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GPRS limitations

No new technology is fool proof and there are downsides. Even in all the new and exciting
features that go into making GPRS one of the most accessible technologies for the common
person, there are some large limitations.

 Overloading: GPRS as a technology means a newer and faster way for transferring data
and as with all networks, data transfer consumes bandwidth and clogs the networks,
data transfer consumes bandwidth and clogs the network. Voice and GPRS data transfer
are bound to affect network performance. Similar to the "Network Not Available"
Message that you may sometimes receive when trying to make a call at peak hours, data
transfer speeds are also affected during peak hours. While GPRS and voice channels
use the same network resources, the GPRS technology is intelligent to manage or
allocate the channels dynamically allowing a reduction in peak tone signalling channel
loading by sending short messages over GPRS channels instead.

 Lower Speeds: The theoretical speed of the GPRS data transmission speed is 172.2
kbps but this is only possible in a scenario when one single user without any error
protection is hogging all the timeslots. Any service provider will obviously not allow
this and in all probability you will be able to access only one or two time slots that will
be able to access only one or two time slots that will limit the amount of bandwidth
available to you. This translates into lower data transmission speeds.

 No Store and Forward Mechanism: The main advantage of SMS is the store and
Forward mechanism. What this essentially means is that any SMS that you send using
your mobile first goes to central server and is then forwarded to the destination phone
number. In case that number is switched off or unavailable, the message is stored on
the server for some amount of time. This is absent in the GPRS standard.

 Data Transit Speeds: GPRS data transfer takes place using a simple principle. Data sent
from the sender is transmitted to the recipient using different paths. The probability of
the data being lost or corrupted during transit is high and hence the GPRS standard
includes data integrity and retransmission strategies. Nevertheless, due to this, potential
transit delays can occur and hence a better, faster standard needs to be implemented.

1G and 2g

BASIS FOR COMPARISON 1G 2G

Voice signals Analog Digital

Channelization Protocol FDMA TDMA, CDMA

Standards MTS, AMTS, IMTS. GSM.

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Switching Circuit Switching. Circuit Switching and Packet
Switching.

Service 1G do not support data service. 2G do not support complex data


like videos.

Communication 1G is first wireless 2G is digitization of 1G.


communication.

Internet 1G do not provide the internet. 2G provides narrowband


internet service.

Drawback Limited channel capacity, large Lack of network ranges and


phone size, low voice quality slow data rate.
and low battery life.

Explain IS-95 features and services.

 IS-95 referred as cdmaone is 2G standard; it is first ever CDMA-based digital cellular


technology.
 Features of IS-95 are:
o Efficient power control scheme.
o Soft Handoffs.
o Improved speech quality and reduced interference by having different multiple
levels of diversity like: Frequency diversity, Spatial diversity, path diversity and
time diversity.
o Variable rate vocoder.
o Bandwidth recycling.
o Uses modulation as Quadrature Phase Shift keying.
o Channel/Chip rate is 1.2288 Mcps and Data rate of 9.6 kbps.
 Services:
o Convolution Encoder.
o Repetition Circuit.
o Data Scrambling.
o Quadrature Spreading and Modulation.
o RF modulation.
o Burst Randomizing.
o Direct Sequence Spreading.

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BASIS FOR
GSM CDMA
COMPARISON

Basic GSM is SIM specific. CDMA is Handset specific.

Full Form Global System for Mobile Code Division Multiple

communication. Acess.

Technology FDMA and TDMA CDMA

Network Network Tower in each cell There are a physical channel

serves the mobile phone of and a dedicated code for each

that area. device in the network.

Transmission Voice and data transmission Can not do voice and data

at the same time. transmission simultaneously.

Roaming Worldwide. Limited.

Data Rate Slower. Faster.

What are the advantages of WLAN?


1. It's easier to add or move workstations.
2. Easier to provide connectivity in areas that are difficult to lay cable.
3. Installation is quick and easy, and can eliminate the need to pull cable through walls /
ceiling and wall / ceiling.
4. Access to the network can be from anywhere within range of the access point. Portable
or semi-permanent buildings can be connected using WLAN.
5. While the initial investment required for Wlan hardware similar to the cost of wired
LAN hardware, installation costs can be significantly lower.
6. When the facility is located on more than one site (like the two sides of the road),
directional antennas can be used to avoid digging trenches under roads to connect to
the site.
7. Long-term cost benefits can be found in the dynamic environment that requires the
frequency of motion and change.

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Explain the concept of hidden node and exposed node with respect to WLAN.
1.Hidden node problem :
i. Hidden node problem arises when two stations on opposite sides of an AP can hear activity
from an AP, but not from each other, usually due to distance or an obstruction.
ii. In such a case, if one station wants to transmit data, there is a fear of collision from the other
station i.e. ‘hidden node’.
iii. To solve this problem, 802.11 specify an optional ‘request to send/clear to send (RTS/CTS)’
protocol at the MAC layer.
iv. With this feature, the station which wants to transmits, transmits an RTS and waits for the
AP to reply with CTS.
v. Since all stations can hear the AP, the CTS cause the hidden nodes to delay any intended
transmissions. Thus, it allows the sending station to transmit and receive a packet
acknowledgement without any chance of collision.
vi. Since RTS/CTS adds additional overhead to the network by temporarily reserving the
medium, it is typically used only on largest sized packets, for which retransmission would be
expensive from bandwidth standpoint.
vii. Since all stations can hear the CTS, this mechanism also reduces the probability of a
collision on the receiver area.
viii. During the duration of the RTS, the transmission area is protected from collision during
the ACK from the station that are out of range of acknowledgement station.
ix. Also, RTS and CTS are short frames. Thus, if these frames are lost due to collision, there is
not much overhead. The RTS and CTS frames are recognized faster.
x. There is a concept of RTS threshold which, if used, must be set on both AP and client side.
xi. The time required to transmit a frame, taking into account the RTS/CTS four way
handshake, is given by, (BO+DIFS+4PLCP+(RTS+CTS+D+A)/R+3SIFS)microsec.

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Fig9. Hidden and Exposed node problem
2. Exposed Node Problem
i. In the figure (b), let us assume that node ‘b’ and ‘c’ intend to transmit data only, without
receiving data.
ii. Since, node ‘c’ has initiated an RTS and node ‘b’ is in the radio coverage of node ‘c’, node
‘b’ will not initiate the transmission to node ‘a’ because it will detect a busy medium.
iii. The transmission between node ‘b’ and node ‘a’ is therefore blocked even if both of them
are idle. This is referred as ‘Exposed Node Problem ’.
iv. To alleviate this problem, a node must wait with a random backoff time between two
consecutive new packet transmission times.

Explain E-UTRAN with suitable diagram.

E-UTRAN:
The E-UTRAN handles the radio communications between the mobile and the evolved packet
core and just has one component, the evolved base stations, called eNodeB or eNB. Each eNB
is a base station that controls the mobiles in one or more cells. The base station that is
communicating with a mobile is known as its serving eNB.
The architecture of evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) has been
illustrated below.

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LTE Mobile communicates with just one base station and one cell at a time and there are
following two main functions supported by eNB:
• The eBN sends and receives radio transmissions to all the mobiles using the analogue and
digital signal processing functions of the LTE air interface.
• The eNB controls the low-level operation of all its mobiles, by sending them signalling
messages such as handover commands.
• Each eBN connects with the EPC by means of the S1 interface and it can also be connected
to nearby base stations by the X2 interface, which is mainly used for signalling and packet
forwarding during handover.
• A home eNB (HeNB) is a base station that has been purchased by a user to provide femtocell
coverage within the home. A home eNB belongs to a closed subscriber group (CSG) and can
only be accessed by mobiles with a USIM that also belongs to the closed subscriber group.

Explain concept of HSDPA with respect to WCDMA


1. HSDPA
i. High Speed Downlink Packet Access HSDPA is based on 3GPP Release 5 specifications to
provide data rates up to approximately 8–10 Mbps to support packet-based multimedia
services.
ii. HSDPA strives to give the maximal bandwidth to the user with the best channel conditions.
The data rates achievable with HSDPA are more than adequate for supporting multimedia
streaming services.
iii. For example, with chip rate = 3.84Mcps, frame size = 3 slots, 15 codes and coding rate =
¾;
Throughput using 16 QAM = 10.8Mbps; Throughput using QPSK = 5.4Mbps
2. Reasons for high speed
i. HSDPA focuses on scheduling of data packet transmission and processing of retransmissions
(in case of transmission errors).
ii. It uses a short frame length to further accelerate packet scheduling for transmission.

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iii. It employs incremental redundancy for minimizing the air-interface load caused by
retransmissions.
iv. It uses shorter transmission time interval (TTI) (2 ms) between two consecutive
transmissions to the UE.
v. It uses channel sharing scheme to support transmission to multiple users.
vi. It uses adaptive modulation and coding according to the quality of the radio link.
vii. HSDPA thus shortens the round-trip time between the network and terminals and reduces
variance in downlink transmission delay.
3. New channels
i. The new channels introduced in HSDPA are high-speed downlink shared channel (HS-
DSCH), high-speed shared control channel (HS-SCCH), and high-speed dedicated physical
control channel (HS-DPCCH).
ii. HS-DSCH enables sharing of radio resources. The spreading factor is 16, there is time
domain multiplexing where each TTI consists of three time slots. Within each 2 ms TTI, a
maximum of 15 parallel codes allocated to HS-DSCH. Codes may all be assigned to one user,
or may be split across several users. The number of codes allocated to each user depends on
cell loading, QoS requirements, and UE code capabilities (5, 10, or 15 codes). There are 15
categories of UE.
iii. The HS-SCCH (a fixed rate 960 kbps, SF = 128) is used to carry downlink signaling
between Node B and UE before the beginning of each scheduled TTI. It includes UE identity,
HARQ-related information and the parameters of the HS-DSCH transport format selected by
the link-adaptation mechanism. Multiple HS-SCCHs can be configured in each sector to
support parallel HS-DSCH transmissions. A UE can be allocated a set of up to four HS-SCCHs,
which need to be monitored continuously.
iv. The HS-DPCCH (SF = 256) carries ACK/NACK signaling to indicate whether the
corresponding downlink transmission was successfully decoded, as well as a channel quality
indicator (CQI) to be used for the purpose of link adaptation. The CQI is based on a common
pilot channel (CPICH) and is used to estimate the transport block size, modulation type, and
number of channelization codes that can be supported at a given reliability level in downlink
transmission. The feedback cycle of CQI can be set as a network parameter in predefined steps
of 2 ms.
4. Basic operation
i. The basic operational principles behind HSDPA are relatively simple. The RNC routes data
packets destined for a particular UE to the appropriate Node B.
ii. Node B takes the data packets and schedules their transmission to the mobile terminal over
the air interface by matching the user’s priority and estimated channel operating environment
with an appropriately chosen coding and modulation scheme (that is, 16-QAM vs. QPSK).
iii. The UE is responsible for acknowledging receipt of the data packet and providing Node B
with information regarding channel condition, power control, and so on.
iv. Once it sends the data packet to the UE, Node B waits for an acknowledgment. If it does
not receive one within a prescribed time, it assumes that the data packet was lost and retransmits
it.

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5. Backward compatibility with WCDMA
i. HSDPA is evolved from and backward compatible with Release 99 WCDMA systems.
ii. HSDPA marks a similar boost for WCDMA that EDGE does for GSM. It provides a two-
fold increase in air interface capacity and a five-fold increase in data speeds in the downlink
direction.
iii. HSDPA is particularly suited to extremely asymmetrical data services, which require
significantly higher data rates for the transmission from the network to the UE, than they do
for the transmission from the UE to the network.
iv. From an architectural perspective, HSDPA is a straightforward enhancement of the UMTS
Release ’99 (R99) architecture, with the addition of a repetition/scheduling entity within the
Node B that resides below the R99 media-access control (MAC) layer.
v. To support HSDPA, two changes must be made to the channel card. First, the downlink chip-
rate ASIC must be modified to support the new 16-QAM modulation schemes and new
downlink slot formats associated with HSDPA. In addition, the downlink symbol-rate
processing section must be modified to support HSDPA extensions.
vi. The next change requires a new processing section, called the MAC-hs, which must be
added to the channel card to support the scheduling, buffering, transmission, and retransmission
of data blocks that are received from the RNC. This requires the introduction of a
programmable processing entity together with a retransmission buffer.
vii. Since the channel card already contains both a general-purpose processor and a DSP, the
MAC-hs is realized using DSP.
viii. From a cellular-network perspective, all R99 techniques can be supported in a network
supporting HSDPA, since HSDPA mobile terminals (UEs) are designed to coexist with R99
UEs.
HSDPA is thus based on the same set of technologies as high data rate (HDR) to improve
spectral efficiency for data services - such as shared downlink packet data channel and high
peak data rates - using high-order modulation and adaptive modulation and coding, hybrid
ARQ (HARQ) retransmission schemes, fast scheduling and shorter frame sizes.

List out Quality of service (Qos) attributes in UMTS. OR Discuss QoS attributes used in
UMTS.
The UMTS provides end-to-end services.
An end-to-end service has a certain QoS provided to the user by the network. To realize a
certain network QoS, a bearer service with well-defined characteristics and functionality must
be set up from the source to the destination of the service.
The UMTS bearer service has two parts: the radio access bearer (RAB) service and the core
network bearer (CNB) service.
The RAB service provides a secured transport of signaling and user data between the MT and
CN Iu edge node. The core network bearer service of the CN connects the CN Iu edge node
with the CN gateway to the external network.

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UMTS defines four different QoS classes. These are conversational class, streaming class,
interactive class, and background class. The main distinguishing factor between these classes
is how delay sensitive the traffic is.
The conversational and streaming classes are mostly used to carry real-time traffic flows. Real-
time services, such as video telephony and speech are the most delay sensitive applications.
They require data streams to be carried in conversational class. Streaming class carry lesser
delay sensitive traffic.
The interactive class and background class are mainly used for traditional applications such as
www, email, Telnet, FTP, and news. These applications have less stringent delay requirements
compared to the conversational and streaming classes.
The main difference between the interactive and background class is that the interactive class
is mainly used for interactive applications (e.g., e-mail or interactive web browsing), and the
background class is meant for background traffic (e.g., background of e-mails or to background
the downloading).
The defined UMTS bearer attributes ranges and radio access bearer attributes ranges and their
relationship for each bearer class is summarized in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 1: Radio Access Bearer attributes for each bearer class

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What is the UMTS? List important features of the UMTS air interface.
The UMTS Network architecture has three main entities:
1) UMTS Core Network (CN)
2) UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
3) User Equipment (UE)
1) Core Network (CN)
The UMTS network architecture is partly based on existing 2G network components and some
new 3G network components. It inherits the basic functional elements from the GSM
architecture on the core network (CN) side. The CN provides circuit switched (CS) functions
as well as packet switched (PS) functions.
The core network can be split into the following different functional areas:

 Functional entities needed to support PS services (e.g. 3G-SGSN, 3G-GGSN)


 Functional entities needed to support CS services (e.g. 3G-MSC/VLR)
 Functional entities common to both types of services (e.g. 3G-HLR)
 Other areas that can be considered part of the core network include:
 Network management systems (billing and provisioning, service management, element
management, etc)
 IN system (service control point (SCP), service signaling point (SSP), etc.)

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 ATM/SDH/IP switch/transport infrastructure

i. 3G-MSC
The 3G-MSC is the main CN element to provide CS services. The 3G-MSC also provides the
necessary control and corresponding signaling interfaces including SS7, MAP, ISUP (ISDN
user part), etc. The 3G MSC provides the interconnection to external networks like PSTN and
ISDN.
ii. 3G-SGSN
The 3G-SGSN is the main CN element for PS services. The 3G-SGSN provides the necessary
control functionality both toward the UE and the 3G-GGSN. It also provides the appropriate
signaling and data interfaces including connection to an IP-based network toward the 3G-
GGSN, SS7 toward the HLR/EIR/AUC and TCP/IP or SS7 toward the UTRAN.
iii. 3G-GGSN
The GGSN provides interworking with the external PS network. It is connected with SGSN
via an IP-based network. The GGSN may optionally support an SS7 interface with the HLR to
handle mobile terminated packet sessions.
iv. SMS-IWMSC/SMS-GMSC
The overall requirement for these two nodes is to handle the SMS from point to point. The
functionality required can be split into two parts.
The SMS-IWMSC is an MSC capable of receiving an originating short message from within
the PLMN and submitting it to the recipient service center.
The SMS-GMSC is an MSC capable of receiving a terminated short message from a service
center, interrogating an HLR for routing information and SMS information, and delivering the
short message to the SGSN of the recipient UE.
i. Firewall
This entity is used to protect the service providers’ backbone data networks from attack from
external packet data networks. The security of the backbone data network can be ensured by
applying packet filtering mechanisms based on access control lists or any other methods
deemed suitable.
ii. DNS/DHCP
The DNS server is used, as in any IP network, to translate host names into IP addresses, i.e.,
logical names are handled instead of raw IP addresses. Also, the DNS server is used to translate
the access point name (APN) into the GGSN IP address.
It may optionally be used to allow the UE to use logical names instead of physical IP addresses.
A dynamic host configuration protocol server is used to manage the allocation of IP
configuration information by automatically assigning IP addresses to systems configured to
use DHCP.

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2) UTRAN:
UMTS terrestrial RAN (UTRAN) i. UTRAN consist of Radio Network Subsystems (RNSs).
The RNS has two main elements: Node B and a Radio Network Controllers (RNC).
ii. Radio network controller (RNC):

 The RNC is responsible for control of the radio resources in its area. One RNC controls
multiple nodes B.
 The RNC in UMTS provides functions equivalent to the Base Station Controller (BSC)
functions in GSM/GPRS networks.
 The major difference is that RNCs have more intelligence built-in than their
GSM/GPRS counterparts. For example, RNCs can autonomously manage handovers
without involving MSCs and SGSNs.

iii. Node B:

 The Node B is responsible for air-interface processing and some radio-resource


management functions.
 The Node B in UMTS networks provides functions equivalent to the base transceiver
station (BTS) in GSM/GPRS networks. UMTS operates at higher frequencies than
GSM/GPRS and therefore the signal coverage range is less.

3) UE:
The MS of GSM is referred as user equipment (UE) in UMTS. It is enabled with an UMTS
SIM (USIM).
Features of UMTS interfaces:
i. The UMTS interfaces can be categorized as follows:
a. Uu :

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 This is the interface between the user equipment and the network. That is, it is the
UMTS air interface.
 The equivalent interface in GSM/GPRS networks is the um interface.

b. The Iuis split functionally into two logical interfaces, Iupsconnecting the packet switched
domain to the access network and the Iucsconnecting the circuit switched domain to the access
network. The standards do not dictate that these are physically separate, but the user plane for
each is different and the control plane may be different.

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c. Iu –CS :

 This is the circuit-switched connection for carrying (typically) voice traffic and
signaling between the UTRAN and the core voice network.
 The main signaling protocol used is Radio Access Network Application Part (RANAP).
 The equivalent interface in GSM/GPRS networks is the A-interface.

d. Iub :

 This is the interface used by an RNC to control multiple Node Bs.


 The main signaling protocol used is Node B Application Part (NBAP).
 The equivalent interface in GSM/GPRS networks is the A-bis interface.
 The Iubinterface is the main standardized and open, unlike the A-bis interface.

e. Iu –PS :

 This is the packet-switched connection for carrying (typically) data traffic and signaling
between the UTRAN and the core data GPRS network.
 The main signaling protocol used is RANAP.
 The equivalent interface in GSM/GPRS networks is the Gb-interface.

f. Iur :

 The primary purpose of the Iur interface is to support inter-MSC mobility. When a
mobile subscriber moves between areas served by different RNCs, the mobile
subscriber’s data is now transferred to the new RNC via Iur.

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 The original RNC is known as the serving RNC and the new RNC is known as the drift
RNC.
 The main signaling protocol used is Radio Network Subsystem Application Part
(RNSAP).
 There is no equivalent interface in GSM/GPRS networks.

Why is power control used in cdma2000 and WCDMA?


Power Control used in cdma2000 and WCDMA
i. In cdma2000 and WCDMA, power control is essential in both forward link and reverse link.
ii. The reverse link power control is present right from 2G CDMA standards to curb the near-
far effect.
iii. Since, in CDMA, all users transmit and receive at same frequency and at same time,
interference is always present. In such a situation, if a mobile is close to base station its power
at the base station will be more than the mobile which is far. The mobile which is far will lose
its power in the journey to base station due to shadowing effects.
iv. Thus, there is power control on the reverse link. The power at the base station received from
all the mobile stations should be same and satisfy minimum SNR level.
v. In the forward link, the slow power control of 2G CDMA standards fail if the mobile is
surrounded by high interfering noise.
vi. Hence, forward link power control is employed at high level in both 3G CDMA standards
of cdma2000 and WCDMA.
vii. The power control in cdma2000 and WCDMA is to minimize interference due to presence
of other mobile users, fading, lognormal shadowing as well as from fast Rayleigh fading.
viii. In cdma2000, power control is at the rate of 800Hz in both the links and it is at a rate of
1500Hz in both the links in WCDMA.

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Fig13. Near Far Effect in CDMA

What is the role of General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) in GSM?


i. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is 2.5G GSM technology. It introduces packet
switching network in the existing GSM core network. All the 2G GSM functionalities are
retained.
ii. Packet switching does not require dedicated end-to-end connection continuously. The
network resources and bandwidth is used only when data has to be transmitted. Thus, there is
optimum utilization of radio resources. There is dedicated end-to-end packet switched data
connection.
iii. Thus packet switched GPRS reduces connection time of the mobile device on the network.
Also the data from many devices is multiplexed in the time slot for GPRS.

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iv. GPRS uses TCP/IP and X.25. It provides speeds up to 115kbps.
v. GPRS supports all widely used data communications protocols, including IP, so it is possible
to connect with any data source from anywhere in the world using a GPRS mobile terminal.
GPRS supports applications ranging from low-speed short messages to high-speed corporate
LAN communications.
vi. GPRS provides a service for bursty and bulky data transfer, radio resources on demand,
shared use of physical radio resources, existing GSM functionality, mobile applications for a
mass application market, volume dependent charging, and integrated services, operation and
management.
vii. Two types of services are provided by GPRS:

Point-to-point (PTP) Point-to-multipoint (PTM)

Messaging (e.g., e-mail), Remote PTM-multicast (send to all), News, Traffic


access to corporate networks, Access information, Weather forecasts, Financial
to the Internet, Credit card validation updates, PTM-group call (send to some), Taxi
(point-of-sales), Utility meter fleet management, Conferencing
readings, Road toll applications,
Automatic train control

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what is HSDPA explain OR Short Note on HSDPA
It is a 3GPP standard deployed on the 3G existing network infrastructure providing high-speed
downlink data rates.
• It improves the spectral efficiency for the data services with the help of adaptive and higher order
modulation, quick scheduling, hybrid ARQ retransmission method for shared downlink packet data
channel.
• It provides twice an increase in the air interface capacity and five times increase in data speed on
downlink reducing downlink transmission delay variance.
The main features of HSDPA are as follows:
1. HSDPA systems provide high rates upto 20 Mbps compatible to WCDMA.
2. HSDPA provides download speeds on a mobile phone equivalant to to an ADSL.
3. It provides improved user end quality.
4. With higher layer protocols it provides improved efficiency. )
HSDPA channels:
HSDPA introduced three new channel types as follows:
1. The user data is sent on High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH).
2. The control information is sent on High Speed Common Control Channel (HS-SCCH). HS-SCCH
is sent two slots prior to HS-DSH, for informing the scheduled User Equipment about incoming
transmission on HS-DSCH.It has fixed rate of 960 kbps.
3. High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel(HS-DPCCH) that carries Channel Quality
Indicators(CQIs) & used to carry the acknowledgment signals to Node.

Discuss two evolution paths for the GSM to offer 3G services


i. The evolution from GSM 2G to 3G consists of two paths: 1) Using GPRS and EDGE together in
the available radio spectrum; 2) Using WCDMA in a new spectrum and/or in some parts of the
available radio spectrum.
ii. The evolution from 2G to 3G is not a sudden process. Intermediate technologies like ‘High Speed
Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)’, ‘General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)’, and ‘EnhancedData Rates
for GSM Enhancement (EDGE)’; have been upgrades to 2G to form 2.5G..
iii. From a radio access perspective, adding 3G capabilities to 2G systems mainly means supporting
higher data rates. Depending on the spectrum situation, two different migration paths can be
supported: 1) Reframing of existing spectrum bands; 2) New or modified spectrum bands.
iv. GPRS and EDGE together in the available radio spectrum: Enhanced data rates for GSM
evolution (EDGE) with high-level modulation in a 200 kHz TDMA channel is based on plug-in
transceiver equipment, thereby allowing the migration of existing bands in small spectrum segments.

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v. Using WCDMA in a new spectrum and/or in
some parts of the available radio spectrum:
Universal mobile telecommunications services
(UMTS) is a new radio access network based
on 5 MHz WCDMA and optimized for
efficient support of 3G services. UMTS can be
used in both new and existing spectra.
vi. The significance of EDGE for today’s GSM
operators is that it increases data rates up to
384 kbps and potentially even higher in a good
quality radio environment using current GSM
spectrum and carrier structures more
efficiently.
vii. EDGE is both a complement and an alternative to new WCDMA coverage.
viii. EDGE also has the effect of unifying the GSM, D-AMPS and WCDMA services through the use
of dual-mode terminals.
ix. Thus, the two evolution paths have been discussed.

Soft Handoff

Soft handoff is a "Make before break" handoff. That is, the mobile station (MS) is up on a call and
moves from one base station (BS) to another, but the MS starts communicating with a new BS before
terminating communications with the old BS.

 Soft handoffs can only be used between BSs on the same frequency. The technique improves
reception as MSs move between cells (on cell boundaries).
 During soft handoff the MS actually communicates with more than one BS at a time, so that
when it's time to move from the weaker BS to the stronger one, the MS is already in
communication with the stronger one.
 During a soft handoff, the mobile station receives independent closed loop power control bits
from the two BSs and perform "Or of Downs" logic to determine how to adjust its power.
That means the mobile station will increase its power level if and only if both power control
bits from the two BSs are 0 (indicating up). If the power control bit from any base station
equals to '1' (indicating down), the mobile station shall decrease its power.
To learn more about how to use the test set to verify the MS behavior on independent closed
loop power control from the two BSs, see Verifying Mobile Station (MS) Closed Loop Power
Control (CLPC) Behavior in Soft/Softer Handoffs .

Softer Handoffs

A softer handoff occurs when the MS is communicating with two sectors of a cell. Softer handoff is
identical to the soft handoff with the following exceptions.


 The mobile station receives identical power control from both sectors and provides diversity
combining of the power control bits to determine whether the BSs are sending an up bit or a
down bit (ignore the weaker bits). It's NOT "or of downs" logic.
To learn more about how to use the test set to verify the MS behavior on identical closed loop

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power control from two sectors, see Verifying Mobile Station (MS) Closed Loop Power
Control (CLPC) Behavior in Soft/Softer Handoffs .

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