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PDA Workshop:

Stresses,
Integrity, Energy
and
Capacity

Ir Richard C L Yu
IEM 2 Sep 2013
Dynamic Pile Monitoring
For each blow determine
– Pile driving stresses
– Pile integrity
– Hammer performance
– Capacity
at time of testing

Working through some


examples

Outline
• Stresses
– Compression, Tension, Bottom
• Pile Integrity
– Beta
– Examples
• Hammer Performance and Energy
Measurements
• Capacity Methods
• - RSP, RMX, RSU
Dynamic pile-top
measurements provide
information throughout
pile length and
resistance effect

FMX, CSX = FMX/A


Force (Stress) Maximum at gage location
FMX = εav E A ; CSX = FMX/A or εav E

CSI is the
individual high
gages reading Strain transducer

Ensure that pile top is not overstressed


Compressive Stress at the Sensors

BN595; yielding

Pile force at any location


From this morning: Downwards traveling waves from the
hammer combine with the upward traveling wave reflected at
L/c

t=0 L/c 2L/c

Downward Wave
L
Upward Wave
CTN, TSN
Maximum Computed Tension force
in first period 2L/c after impact

CTN = F (t2 ) + F(t3)min where t1<t3<t2


+C
TSN = CTN / A

Related: CTX, TSX


-T
max. computed tension stress
over complete record.

Tension Stress Calculation – Wave-Up

toe top

Point of max tension


t3
Tension Stress
Distribution

Max. Tension Wave Up


CTX, TSX

Maximum Computed Tension force


(stress) throughout record considering
downward tension wave.
Wd, max-tension + Wu, min-comp.
-T
CTX = Max
CTN
+C
TSX = CTX / A

Tension Stress Calculation – Wave-Down

2L/c

Max. Tension Min. Comp.


Wave Down Wave Up
CFB, CSB
Computed Force at Pile Base

CFB = Rtoe
= Ft2 + Ft1 - Rshaft F

CSB = CFB / A
F
To avoid overstressing at bottom
when driving to hard bearing layer
CF
B
Max CFB is with a time
delay due to toe quake

CFB = RTL – SFT


= WD1 + WU2 – SFT
= 2549 + 1609 – 702
= 3456

Codes: Allowable Driving Stresses

• Steel piles
90% of yield strength for steel

• Concrete piles
Compression: (85% of c.strength) - prestress
Tension : prestress + (50% of t.strength)

Tension (RR): 70% of yield of reinforcement


Outline
• Stresses
– Compression, Tension, Bottom
• Pile Integrity
– Beta
– Examples
• Hammer Performance and Energy
Measurements
• Capacity Methods
• - RSP, RMX, RSU

Pile Damage: BTA, LTD


•Pile damage causes a tension
reflection before 2L/c

•The time at which the tension


LTD

reflection arrives at the gage


location indicates the distance to
the damage: LTD = tdamage (c / 2)

•The extent of the damage is


quantified with the damage factor
BTA ( β )
Length to damage or damage
location

Impedance Reduction
Approximate Solution –
no Skin Friction
Z1
β = Z2 / Z1
Fd,1 Fu,1 β = (Fd,1 + Fu,1)/(Fd,1 - Fu,1)

Z2 Fu,1 is the reflection wave that


Fd,2
indicates the extent of the
impedance reduction (damage)
Fd,1 =
t1 ½(Ft1+Zvt1)= 2863

t3

Fu,1 = ½(Ft3-Zvt3)
= -650

Beta = {2863 + (-650) } / {2863 – (-650) }


= 0.63

BTA interpretation
• Integrity - BTA method for uniform piles
– Looks for local decrease in wave-up
– β < 80  major damage
– β < 60  complete break

• Possible false causes


break

– purposely non-uniform pile


top

toe

– bending, “noise”, phase (VT)


– wrong 2L/c  (2 x length / wavespeed)
– Soils resistance unloading for long
friction piles
• ALWAYS confirm by visually look at data
26m long Steel Pipe Pile
square prestressed concrete piles,
Good pile about 24m long.

Damaged pile

Static Bending + Dynamic Stresses


large bending force
between F1 and F2 –
Usually from hammer
misalignment

Bending stresses – Difference between F1 and F2


Outline
• Stresses
– Compression, Tension, Bottom
• Pile Integrity
– Beta
– Examples
• Energy Measurements
• Capacity Methods
• - RSP, RMX, RSU

Energy
Why is it important?
• Contractor productivity
• To install pile to design depth (capacity)
• Quality control tool (blow count criteria)
PE = WH

KE = ½ m vi2
m = W/g

vi = √(2gH)
(ideal case, no losses)

vi = √(2gH) e
e = efficiency, <1

Can be measured with


HPA or proximity
switches

?
From this morning

Work = Force x distance


=Fx
EMX = ∫ F d x
= ∫ F d x (dt/dt)
=∫Fvdt

Energy

• EMX = maximum of E ( t )
• ETR = EMX / (max hammer rated E)
• STK = ½*g*( T/2 )2 - 0.1(m) ;
– STK is open end Diesel hammer stroke;
– T is time between blows
• ETH = EMX ⁄ (Wr x STK)  diesels only
Energy from
F+  Rebound pile to hammer
F+
V+
V-
Energy from
hammer to pile
EMX

DMX E (t) = F v dt

Temp. Compression DFN


= DMX - DFN

Net measured efficiencies


(steel piles)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

60% hydraulic drop hammers 100%

40% air or steam hammers 70%

30% diesel hammers 60%

20% cabled drop hammers 80%

Efficiencies on concrete piles are lower ~ 10%


Effects of diesel hammer pre-ignition on
energy transfer:

Outline
• Stresses
– Compression, Tension, Bottom
• Pile Integrity
– Beta
– Examples
• Energy Measurements
• Capacity Methods
• - RSP, RMX, RSU
From this morning

•Total Resistance
•Sum of downward wave at impact
and upward wave at toe reflection
•Case Method
•Case damping factor applied to
toe velocity
•Rs = (1-Jc)Fd,1 + (1+Jc)Fu,2

Case Method Static Capacity


5,450 kN 5,550 kN
5.75 m/s

0.0 m/s
t1
t2

RTL = WD1 +WU2 ~ 5450 + (5550/2) = 8225


Rstatic= RTL – JC [2Fd1 – RTL]
Rstatic = 8225 – 0.4(2*5450 – 8225)
RStatic = 8225 – 1070 = 7155 kN
RMX - RXi
Calculates Rstatic
at all times after
the first velocity
peak

Selects the
maximum Rstatic
for JC= i 2L/c
t1 t2
RSU, RUI
Case Method Capacity Corrected for Early
Unloading

What Case Damping Factor to choose?


• Almost always, we choose damping factor
based on correlation with CAPWAP or static
load test.

• J typically varies between


 0.4 for clean sands and
 1.0 for clays.
An Example: PDA Capacity Results
End of Driving

PDA Capacity Results


Restrike after 1 month
Summary
• Compression and Tension Stress
– Measured near top
– Calculated elsewhere in the pile
• Integrity
- Beta is calculated in real time
• Energy
- PDA can measure energy transferred to
pile
• Capacity
– The Case Method provides many real time
estimates of capacity (EOD or Res)

“One test result is worth a


thousand expert opinions”

Werner Von Braun


Father of the Saturn V rocket

END

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