u˝yç ponownie czasu Present Perfect. Oznaczaç to b´dzie,
˝e czynnoÊç bàdê stan wyra˝ony przez czasownik wyst´pujàcy po przyimku trwa do chwili
mówienia.

Ever since I have known her, she has always wanted to write.
Odkàd jà znam, ona zawsze chcia∏a pisaç.

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Present Per fect

Kiedy mówimy o czynnoÊci przesz∏ej, której konsekwencje sà istotne w teraêniejszoÊci,


kiedy relacjonujemy to, co by∏o, majàc na myÊli to, co jest.

I’ve sprained my ankle. Skr´ci∏em nog´ w kostce ( i nie mog´


taƒczyç).
I have lost my mobile phone. Zgubi∏em komórk´ ( i teraz musz´ dzwoniç
z telefonu stacjonarnego).
My car has broken down. Zepsu∏ mi si´ samochód
(i b´d´ musia∏ pojechaç autobusem).

Present Perfect u˝ywamy równie˝ do opisu:

CzynnoÊci, które dopiero co si´ zakoƒczy∏y – w tym przypadku zazwyczaj u˝ywamy just.

I have just found a virus W∏aÊnie wykry∏em wirusa moim


on my computer. w komputerze.

The plane has just landed. Samolot w∏aÊnie wylàdowa∏.

I have just received W∏aÊnie otrzyma∏em wyniki


my examination results. egzaminu.

CzynnoÊci, które nie zosta∏y wykonane, a których realizacji oczekujemy.

I haven’t called him yet. Jeszcze do niego nie zadzwoni∏em.

Liz hasn’t made Liz jeszcze si´ nie zdecydowa∏a.


up her mind yet.

Ryan hasn’t apologised Ryan jeszcze nie przeprosi∏ za swoje


for his behaviour yet. zachowanie.

CzynnoÊci bàdê stanów, które trwajà lub powtarzajà si´ w nieograniczonym przedziale
czasu ∏àczàcym przesz∏oÊç z teraêniejszoÊcià.

Chloe has always enjoyed Chloe zawsze lubi∏a malowaç


painting portraits. portrety (i nadal lubi).

Bob has never been in trouble Bob nigdy nie mia∏ problemów
with the law. z prawem (i nadal nie ma).

They have always lived Oni zawsze mieszkali w du˝ym


in a big city. mieÊcie (i nadal mieszkajà).

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

Aby wyraziç nasilenie danej czynnoÊci bàdê stanu stosujemy przys∏ówki cz´stotliwoÊci
(np. always, often, never). Inne spotykane w czasie Present Perfect przys∏ówki to m.in.:
recently/lately ostatnio
just dopiero co, w∏aÊnie
already ju˝
ever kiedykolwiek
yet jeszcze

Have you ever baked bread? Czy kiedykolwiek piek∏eÊ chleb?


I haven’t checked the messages yet. Jeszcze nie sprawdzi∏em wiadomoÊci.
Has Nick arrived yet? Czy Nick ju˝ przyjecha∏?

W Present Perfect stosuje si´ równie˝ okreÊlenia czasowe.

all my life ca∏e moje ˝ycie


(up) till now/until this very moment do chwili obecnej
so far jak dotàd/do tej pory

The baby hasn’t said a word so far. Jak dotàd dziecko nie powiedzia∏o ani
s∏owa.

Toby has worked hard all his life. Toby ca∏e ˝ycie ci´˝ko pracuje.

Tom has never made a single Tom nie pope∏ni∏ dotàd ˝adnego
mistake up till now. b∏´du.

I haven’t missed an episode of Do tej pory nie przegapi∏em ˝adnego


“Friends” so far. odcinka „Przyjació∏”.

I have been to New York many times. By∏em w Nowym Jorku wiele razy.

Present Perfect mo˝e równie˝ wystàpiç z okreÊleniami czasu teraêniejszego, np. this
morning/afternoon/evening, today, this week.

Jack has called me this morning. Jack zadzwoni∏ do mnie rano


(tak mówimy do12-tej w po∏udnie).

Jack called me this morning . Jack zadzwoni∏ do mnie rano


(tak mówimy popo∏udniu lub
wieczorem).

Mimo ˝e powy˝sze zdania przek∏adamy jednakowo na polski, to w j´zyku angielskim majà


ró˝ne znaczenie. Gdy u˝ywamy „has called”, to mowa jest o zdarzeniu podczas trwajàcego
jeszcze poranku. Natomiast gdy u˝ywamy„called”, to mówimy o wydarzeniu minionego
poranka.

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Present Per fect

Present Perfect stosuje si´ równie˝, aby wyraziç czynnoÊci lub sytuacje, które zdarzy∏y
si´ w przesz∏oÊci, je˝eli zachowane jest powiàzanie z teraêniejszoÊcià, np. dana czynnoÊç
mo˝e byç powtórzona w teraêniejszoÊci.

Otylia has won several gold medals so far.


Otylia zdoby∏a kilka z∏otych medali (ju˝ ma kilka, ale mo˝e mieç kilkanaÊcie).
ale
Polish swimmers won five gold medals in Budapest this summer.
Polscy p∏ywacy zdobyli tego lata pi´ç z∏otych medali w Budapeszcie. (tu co prawda mamy
do czynienia z okresem czasu, który jeszcze trwa, gdy to mówimy – this summer – ale
polscy p∏ywacy ju˝ na tych mistrzostwach medalu nie zdob´dà, bo te si´ skoƒczy∏y).

Zapami´taj!
Present Perfect nie wyst´puje z takimi okreÊleniami czasu jak: yesterday, last year, two
days ago, last Monday, when I was a child, then.

åwiczenia

1. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Present Perfect, dokonujàc zmian


w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba.

1. Mr Johnson never (travel) ______ out of Nebraska.


2. A: Who is the blonde next to him?
B: I don’t know. I never (see) ______ her before.
3. A: Is something wrong?
B: I (lose) ______ my credit card.
4. A: How well do you know Ted?
B: We (be) ______ friends for over ten years.
5. You (see) ______ my shoes?
6. A: Where you (be) ______ ?
B: In the library.
7. A: Where is Jim?
B: He just (leave) ______ .
8. How many times you (try) ______ to quit smoking?
9. What you (do) ______ with your hair?
10. She (lose) ______ seven kilos since the last time I saw her.
11. There ever (be) ______ any volcano activity in Poland?
12. I think I (meet) ______ my dream woman.
13. The band (not be) ______ particularly successful in Europe. They are famous
in Canada, though.
14. I (not sleep) ______ well recently.
15. You ever (skip) ______ classes?

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2. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Present Perfect lub Past Simple.

Dear Katy

Just a short note to tell you we 1(return) ______ to London safely. We 2(have)
______ a wonderful stay in your house. I 3(travel) ______ all over the world, and
I can say that these two weeks in Rimini 4(be) ______ my highlight. From the
moment we 5(arrive) ______ until we 6(leave) ______ , we 7(feel) ______ very
special. Everyone 8(have) ______ a fantastic time, and this 9(be) ______ precisely
how I had imagined it in my head. The setting 10(be) ______ excellent. Close to the
beach and within a walking distance to downtown and shopping. Thank you for
excellent accommodation and delicious food – your home made waffles with maple
syrup are the best I ever 11(have) ______ . Can I request you to send me a recipe?
Many thanks for everything. We look forward to our next trip to Italy!

Cheers,
Martha and Steve

3. W wolne miejsca wstaw for lub since.

1. We haven’t heard from her ______ June.


2. I have been married ______ ten years.
3. He hasn’t scored a goal ______ the opening of the season.
4. It has been so long ______ I last saw you.
5. Nick has owned a record shop ______ three years.
6. The building has been here ______ 1974.
7. Jay hit the jackpot two years ago and ______ then he hasn’t worked at all.
8. I haven’t done the ironing ______ a very long time.
9. Beth hasn’t been on holidays ______ years.
10. Jim has had this annoying habit ever ______ I remember.

4. Przekszta∏ç zdania wed∏ug wzoru.

Chad lost job in 2004.


Chad has been unemployed since 2004.

1. I smoked my last cigarette on May 3rd 2000.


_____________________________________________________________________

2. The last time I lost my temper was February.


_____________________________________________________________________

3. We stopped talking to each other over a year ago.


_____________________________________________________________________

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Present Per fect

4. He last played a match in 2005.


_____________________________________________________________________

5. We travelled across Europe last summer.


_____________________________________________________________________

6. I stopped using Windows a month ago.


_____________________________________________________________________

7. Grace became a business unit manager in 2002.


_____________________________________________________________________

8. The last time we were in Madrid was back in 1990.


_____________________________________________________________________

5. Rosie i Mike biorà wkrótce Êlub. Sporzàdzili list´ rzeczy do wykonania. Napisz w czasie
Present Perfect, co narzeczeni ju˝ zrobili, a czego jeszcze nie. Sprawy, które za∏atwili,
sà zaznaczone.

They have made a guest list.


They haven’t sent out the invitations.

To Do!
1. Make a guest list. 
2. Send out invitations.
3. Buy a wedding dress and tuxedo.
4. Book the church. 
5. Choose a reception venue.
6. Select a band. 
7. Hire a caterer.
8. Find a professional photographer. 
9. Arrange transport.
10. Order a wedding cake.

6. U∏ó˝ zdanie o podobnym znaczeniu z wyt∏uszczonym s∏owem.

1. It is ages since we last heard from you!


not We ______ ages.
2. When did you get married?
been How long ______ married?
3. Sue can’t drive a car.
learnt Sue ______ to drive a car.
4. I still don’t know what I want to be when I grow up.
made I ______ up my mind ______ when I grow up.
5. I don’t know how it is to study abroad.
never I ______ abroad.

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

6. The art gallery bought an early painting by van Gogh two years ago.
had The art gallery ______ for two years.
7. Nick spent his childhood in Boston and he still lives there.
lived Nick ______ since his childhood.
8. Bob is still sleeping.
not Bob ______ awoken yet.

7. Które z pytaƒ bàdê uzupe∏nieƒ (a, b) zdaƒ 1-5 jest prawid∏owe?

1. He has worked as an accountant for 40 years.


a) When is he going to retire?
b) When did he retire?

2. I have analysed it ______


a) but I don’t understand it.
b) and I didn’t understand it.

3. The number I tried to reach ______


a) has been disconnected.
b) was unavailable.

4. He hasn’t signed the contract yet.


a) He is still debating it.
b) There were too many unanswered questions.

5. She went to Florida.


a) Where did she stay?
b) Where is she staying?

8. Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Present Perfect lub Past Simple, dokonujàc
zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba.

1. He just (release) a new album.


2. Argentina (win) the World Cup in 1986.
3. You (be) here last week, right?
4. She (teach) philosophy at Southwestern University for 10 years now.
5. He never (vote) before, and he doesn’t intend to vote this time.
6. George (not drink) alcohol before the accident.
7. Will (live) in Worcester until quite recently.
8. I (work) for Unilever almost all my life.
9. Real Madrid (defeat) Sevilla three times last year.
10. Whom Shakespeare (marry)?
11. Smith (park) the car, (get) out, and (lock) the door.
12. I am sorry that I (not write) for so long!
13. Grace (love) to read science-fiction books when she (live) in Liverpool.
14. Where is Jimmy? He (leave) yesterday evening.
15. Harry (not be) to a baseball game since he (get) married.

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Present Per fect

9. Dopasuj wyra˝enia z kolumny B do wyra˝eƒ z kolumny A.

A B
1. I saw him a) Since 1990
2. I have seen him b) From about 1990 to 1999
3. We know that Penderecki c) didn’t like fishing
4. We know that Chopin d) has composed some operas
5. How long have you lived here? e) has always liked fishing
6. Have you ever seen Cleopatra? f) recently
7. Did you see Cleopatra while abroad? g) Yes, a couple of years ago
8. How long did you live there? h) didn’t compose any operas
9. My great grandfather i) No, never
10. My son, who is eleven, j) two days ago

10. a) U∏ó˝ pytania do ankiety szkolnej w czasie Present Perfect, wykorzystujàc – zgodnie
ze wzorem – wyra˝enia podane w kolumnie Question.

Have you ever failed an exam?

Question Answer
1. fail an exam never/in my life
2. cheat in an exam never
3. copy someone else’s work once before
4. forget your ID tag once or twice
5. play truant several times this school year
6. perform in a school play not yet
7. be late to school three times this school year
8. lie to a teacher never
9. come to class unprepared four times since school began
10. your parents be contacted on a number of occasions

b) Opowiedz na u∏o˝one przez siebie pytania, pos∏ugujàc si´ wyra˝eniami


w kolumnie Answer.

No, I have never failed an exam in my life.

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6. Present Perfect Continuous
Tworzenie czasu Present Perfect Continuous

Forma twierdzàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Have/Has Been Czasownik+ing I ’ve
I have You
You He
He She ’s been sleeping
She has been sleeping It
It We
We You ’ve
You have They
They

Forma przeczàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Have/Has Not Been Czasownik+ing I haven’t
I have You
You He
He She hasn’t been sleeping
She has not been sleeping It
It We
We You haven’t
You have They
They

Forma pytajàca Krótka odpowiedê


Have/Has Podmiot Been Czasownik+ing Yes Podmiot Have/Has
Have I Yes, I/we/you/they have
you he/she/it has
he
Has she been sleeping?
it Krótka odpowiedê
we No Podmiot Have/Has+not
Have you No, I/we/you/they haven’t
they he/she/it hasn’t

Zastosowanie
Present Perfect Continuous stosujemy w nast´pujàcych przypadkach:

Gdy informujemy, ˝e czynnoÊç bàdê sytuacja rozpocz´∏a si´ w przesz∏oÊci i trwa


(niekoniecznie bez przerwy), a˝ do chwili obecnej.

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Present Per fect Continuous

Podobnie jak w Present Perfect do okreÊlenia d∏ugoÊci czasu pos∏ugujemy si´ przyimkami
since i for.
I have been studying since 9 o’clock. Ucz´ si´ od dziewiàtej.
Mrs Olive has been teaching for 10 years. Pani Olive naucza od dziesi´ciu lat.
Oscar has been surfing the net for an hour. Oscar serfuje w internecie od
godziny.

Gdy chcemy powiedzieç o jakichÊ - zakoƒczonych bàdê nie - wydarzeniach lub


czynnoÊciach rozpocz´tych w przesz∏oÊci, których skutki czy konsekwencje sà oczywiste
w chwili obecnej.
It has been raining. Pada∏o (ulica jest jeszcze mokra).
She has been crying. P∏aka∏a (ma wcià˝ zaczerwienione oczy).
He has been repairing his car. Naprawia∏ (a mo˝e i dalej naprawia) samochód
(ma zabrudzone smarem ubranie).

Kiedy dana czynnoÊç lub sytuacja ma charakter przejÊciowy.


I have been living in Germany for a few months.
Mieszkam w Niemczech od paru miesi´cy (ale na sta∏e mieszkam gdzie indziej).
I have been substituting for Paul since Monday.
Zast´puj´ Paula od poniedzia∏ku.

Niekiedy Present Perfect i Present Perfect Continuous mo˝na pos∏ugiwaç si´ wymiennie.
We have lived in Warsaw for seven years.
lub
We have been living in Warsaw for seven years.
Mieszkamy w Warszawie od siedmiu lat.

Bez okreÊlenia czasowego (for seven years) zdanie w Presen Perfect nabiera odmiennego
znaczenia:
We have lived in Warsaw.
MieszkaliÊmy w Warszawie (i znamy to miasto).

Zapami´taj!
Stosujàc Present Perfect Continuous w pytaniach sugerujemy, ˝e mo˝na zobaczyç, poczuç,
us∏yszeç coÊ, co jest wynikiem jakiejÊ czynnoÊci. JeÊli zadamy pytanie „Have you been
drinking?”, dajemy do zrozumienia, ˝e wyczuwamy woƒ alkoholu. U˝ywajàc tego czasu
niew∏aÊciwie, mo˝na obraziç osob´, do której jest kierowane zapytanie.

åwiczenia

1. Dopasuj wyra˝enia z kolumny B do wyra˝eƒ z kolumny A.

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

A B
1. Her eyes are swollen. a) Yes, I have been playing basketball.
2. You are late again! b) I’ve been gardening all afternoon.
3. You look bored. c) It’s been raining the whole day.
4. Why are you so scared? d) She’s been crying.
5. Aren’t you tired? e) I’ve been watching a horror film.
6. Beth seems to be very pleased. f) I’ve been waiting for Adam to come.
7. Are you hungry? g) Yes, she’s been shopping and spending
money all day.
8. The roads are wet. h) Probably because he has been drinking.
9. Your hands are rough. i) Yes, I have been reading a dull article.
10. Tom is unwell. j) No, I have been slaving over a hot stove all
day.

2. Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Present Perfect Continuous lub Present


Perfect, dokonujàc zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile zachodzi taka koniecznoÊç.

1. Now look at what you (do)!


2. It (thunder) and (rain) all day.
3. Liz (horse ride) since the age of eight.
4. He has a massive hangover. He (drink) with friends all day.
5. How long you (be) a fan of Tom Cruise?
6. Jim (jog) since April.
7. I (cook) dinner. Lay the table and I will serve the food.
8. Rob (see) a doctor recently.
9. I feel I (know) her all my life.
10. I (learn) a lot from the course.
11. You (complain) too much lately.
12. We (have) the house for two years.
13. Martha (feel) much better recently.
14. A woman (stand) outside our house since early in the morning.
15. My dog (lose) his hair lately.

3. W poni˝szych przyk∏adach, w zale˝noÊci od czasu u˝ytego w zdaniu wyjÊciowym,


wybierz jako uzupe∏nienie wypowiedê a lub b.

1. I have been reading your book ______


a) and I am enjoying it.
b) from cover to cover.

2. I have been tidying up my office.


a) It looks pretty nice now.
b) For almost three hours.

3. Who has been eating my vegetables?


a) There are none left.
b) Soon I will have none left.

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Present Per fect Continuous

4. It has been raining for several days.


a) Why can’t it stop? When will the sun come up?
b) But today the sky is clear.

5. I have been calling him ______


a) but to no avail.
b) I can’t believe how helpful he is!

6. I have been waiting for almost an hour.


a) The waiter hasn’t even shown up yet.
b) I am getting out of here.

4. Po∏àcz poni˝sze zdania w jedno, u˝ywajàc czasu Present Perfect Continuous


i przyimków w nawiasach.

The government began negotiations with the miners in June. Now,


it is December. (for)
The government has been negotiating with the miners for half a year.

1. I am weeding the garden. I started weeding at 10 o’clock. (since)


______________________________________________________________________
2. Helen is dancing professionally. She started dancing in 1997. (since)
______________________________________________________________________
3. We have a new coffee machine. We bought it two months ago. (for)
______________________________________________________________________
4. Roger went down to the shops at 2 o’clock. Now, it is 4:10. (for)
______________________________________________________________________
5. Lynn is about to start reading the fifth chapter of this book. She started reading at
noon. (since)
_______________________________________________________________________

5. Popraw b∏àd wyst´pujàcy w ka˝dym z poni˝szych zdaƒ.

1. How long do you wear glasses?


2. Steve was in the USA twice so far.
3. I know Tom for ten years.
4. Paul delivers papers since 8 o’clock.
5. A: What’s the matter?
B: Someone used my computer without my knowledge.
6. I don’t diet lately.
7. My feet hurt. I walked all day.
8. Annie is sleeping badly recently.
9. The band play together for two years.
10. He is coaching since 1998.

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7. Past Perfect
Tworzenie czasu Past Perfect

Forma twierdzàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Had III Forma Czasownika I
I You
You He
He She ’d slept
She had slept It
It We
We You
You They
They

Forma przeczàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Had Not III Forma Czasownika I
I You
You He
He She hadn’t slept
She had not slept It
It We
We You
You They
They

Forma pytajàca Krótka odpowiedê


Had Podmiot III Forma Czasownika Yes Podmiot Had
I Yes, I/we/you/they had
you he/she/it
he
Had she slept?
it Krótka odpowiedê
we No Podmiot Had+not
you No, I/we/you/they hadn’t
they he/she/it

Zastosowanie
Czas Past Perfect jest czasem zaprzesz∏ym. Stosuje si´ go, aby zaznaczyç uprzednioÊç
danej czynnoÊci lub sytuacji przesz∏ej wzgl´dem innej czynnoÊci lub sytuacji przesz∏ej.
W zdaniach w Past Perfect cz´sto wyst´pujà okreÊlenia czasowe takie jak: after, before,
already, just, since, until/till, by, by the time.

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Past Per fect

Czas Past Perfect stosujemy w nast´pujàcych przypadkach:

By opisaç czynnoÊci lub sytuacje, które zdarzy∏y si´ przed innymi czynnoÊciami,
sytuacjami lub momentami w przesz∏oÊci.

I had visited many countries before I settled down in Italy.


Zwiedzi∏em wiele krajów, zanim osiad∏em we W∏oszech.

He didn’t remember where he had seen that girl.


Nie pami´ta∏, gdzie ujrza∏ t´ dziewczyn´.

Because we hadn’t booked early enough, we didn’t get a table.


Poniewa˝ nie dokonaliÊmy rezerwacji wystarczajàco wczeÊnie, nie dostaliÊmy stolika.

By opisaç czynnoÊci lub sytuacje, które trwa∏y ju˝ jakiÊ - najcz´Êciej okreÊlony – przed
innymi czynnoÊciami, sytuacjami w przesz∏oÊci i byç mo˝e trwa∏y tak˝e póêniej.

When I met him in 1998 he had worked as an accountant for a few years.
Kiedy go spotka∏em w 1998, pracowa∏ jako ksi´gowy od kilku lat (Past Perfect – stan
zatrudnienia).

dla porównania:
I had been chatting online for an hour when Jay came.
Czatowa∏em w sieci przez godzin´, zanim przyszed∏ Jay (Past Perfect Continuous
– czynnoÊç).

Wyra˝enia w Past Perfect mo˝na zast´powaç wyra˝eniami w Past Simple bez jakiejkolwiek
ró˝nicy znaczeniowej, kiedy spójniki jasno wskazujà na kolejnoÊç zdarzeƒ.

After I had cleaned out the attic, I went into my backyard = After I cleaned out
the attic, I went into my backyard.
Kiedy posprzàta∏em strych, wyszed∏em na podwórko.

JeÊli zdarzenia opisywane w Past Perfect w ogóle nie wydarzy∏y si´ w danym okresie, Past
Perfect musi byç bezwarunkowo zastosowany.

I had never seen a palm tree before I went to Florida. POPRAWNE


I never saw a palm tree before I went to Florida. NIEPOPRAWNE
Nigdy nie widzia∏em palmy, zanim nie pojecha∏em na Floryd´.

Niekiedy zastosowanie Past Perfect zamiast Past Simple powoduje, ˝e czynnoÊç


opisywana w Past Perfect jawi si´ jako zakoƒczona jakiÊ czas przed innà, a nie jako
bezpoÊrednio poprzedzajàca. Zdanie a sugeruje natychmiastowà sekwencj´ wydarzeƒ,
natomiast zdanie b, ˝e up∏yn´∏o mi´dzy nimi troch´ czasu.

a) When I did the shopping, I went to a café.


b) When I had done the shopping, I went to a café.

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

Past Perfect stosuje si´ równie˝:

Kiedy chcemy powiedzieç o niezrealizowanym zamiarze, nadziei, ˝yczeniu. Dotyczy to


takich czasowników jak: to intend, to hope, to expect, to think, to wish, to want,
to suppose, to plan.

Pete had wanted to dye his hair, but his mother talked him out of it.
Pete chcia∏ ufarbowaç w∏osy, ale jego mama odwiod∏a go od tego.

I had intended to meet her in France, but I couldn’t afford the fare.
Chcia∏em spotkaç si´ z nià we Francji, ale nie mog∏em sobie pozwoliç na bilet.

Po wyra˝eniach takich jak: if only, I wish, kiedy mówimy o przesz∏oÊci ˝yczeniowo


hipotetycznej.

I wish I hadn’t lost my temper.


Szkoda, ˝e straci∏em panowanie nad sobà.

If only they had played better!


Gdyby tylko zagrali lepiej!

W zdaniach warunkowych i mowie zale˝nej odnoÊnie przesz∏oÊci bàdê uprzednioÊci.

If the car hadn’t broken down, things would have gone as planned.
Gdyby samochód si´ nie zepsu∏, wszystko posz∏oby zgodnie z planem.

He admitted he had made a false statement.


Przyzna∏, ˝e z∏o˝y∏ fa∏szywe zeznanie.

Zapami´taj!
W przeciwieƒstwie do zdaƒ w Present Perfect, zdania w Past Perfect mogà zawieraç
konkretne okreÊlenia czasu, np. in 1998, on Saturday, when he returned, before she
got married. Opisujàc wydarzenia przesz∏e o jasnej chronologicznej kolejnoÊci u˝ywa si´
czasu Past Simple, a nie Past Perfect.

åwiczenia

1. Harry studiuje zagranicà. WczeÊniej nie robi∏ sam wielu rzeczy. Uzupe∏nij poni˝sze
zdanie, wstawiajàc kolejno w miejsce kropek wyra˝enia 1-12 w czasie Past Perfect.

Before Harry went to study abroad ______ be 300 miles from home.

Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never been 300 miles from home.

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Past Per fect

1. polish his shoes


_____________________________________________________________________

2. wash his clothes


_____________________________________________________________________

3. cook a meal in his life


_____________________________________________________________________

4. eat anything other than homemade meals


_____________________________________________________________________

5. clean the house


_____________________________________________________________________

6. make his bed


_____________________________________________________________________

7. buy his own clothes


_____________________________________________________________________

8. give parties
_____________________________________________________________________

9. date a girl
_____________________________________________________________________

10. have a mobile phone


____________________________________________________________________

2. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Past Perfect bàdê Past Simple.

1. James (compose) a waltz, although he never (learn) musical notation.


2. When I (get) home, I realised that I (lose) my keys.
3. We (not recognise) each other because we (not meet) since our school days.
4. They (be) amazed. They never (heard) of gumbo before.
5. When I last (see) Jay, he (not pay) yet off the loan.
6. Mr Jones (retire) at the age of 72 after he (work) for the company for over 30 years.
7. After I (do) the washing-up, I (take) a short walk in the garden.
8. The show already (start) when we (arrive).
9. I never (eat) sushi before I (go) to Japan.
10. Philip (be) upset because Clair (decline) his invitation to dinner.
11. By that time he (cross) the Atlantic six times.
12. If only she (keep) quiet!
13. I never (hear) of Bigfoot until I (go) to Malaysia.
14. We (have) that car for years before it (act) up.
15. By the time Ron (get) married, he (complete) his university degree.

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

3. Na poczàtku kampanii wyborczej sztab wykonywa∏ prace wyszczególnione poni˝ej.


Kandydat na burmistrza co jakiÊ czas pojawia∏ si´ w sztabie. Uzupe∏nij zdania (2-6),
przekszta∏cajàc – wed∏ug wzoru – wyra˝enia w nawiasie, tak by opisywa∏y, co w trakcie
ka˝dej wizyty kandydata ju˝ by∏o, a co jeszcze nie zosta∏o wykonane.

8:00-9:00 – prepare a campaign calendar


9:00-10:00 – invent a slogan
10:00-12:30 – write a campaign song
12:30-13:30 – design a campaign logo
13:30-14:00 – order bumper stickers, T-shirts and balloons with the logo
14:00-15:00 – prepare leaflets and posters
15:00-15:30 – have a lunch break
15:30-16:00 – pay for TV ads
16:00-16:30 – make phone calls to the donors
16:30-17:00 – organise a whistle-stop tour

1. The candidate arrived at the campaign office at 9.20. (prepare a campaign


calendar/invent a slogan) The campaign team had already prepared
a campaign calendar, but they hadn’t invented a slogan yet.

2. The candidate went there back at 12.20. (invent a slogan/write a campaign song)
_____________________________________________________________________

3. The candidate returned at 13.30. (pay for TV ads/design a campaign logo)


_____________________________________________________________________

4. The candidate popped in at 14.50. (prepare leaflets and posters/order bumper


stickers, T-shirts and balloons with the logo)
_____________________________________________________________________

5. The candidate returned at 16.00. (pay for TV ads/make phone calls to the
donors)
_____________________________________________________________________

6. The candidate visited the office again at 17.00. (make phone calls to
the donors/ organise a whistle-stop tour)
_____________________________________________________________________

4. U∏ó˝ zdania zgodnie z wzorem:

Philip never saw koala bears. He went to Australia. (before)


Philip had never seen koala bears before he went to Australia.

1. I bought a coffee table. Carrie found a similar one at a lower price. (after)
_____________________________________________________________________

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Past Per fect

2. He wrote his first novel. He graduated from Oxford University. (by the time)
_____________________________________________________________________

3. Alice began to walk. She spoke her first word. (before)


_____________________________________________________________________

4. Clair went into the room. She knew she was there before. (as soon as)
_____________________________________________________________________

5. The concert began. We arrived at the venue. (by the time)


_____________________________________________________________________

6. Charles made a fortune in the stock market. He supported a number of charities.


(after)
_____________________________________________________________________

7. We had that cottage for twenty years. It fell down. (before)


_____________________________________________________________________

8. I didn’t go to see the movie. I watched it before. (because)


_____________________________________________________________________

9. He didn’t have a proper house. Simon hit the jackpot. (before)


_____________________________________________________________________

10. David lived in Cincinnati. He moved to San José. (until)


_____________________________________________________________________

5. U˝ywajàc wyt∏uszczonego s∏owa, u∏ó˝ drugie zdanie o podobnym znaczeniu co pierwsze.

1. Last year I went to an auction. It was my first time there.


been I ________________________ auction before.
2. After doing the laundry, I hung it out to dry.
done After ________________________ out to dry.
3. Lucy watered the houseplant. She got a phone call afterwards.
already When ________________________ watered the houseplant.
4. I read most of the classic horror novels. I turned ten by the time.
had By the time ________________________ classic horror novels.
5. That was the only time I wanted to come back to Europe.
never I ________________________ Europe before.
6. Paul graduated from Oxford and then he joined the Labour Party.
until Paul didn’t join ________________________ from Oxford.
7. I washed my hair before the alarm clock went off.
when ________________________ my hair.
8. Garry arrived at the airport at 5. The plane took off at 5.10.
by the time The plane ________________________ at the airport.

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8. Past Perfect Continuous
Tworzenie czasu Past Perfect Continuous

Forma twierdzàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Had Been Czasownik+ing I
I You
You He
He She ’d been sleeping
She had been sleeping It
It We
We You
You They
They

Forma przeczàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Had Not Been Czasownik+ing I
I You
You He
He She hadn’t been sleeping
She had not been sleeping It
It We
We You
You They
They

Forma pytajàca Krótka odpowiedê


Had Podmiot Been Czasownik+ing Yes Podmiot Had
I Yes, I/we/you/they had
you he/she/it
he
Had she been sleeping?
it Krótka odpowiedê
we No Podmiot Had+not
you No, I/we/you/they hadn’t
they he/she/it

Zastosowanie
Czas Past Perfect Continuous jest czasem zaprzesz∏ym z wyraênie zaznaczonym aspektem
trwania. Zdania wyst´pujàce w tym czasie cz´sto zawierajà okreÊlenia czasowe takie jak:
for, since, before, until, when.

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Past Per fect Continuous

Czasu Past Perfect Continous u˝ywamy w nast´pujàcych przypadkach:

By wyraziç czynnoÊci lub sytuacje, które trwa∏y przed innymi wydarzeniami lub
sytuacjami w przesz∏oÊci.

I had been studying French for two years before I went to France.
Uczy∏em si´ francuskiego przez dwa lata, zanim pojecha∏em do Francji.

The children had been quarreling for over an hour when their parents came
home.
Dzieci k∏óci∏y si´ przez ponad godzin´, zanim rodzice przyszli do domu.

By wskazaç na przyczyn´ jakiegoÊ wydarzenia czy sytuacji.

Betty was tired because she had been cleaning the flat.
Betty by∏a zm´czona, poniewa˝ sprzàta∏a mieszkanie.

Kathy put on weight because she had been eating too much sugar and fat.
Kathy przybra∏a na wadze, poniewa˝ jad∏a za du˝o cukru i t∏uszczu.

W zdaniach warunkowych i mowie zale˝nej w aspekcie przesz∏ym i uprzednim.

If it hadn’t been raining, I would have gone for a walk.


Gdyby nie pada∏o, poszed∏bym na spacer.

She told me she had been expecting a guest.


Powiedzia∏a mi, ˝e (chwil´ wczeÊniej/ju˝ jakiÊ czas) czeka∏a na goÊcia.

Zapami´taj!
JeÊli nie podajesz czasu trwania danej czynnoÊci lub sytuacji (np. for an hour, for ten
minutes, for a week, since last Sunday), lepiej u˝yj czasu Past Continuous zamiast Past
Perfect Continuous.

åwiczenia

1. a) Napisz, u˝ywajàc czasu Past Perfect Continuous, co uczestnicy przyj´cia robili,


zanim przyby∏a policja.

They ______ for a few hours before the police arrived.

1. drink and eat noisily


_____________________________________________________________________

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2. dance wildly
_____________________________________________________________________

3. play CDs at full volume


_____________________________________________________________________

4. shout
_____________________________________________________________________

5. fight
_____________________________________________________________________

b) Analogicznie, napisz, co robili policjanci przed interwencjà.

The policemen ______ for some time before they received a noise complaint.

1. check cars
_____________________________________________________________________

2. issue parking tickets


_____________________________________________________________________

3. watch for drunk drivers/pedestrians


_____________________________________________________________________

4. pick up truants
_____________________________________________________________________

5. monitor traffic
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Rozwiƒ wyra˝enia umieszczone w nawiasie do zdania w Past Perfect Continuous


wed∏ug wzoru:

My back was sore (sit at the computer for hours).


My back was sore because I had been sitting at the computer for hours.

1. I got a high grade on my report (study very hard).


2. Jacky was very tired (clean all morning).
3. Sue got sunburnt (lie in the sun too long).
4. The driver fell asleep at the wheel (drive all day long).
5. Ron had a hangover (drink the whole evening).
6. Her eyes were puffy (cry the whole night).

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Past Per fect Continuous

7. Daniel came home hot and sweaty (jog).


8. The roads were impassible (snow heavily all night).
9. My hair was wet (swim for half an hour).
10. Philip had dirt on his hands (repair his car).
11. Pam’s clothes were covered in paint (paint the flat).
12. Lynn was promoted (work hard during her probationary period).
13. We did not hear him come in. (laugh out loud)
14. Tom was fired. (make private phone calls)
15. Mike had a stomach upset. (not eat properly)

3. Dru˝yna harcerska postanowi∏a posprzàtaç pla˝´. Jak d∏ugo harcerze pracowali, zanim
dosz∏y osoby spoza dru˝yny, które obieca∏y pomoc?

9:00-9:30 assign the work


9.30-10:00 hand out bin liners
10:00-11:00 empty litter baskets
11:00-13:30 pick up the litter (bottles, cans, food wrappers, cigar tips, lids)
13:30-14.00 record the litter found
14:00-15:00 take the rubbish to a landfill site

1. Sue arrived at 9.20.


When Sue arrived there, the scouts had been assigning the work for twenty
minutes.

2. Jerry got there at 9.45.


_____________________________________________________________________

3. Tom and Scott came at 10.20.


_____________________________________________________________________

4. Grace arrived at 13.00. When she arrived there the scouts’ backs were aching as
they...
_____________________________________________________________________

5. Mike arrived at 13.40.


_____________________________________________________________________

6. Martin and David came at 14.30.


_____________________________________________________________________

4. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Past Simple bàdê Past Perfect Continuous.

1. It (snow) for hours when we (leave) for St. Petersburg.


2. Mark (work) for Ford Motor Company for five years before he (be lay) off.
3. The police (investigate) the case for a year before it (go) to trial.

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4. By 2000, I (live) in Boston for six years.


5. Amy was angry. She (wait) for them for an hour.
6. The streets were filled with puddles. It (rain) all morning.
7. By 6 o’clock, he (repair) the engine for two hours.
8. Elisabeth (lecture) at the University for two years before she (move) to Poland.
9. Susan (go) down with flu. She (feel) unwell for some time when she got her illness.
10. I (put) on weight because I (eat) too much rich food.

5. W czasie Êledztwa w sprawie rabunku bankowego policja przes∏uchiwa∏a podejrzanych


– paƒstwa Carringtonów oraz ich s∏u˝b´. Mi´dzy innymi pyta∏a ich o to, co robili
w przeddzieƒ napadu. Wszyscy mówili nieprawd´. Korzystajàc z poni˝szej tabelki, napisz
w czasie Past Perfect Continuous, co poszczególne osoby zeznawa∏y, a co
rzeczywiÊcie robi∏y.

przes∏uchiwani to, co zeznali prawda


Mr John Carrington read stock market reports examine the robbery plan
Mr Richard Carrington watch wild birds observe the bank’s security guards
Mrs Judy Carrington plan a dinner party plan an escape route
Mrs Elisabeth Carrington watch a fireworks display prepare explosives
Miss Veronica Carrington make her own clothes cut eyeholes in the masks
May polish silver steal jewellery
Jack clean the cellar drink vintage wine in the cellar
Bernie write a request for forge Mr Carrington’s signature
a pay rise

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9. Future Simple
Tworzenie czasu Future Simple

Forma twierdzàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Will Czasownik I
I You
You He
He She ’ll sleep
She will sleep It
It We
We You
You They
They

Forma przeczàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Will Not Czasownik I
I You
You He
He She won’t sleep
She will not sleep It
It We
We You
You They
They

Forma pytajàca Krótka odpowiedê


Will Podmiot Czasownik Yes Podmiot Will
I Yes, I/we/you/they will
you he/she/it
he
Will she sleep?
it Krótka odpowiedê
we No Podmiot Will+not
you No, I/we/you/they won’t
they he/she/it

Zastosowanie
Ze wszystkich czasów przysz∏ych Future Simple jest podstawowy i najbardziej uniwersalny.
Z powodu wieloÊci znaczeƒ nie zawsze jest oczywiste, które z nich mówiàcy ma na myÊli.
Nierzadko wypowiedzi w tym czasie mo˝emy interpretowaç na ró˝ne sposoby.

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Czasu Future Simple u˝ywamy w nast´pujàcych przypadkach:

By powiedzieç, ˝e coÊ nastàpi w przysz∏oÊci. Informacja wyra˝ona w taki sposób jest


pozbawiona elementów subiektywnych, wynika z okolicznoÊci zewn´trznych, na które nie
mamy wp∏ywu.

The concert will start any moment now. Koncert rozpocznie si´ lada moment.

We will know the election results tomorrow. Jutro poznamy wyniki wyborów.

Kate will arrive in a few minutes. Kate przyjedzie za par´ minut.

By wyraziç opinie, przypuszczenia, spekulacje odnoÊnie przysz∏oÊci. Posi∏kujemy si´


wówczas takimi czasownikami jak: think, believe, feel sure, doubt, hope, be afraid,
expect, know, suppose, wonder, oraz towarzyszàcymi im przys∏ówkami typu: perhaps,
possibly, probably, surely, certainly.

I am certain he will resign his post. Jestem pewien, ˝e on odejdzie z posady.

I hope my parents will let me buy a dog. Mam nadziej´, ˝e moi rodzice
pozwolà mi kupiç psa.

The president will probably veto the bill. Prezydent prawdopodobnie zawetuje
ustaw´.

By opisaç czynnoÊci lub sytuacje, które jakaÊ osoba dokonuje z przyzwyczajenia czy
innych przyczyn charakterologicznych, niezale˝nie od okolicznoÊci i nie przejmujàc si´
opinià innych.

She will keep asking stupid questions. Ona stale zadaje g∏upie pytania.

Scott will wear this silly bow tie. Scott b´dzie nosiç t´ Êmiesznà muszk´.

Future Simple równie˝ stosujemy:

Kiedy podejmujemy spontanicznà decyzj´.


This coat is a real bargain. I will buy it. Ten p∏aszcz to prawdziwa okazja.
Kupi´ go.

To samo zdanie u˝yte w innej osobie nie oznacza ju˝ spontanicznej decyzji, ale
przypuszczenie.
She will buy this coat. Ona kupi ten p∏aszcz (tak mi si´
wydaje).

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Future Simple

Kiedy coÊ postanawiamy. Cz´sto wspomagamy si´ wówczas czasownikami takimi jak:
promise, swear, guarantee.

I promise I will get more organised. Obiecuj´, ˝e b´d´ bardziej


zorganizowana.
I will go to the gym twice a week. B´d´ chodziç na si∏owni´ dwa razy
w tygodniu.
I swear I will study harder next semester. Przyrzekam, ˝e b´d´ wi´cej pracowaç
w przysz∏ym semestrze.

Kiedy prosimy.

Will you lend me € 20? Po˝yczysz mi 20 euro?


Will you do me a favour? Zrobisz coÊ dla mnie?

Kiedy wypowiadamy gotowoÊç.

I will get you some coffee. Przynios´ ci kawy.


I will help you. Pomog´ ci.
I will drive you home. Zawioz´ ci´ do domu.

Kiedy obiecujemy lub grozimy.

I will do my best. Zrobi´ co w mojej mocy.


I won’t bother you again. Nie b´d´ ci´ wi´cej k∏opotaç.
Stop talking or I will punish you! Przestaƒ rozmawiaç, bo ci´ ukarz´!

Kiedy wydajemy kategoryczne polecenie.

You will not reveal your password to any other person.


Nie ujawnisz swojego has∏a ˝adnej osobie.

You will not discuss the contract, or any of its terms, with anyone.
Nie b´dziesz rozmawia∏ z nikim o umowie ani o ˝adnym z jej warunków.

Kiedy wyra˝amy odmow´ lub brak ch´ci (za pomocà won’t).

Jack won’t see the doctor. Jack nie pójdzie do lekarza.


My children won’t eat vegetables. Moje dzieci nie zjedzà warzyw.

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

Future Simple mo˝na równie˝ tworzyç przy pomocy formy shall. Dzisiaj wyraz ten wyst´puje
przede wszystkim w 1 osobie liczby pojedyncze i mnogiej. Dzi´ki niemu mo˝na nadaç
wypowiedzi neutralny charakter. W 3 osobie shall pojawia si´ w podnios∏ym stylu,
w prawnych albo formalnych zobowiàzaniach czy gwarancjach.

A refund shall be granted within seven days of delivery of the products.


Zwrot kosztów jest gwarantowany w czasie siedmiu dni od dostawy produktów.

Delivery shall take place at the agreed time.


Dostawa nastàpi w uzgodnionym czasie.

The board shall notify shareholders of its decision in writing.


Zarzàd powiadomi udzia∏owców pisemnie o swojej decyzji.

Shall w zdaniu pytajàcym (w 1 osobie) stosujemy, by dowiedzieç si´ o ˝yczenia czy ch´ci
osoby, do której wypowiedê jest skierowana. Zdanie pytajàce z shall mo˝e byç równie˝
propozycjà czy sugestià.

What shall I do now? Co mam teraz robiç?


Shall I close the window? Czy mam zamknàç okno?
Shall we go to the museum? Pójdziemy do muzeum?

Zapami´taj!
Jak wszystkie inne formy czasu przysz∏ego, Future Simple nie mo˝e byç u˝yty w zdaniach
zaczynajàcych si´ od wyrazów when, while, after, before, by the time, if, unless,
provided. Regu∏a ta obowiàzuje, wtedy gdy nie mamy zamiaru nadaç wyra˝eniu z will
znaczenia „zechcieç”, np. „I’ll be grateful if you will kindly consider my request.”

JeÊli masz zamiar daç do zrozumienia, ˝e ktoÊ nie zrobi czegoÊ w przysz∏oÊci nie dlatego,
˝e nie chce, ale z powodu niezale˝nych okolicznoÊci, unikaj czasu Future Simple
(np. „I won’t join you.”). Aby nie sugerowaç odmowy lub niech´ci, u˝yj czasu Future
Continuous (np. „I won’t be joining you.”).

åwiczenia

1. Zareaguj na opisane w zdaniach 1-13 sytuacje, wypowiadajàc swoje decyzje w czasie


Future Simple.

The phone is ringing. I will answer/pick it up/get it.

1. I don’t understand it.


2. This is a very heavy box.
3. It’s freezing in here.

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Future Simple

4. I’ve got a splitting headache!


5. I am in a hurry.
6. The garbage is full.
7. The dog needs to go out.
8. I am so sleepy!
9. There isn’t any bread.
10. Your room is a real mess.
11. The smoke alarm doesn’t work.
12. The mailbox is bulging with letters.
13. The grass is too tall.

2. Do ka˝dego ze zdaƒ 1-10 dopisz odpowiednie postanowienie.

I drink too much coffee.


I will cut back to one or two cups a day.

1. I have bad eating habits.


2. I can’t program video.
3. I’m too fat.
4. I’m a heavy smoker.
5. I am in the red.
6. I can’t speak a foreign language.
7. I’m too stressed.
8. I lack confidence.
9. I spend too much money.
10. I go out too often.

3. Zaneguj prognozy wyra˝one w zdaniach 1-10, pos∏ugujàc si´ wyra˝eniami zawartymi


w nawiasach.

The price of petrol will come down in two years’ time. (go up)
No, it won’t. It will go up.

1. The world’s population will come to an end by the end of the 21st century.
(stop growing)
2. People will travel to exotic planets in sixty years’ time. (travel to the moon)
3. Distance learning will replace traditional methods of education in the future.
(support traditional methods of education)
4. In the next sixty years, cars will run on hydrogen. (run on sugar cane)
5. People will live in underground buildings in thirty years’ time. (live in smaller houses)
6. People will eat pills instead of food in 2100. (eat convenience food)
7. In sixty years’ time, people will use sun to produce energy. (use biomass)
8. In fifteen years’ time, Warsaw will have five airports. (have two airports)
9. By the year 2070, people will have several careers. (have shorter careers)
10. The Arctic will be covered in palm trees in the future. (become warmer)

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4. Zastàp wyt∏uszczone s∏owa odpowiednio wyrazami: will, won’t bàdê shall. JeÊli trzeba,
dodaj zaimek osobowy.

1. Please stop fidgeting!


_____________________________________________________________________

2. Jim refuses to go to a doctor.


_____________________________________________________________________

3. When do you want me to arrive?


_____________________________________________________________________

4. The director is ready to see you now.


_____________________________________________________________________

5. Why don’t we go out tonight?


_____________________________________________________________________

6. All payments ought to be made not later than May 31.


_____________________________________________________________________

7. I promise to call you tomorrow.


_____________________________________________________________________

5. U∏ó˝ zdania wyra˝ajàce ostrze˝enia bàdê groêby w Future Simple wykorzystujàc


wskazówki umieszczone w nawiasach.

1. Your neighbour is listening to music at full volume. (turn the volume down/call
the police)
2. Your employee is late for work again. (keep to the hours of work/fire you)
3. Your students are talking. (be quiet/punish you)
4. Your boss says no to your request for a pay rise. (give me a pay rise/quit)
5. Your child is doing poorly at school. (improve your grades/ deduct one pound
each day from your pocket money)
6. Your camera doesn’t work. The seller doesn’t want to refund your money. (give
me a refund/sue you)
7. Your flatmate doesn’t keep his room neat. (pick up your room/ throw away
everything that I find on the floor)
8. Your brother doesn’t clean up the table after eating. (clean up the table/not allow
you to eat with us)
9. Your little sister is lying to you. (tell the whole truth/lock you in your room until
you confess)
10. Your landlord is continually disturbing you at night. (stop harassing me/report
you)

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10. Be Going To
Tworzenie zwrotu Be Going To

Forma twierdzàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Am/Are/Is Going to Czasownik I ’m
I am You ’re
You are He
He She ’s going to sleep
She is going to sleep It
It We
We You ’re
You are They
They

Forma przeczàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Am/Are/Is Not Going to Czasownik I ’m not
I am You aren’t
You are He
He She isn’t going to sleep
She is not going to sleep It
It We
We You aren’t
You are They
They

Forma pytajàca Krótka odpowiedê


Am/Are/Is Podmiot Going to Czasownik Yes Podmiot Am/Are/Is
Am I Yes, I am
Are you you/we/they are
he he/she/it is
Is she going to sleep?
it Krótka odpowiedê
No Podmiot Am/Are/Is+not
Are you No, I am not
they you/we/they aren’t
he/she/it isn’t

Zastosowanie
Zwrot be going to u˝ywamy w nast´pujàcych przypadkach:

By wyraziç intencj´ zrobienia czegoÊ w przysz∏oÊci. Zamierzona czynnoÊç jest z regu∏y


przemyÊlana i nale˝y si´ domyÊlaç, ˝e jakieÊ przygotowania zosta∏y ju˝ podj´te. Uwa˝a si´,
˝e czynnoÊci wyra˝one konstrukcjà be going to sà mo˝liwe do zrealizowania.

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I am going to study law. Zamierzam studiowaç prawo.


Sophie is going to take a day off. Sophie zamierza wziàç dzieƒ wolny.
He is going to throw a party. On zamierza urzàdziç przyj´cie.

Czasowników to be i to come nie powinno si´ raczej u˝ywaç w konstrukcji be going to.

She is going to go out of business. Ona zamierza wycofaç si´ z biznesu.


I am not going to come with you. Nie zamierzam iÊç z wami.

Mimo ˝e zdania te sà poprawne, lepiej u˝yç czasu Present Continuous i powiedzieç:

She is going out of business.


I am not coming with you.

By wyraziç przewidywania wynikajàce z naocznych obserwacji dotyczàcych wydarzeƒ,


zdaje si´ nieuchronnych.

She is going to have a baby. Ona b´dzie mia∏a dziecko (jest w cià˝y).
It is going to rain. Zanosi si´ na deszcz (na niebie zebra∏y si´
chmury).
They are going to win the match. Oni wygrajà mecz (majà du˝à przewag´ nad
przeciwnikiem).

Zasadnicze ró˝nice w u˝yciu be going to i will sà nast´pujàce:

– Zwrot be going to sugeruje, ˝e wyst´pujà pewne obiektywne znaki, symptomy,


przes∏anki, ˝e coÊ si´ wydarzy, natomiast will sugeruje, ˝e przewidywania sà oparte
na opinii mówiàcego.

– Zwrot be going to dotyczy zwykle najbli˝szej przysz∏oÊci, will nie odnosi si´ do
˝adnego konkretnego czasu i mo˝e dotyczyç nawet dalekiej przysz∏oÊci.

Zapami´taj!
Unikaj stosowania wyra˝enia be going to z czasownikami ruchu, zw∏aszcza come i go.
W takich przypadkach u˝yj czasu Present Continuous.

JeÊli chcesz pos∏u˝yç si´ jakimÊ zdarzeniem w przysz∏oÊci jako wymówkà, unikaj wyra˝enia
be going to (np. „I’m sorry, I can’t see you tomorrow. I am going to visit my uncle.”). Stosujàc
t´ konstrukcj´ sprawi∏byÊ wra˝enie, ˝e nie zrobisz czegoÊ kierujàc si´ subiektywnym wyborem.
U˝yj czasu Present Continuous (np. „I’m sorry, I can’t see you tomorrow. I am visiting my
uncle.”), aby daç do zrozumienia, ˝e przyczynà odmowy sà wczeÊniej poczynione plany.

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B e G o i n g To

åwiczenia

1. Jak Geri zamierza sp´dziç zbli˝ajàcy si´ tydzieƒ? Popatrz na kartk´ z jej kalendarza.
Uzupe∏nij wolne miejsca informacjami z ramki, stosujàc Present Continuous (w przypadku
terminów ju˝ umówionych) albo konstrukcj´ be going to (w przypadku zamierzeƒ).

Monday 4 p.m. go to the dentist’s


Tuesday 2.30 have a job interview
Wednesday study for a math exam
Thursday go to a passport office
Friday take the car to the garage
Saturday 8 p.m. attend the school reunion
Sunday stay in and watch Mad TV

1. Geri can’t go out on Wednesday because she ______ .


2. She will be at home on Sunday because she ______ .
3. Her car is leaking oil, so ______ on Friday.
4. On Tuesday ______ .
5. She is looking forward to Saturday because ______ .
6. She has a toothache, so she ______ .
7. She wants to renew her passport, so she ______ .

2. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Future Simple, bàdê zastosuj zwrot be going to.

1. A: Where are you going on your honeymoon?


B: I don’t know yet. Maybe we (go) ______ to India.

2. Watch out! You (run) into that car.

3. Be careful! You (spill) coffee on the carpet.

4. I (be) a pianist when I grow up.

5. A: Why are you wearing the shoes at home?


B: I (stretch) them.

6. A: I’ve left my pencil at home.


B: Don’t worry – I (lend) you mine.

7. Quick. We (be) late!

8. I’ve made up my mind. I (apply) to the University of Florida.

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9. My head hurts. I’m coughing. I (be) ill.

10. A: I think the company should launch a new PR campaign.


B: That’s a good idea. I (raise) it at the next meeting.

11. A: I’ve got an awful sore throat.


B: Oh, dear. I (bring) you an aspirin.

12. A: Your hair needs a cut.


B: Oh really? I (go) to the hairdresser’s then.

13. A: Where are you going?


B: Home.
A: I (give) you a ride.

3. Na podstawie symptomów 1-10 wywnioskuj, co mo˝e si´ wydarzyç.

There are black clouds in the sky.


It is going to rain.

1. The sun is coming out.


2. The ladder is unstable.
3. Simon is opening a bottle of wine.
4. The cyclist is ahead of his rivals.
5. He is leading in the polls for the presidential election.
6. I’ve missed the bus.
7. He hasn’t studied for the exam.
8. Katy has been lying unprotected in the sun for too long.
9. My computer is infected.
10. Tim has poured himself another glass of whisky.

4. U∏ó˝ pytania dotyczàce podkreÊlonych cz´Êci zdaƒ.

1. I am going to tell you a secret.


2. She is going to break up with her boyfriend.
3. Kim is going to eat brown bread from now on.
4. Jack is not going to say a word about that.
5. My brother is going to get married.
6. Steve is going to settle down one day.
7. We are going to get there by the end of the week.
8. His parents are going to split up in the near future.
9. Alice is going to open her office in Brussels.
10. Beth is going to spend the day cleaning.

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B e G o i n g To

5. Po krótkim zaprzeczeniu przekszta∏ç zdania (1-10) wed∏ug poni˝ej podanego wzoru,


dobierajàc odpowiednie uzupe∏nienie spoÊród wyra˝eƒ (a-k).

Tina Turner is going to come back on stage.


No, she is not. She is going to write an autobiography.

1. Starbucks is going to open coffee stores in Poland.


2. E-learning is going to replace traditional education.
3. David Beckham is going to act in a film.
4. Michael Jackson is going to move to India.
5. Maybach is going to launch a small family car.
6. Women skijumping is going to become a Winter Olympic Games sport.
7. Britney Spears is going to take some time off from the music industry.
8. The Bold and the Beautiful is going to end soon.
9. Madonna is going to open her own casino.
10. Steven Spielberg is going to make a Bollywood film.

a) Shoot a civil war epic about Abraham Lincoln.


b) It is going to move into entertainment.
c) Do another commercial.
d) Release a new album.
e) Introduce a new custom-built luxury vehicle.
f) Face another trial.
g) Give a world tour.
h) Grow in popularity.
i) Complement traditional education.
j) Be made into a movie.

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11. Future Continuous
Tworzenie czasu Future Continuous

Forma twierdzàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Will Be Czasownik+ing I
I You
You He
He She ’ll be sleeping
She will be sleeping It
It We
We You
You They
They

Forma przeczàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Will Not Be Czasownik+ing I
I You
You He
He She won’t be sleeping
She will not be sleeping It
It We
We You
You They
They

Forma pytajàca Krótka odpowiedê


Will Podmiot Be Czasownik+ing Yes Podmiot Will
I Yes, I/we/you/they will
you he/she/it
he
Will she be sleeping?
it Krótka odpowiedê
we No Podmiot Will+not
you No, I/we/you/they won’t
they he/she/it

Zastosowanie
Czasu Future Continuous u˝ywamy w nast´pujàcych przypadkach:

Gdy mamy zamiar powiedzieç, ˝e czynnoÊç bàdê sytuacja b´dzie odbywa∏a si´
w okreÊlonym momencie w przysz∏oÊci, albo kiedy coÊ innego wydarzy si´ i prawdopod
obnie b´dzie trwaç dalej.

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Future Continuous

This time next week, I will be throwing a party.


O tej porze w przysz∏ym tygodniu b´d´ wydawaç przyj´cie.

I will be waiting for you in the library.


B´d´ czekaç na ciebie w bibliotece.

Tomorrow at eight, we will be sitting on the plane to New York.


Jutro o godzinie ósmej b´dziemy siedzieç w samolocie do Nowego Jorku.

Gdy mamy zamiar powiedzieç, ˝e czynnoÊç bàdê sytuacja, która ma nastàpiç


w przysz∏oÊci, b´dzie zgodna z ustalonà kolejà rzeczy, kiedy uwa˝amy jà za coÊ naturalnego.

I will be seeing them soon.


B´d´ si´ z nimi wkrótce widzieç.

You will be picking up children from school, won’t you?


Odbierzesz dzieci ze szko∏y, prawda?

The football team will be staying at the Hilton.


Dru˝yna futbolowa b´dzie przebywaç w Hiltonie.

By wyraziç przypuszczenie dotyczàce teraêniejszoÊci lub przysz∏oÊci.

Megan won’t be sleeping now. Przypuszczam, ˝e Megan teraz nie Êpi.

They will be getting home just about now. Przypuszczam, ˝e w∏aÊnie docierajà do
domu.

He will be having his breakfast now. Przypuszczam, ˝e on teraz je


Êniadanie.

Kiedy pytamy kogoÊ o zamierzenia, zw∏aszcza jeÊli chcemy prosiç o przys∏ug´. Stosujàc
t´ konstrukcj´ unikamy podejrzeƒ, ˝e chcemy wp∏ynàç na zamiary osoby, do której jest kie-
rowane zapytanie.

A: Will you be reading the newspaper? Czy b´dziesz czytaç t´ gazet´?


B: No, I’ve read what I wanted. Nie, przeczyta∏em ju˝ to, co chcia∏em.
A: Could I borrow it, then? Mog´ w takim razie jà wziàç?

When will you be coming home? Kiedy wrócisz do domu?

Will you be driving to the airport? B´dziesz jechaç na lotnisko?

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Zapami´taj!
Jak wszystkie inne formy czasu przysz∏ego, Future Continuous nie mo˝e byç u˝yty
w zdaniach zaczynajàcych si´ od wyrazów: when, while, after, before, by the time, if,
unless, provided.

JeÊli chcesz dowiedzieç si´ o czyjeÊ zamierzenia na przysz∏oÊç, unikaj czasu Future Simple.
U˝ycie tego czasu sugerowa∏oby, ˝e sk∏aniamy kogoÊ do pewnej czynnoÊci. U˝yj czasu
Future Continuous, by daç do zrozumienia, ˝e chcesz obiektywnie zapytaç o czyjeÊ plany.

åwiczenia

1. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Future Continuous albo Future Simple,


dokonujàc zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba.

A: Is it Tuesday tomorrow?
B: Yes, why?
A: Oh, I dislike Tuesdays. It is the worst day of the week for me.
B: Most people dislike Mondays. They have to wake up early after a 2-day break.
Could you explain why tomorrow is going to be dreadful?
A: Because, as usual, I 1(attend) a meeting of the Board, which is as boring as hell.
I 2(report) what our unit is doing and 3(answer) questions afterwards. Just
a complete waste of time.
B: Poor you. When you are in a meeting, I 4(get) out of town. My days off start
tomorrow.
A: That’s great! A few days off work 5(do) you good.
B: I hope so. This 6(be) my first holiday in 4 years.
A: So, while I am discussing routine issues, you 7(relax) and 8(have) fun. That is not
really fair.
B: But your days off 9(be) here in no time. Next Sunday when I am dealing with
millions of papers, you 10(have) a great time with your family.
A: True. I wish it were Sunday. By the way, you 11(drive) to the centre?
B: Yeah, do you want a lift?
A: Oh yes, please. I am picking up my sister from the railway station. She 12(arrive)
in half an hour.

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Future Continuous

2. Napisz zdania w czasie Future Continuous dobierajàc do wyra˝eƒ z kolumny A


w∏aÊciwe zakoƒczenia z kolumny B.

Larry will be diving in the Red Sea.

A B
Larry/dive a) to New York.
Simona/bask b) his title against Dimitri Kirilov.
Katy/fly back c) in the Red Sea.
Mark/travel d) out of student housing.
We/redecorate e) letter writing.
Greg/move out f) across Canada.
Luis Alberto Perez/defend g) in the morning sun.
I/land h) the whole house.
Philip/testify i) a coastal lagoon habitat.
Alice/explore j) before the Tribunal.
We/study k) at Heathrow Airport.

3. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Future Continuous, dokonujàc zmian


w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba.

1. You (prepare) any food for that occasion?


2. I (check) in on 23 September.
3. Tim (discuss) this issue with the chairman next week.
4. Tomorrow this time we (lie) on the beach.
5. Don’t call me at 6 - I (work) out in the gym.
6. I (drive) to Berlin on Saturday.
7. You (use) this typewriter?
8. This time next week Amy (sit) by the pool.
9. What time you (come) home?
10. Good luck. We (keep) our fingers crossed for you.

4. U∏ó˝ pytania w czasie Future Continuous, aby uprzejmie zapytaç o ..............

1. what time he intends to start


2. how they plan to address the problem
3. when she intends to return the book
4. whether he plans to attend the tea party
5. what time she intends to check out
6. where he plans to stay
7. whether they intend to go to the polls
8. how she plans to get to the seaside
9. whether she intends to use the photocopier
10. when they plan to come home
11. whether he plans to bring his friends to the party

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12. what time she intends to depart


13. whether they intend to dine out

5. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Future Continuous, Future Simple albo


zastosuj zwrot be going to, dokonujàc zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba.

1. Tomorrow at lunchtime I (give) a presentation.


2. When you arrive, I (wait) for you.
3. Take the umbrella. It (rain).
4. What would you like to drink? I (have) green tea, please.
5. It is so hot in here. I (faint).
6. You (come) to my office at once?
7. You (have) some more cake?
8. This time next week, we (admire) the beauty of Dresden.
9. Tonight at 7 p.m., they (give) a press conference.
10. Good luck. We (be) in touch.
11. Good luck. We (cheer) on you.
12. Dennis, you (do) me a favor?
13.What do you need it for? I (drill) a hole.
14. Do you have any plans for the long weekend? Yes, we (visit) our friends in
Sweden.
15. In the afternoon I (study) for my finals.

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12. Future Perfect
Tworzenie czasu Future Perfect

Forma twierdzàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Will Have III Forma Czasownika I
I You
You He
He She ’ll have slept
She will have slept It
It We
We You
You They
They

Forma przeczàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Will Not Have III Forma Czasownika I
I You
You He
He She won’t have slept
She will not have slept It
It We
We You
You They
They

Forma pytajàca Krótka odpowiedê


Will Podmiot Have III Forma Czasownika Yes Podmiot Will
I Yes, I/we/you/they will
you he/she/it
he
Will she have slept?
it Krótka odpowiedê
we No Podmiot Will+not
you No, I/we/you/they won’t
they he/she/it

Zastosowanie
Czasu Future Perfect u˝ywamy w nast´pujàcy przypadkach:

By stwierdziç, ˝e dana czynnoÊç bàdê sytuacja zostanie ukoƒczona do okreÊlonej chwili


w przysz∏oÊci.

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Jude will have completed his doctoral thesis by May.


Jude skoƒczy swój doktorat przed majem.

The actress will have signed the contract by the beginning of September.
Aktorka podpisze kontrakt przed poczàtkiem wrzeÊnia.

The jury will not have delivered the verdict until next week.
¸awa przysi´g∏ych nie og∏osi werdyktu do nast´pnego tygodnia.

By powiedzieç, ˝e dany stan b´dzie trwa∏, okreÊlajàc przy tym od jak dawna.

I will have been in Warsaw for exactly twenty years by 2007.


W 2007 roku up∏ynie dok∏adnie dziesi´ç lat, odkàd jestem w Warszawie.

Jim will have worked as a reporter for ten years by the end of this year.
Pod koniec roku up∏ynie dziesi´ç lat, odkàd Jim pracuje jako reporter.

I will have studied three foreign languages for two years next semester.
W przysz∏ym semestrze up∏ynà dwa lata, odkàd ucz´ si´ trzech j´zyków obcych.

By wyraziç przekonanie, ˝e jakaÊ czynnoÊç zosta∏a wykonana.

The plane will have taken off by now, so don’t bother to rush to the airport.
Samolot ju˝ pewnie odlecia∏, wi´c daruj sobie poÊpiech na lotnisko.

W zdaniach w Future Perfect cz´sto wyst´pujà takie okreÊlenia czasowe jak: by, by the
time, before, until/till, by then.

Zapami´taj!
Future Perfect wskazuje na przesz∏oÊç w przysz∏oÊci.

åwiczenia

1. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Future Perfect.

1. By the time I complete my degree, I (gain) expertise in writing protocols.


2. Tom (recover) by then.
3. I (not learn) my lines until tomorrow.
4. Tony (live) in Morocco for a decade by 2007.

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Future Per fect

5. We (know) each other for two years next May.


6. By dinner time Rob (finish) packing.
7.Mr Taylor (pay) off his debts by the time he takes out a new loan.
8. Sue (peel) all potatoes in two hours’ time.
9.The plane (land) by 7.
10. Paul (finish) his apprenticeship by the end of the month.
11. I (repair) the tap by 4 p.m.
12. Next year we (be) married for seven years.

2. Beth urzàdza przyj´cie urodzinowe w sobot´ 27 maja o godzinie 18-tej.


Napisz w czasie Future Perfect, co zrobi Beth, aby przygotowaç urodziny.

1. make a guest list (by Sun 14th)


2. plan a menu (by Mon 15th)
3. make a shopping list (by Fri 19th)
4. plan some activities such as games or karaoke (by Sun 21st)
5. do the shopping (by Mon 22nd)
6. choose the music (by Tue 23rd)
7. bake cakes and cook dishes (by Wed 24th)
8. clean the whole house (by Thu 25th)
9. put up decorations (by Fri 26st)
10. borrow extra chairs and tables from a neighbour (by 2 o’clock on Saturday )
11. order flowers (by 3 o’clock on Saturday)
12. prepare salad dressing and sandwiches (by 4 o’clock on Saturday)

3. Napisz w czasie Future Perfect zaprzeczenie prognoz wyra˝onych w poni˝szych zdaniach


wed∏ug wzoru.

The world’s population will have doubled by 2015.


No, the world’s population won’t have doubled until 2060.

1. People will have constructed flying cars by 2050.


2. Scientists will have discovered a cure for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s by 2009.
3. People will have conquered the solar system by 2050.
4. The Earth’s temperature will have risen by 8°C by the end of this decade.
5. The European Union will have taken in Turkey by 2012.
6. Warsaw will have had 5 subway lines built by 2020.
7. The polar ice cap will have melted by the end of the century.
8. Two-thirds of the world’s plant species will have disappeared by 2020.

4. Moda na sukces” emitowana jest od poniedzia∏ku do piàtku o 16, babcia Petera uwielbia
ten serial. Odpowiedz na poni˝sze pytania w czasie Future Perfect.

1. How many episodes will she have watched after a month?

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2. She has been watching the soap every day and records it when she is not at home.
Next month she will be away for two weeks. How many episodes will she have
recorded by the time she returns home?
3. She drinks two cups of herbal tea while watching each episode. How many cups
of tea will she have drunk after a week? She drinks tea only when the soap is
being broadcast.
4. Each episode runs for 30 minutes. How many hours will she have spent in front
of the TV screen watching the soap after a week?

5. Twój kolega wkrótce zdaje egzamin z j´zyka angielskiego. Nie czuje si´ zbyt pewnie.
Dodaj mu otuchy. U∏ó˝ zdania 1-8 w czasie Future Perfect wed∏ug wzoru.

Catch up (in two weeks’ time).


You will have caught up in two weeks’ time.

1. Get acquainted with examination requirements (before you know it).


2. Revise your grammar and vocabulary (by the end of next month).
3. Learn new grammatical structures (by May).
4. Improve your English skills (before the spring comes).
5. Extend your existing knowledge (before you take the exam).
6. Develop your writing skills (by the end of the semester).
7. Consolidate your learning from the previous two years (before the exam).

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13. Future Perfect Continuous
Tworzenie czasu Future Perfect Continuous

Forma twierdzàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Will Have Been Czasownik+ing I
I You
You He
He She ’ll have been sleeping
She will have been sleeping It
It We
We You
You They
They

Forma przeczàca Forma Êciàgni´ta


Podmiot Will Not Have Been Czasownik+ing I
I You
You He
He She won’t have been sleeping
She will not have been sleeping It
It We
We You
You They
They

Forma pytajàca Krótka odpowiedê


Will Podmiot Have been Czasownik+ing Yes Podmiot Will
I Yes, I/we/you/they will
you he/she/it
he
Will she have been sleeping
it Krótka odpowiedê
we No Podmiot Will+not
you No, I/we/you/they won’t
they he/she/it

Zastosowanie
Czasem Future Perfect Continuous pos∏ugujemy si´ by:

Zaznaczyç, ˝e jakiÊ stan b´dzie trwaç przez pewien okreÊlony czas w konkretnym
momencie w przysz∏oÊci, i byç mo˝e b´dzie trwaç i poêniej.

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We will have been negotiating the contract for two months by May.
W maju minà dwa miesiàce, odkàd negocjujemy kontrakt.

Holly will have been delivering letters for five hours by 6 o’clock.
O szóstej up∏ynie pi´ç godzin, odkàd Holly roznosi listy.

I will have been driving for ten hours by the time I get home.
Zanim dotr´ do domu, b´d´ prowadziç od dziesi´ciu godzin.

Stwierdziç, ˝e dana czynnoÊç b´dzie spodziewanà przyczynà sytuacji, którà


przewidujemy w przysz∏oÊci.

He will be tired when he gets home because he will have been weeding the
flowerbeds for a few hours.
B´dzie zm´czony, kiedy wróci do domu, poniewa˝ b´dzie plewiç grzàdki od paru
godzin.

Zazwyczaj Future Perfect Continuous stosuje si´ z okreÊleniami czasowymi zaczynajàcymi


si´ na by.

Zapami´taj!
JeÊli nie podajesz przeciàgu trwania danej czynnoÊci lub sytuacji (np. for two hours, for an hour,
since May), lepiej u˝yj czasu Future Continuous zamiast Future Perfect Continuous.

åwiczenia

1. U˝ywajàc czasów Future Perfect i Future Perfect Continuous przedstaw jak Robbie
Williams b´dzie realizowa∏ swój projektowany rozk∏ad dnia.

7:30-8:00 eat breakfast


8:00-10:00 take part in a photographic session
11:00-11:30 sign a new contract
11:30-12:30 give an interview
12:30-13:00 meet fans
13:00-14:00 hold a press conference
14:00-15:00 have lunch
15:30-17:00 play a charity concert
17:00-19:00 appear at the MTV Music Awards
19:00-20:00 have dinner

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Future Per fect Continuous

By 7:40 Robbie Williams will have been eating for a few minutes.
By 11:20 ______ .
By 12:45 ______ .
By 13:30 ______ .
By 15:45 ______ .
By 19:10 ______ .
By 20:15 ______ .

2. Rozbuduj zdania 1-5 wyra˝eniami zawartymi w nawiasach. Wszystkie zdania uzupe∏niajàce


sformu∏uj w czasie Future Perfect Continuous, aby poinformowaç, co b´dzie przyczynà
sytuacji, której si´ spodziewamy w przysz∏oÊci.

1. Nick will be exhausted when he gets home. (drive all day)


2. My French will be excellent when I return to Poland. (study French for three
years)
3. Sue will feel much better when she leaves hospital. (recover for two weeks)
4. Philip will be relaxed when he comes from holiday. (rejuvenate in Davos for over
a month)
5. The soldier will be very sleepy when he returns to camp. (stand guard all night)

3. U˝ywajàc wyt∏uszczonego s∏owa, u∏ó˝ drugie zdanie o podobnym znaczeniu co pierwsze.


Zastosuj ró˝ne formy czasu przysz∏ego.

1. What do you want me to get you for dinner?


shall ______ for dinner?
2. I have arranged to meet Simon tomorrow evening.
am ______ tomorrow evening.
3. Mrs Collette joined the company nearly a month ago, at the end of January.
been ______ by the end of February.
4. The baby is due in May.
is ______ baby in May.
5. We have decided to get married next summer.
are ______ next summer.
6. I will not manage to write the report by 9 o’clock.
have ______ until 9 o’clock.
7. She has this annoying habit of wearing mini skirts, which drives me mad.
wear ______ , which drives me mad.
8. He refuses to eat fresh vegetables.
not ______ fresh vegetables.
9. Where are you planning to stay?
be ______ staying?
10. The president is likely to stop the seal hunt.
possibly ______ the seal hunt.

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4. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Future Perfect lub Future Perfect
Continuous.

A: What is troubling you?


B: Nothing at all. It is just that ... There is so much going on. My wife says that
I work too hard. But there is so much competition nowadays that you must stay
on top of everything to succeed. If I keep working to the best of my ability,
I 1(receive) my promotion by December.
A: I see. Do you work overtime?
B: Oh yes, regularly. I am an assistant to an attorney, so I must work hard to make
sure everything is running and up to date.
A: How long have you been with the firm?
B: Next week, I 2(be) with the firm for five years.
A: Do you have a guilty conscience as to the amount you work?
B: No. Why should I? I work hard because I have to. Many of my colleagues
can’t do what I do.
A: And do you happen to work through days and nights consecutively?
B: Yes, but only if my boss demands a greater effort. Now, for example, I am
preparing a very important contract. By the end of July I 3(work) on it for two
months.
A: I see.
B: And by the time I finish it, I 4(perfect) my legal skills.
A: Do you have any interests apart from your job?
B: Well, my job leaves no time for anything else. Doctor, is there anything wrong
with that?

5. Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Future Perfect lub Future Perfect
Continuous.

1. He (serve) a two-year sentence for theft by then.


2. Next semester Chris (study) accounting for two years.
3. By then, David (wait) for almost two years for a visa.
4. Vince (repair) the roof for a few hours when Lynn gets home.
5. By the end of this year, he (be) replaced by a younger actor.
6. Peter (be) in the navy for 20 years by the end of next month.
7. If everything goes well, I (write) my doctoral thesis in May.
8. By 2007 we (live) in Nashville for 10 years.
9. I read 30 pages a day. If I keep up the pace, I (read) the book by Monday.
10. I will be back in shape when I return home from holiday. I (jog) for two months.

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SPRAWDè SI¢
1-b 15-a
2-b 16-c
3-a 17-b
4-c 18-c
5-a 19-a
6-a 20-b
7-c 21-c
8-b 22-c
9-a 23-b
10-b 24-a
11-b 25-c
12-a 26-b
13-c 27-c
14-c

PRESENT SIMPLE
1. 3.
1. works 1. I don’t experiment with my recipes.
2. does not 2. He doesn’t deliver newspapers to earn some extra
3. read money.
4. keeps 3. They don’t eat vegetables and drink milk.
5. wake, goes 4. My grandmother doesn’t knit sweaters for us.
6. charges 5. My sister doesn’t listen to all sorts of music.
7. reads 6. We don’t eat three meals a day.
8. likes 7. My boss doesn’t smoke Cuban cigars.
9. does not know 8. She doesn’t wear funny round glasses.
10. makes 9. My garden doesn’t overlook a magnificent waterfall.
11. do not migrate 10. I don’t take sugar in my coffee.
12. takes 11. My neighbours don’t gossip about everyone they
13. eat know.
14. gives 12. We don’t cater to birthday parties and wedding
15. collects receptions.
13. They never fight over everything.
14. My friends don’t throw parties to please them-
2. selves.
15. I don’t get angry when people talk behind my
Sugerowane odpowiedzi back.
1. read/rides
2. clean up
3. talks 4.
4. eat
5. works out 1. What do you usually drink for lunch?
6. serve/sell 2. What does she never do before she comes over?
7. makes 3. What does my boss often do while talking?
8. complains 4. What do you read to send yourself to sleep?
9. drives 5. What do we seldom do these days?
10. smiles 6. How often do you study English?
11. growl 7. How does he always spread butter on his bread?
12. follows 8. Where do they live?
13. buys, brings 9. What do polar bears eat?
14. try 10. What does my brother want to become?
15. attends

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5. 8.
Sugerowane odpowiedzi 1. when
1. They fight fire. 2. when
2. She presents the news. 3. if
3. He drives a lorry. 4. if
4. She plays the piano. 5. when
5. We pick fruit. 6. when
6. He produces films. 7. if
7. He hunts deer. 8. when
8. He collects refuse. 9. when
9. They develop software 10. if
10. She decorates the interiors of homes, businesses,
hotels, etc.
9.
6.
1. always
1. a 2. usually
2. b 3. often/frequently
3. a 4. sometimes
4. a 5. occasionally
5. a 6. rarely/hardly ever
7. never
8. once a day
7. 9. ever
10. every second year
1. No, they don’t. They feed on hay, grass, oats.
2. No, they don’t. Penguins live in the Antarctic.
3. No, it doesn’t. Water boils at 100°C. 10.
4. No, they don’t. Cats purr when they are pleased/
Dogs stick their tongues out. 1. select
5. No, it doesn’t. The Earth orbits the Sun. 2. open
6. No, it doesn’t. The Vistula enters the Baltic Sea. 3. put in
7. No, they don’t. Tigers live in Asia. 4. makes
8. No, he doesn’t. David Beckham plays for Real 5. insert
Madrid. 6. wait
9. No, it doesn’t. Coffee grows in Brazil. 7. switch off
10. No, it doesn’t. Yeti lives in the Himalayas. Nessie 8. take out
lives there. 9. comes
11. No, they don’t. Cuckoos lay their eggs in other
birds’ nests.
12. No, he doesn’t. James Bond works for the British
Secret Service.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. 2.
1. When are you leaving? 1. is giving
2. What is she trying to do? 2. is operating
3. Why are you wearing this suit? 3. is checking
4. Are you doing anything tomorrow evening? 4. is talking
5. Whom are you seeing tonight? 5. is helping
6. Where are you hurrying to at this hour? 6. is taking
7. Why are you doing this to me? 7. is taking
8. What is he getting at? 8. is feeding
9. What is she waiting for? 9. is performing
10. How is he doing as a father? 10. is escorting

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3. 6.
1. My parents aren’t buying new furniture for their 1. am studying
house. 2. is rehearsing
2. I am not thinking about leaving my job. 3. is throwing, is always partying
3. We aren’t planning to move to the suburbs. 4. is getting, improves
4. She isn’t reading her old diary. 5. Are you going away, are going
5. Liz isn’t dying her hair green and pink. 6. uses, comes
6. He isn’t cutting a piece of bread. 7. is baking
7. The workers aren’t striking over unfair labour practices. 8. is it going, am getting tired
8. We aren’t redecorating our guest rooms. 9. does he do
9. The cat isn’t licking its paws. 10. does, do
10. My neighbour isn’t drilling holes in the wall.

7.
4.
1. To whom is she reading a bedtime story?
1-d 2. What are you drinking?
2-i 3. What is the child doing?
3-h 4. What is the teacher explaining?
4-a 5. What are you shopping for?
5-j 6. Who is cleaning the bird cage?
6-g 7. When is Matthew sailing for Barbuda?
7-f 8. What is Andy translating?
8-e 9. How is she whisking the eggs?
9-b 10. Where are they basking?
10-c

8.
5.
1-e
1. are attending vegetarian food fairs 2-c
2. am seeing an important customer 3-f
3. am having lunch with a sales manager 4-d
4. am attending a conference on food safety 5-a
5. am moving out to a new house 6-b
6. am taking a business trip to Poland 7-g

PAST SIMPLE
1. 2.
1. The Smiths sold their house and moved to 1. lookes, saw
Vancouver. 2. fell, broke
2. I went to bed, but I didn’t sleep a wink. 3. called
3. Philip studied law at Glasgow University. 4. paid, owed
4. How did you make your first million? 5. bit, heard
5. Abraham Lincoln was born in 1809. 6. left
6. My brother set up in business as a confectioner. 7. stood
7. Martin sued the newspaper for libel, and he won. 8. grew
8. When did you last see him? 9. took
9. Amy joined the company in 2001. 10. picked, listened, ran
10. I wanted to be an astronaut when I was a child. 11. parked, got, approached
12. sat, read
13. took, wiped
14. dropped
15. called

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3. 5.
1. No, he didn’t. Orhan Pamuk won the 2006 Nobel 1. How did your exams go?
for literature. 2. What did the child eat?
2. No, he didn’t. Columbus discovered America. 3. What did the thief steal?
3. No, he didn’t. Michael Jackson underwent many 4. Who(m) did the police arrest?
plastic surgeries. 5. Where did Mr Olive study economics?
4. No, she didn’t. Arthur Conan Doyle created Sherlock 6. When did the Prime Minister open the industrial
Holmes. park?
5. No, it wasn’t. Gniezno was the first capital of Poland. 7. What did Mike install?
6. No, they didn’t. The ancient Egyptians built the pyramids. 8. How many times did the phone ring before I picked
7. No, she didn’t. Catherine the Great reigned over Russia. it up?
8. No, he didn’t. Johann Gutenberg invented the printing 9. Who made a terrible mistake?
press. 10. Why did he lose the game?
9. No, he didn’t. JK Rowling wrote Harry Potter.
10. No, he didn’t. Daedalus constructed the labyrinth.
11. No, he didn’t. Yuri Gagarin became the first man
in space. 6.
12. No, he didn’t. John Travolta starred in Saturday
Night Fever. 1. was
2. belonged
3. thought
4. 4. what did you do
5. learnt
1. drank 6. defended
2. answered 7. protested
3. left 8. did
4. bought/brought 9. said
5. took 10. was
6. showed
7. dreamed
8. went, won
9. sat
10. made

PAST CONTINUOUS
1. 2.
1. While the kettle was boiling, she was taking 1. was parking, stopped
out/took out a cup from the cupboard. 2. broke, was bird watching
2. The postman arrived while we were packing for a 3. were demonstrating, was opening
trip to Florida. 4. rang, was proofreading
3. I was making my bed when I heard a cat meowing. 5. sprained, was getting
4. She met her future husband while she was staying 6. was whistling, was trimming
in Helsinki. 7. were searching, found
5. Tim was chatting online while the child was playing 8. arrived, were putting
with a toy. 9. burned, was poking
6. Alice cut her finger while she was chopping a carrot. 10. was browsing, went out
7. A doctor was examining me when a patient came in.
8. I ran into a friend of mine while I was shopping at
Safeway.
9. Dorothy saw a car accident while she was queuing
at the Main Post Office.
10. Jack heard the police siren while he was going to bed.
11. It was raining when we left the restaurant.
12. What were you doing on 2 September?

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3. 6.
1. What was the actress rehearsing? 1. While, When
2. What did Martha hear while she was locking the 2. when
door? 3. when
3. What was Tom doing when a man came up to the 4. when
table? 5. While, When
4. What was David doing all afternoon? 6. when
5. Where were the children playing? 7. when
6. What was Ann trying to remove? 8. when
7. Where was it raining all night? 9. when
8. Who was pitching the tent in the yard? 10. While, When
9. Who were the fans cheering on?
10. Who/what was swimming in the pool?
7.
1. was
4. 2. was shining
3. were singing
1. Aunt Clarissa didn’t burst into my room while I was
4. were running
napping. She tiptoed into my room.
5. took
2. Kim wasn’t eating strawberries when Jim came
6. went
home. She was washing strawberries.
7. were walking
3. I wasn’t putting on my running shoes when the lace
8. jumped
broke. I was taking them off.
9. began
4. Brandon wasn’t running up the stairs when his keys
10. saw
fell out of his pocket. He was running down the
11. started
stairs.
12. were walking
5. We weren’t watching a match when the lights went
13. was holding
off. We were watching a film.
14. broke
6. The secretary wasn’t filling out any papers when
15. started
Chris walked into the office. She was eating a cake.
16. gained
7. Beth wasn’t peeling potatoes when she heard her
17. caught
husband opening the front door. She was mashing
18. didn’t know
them.
19. sniffed
20. let

5. 8.
1. While Sue was writing an essay, Jerry was revising a) Friday
for his exam. Then, they invited friends.
2. He got home while I was sleeping. Next, they planned picnic activities.
3. Tim was washing the dishes when a plate fell off Finally, they did the shopping for the picnic.
the shelf.
4. Jack was withdrawing money from the ATM Saturday
machine when his credit card company charged him First, they prepared food.
the wrong amount. Then, they filled a picnic basket with food and
5. We were lying on the beach when a big wave picnic essentials.
crashed on the shore. Finally, they went to the picnic site.
6. I was changing a light bulb when I lost my balance
and fell over. b) Friday
7. Chris was sleeping when a knock at the door awoke They were inviting friends.
him. They were planning picnic activities.
8. What were you doing when the accident happened? They were doing the shopping for the picnic.
9. They were playing darts when a quarrel broke out.
10. While I was speeding down a hill, a hare ran in Saturday
front of the car. They were preparing food and beverages.
They were filling a picnic basket with food and
picnic essentials.
They were going to the picnic site.

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PRESENT PERFECT
1. 5.
1. has never travelled 1. They haven’t bought a wedding dress or tuxedo.
2. have never seen 2. They have booked the church.
3. have lost 3. They haven’t chosen a reception venue.
4. have been 4. They have selected a band.
5. Have you seen 5. They haven’t hired a caterer.
6. Where have you been? 6. They have found a professional photographer.
7. has just left 7. They haven’t arranged for transport.
8. have you tried 8. They haven’t ordered a wedding cake.
9. have you done
10. has lost
11. Has there ever been 6.
12. have met
1. We haven’t heard from you for ages.
13. haven’t been
2. How long have you been married?
14. haven’t slept
3. Sue hasn’t learnt how to drive a car.
15. Have you ever skipped
4. I still haven’t made up my mind what I want to be
when I grow up.
5. I have never studied abroad.
2. 6. The art gallery has had this painting for two years.
7. Nick has lived in Boston since his childhood.
1. have returned 8. Bob hasn’t awoken yet.
2. had
3. have travelled
4. have been 7.
5. arrived
6. left 1-a
7. felt 2-a
8. had 3-b
9. was 4-a
10. was 5-a
11. I have ever had

3. 8.
1. since 1. has just released
2. for 2. won
3. since 3. were
4. since 4. has taught
5. for 5. has never voted
6. since 6. didn’t drink
7. since 7. lived
8. for 8. have worked
9. for 9. defeated
10. since 10. Whom did Shakespeare marry?
11. parked, got out, locked
12. haven’t written
4. 13. loved, lived
14. left
1. I haven’t smoked since May 3rd 2000. 15. hasn’t been, got
2. I haven’t lost my temper since February last year.
3. We haven’t talked to each other for over a year.
4. He hasn’t played a match since 2005.
5. We haven’t travelled across Europe since last summer.
6. I haven’t used Windows for a month.
7. Grace has been a business unit manager since 2002.
8. We haven’t been to Madrid since 1990.

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9. 10.
1-j 1. Have you ever cheated in an exam?
2-f No, I have never cheated in an exam.
3-d 2. Have you ever copied someone else’s work?
4-h Yes, I have copied someone else’s work once before.
5-a 3. Have you ever forgotten your ID tag?
6-i Yes, I have forgotten my ID tag once or twice.
7-g 4. Have you ever played truant?
8-b Yes, I have played truant several times this school year.
9-c 5. Have you ever performed in a school play?
10-e No, I haven’t performed in a school play yet.
6. Have you ever been late to school?
Yes, I have been late to school three times this
school year.
7. Have you ever lied to a teacher?
No, I have never lied to a teacher.
8. Have you ever come to class unprepared?
Yes, I have come to class unprepared four times
since school began.
9. Have your parents ever been contacted?
Yes, they have been contacted on a number
of occasions.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS


1. 3.
1-d 1-a
2-e 2-b
3-i 3-b
4-e 4-a
5-a 5-a
6-g 6-a
7-j
8-c
9-b 4.
10-h
1. I have been weeding the garden since 10 o’clock.
2. Helen has been dancing professionally since 1997.
2. 3. We have had a new coffee machine for two months.
4. Roger has been shopping for over two hours.
1. have done 5. Lynn has been reading the book since noon.
2. has been thundering and raining
3. has been horse riding
4. has been drinking 5.
5. have you been
6. has been jogging 1. How long have you been wearing glasses?
7. have cooked 2. Steve has been to the USA twice so far.
8. has been seeing 3. I have known Tom for ten years.
9. have known 4. Paul has been delivering papers since 8 o’clock.
10. have learnt 5. Someone has been using my computer without my
11. have been complaining knowledge.
12. have had 6. I haven’t been dieting/haven’t dieted lately.
13. has been feeling 7. My feet hurt. I have been walking all day.
14. has been standing 8. Annie has been sleeping badly recently.
15. has been losing 9. The band have been playing together for two years.
10. He has been coaching since 1998.

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PAST PERFECT
1. 4.
1. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 1. After I had bought a coffee table, Carrie found
polished his shoes. a similar one at a lower price.
2. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 2. He had written his first novel by the time he
washed his clothes. graduated from Oxford University.
3. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 3. Alice began/had begun to walk before she spoke her
cooked a meal in his life. first word.
4. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 4. As soon as Clair went into the room, she knew she
eaten anything other than homemade meals. had been there before.
5. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 5. The concert had begun by the time we arrived at
cleaned the house. the venue.
6. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 6. After Charles (had) made a fortune in the stock
made his bed. market, he supported a number of charities.
7. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 7. We had had that cottage for twenty years before it
bought his own clothes. fell down.
8. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 8. I didn’t go to see the movie because I (had) watched
given parties. it before.
9. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 9. Simon hadn’t had/didn’t have a proper house before
dated a girl. he hit the jackpot.
10. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never 10. David had lived in Cincinnati until he moved to
had a mobile phone San José.

2. 5.
1. composed, had never learnt 1. I had never been to an auction before.
2. got, had lost 2. After I had done the laundry, I hung it out to dry.
3. didn’t recognize, hadn’t met 3. When Lucy got a phone call, she had already
4. were, had never heard watered the houseplant.
5. saw, hadn’t yet paid off 4. By the time I turned ten, I had read most of the
6. retired, had worked classic horror novels.
7. had done, took 5. I had never wanted to come back to Europe before.
8. had already started, arrived 6. Paul didn’t join the Labour Party until he had
9. had never eaten, went graduated from Oxford.
10. was, had declined 7. When the alarm clock went off, I had washed my
11. had crossed hair.
12. had kept 8.The plane had taken off by the time Garry arrived at
13. had never heard, went the airport.
14. had had, acted
15. got married, had completed

3.
1. The campaign team had invented a slogan, but they
hadn’t written a campaign song.
2. The campaign team hadn’t paid for TV ads, but they
had designed a campaign logo.
3. The campaign team hadn’t prepared leaflets and
posters, but they had ordered bumper stickers,
T-shirts and balloons with the logo.
4. The campaign team had paid for TV ads, but they
hadn’t made phone calls to the donors.
5. The campaign team had made phone calls to the
donors, and they had organised a whistle-stop tour.

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PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS


1. 3.
a) 1. They had been drinking and eating noisily for 2. When Jerry got there at 9.45, the scouts had been
a few hours before the police arrived. handing out bin liners for fifteen minutes.
2. They had been dancing wildly for a few hours 3. When Tom and Scott came at 10.20, the scouts had
before the police arrived. been emptying litter baskets for twenty minutes.
3. They had been playing CDs at full volume for 4. When she arrived there the scouts’ backs were aching
a few hours before the police arrived. as they had been picking up the litter (bottles, cans,
4. They had been shouting for a few hours before food wrappers, cigar tips, lids) for two hours.
the police arrived. 5. When Mike arrived at 13.40, the scouts had been
5. They had been fighting for a few hours before recording the litter found for ten minutes.
the police arrived. 6. When Martin and David came at 14.30, the scouts
had been taking the rubbish to a landfill site for half
b) 1. The policemen had been checking cars for some an hour.
time before they received a noise complaint.
2. The policemen had been issuing parking tickets for
4.
some time before they received a noise complaint.
3. The policemen had been watching for drunk 1. had been snowing, left
drivers/pedestrians for some time before they 2. had been working, was laid
received a noise complaint. 3. had been investigating, went
4. The policemen had been picking up truants for 4. had been living
some time before they received a noise complaint. 5. had been waiting
5. The policemen had been monitoring traffic for 6. had been raining
some time before they received a noise complaint. 7. had been repairing
8. had been lecturing, moved
2. 9. went, had been feeling
10. put, had been eating
1. ……… because I had been studying very hard.
2. ……… because she had been cleaning all morning.
3. ……… because she had been lying in the sun too long. 5.
4. ……… because he had been driving all day long.
5. ……… because he had been drinking the whole 1. Mr John Carrington said that he had been reading
evening. stock market reports, but actually he had been
6. ……… because she had been crying the whole night. examining the robbery plan.
7. ……… because he had been jogging. 2. Mr Richard Carrington said that he had been
8. ……… because it had been snowing heavily all night. watching wild birds, but actually he had been
9. ……… because I had been swimming for half an hour. observing the bank’s security guards.
10. ……… because he had been repairing his car. 3. Mrs Judy Carrington said that she had been
11. ……… because she had been painting the flat. planning a dinner party, but actually she had been
12. ……… because she had been working hard during planning an escape route.
her probationary period. 4. Mrs Elisabeth Carrington said that she had been
13. ……… because we had been laughing out loud. watching a firework display, but actually she had
14. ……… because he had been making private phone been preparing explosives.
calls. 5. Miss Veronica Carrington said that she had been
15. ……… because he had not been eating properly. making her own clothes, but actually she had been
cutting eyeholes in the masks.
6. May said that she had been polishing silver, but
actually she had been stealing jewellery.
7. Jack said that he had been cleaning the cellar, but
actually he had been drinking vintage wine in the
cellar.
8. Bernie said that he had been writing a request for
a pay rise, but actually he had been forging
Mr Carrington’s signature.

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

FUTURE SIMPLE
1. 4.
Sugerowane odpowiedzi 1. Will you stop fidgeting!
1. I will explain it to you. 2. Jim won’t go to a doctor.
2. I will help you to carry it/lend you a hand. 3. When shall I arrive?
3. I will close the window/turn up the heater. 4. The director will see you now.
4. I will get you an aspirin. 5. Shall we go out tonight?
5. I will give you a lift. 6. All payments shall be made no later than May 31.
6. I will take it out. 7. I will call you tomorrow.
7. I will take him for a walk.
8. I will get you a coffee.
9. I will buy some.
10. I will tidy it/clean it up. 5.
11. I will repair/fix it.
1. If you don’t turn the volume down, I will call the
12. I will go and pick them up/collect them.
police.
13. I will mow/cut it.
2. If you don’t keep to the hours of work, I will fire you.
3. If you aren’t quiet, I will punish you.
4. If you don’t give me a pay rise, I will quit.
2.
5. If you don’t improve your grades, I will deduct one
Sugerowane odpowiedzi pound each day from your pocket money.
1. I will eat healthy food. 6. If you don’t give me a refund, I will sue you.
2. I will learn to program it. 7. If you don’t pick up your room, I will throw away
3. I will start dieting. everything that I find on the floor.
4. I will quit smoking. 8. If you don’t clean up the table, I won’t allow you to
5. I will get out of debt/I’ll make it back in the black. eat with us.
6. I will enrol on a language course. 9. If you don’t tell the whole truth, I will lock you in
7. I will enjoy my life more. your room until you confess.
8. I will become more assertive. 10. If you don’t stop harassing me, I will report you.
9. I will plan my expenses carefully.
10. I will stay in more often and read books.

3.
Sugerowane odpowiedzi
1. No, it won’t. It will stop growing by the end of the
21st century.
2. No, they won’t. People will travel to the moon.
3. No, it won’t. Distance learning will support
traditional methods of education.
4. No, they won’t. Cars will run on sugar cane.
5. No, they won’t. People will live in smaller houses.
6. No, they won’t. People will eat convenience food.
7. No, they won’t. People will use biomass to produce
energy.
8. No, it won’t. Warsaw will have two airports.
9. No, they won’t. People will have shorter careers.
10. No, it won’t. The Arctic will become warmer.

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Klucz

BE GOING TO
1. 4.
1. is going to study for a math exam. 1. What are you going to tell me?
2. is going to stay in and watch Mad TV. 2. What is she going to do?
3. is going to take the car to the garage. 3. What is she going to eat from now on?
4. is having a job interview at 2.30. 4. What isn’t he going to say?
5. is attending the school reunion at 8 p.m. 5. Who is going to get married?
6. is going to the dentist’s at 4 p.m. 6. When is he going to settle down?
7. is going to a passport office. 7. When are we going to get there?
8. What are his parents going to do in the near future?
9. Where is she going to open her office?
10. How is she going to spend the day?
2.
1. will go
2. are going to run 5.
3. are going to spill
1. Starbucks is going to open coffee stores in Poland.
4. am going to be
No, it is not. It is going to move into entertainment.
5. am going to stretch
2. E-learning is going to replace traditional education.
6. will lend
No, it is not. It is going to complement traditional
7. are going to be
education.
8. am going to apply
3. David Beckham is going to act in a film. No, he is
9. am going to be
not. He is going to do another commercial.
10. will raise
4. Michael Jackson is going to move to India. No, he is
11. will bring
not. He is going to face another trial.
12. will go
5. Maybach is going to launch a small family car. No,
13. will give
it is not. It is going to introduce a new custom-built
luxury vehicle.
3. 6. Women skijumping is going to become a Winter
Olympic Games sport. No, it is not. It is going to
Sugerowane odpowiedzi grow in popularity, though.
1. It is going to be a beautiful day. 7. Britney Spears is going to take some time off from
2. The ladder is going to collapse. the music industry. No, she is not. She is going to
3. Simon is going to drink wine. give a world tour.
4. The cyclist is going to win. 8. The Bold and the Beautiful is going to end soon. No,
5. He is going to become president. it is not. It is going to be made into a movie.
6. I am going to be late. 9. Madonna is going to open her own casino. No, she
7. He is going to fail the exam. is not. She is going to release a new album.
8. Katy is going to get sunburnt. 10. Steven Spielberg is going to make a Bollywood
9. It is going to crash. film. No, he is not. He is going to shoot a civil war
10. He is going to get drunk. epic about Abraham Lincoln.

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

FUTURE CONTINUOUS
1. 4.
1. will be attending 1. What time will you be starting?
2. will be reporting 2. How will you be addressing the issue?
3. (will be) answering 3. When will you be returning the book?
4. will be getting 4. Will you be attending the tea party?
5. will do 5. What time will you be checking out?
6. will be 6. Where will you be staying?
7. will be relaxing 7. Will you be going to the polls?
8. (will be) having fun 8. How will you be getting to the seaside?
9. will be 9. Will you be using the photocopier?
10. will be having 10. Will you be coming home?
11. will you be driving 11. Will you be brining friends to the party?
12. will be arriving 12. When will you be departing?
13. Will you be dining out?
2.
1. Simona will be basking in the morning sun.
2. Katy will be flying back to New York. 5.
3. Mark will be travelling across Canada.
1. will be giving
4. We will be redecorating the whole house.
2. will be waiting
5. Greg will be moving out of student housing.
3. is going to rain
6. Luis Alberto Perez will be defending his title
4. will have
against Dimitri Kirilov.
5. am going to faint
7. I will be landing at Heathrow Airport.
6. Will you come
8. Philip will be testifying before the Tribunal.
7. Will you have
9. Alice will be exploring a coastal lagoon habitat.
8. will be admiring
10. We will be studying letter writing.
9. will be giving
10. will be
11. will be cheering
3. 12. will you do
13. am going to drill
1. Will you be preparing 14. are going to visit
2. will be checking 15. will be studying
3. will be discussing
4. will be lying
5. will be working
6. will be driving
7. Will you be using
8. will be sitting
9. will you be coming
10. will be keeping

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Klucz

FUTURE PERFECT
1. 4.
1. will have gained 1. After a month Peter’s grandma will have watched
2. will have recovered twenty episodes.
3. won’t have learnt 2. By the time she returns home, she will have
4. will have lived recorded ten episodes.
5. will have known 3. After a week she will have drunk ten cups of herbal
6. will have finished tea.
7. will have paid 4. After a week she will have spent 150 minutes in
8. will have peeled front of the TV screen watching the soap.
9. will have landed
10. will have finished
11. will have repaired
12. will have been 5.
1. You will have got acquainted with examination
requirements before you know it.
2. 2. You will have revised your grammar and vocabulary
by the end of next month.
1. She will have made a guest list by Sun 14th. 3. You will have learnt new grammatical structures by
2. She will have planned a menu by Mon 15th. May.
3. She will have made a shopping list by Fri 19th. 4. You will have improved your English skills before
4. She will have planed some activities such as games the spring comes.
or karaoke by Sun 21st. 5. You will have extended your existing knowledge
5. She will have done the shopping by Mon 22nd. before you take the exam.
6. She will have chosen the music by Tue 23rd. 6. You will have developed your writing skills by the
7. She will have baked cakes and cooked dishes by end of the semester.
Wed 24th. 7. You will have consolidated your learning from the
8. She will have cleaned the whole house by previous two years before the exam.
Thu 25th.
9. She will have put up decorations by Fri 26st .
10. She will have borrowed extra chairs and tables
from a neighbour by 2 o’clock on Saturday.
11. She will have ordered flowers by 3 o’clock on
Saturday.
12. She will have prepared salad dressing and sand-
wiches by 4 o’clock on Saturday.

3.
Sugerowane odpowiedzi
1. No, they won’t have constructed flying cars until the
end of the twenty-second century.
2. No, scientists won’t have discovered a cure for
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s until 2010.
3. No, people won’t have conquered the solar system
until 3000.
4. No, the Earth’s temperature won’t have risen by 8°C
until the end of the century.
5. No, the European Union won’t have taken in Turkey
until 2020.
6. No, Warsaw won’t have had 5 subway lines built
until 2040.
7. No, the polar ice cap won’t have melted until 2200.
8. No, two-thirds of the world’s plant species won’t
have disappeared until 2100.

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS


1. 4.
1. By 11:20 he will have taken part in a photographic 1. will have received
session, and he will have been signing a new contract 2. will have been
for twenty minutes. 3. will have been working
2. By 12:45 he will have given an interview, and he 4. will have perfected
will have been meeting his fans for fifteen minutes.
3. By 13:30 he will have met his fans, and he will have
been holding a press conference for half an hour.
4. By 15:45 he will have had lunch, and he will have 5.
been playing a charity concert for fifteen minutes.
5. By 19:10 he will have appeared at the MTV Music 1. will have served
Awards, and he will have been having dinner for ten 2. will have been studying
minutes. 3. will have been waiting
6. By 20:15 he will have had dinner. 4. will have been repairing
5. will have been replaced
6. will have been
2. 7. will have written
8. we will have been living
1. He will have been driving all day. 9. will have read
2. I will have been studying French for three years. 10. will have been jogging
3. She will have been recovering for two weeks.
4. He will have been rejuvenating in Davos for over a
month.
5. He will have been standing guard all night.

3.
1. What shall I get you for dinner?
2. I am meeting Simon tomorrow.
3. Mrs Colette will have been working in the company
for a month by the end of February.
4. She is going to have a baby in May.
5. We are getting married next summer.
6. I won’t have written the report until 9 o’clock.
7. She will wear mini skirts, which drives me mad.
8. He will not eat vegetables.
9. Where will you be staying?
10. The president will possibly stop the seal hunt.

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Czasowniki nieregularne
bezokolicznik 2. forma 3. forma
abide abided/abode abided
arise arose arisen
awake awoke/awakened awoken
be was/were been
bear bore borne
beat beat beaten
become became become
befall befell befallen
begin began begun
behold beheld beheld
bend bent bent
beset beset beset
bestride bestrode bestridden
bet bet bet
bid bade/bid bid/bidden
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breastfeed breastfed breastfed
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast broadcast
browbeat browbeat browbeaten
build built built
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned
burst burst burst
bust bust (BrE)/busted (esp AmE) bust (BrE)/busted (esp AmE)
buy bought bought
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
cleave cleft/cleaved cleft/cleaved

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

bezokolicznik 2. forma 3. forma


cling clung clung
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
dive dived/dove (AmE) dived
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
dwell dwelt/dwelled dwelt/dwelled
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
fly flew flown
forbid forbade/forbad forbidden
forecast forecast forecast
forego forewent foregone
foresee foresaw foreseen
foretell foretold foretold
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
forsake forsook forsaken
freeze froze frozen
get got got/gotten (AmE)
give gave given
go went gone

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Czasowniki nieregularne

bezokolicznik 2. forma 3. forma


grind ground ground
grow grew grown
hang hung/hanged hung/hanged
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden/hid
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
inset inset inset
interbreed interbred interbred
interweave interwove interwoven
keep kept kept
kneel knelt/ kneeled (esp AmE) knelt/kneeled (esp AmE)
knit knit/knitted knit/knitted
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
lean leant (esp BrE)/leaned leant (esp BrE)/leaned
leap leapt/leaped (esp AmE) leapt/leaped (esp AmE)
learn learned/learnt learned/learnt
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit/lighted lit/lighted
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
mishear misheard misheard
mislay mislaid mislaid
mislead misled misled
misread misread misread
misspell misspelt (BrE)/misspelled misspelt (BrE)/misspelled

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ANGIELSKI C Z A S Y

bezokolicznik 2. forma 3. forma


mistake mistook mistaken
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood
mow mowed mown/mowed
outbid outbid outbid
outdo outdid outdone
outgrow outgrew outgrown
outrun outran outrun
outsell outsold outsold
overcast overcast overcast
overcome overcame overcome
overdo overdid overdone
overdraw overdrew overdrawn
overeat overate overeaten
overhang overhung overhung
overhear overheard overheard
overlay overlaid overlaid
overpay overpaid overpaid
override overrode overridden
overrun overran overrun
oversee oversaw overseen
oversell oversold oversold
overshoot overshot overshot
oversleep overslept overslept
overtake overtook overtaken
overthrow overthrew overthrown
partake partook partaken
pay paid paid
plead pleaded/pled (esp AmE) pleaded/pled (esp AmE)
proofread proofread proofread
prove proved proved/(also proven AmE)
put put put
quit quit quit
read read read
rebind rebound rebound
rebuild rebuilt rebuilt

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Czasowniki nieregularne

bezokolicznik 2. forma 3. forma


recast recast recast
redo redid redone
remake remade remade
rend rent rent
repay repaid repaid
rerun reran rerun
resell resold resold
reset reset reset
rethink rethought rethought
rewind rewound rewound
rewrite rewrote rewritten
rid rid rid
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
saw sawed sawed/sawn
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewn/sewed
shake shook shaken
shear sheared shorn/sheared
shed shed shed
shine shone/shined shone/shined
shit shit/shat shit/shat
shoot shot shot
show showed shown/showed
shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank/sunk sunk

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bezokolicznik 2. forma 3. forma


sit sat sat
slay slew slain
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
sling slung slung
slit slit slit
smell smelt (esp BrE)/smelled smelt (esp BrE)/smelled
smite smote smitten
sow sowed sowed/sown
speak spoke spoken
speed sped/speeded sped/speeded
spell spelt (esp BrE)/spelled spelt (esp BrE)/spelled
spend spent spent
spill spilt (esp BrE)/spilled spilt (esp BrE)/spilled
spin spun/span spun
spit spat/spit (AmE) spat/spit (AmE)
split split split
spoil spoiled/spoilt spoiled/spoilt
spoon-feed spoon-fed spoon-fed
spread spread spread
spring sprang/sprung (AmE) sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
stink stank/stunk stunk
strew strewed strewn/strewed
stride strode stridden
strike struck struck
string strung strung
strive strove/strived striven/strived
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swell swelled swollen/swelled
swim swam swum

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bezokolicznik 2. forma 3. forma


swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
thrive thrived/throve thrived
throw threw thrown
thrust thrust thrust
tread trod trodden/trod
unbind unbound unbound
understand understood understood
undertake undertook undertaken
underwrite underwrote underwritten
undo undid undone
unwind unwound unwound
uphold upheld upheld
upset upset upset
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
weave wove woven
wed wed/wedded wed/wedded
weep wept wept
wet wet/wetted wet/wetted
win won won
wind wound wound
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
withhold withheld withheld
withstand withstood withstood
wring wrung wrung
write wrote written

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NEXTO
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Email: jakub.radkowski@merlin.pl

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